Math 285 D1

Review Problems
SOLUTIONS

1. xy 0 3y = x2 y 2 .
Assume y 6= 0 and rewrite as y 0 x3 y = xy 2 . This is a Bernoulli equation.
Put v = y 12 = y 1 , so v 0 = y 2 y 0 and y 0 = y 2 v 0 . Thus y 2 v 0 x3 y = xy 2
and
R 3
v 0 + x3 v = x. This is first order linear: the integrating factor is
e x dx = e3 ln x = x3 . Hence (vx3 )0 = x4 and vx3 = 15 x5 + c. Thus
v = 51 x2 + xc3 and hence

1 1 x3
y= = = ,
v c
x3 x2
5
c 15 x5
1
(or y = 0). Now find the solution such that y(1) = 1. Then 1 = c 15
, so
3
6 5x
c= 5 and y = 6x5 is the required solution.

2. xyy 0 = x2 + y 2 .
x2 +y 2 y
Then y 0 = xy , which is homogeneous. Put v = x, so y = vx. Thus
2 2 2 2 2
x +v x 1+v 1+v 1
y 0 = v 0Rx + v and 0 0
R dxhence 1v 2x + v = x2 v = v , so v x = v v = v .
Hence vdv = x , so 2 v = ln x + constant. Thus
2
v = 2 ln x+c, c = constant, and v = 2 ln x + c. Hence y = x 2 ln x + c.

3. yy 0 = x2 + y 2 .
Put v = x2 + y 2 ; then v 0 = 2x + 2yy 0 . Hence yy 0 = 12 (v 0 2x). Then we
get 12 (v 0 2x) = v, which yields v 0 2v = 2x; this is first order linear with

1
 R
2 dx
integrating factor e = e2x . Thus we get (ve2x )0 = 2xe2x . Hence
Z
2x
ve = 2 xe2x dx

and Z
2x
v = 2e xe2x dx
Z
2x 1 2x 1 2x
= 2e xe e dx
2 2
Z
= x + e2x e2x dx

1
= x + e2x e2x + c
2
1
= x + ce2x .
2
Hence r
1
y= ce2x x x2 .
2

3yy 2
4. y 0 = 2xy3x+2y .

2
Rewrite this as (y 2 3y)dx+(2xy3x+2y)dy = 0. Now y y 3y = 2y3

and x (2xy 3x + 2y) = 2y 3, so the equation is exact.
Find F (x, y) such that

Fx = y 2 3y, Fy = 2xy 3x + 2y.

From the first equation F = xy 2 3xy+g(y), so that Fy = 2xy3x+g 0 (y) =

2xy 3x + 2y. Hence g 0 (y) = 2y and g(y) = y 2 . Thus F = xy 2 3xy + y 2 .
The general solution is therefore xy 2 3xy + y 2 = c.

5. y 0 = xy y 2 + 1.
This is a Riccati equation. Note that y1 = x is a solution. Put y = y1 + v1 =

2
 v0
x + v1 . Then y 0 = 1 v2 . Hence
2
v0 1 1
1 2 =x x+ x+ + 1,
v v v
so
v0 x x 1
1 2 = x2 + x2 2 2 + 1,
v v v v
and
v0 x 1
= .
v2 v v2
Thus v 0 = xv + 1 and so v 0 xv = 1, which is first order linear. The
integrating factor is R 1 2
e x dx = e 2 x .
0 R 1 2 1 2 R
12 x2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Thus ve = e 2 x , so ve 2 x = e 2 x dx, and v = e 2 x e 2 x dx. The
solution is therefore
1
y = x + 1 x2 R 1 x2 .
e2 e 2 dx

6. xy 00 = 1 + (y 0 )2 .
R dp R dx
Put p = y 0 , so p0 = y 00 , and then xp0 = 1 + p2 . Thus 1+p 2 = x , and
hence tan1 (p) = ln x + c1 and p = tan(ln x + c1 ). Thus the solution is
Z
y = tan(ln x + c1 ) dx.

(y 0 )2
7. y 00 = y .
dp dp dy dp
Put p = y 0 ; then y 00 = dx = dy dx = p dy . Then the equation becomes
dp p2
p = .
dy y
dp
R R dy
Hence p = 0 and y = constant, or else dy = yp , so that dppR = y , ln p =
dy
R
ln y + constant and p = c1 y. Then dx = c1 y, so dy y = c1 dx, and we
c1 x
get ln y = c1 x + constant. Thus y = c2 e . (This includes the case y =
constant).

3
8. (2xy y 3 + y 2 )dx (x2 + xy 2 )dy = 0.
Look for an integrating factor = (y).

(2xy y 3 + y 2 )dx + (x2 xy 2 )dy = 0.

The condition for exactness is

mu0 (2xy y 3 + y 2 ) + (2x 3y 2 + 2y) = (2x y 2 ).

Hence
0 (2xy y 3 + y 2 ) = (4x 2y + 2y 2 ),
and
0 y(2x y 2 + y) = (2)(2x y 2 + y).
Thus 0 y = 2, so that we have
Z Z
d 2dy
= ,
y
and ln = 2 ln y. Hence = y 2 is an integrating factor. Multiply the
original equation by y 2 to get
2
2x x
y + 1 dx + 2 x dy = 0.
y y
This is exact. Find F (x, y) such that
2x x2
Fx = y + 1 and Fy = 2 x.
y y
x2 2 2
Then F = y xy + x + g(y), and so Fy = xy2 x + g 0 (y) = xy2 x. Thus
x2
g 0 (y) = 0, so we let g = 0. Take F = y xy + x. The general solution is
2
x
y xy + x = c.

9. y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x + ex .
Solve the homogeneous equation y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 0. The characteristic
equation r2 + 3r + 2 = 0 has roots 1, 2. Thus yh = c1 ex + c2 e2x .

4
 Now find a particular solution of y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x. Try y = ax + b; then
y 0 = a, y 00 = 0. Substitute to get 0 + 3a + 2(ax + b) = x. Hence 2a = 1 and
3a + 2b = 0. Thus a = 21 and b = 34 . Thus 12 x 43 is a particular solution.
Next find a particular solution of y 00 +3y 0 +2y = ex . Now the characteris-
tic polynomial is f (x) = x2 +3x+2, which has 1 as a root of multiplicity 1.
x
Hence a particular solution is fxe 0 (1) = xe
x
. Therefore a particular solution
of y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x + ex is yp = 12 x 34 + xex . The general solution is
1 3
y = c1 ex + c2 e2x + x + xex .
2 4

10. x2 y 00 + 2xy 0 2y = sin x.

First solve the homogeneous Euler equation x2 y 00 +2xy 0 2y = 0. Try y = xr :
then y 0 = rxr1 , y 00 = r(r 1)xr2 . Substitute to get r(r 1) + 2r 2 = 0,
i.e., r2 + r 2 = 0. This has roots 1, 2. Thus x and x2 are solutions, so
c2
yh = c 1 x + 2 .
x
Now use variation of parameters to get a particular solution. Let y1 = x,
y2 = x2 and y = v1 y1 + v2 y2 . Then W r(y1 , y2 ) = 3x2 . Next
Z 2 Z
x sin x 1 1
v1 = dx = sin x dx = cos x,
3x2 3 3
and
Z Z
x1 sin x 1
v2 = 2
dx = x sin x dx
3x
3
Z
1
= x cos x + cos x dx
3
1 1
= x cos x sin x.
3 3
Thus
1 1 1
yp = cos x x + x cos x sin x x2
3 3 3
1 1 cos x 1 sin x
= x cos x + .
3 3 x 3 x2
5
The general solution is
c2 1 1 cos x 1 sin x
y = c1 x + x cos x + .
x2 3 3 x 3 x2