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NSCP 2010, Section 424: Alternate Design Method
ACI 318M-99, Appendix A: Alternate Design Method
Notation
fc = allowable compressive stress of concrete
fs = allowable tesnile stress of steel reinforcement
f'c = specified compressive strength of concrete
fy = specified yield strength of steel reinforcement
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
n = modular ratio
M = design moment
d = distance from extreme concrete fiber to centroid of steel reinforcement
kd = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber of concrete
jd = distance between compressive force C and tensile force T
= ratio of the area of steel to the effective area of concrete
c = ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load or reaction area
As = area of steel reinforcement
Design Principle
The design concept of WSD is based on Elastic Theory in which the stress-
strain diagram is within the proportional limit and will obey Hooke's Law.
1. Flexure
2. Shear
Joists:
Steel Reinforcement
Modular Ratio
(NSCP 424.6.4) It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio, n=EsEcn=EsEc
as the nearest whole number (but not less than 6).
Assumptions in WSD
1. Plane section remains plane before and after bending.
2. Concrete stress varies from zero at the neutral axis to a
maximum at the extreme fiber.
3. Concrete do not carry tensile stress. All tensile stress will
be carried by steel reinforcement.
4. The steel and concrete are perfectly bond so that no
slippage between the two will occur.
Moment of area:
Qabove NA=Qbelow NAQabove NA=Qbelow NA
12bx2=nAs(dx)12bx2=nAs(dx)
Bending stresses
INA=bx33+nAs(dx)2INA=bx33+nAs(dx)2
fc=MxINAfc=MxINA
fsn=M(dx)INAfsn=M(dx)INA