PROF.

ED
1. The _________ method is used when the learners are made to observe things in a certain
place like the market. 1) Participatory 2) Case study 3) Simulation 4) Field trip

2. The recommended method to use if the teachers wishes each learner to concentrate in
learning a topic to his skills are properly assessed is. 1) Semantic webbing 2) Independent
study 3) Role playing 4) Field trip

3. The ________ method is observed if we wish the pupil learn from real life situation
dilemmas. 1) Situation 2) Lecture 3) Textbooks 4) Observation

4. The ________ method is used to make the learners study in detail a specific thing, person
or place not known to them 1) Case study 2) Participation 3) Project 4) Field trip

5. Which of the following method will you used to verify a certain findings and to make the
learners handle apparatus properly? 1) Textbook method 2) Laboratory method 3) Field trip
method 4) Project method

6. The ________ method is utilized if the learners are trained to do creative products. 1)
Project 2) Case study 3) Field trip 4) Simulation

7. If the material is dangerous for the learners to handle, which of the following method will
you use? 1) Textbook 2) Group discussions 3) Lecture-demonstration 4) Eclectic

8. Which method is used to develop scientific inquiry among the learners? 1) Project 2) Case
study 3) Problem solving 4) Simulation 5)

9. The ________ method is used to find out the learners knowledge about a certain topic
assigned to them. 1) Independent study 2) Textbook 3) Lecture 4) Question and answer

10. The ________ approach is utilized when the learners are trained to ask intelligent
question. 1) Process 2) Discovery 3) Inquiry 4) Value certification

11. If you wish to relate a subject matter to one of the four principles of learning, the
________ approach should be used. 1) Multidisciplinary 2) Interdisciplinary 3) Conceptual 4)
Integration

12. The ________ approach is used if the teacher wishes to solve a problem being met in the
school. 1) Mastery 2) Integration 3) Action learning 4) Value clarification

13. You wish to make the learners learn or internalized fully a subject matter to be taught to
them. Which of the following will you need? 1) Integrated 2) Multi-media 3) Master 4)
Multi-disciplinary

14. Which of the following approaches will be used if you wish to relate a particular subject
to all disciplines of learning? 1) Multidisciplinary 2) Interdisciplinary 3) Value clarification 4)
Integration
15. To enable the learners to learn by their own pace of growth, _________ approach is used.
1) Inquiry 2) Discovery 3) Mastery 4) Modular
16. The ______ approach is observed when the learners want to meet the criterion level of
success act set by the teachers. 1) Mastery learning 2) Interdisciplinary 3) Conceptual 4)
Modular

17. Which approach is used to emphasize the skills in informing conclusions? 1)

Multidisciplinary 2) Interdisciplinary 3) Conceptual 4) Inquiry

18. Which of the following approaches is used to include issues confronting the societies? 1)
Integration 2) Interdisciplinary 3) Conceptual 4) Inquiry

19. The _______ approach is used to make the learners enunciate their feelings or attitudes
about certain issues. 1) Value clarification 2) Mastery 3) Integration 4) Interdisciplinary

20. The _________ method is used if the learners are to use their senses effectively. 1)
Textbook 2) Lecture demonstration 3) Observation 4) Independent study

ANSWER KEY
1. 4
2. 1
3. 4
4. 1
5. 2
6. 1
7. 3
8. 3
9. 4
10. 3
11. 4
12. 3
13. 3
14. 1
15. 2
16. 1
17. 3
18. 2
19. 1
20. 2
Feature Leads

1. News summary lead: 5W 1H

2. Distinctive incident lead: gives a description of the climax of the story
3. Quotation lead: contains quotation
4. Short sentence Lead: contains the most significant part of the story, declarative
5. Question Lead: gives a question that the whole article will be answering indirectly or
directly
6. Contrast Lead: contains two statements that show opposition
7. Analogy Lead: Gives two contrasting statements but in the end show similarities
8. Picture Lead: Grpahic description of the setting of an event
9. Janus-faced Lead: uses time to compare the state of an idea or thing with its current state
and its former or future state.
Editorial: collective opinion of the whole publication regarding a major news story Structure:
beginning, building and conclusion Types of Editorial
a. Informative: tells people about important things
b. Argumentative: gives alternative viewpoints
c. Persuasion: influence readers to accept a proposition
d. Interpretation: explain
e. Criticism: condemn
f. Appreciation: positive reception
g. Entertainment: amusement
h. News Editorial: account of different news reports that are special
i. Review: tracks the development of an issue
j. Ironical: satirical presentation of points wherein the suggested idea is the opposite of what
the paper likes to say, uses exaggeration and humor
k. Analogy: compare
l. Apology: saying sorry Characteristics of the Editorial
1. Short and concise
2. Clear purpose with the lead
3. Original and genuine
4. Direct and simple
5. Logical and legal ideas
6. Collective opinion and can be biased but with enough reason
7. Uses accurate information only
8. Sincere
9. The lead is engaging
10. No moralizing
11. Can come with Editorial cartoon, cartoons and photographs that flow with the
ideas of the editorial Photographs Caption: gives further information, can be one sentence
Overline: few words in bold letters that attract the attention of readers Credit: identifies the
person who took the photo News Writing

2 Kinds of Lead Direct Lead: 5 W 1H Indirect Lead: Feature, 5W 1 H in the succeeding

paragraphs
Select the BEST Answer.

1. You are very much interested in a quality professional development program for teachers.
What characteristic should you look for?
a. Prescribe by top educational teachers
b. Dependent on the availability of funds
c. Required for renewal of professional license
d. Responsive to identified teachers needs.

2. To ensure high standards of teachers personal and professional development, which of the
following measures must be implemented?
I. A school head plans the professional development of his/her teachers.
II. Every teacher formulates his/her own professional development plan
III. The implementation of what is learned in a training must be monitored.
a. I only II and III
b. I and III
c. II only

3. As a community leader, which of the following should a teacher NOT do?

a. Support effort of the community to improve their status in life.
b. Make herself aloof to ensure that her decisions will not be influenced by the community
politics.
c. Solicit donation from philanthropists in the community.
d. Play an active part in the activities of the community.

4. In a highly pluralistic society, what type of learning environment is the responsibility of the
teacher?
I. Safe
II. Gender-biased
III. Secure
a. I and II c. II only
b. I, II and III d. I and III

5. A teacher is said to be trustee of the cultural and educational heritage of the nation and is
under obligation to transmit to learners such heritage. Which practice makes the teacher
fulfill such obligation?
a. Use interactive teaching strategies.
b. Use the latest educational technology.
c. Observe continuing professional education
d. As a class, study the life of Filipino heroes. e.

6. Which actions show that political factors affect schools as agents of change?
I. The strengthening of the teaching of English in Philippines school.
II. The introduction of mandated subjects such as Rizal in the curriculum
III. The practice of mainstreaming
IV. The turnover of day care centers for DSWD to DepEd for supervision.
a. I and III c. II and III
b. I and II d. II and IV
7. For more efficient and effective management of school as agents of change, one proposal is
for the DepEd to cluster remote stand-alone schools under one lead school head. Which factor
has the strongest influence on this proposal?
a. Psychological c. Geographical
b. Historical d. Social

8. What does the acronym EFA imply for schools?

a. The acceptance of exclusive schools for boys and for girls.
b. The stress on the superiority of formal education over that of alternative learning system.
c. Practice of inclusive education
d. The concentration on formal education system

9. The wide acceptance of bottom up management style has influenced schools to practice
which management practice?
a. Exclusion of politicians from the pool of guest speakers during graduation exercises.
b. Prescription of what ought to be done from the Center Office.
c. Involvement of students, parents, teachers, and community in school planning
d. Allowing schools to do what they think is best

10. Large class size in congested cities is a common problem in our public schools. Which
measure/s have schools taken to offset the effects of large class?
I. The deployment of more teachers
II. The implementation of 1:1 pupil textbook ratio
III. The conduct of morning and afternoon sessions
a. I, II and III c. III only
b. I and II d. II only

11. The failure of independent study with most Filipino students may be attributed to
students
a. unpreparedness fro schooling
b. ambivalence
c. high degree of independence
d. high degree of independence on authority

12. The schooling incidents in school campuses abroad have made school to rethink the
curriculum. Which is believed to counteract such incidents and so is being introduced in
schools?
I. Inclusion of socio-emotional teaching
II. The emphasis on the concept of competition against self and not against others
III. Focus on academic achievement and productivity
a. I and III c. I and II
b. II and III d. I, II and III

13. Widespread abuse of Mother Earth prompted schools to teach sustainable development.
which one does this prove about schools?
a. The curricula of schools are centered on Mother Earth.
b. Schools can easily integrate sustained development in their curriculum.
c. Sustained development cannot be effectively taught in the classroom.
d. Environment factors influence the school as an agent of change.
14. A father tells his daughter You are a woman. You are meant for the home and so for you,
going to school is not necessary. Is the father CORRECT?
a. It depends on the place when the daughter and the father live.
b. Yes, women are meant to be a mother only.
c. No. today women can take on the jobs of men.
d. No, there is gender equality in education.

15. Is there a legal basis for increasing the teachers starting salary to P18,000 an months?
a. No, it is a gift to teachers from Congress
b. Yes, R.A 7836
c. No, it is simply an act of benevolence from President GMA
d. Yes, the Phil. Constitution

16. As provided for the Educational Act of 1982, how are the institutions of learning
encourage to set higher standards of equality over the minimum standards required for state
recognition?
a. Granting of Special Permit
b. Academic freedom
c. Continuing Professional Education
d. Voluntary accreditation

17. Despite of opposition from some school official, DepEd has continuously enforced the
no collection of fees policy during enrolment period in public schools. In this policy in
accordance with EFA goals?
a. No, it violates the mandate of equality education
b. Yes, it somewhat eliminates gender disparities
c. Yes, it supports equitable access to basic education
d. No. it does not support parent of adult education

18. Specialization is knowing more and more about less and less. Hence, it is better to be a
generalist, claims Teacher F. Which Philosophy does Teacher F. subscribe to?
a. Existentialism c. Essentialism
b. Perennialism d. Progressivism

19. Mencius believed that all people are born good. This thought on the innate goodness of
people makes it easier to our pupils.
a. teach c. like
b. Respect d. motivate

20. The specialization requires of every professional teacher for him/her to be competent is in
line with which pillar of learning?
a. Learning to know b. Learning to be
c. Learning to live together d. Learning to do

21. Which pillar of learning is aimed at the holistic development of man and his complete
fulfillment?
a. Learning to be b. Learning to know
c. Learning to live together d. Learning to do
22. Material development at the expense of human development points to the need to do more
in school.
a. Learning to do b. Learning to know
c. Learning to live together d. Learning to be

23. A student complains to you about his failing grade. When you recomputed you found out
that you committed an error in this grade computation. Your decision is not accept the
erroneous computation before the student and so leave the failing grade as is for fear that you
may lose credibility. Is this morally right?
a. No, the reason for not accepting the error before the students in flimsy.
b. No, the end does not justify the means
c. Yes, the end justifies the means
d. Yes, as a teacher you must maintain your credibility

24. Which violate(s) the principle of respect?

I. Teacher A tells her students that what Teacher B taught is wrong.
II. To retaliate, Teacher B advises students not to enroll in Teacher As class.
III. Teacher C secretly gives way to a special favor (e.g. add 2 points to grade) requested by
student A who is vying for honors.
a. II and III c. I and II
b. I, II and III d. I and III

25. Which is/are in accordance with the principle of pedagogical competence?

I. Communication of objectives of the course to students
II. Awareness of alternative instruction strategies
III. Selection of appropriate methods of instruction
a. I and III c. III only
b. I, II and III d. II and III

26. With a death threat over his head, Teacher D is directed to pass an undeserving student.
Which will a utilitarianist do?
a. Pass the student, why suffer the threat?
b. Dont pass him; live by your principle of justice. You will get reward, if not in this life, in
the next.
c. Pass the student. That will be of use to the student, his parents and you.
d. Dont pass him. You surely will not like someone to give you a death threat in other to
pass.

27. Teacher A knows of the illegal activities of a neighbor but keeps quiet in order not to be
involved in any investigation. Which foundational principle of morality does Teacher A fail to
apply?
a. The end does not justify the means
b. The end justifies the means
c. Always do what is right
d. Between two evils, do the lesser evil

28. To earn units for promotion, a teacher pays her fee but does not attend class at all. Does
this constitute professional growth?
a. Not immediately but yes after promotion
b. It depends on the school she is enrolled in
c. No, it is simply earning MA units for promotion
d. Yes, just enrolling in an MA program is already professional growth

29. If a teacher asks more higher-order questions, he has to ask more questions.
a. fact c. convergent
b. close d. concept

30. Misdemeanor has a ripple effect. This implies that as a classroom manager, a teacher
a. reinforces positive behavior
b. responds to misbehavior promptly
c. is consistent in her classroom management practice
d. count 1 to 10 before she deals with a misbehaving student

31. Based on Edgar Dales Cone of Experience, which activity is farthest from the real
thing?
a. Watching demo c. Video disc
b. Attending exhibit d. Viewing images

32. The students of Teacher Y scan an electronic encyclopedia, view a film on subject, or look
at related topics at the touch of a button right there in the classroom. Which device/s des
teacher Ys class have?
a. Teaching machines b. CD
c. Video disc d. Videotaped lesson

33. Which is an INAPPROPIATE way to manage off-task behavior?

a. Redirect a childs attention to task and check his progress to make sure he is continuing
work
b. Make eye contact to communicate what you wish to communicate
c. Move closer to the child to make him feel your presence
d. Stop your class activity to correct a child who is no longer on task

34. To be an effective classroom manager, a teacher must be friendly but must at the same
time be .
a. confident c. analytical
b. businesslike d. buddy-buddy

35. Which software is needed when one wants to perform automatic calculations on
numerical data?
a. Database b. Spreadsheet Program
c. Microsoft Word d. Microsoft Powerpoint

36. Which of the following questions must be considered in evaluating teacher-made

materials?
a. In the material new?
b. Does the material simulate individualism?
c. Is the material expensive?

37. Kounin claims that with-it-ness is one of the characteristics of an effective classroom
manager. What is one sign of with-it-ness?
a. Giving attention to students who are having difficulty with school work
b. Seeing only a portion of the class but intensively
c. Knowing where instructional materials are kept
d. Aware of whats happening in all parts of the classroom

38. Which of these is one of the ways by which the internet enables people to browse
documents connected by hypertext links?
a. URL b. Browser
c. Welcome page d. World Wide Web

39. Which characteristics must be primary considered as a choice of instructional aids?

a. Stimulate and maintain students interests
b. Suited to the lesson objectives
c. Updated and relevant to Filipino setting
d. New and skilfully made

40. You can exhibit referent power on the first day of school by
a. telling them the importance of good grades
b. giving your students a sense of belongingness and acceptance
c. making them feel you know what you are taking about
d. reminding your students your authority over them again and again

41. I would like to use a model to emphasize particular part. Which of these would be MOST
appropriate?
a. Regalia c. Stimulation
b. Audio recording d. Mock up

42. What must a teacher do to ensure orderly transitions between activities?

a. Allow time for the students to socialize in between activities
b. Have the materials ready at the start of the activity
c. Assign fewer exercise to fill the allotted time
d. Wait for students who lag behind

43. The task of setting up routine activities for effective classroom management is a task that
a teacher should undertake
a. as soon as the students have adjusted to their schedules
b. on the very first day of school
c. every day at the start of the session
d. every homeroom day

44. Teacher S uses the low-profile classroom control technique most of the time. what does
this imply?
a. She is reactive in her disciplinary orientation
b. She manages pupils personalities
c. She reacts severely to a misbehaving student
d. She stops misbehaving without disrupting lesson flow

45. When teacher tries to elicit clarification on a student response or solicits additional
information, which of these should be use?
a. Directing b. Probing c. Structuring d. Cross examining
46. Which priority criterion should guide a teacher in the choice of instructional devices?
a. Novelty c. Attractiveness
b. Cost d. Appropriateness

47. Which learning activity is MOST appropriate if a teachers focus is attitudinal change?
a. Fieldtrip c. Role play
b. Exhibit d. Game

48. Teacher H strives to draw participation of every student into her classroom discussion.
Which of these student needs is she trying to address? The need to .
a. shoe ones oral abilities to the rest of the class
b. feel significant and be part of a group
c. get everything and be part of a group
d. be creative

49. Instead of teacher giving this comment a student response. Youre on the wrong track!,
what should be teacher do?
a. Change the question to an easier one
b. Redirect the question by calling another student to recite
c. Probe to redirect the response into a more productive area
d. Pause, ask the question, lecture, then ask the question again

50. If curriculum is designed following the traditional approach, which feature(s) apply(ies)?
I. The aims of the curriculum are set by professionals and experts
II. Interested groups (teachers, students, communities) are assumed to agree with the aims of
the curriculum
III. Consensus building in not necessary
a. III only c. I, II
b. I, II, III d. I, III

51. I want my student to develop the ability to look at a problem from various perspectives.
Which approach will be MOST fit?
a. Behaviorist approach
b. Computer-based Education
c. Modular approach
d. Cognitive approach

52. Ones approach to teaching is influenced by Howard Gardners MI Theory. What is

he/she challenged to do?
I. To come up with 9 different ways of approaching lesson to cater to the 9 multiple
intelligence
II. To develop all students skill in all nine intelligences
III. To provide worthwhile activities that acknowledge individual difference in children
a. I, II and III c. II only
b. II, III d. III only

53. If my approach to my lesson is behaviorist, what features will dominate my lesson?

I. Copying notes II. Reasoning III. Lecturing IV. Demonstration
a. III, IV c. I, II, III, IV
b. I, III, IV d. II, III, IV
54. You practice inclusive education. Which of these applies to you?
I. You accept every student as full and valued member of the class and school community
II. Your special attention is on learners with specific learning or social needs
III. Your address the needs of the class as a whole within the context of the learners with
specific learning or social needs
a. II only c. I only b. I and II d. I and III

55. School curriculum reflects the worlds economic and political integration and
industrialization. What does this point in curriculum development?
a. The trend towards the classical approach to curriculum development
b. The trend toward the globalization and localization
c. The trend toward participatory curriculum development
d. The shift in the paradigm of curriculum development from a process-oriented to a product-
oriented one

56. You choose cooperative learning as a teaching approach. What thought is impressed on
your students?
a. Interaction is a must, but not necessarily face to-face interaction
b. Students success depends on the success of the group
c. Students individuality evaluate how effectively their group worked.
d. The accountability for learning is on the group not on the individual

57. What principle is violated by overusing the chalkboard, as though it is the only education
technology available?
a. Isolated use c. Variety
b. Flexibility d. Uniformity

58. Which statement applies a CORRECTLY to Edgar Dales Cole of Experience

a. The farther you are from the base, the more direct The learning experience becomes, The
farther you are from the bottom
b. the more direct the learning experience becomes.
c. The closer you are from the base, the more indirect the learning experience becomes
d. The closer you are from the base, the more direct the learning experience becomes

59. When more senses are stimulated, teaching and learning become more effective. What
is an application of this principle?
a. Appeal to students sense of imagination
b. Use multisensory aids
c. Make your students touch the instructional material
d. Use audiovisual aids because the eyes and the eras are the most important senses in
learning.

60. Which is a classroom application of the theory of operant conditioning?

a. Help student see the connectedness of facts, concepts, and principles
b. Create a classroom atmosphere that elicits relaxation
c. Reinforce a good behaviour to increase the likelihood that the learner will repeat the
response
d. Make students learn by operating manipulative Read the following teacher-student
situation
61. TEACHER: Why is the process called photosynthesis? STUDENT: I dont know Which
questioning technique should be the teacher use?
a. Clarification c. Prompting
b. Multiple response d. Concept review

62. Here is the test item. From the data presented in the table, from generalizations that are
supported by the data. Under what type of question does this item fall?
a. Convergent c. Application
b. Evaluative d. Divergent

63. I want to teach concepts, patterns and abstractions. Which method will be MOST
appropriate?
a. Discovery c. Direct instruction
b. Indirect instruction d. Problem solving

64. Teacher A teaches English as a Second Language. She uses vocabulary cards, fill-in-the-
blanks sentences, dialogues, dictation and writing exercises in teaching a lesson about
grocery shopping. Based on this information, which of the following is a valid conclusion?
a. The teacher wants to make her teaching easier by having les talk
b. The teacher emphasizing reading and writing skills
c. The teacher is teaching in a variety of ways because not all students learn in the same
manner
d. The teacher is applying Blooms hierarchy of cognitive learning

65. Teacher A an experienced teacher, does daily review of past lessons in order to
a. introduce a new lesson
b. reflect on how he presented the previous lessons
c. provide his pupils with a sense of continuity
d. determine who among his pupils are studying

66. I combined several subject areas in order to focus on a single concept for interdisciplinary
teaching. Which strategy did I use?
a. Reading-writing activity b. Thematic introduction
c. Unit method d. Problem-centered learning

67. To teach the democratic process to the pupils, Biag Elementary School decided that the
election of class officers shall be patterned after local elections. There are qualifications set
for candidates, limited period for campaign and rules for posting campaign materials, etc.
Which of the following did the school use?
a. Symposium c. Pole playing
b. Simulation d. Philips 66

68. Which are effective methods in teaching student critical reading skills?
I. Interpret editorial
II. Read and interpret three different movie reviews
III. Read a position paper and deduce underlying assumptions of the position papers
a. II and III c. I and II
b. I and III d. I, II and III
69. Here is a test item The improvement of basic education should be the top priority of the
Philippine government. Defend or refute this position. Under what type of question does
vims test item fall?
a. Low-level c. Analysis
b. Evaluative d. Convergent

70. When I teach, I often engage in brainstorming. Which do I avoid?

a. Break down rarziers b. Increase creativity
c. Generate many ideas d. selectively involves `upils

71. Teacher S teaches a lessmn in which students must recmgnixe thqd is the same 0.25.
They use this relationshiP to det%rmine thqt 0.15 and 0.20 are slightli lmss than . Which of
the fgllowkng concept/s is/are being taught?
a. Numeration skills
b. Place value of decimals
c. Numeration skills of decimals and relationships between fractions and decimals
d. Relationship between fraction and decimals

72. What is the best way to develop math concept?

a. Solving problems using multiple approaches
b. Solving problems by looking for correct answer
c. Learning math as applied to situations, such as being a tool of science
d. solving problems by applying learned formulas

73. After the reading of a selection in the class, which of these activities can enhance students
creativity. I. Readers theater II. Reading aloud III. Silent reading
a. I and II c. I only
b. II only d. III only

74. Teacher C, a Reading teacher, advised he class to read between the lines. What does she
want her pupils to do?
a. Make an educated guess
b. Determine what is meant by what is stated
c. Apply the information read
d. Describe the characters in the story

75. To nurture students creativity, which activity should a teacher AVOID?

a. Ask hat if questions
b. Ask divergent thinking questions
c. Emphasize the need to give right answers
d. Be open to out-of-this-world ideas

76. Teacher R wants to develop his students creativity. Which type of questions will be
MOST appropriate?
a. Synthesis questions b. Fact questions
c. What if. questions d. Analysis questions

77. In my attempt to develop creative thinking skills, I want to test fluency of ideas. Which
activity for my students will be MOST appropriate?
a. Solve this math problem
b. List animals covered with hair in 1 minute
c. Solve this puzzle
d. Compare pictures 1 and 2. Where are the differences?

78. You want your students to answer the questions at the end of a reading lesson. What did
I learn did?,What still puzzle me?, What did I enjoy, hate accomplish in the class
today?,How did I learn from the lesson?.Which of the following are you asking them to
do?
a. Work on an assignment b. Make journal entry
c. Work on a drill d. Apply what they learned

79. After reading an essay. Teacher B wants to help sharpen her students ability to interpret.
Which of these activities will be most appropriate?
a. Drawing conclusions
b. Making inferences
c. Getting the main idea
d. Listing facts separately from opinion Read the following then answer the question

80. A man and his son are driving in a car. The car crashes into a tree, killing the father and
seriously injury his son. At the hospital, the boy needs to have surgery. Looking at the boy,
the doctor says (telling the truth),I cannot operate on him. He is my son. How can this be?
ASWER: The doctor is the boys mother. The above brain twister helps develop critical
reading skills. Which activity was used?
a. Comparing b. Classifying
c. Inferring meaning d. Looking for cause and effect

81. Research says that mastery experiences increase confidence and willingness to try similar
or more challenging tasks as reading. What does this imply for childrens reading
performance?
a. Children who have not mastered the basic skills are more likely to be motivated to read in
order to gain mastery over basic skills.
b. Children who have mastered basic skills are more likely to be less motivated to read
because they get fed up with too much reading.
c. Children who have a high sense of self-confidence are not necessarily those who can read
d. Children who have gained mastery over basic skills are more motivated to read

82. The value that students put on reading is critical to their success. In what way/s can
teachers inculcate his value for reading?
I. Sharing the excitement of read-aloud
II. Showing their passion for reading
III. Being rewarded to demonstrate the value of reading
a. II and III c. I, II and III
b. I and II d. II only

83. Bruners theory on intellectual development moves from enactive to iconic and symbolic
stages. Applying Bruners theory. How would you teach?
a. Be interactive in approach b. Begin with the abstract
c. Begin with the concrete d. do direct instruction
84. A person who has painful experiences at the dentists office may become fearful at the
mere sight of the dentists office building. Which theory can explain this?
a. Generalization b. Operant Conditioning
c. Attribution theory d. Classical conditioning

85. Which is/are the basic assumption/s of behaviorists?

I. The mind of newborn child is a blank state.
II. all behaviors are determined by environmental events
III. The child has a certain degree of freedom not to allow himself to be shaped by his
environment.
a. III only c. II only
b. I and II d. I and II

86. If a student is encourage to develop himself to the fullest and must satisfy his hierarchy of
needs, the highest needs to satisfy according to Maslow is.
a. psychological need c. belongingness
b. self-actualization d. safety needs

87. In a Social studies class. Teacher I presents a morally ambiguous situation and asks
student what they would do. On whose theory is Teacher Is technique based?
a. Bandura c. Kohberg
b. Piaget d. Bruner

88. Teacher F is convinced that whatever a student performs a desired behavior, provide
reinforcement and soon the student learns to perform the behavior on his own. On which
principle is Teacher Fs conviction based?
a. Environmentalism c. Cognitivism
b. Behaviorism d. Constructivism

89. Banduras social learning theory, states that children often imitate those who I. have
substantial influence over their lives II. belong their peer group III. belong to other races IV.
are successful and seem admired
a. IV only c. I and II
b. I and IV d. II and IV

90. According to Erikson, what years are critical for the development of self-confidence?
a. High school years b. College years
c. Preschool years d. Elementary school years

91. Which of the following does NOT describe the development of children aged 11 to 13?
a. They exhibit increased objectivity in thinking
b. They shift from impulsivity to adaptive ability
c. Sex difference in IQ become more evident
d. They show abstract thinking and judgment

92. Teacher H begins a lesson on tumbling, demonstrating front and back somersaults in slow
motion and physically guiding his students through the correct movements. As his students
become more skilful, he stands back from the man and gives verbal feedback about how to
improve. With Vygotskys theory in mind, what did Teacher H do?
a. Apprenticeship b. Guided participation
c. Peer interaction d. Scaffolding

93. What does Gagnes hierarchy theory propose for effective instruction?
a. Be concerned with the socio-emotional climate in the classroom
b. Teach beginning with the concrete
c. Sequence instruction
d. Reward good behaviour

94. William Glassers control theory states that behavior in inspired by what satisfies a
persons want at any given time. What then must a teacher do to motivate students to learn? a.
Make teaching-leaning interactive
b. Avoid giving assignments
c. Organize a curriculum in a spiral manner
d. Make schoolwork relevant to students basic human needs.

95. Soc exhibit fear response to freely roaming dogs but does not show fear when a dog is on
a leash or confined to a pen. Which conditioning process is illustrated?
a. extinction c. acquisition
b. generalization d. discrimination

96. Based on Freuds theory, which operate/s when a student strikes a classmates at the height
of anger?
a. Ego b. Id c. Id and Ego interact d. Superego

97. Bernadette enjoyed the roller coaster when he and her family went to Enchanted
Kingdom. The mere sight of a roller coaster gets her excited. Which theory explains
Bernadettes behavior?
a. Operant conditioning b. Social learning theory
c. Attribution theory d. Pavlovian conditioning

98. According to Frued, with which should one be concerned if he/she has to develop in the
students a correct sense of right and wrong? I. Super-ego II. Ego III. Id
a. I and II b. II c. I b d. III

99. When small children call animals dog, what process is illustrated on Piagets cognitive
development theory?
a. reversion c. accommodation
b. assimilation d. conservation

100. Researchers found that when a child is engaged in a learning experience a number of
areas of the brain are simultaneously activated. Which of the following is/are implication/s of
this research finding? I. Make use of field trips, guest speakers II. Do multicultural units of
study III. Stick to the left brain and right brain approach
a. I and III b. I only c. I and II d. II only

101. Which appropriate teaching practice flows from this research finding on the brain: The
brains emotional center is tied into its ability to learn.
a. Establish the discipline of being judgmental in attitude
b. Come up with highly competitive games where winners will feel happy
c. Tell the students to participate in class activities or else wont receive plus points in class
recitation
d. Create a learning environment that encourages students to explore their feeling and ideas
freely

102. Research on Piagetian tasks indicates that thinking becomes more logical and abstract as
children reach the formal operations stage. What is an educational implication of this finding?
a. Engage children in analogical reasoning as early as preschool to train them for higher order
thinking skills (HOTS)
b. Learners who are not capable of logical reasoning from ages 8 to 11 lag behind in their
cognitive development
c. Let children be children
d. Expect hypothetical reasoning for learners between 12 to 15 years of age

103. Research says: People tend to attribute their successes to internal causes and their
failures to external causes.Based on this finding, what should be taught to students for them
to be genuinely motivated to succeed?
a. Tell them the research finding when applied will make them genuinely motivated
b. Convince them that genuine motivation is the only factor that matters for a person to
succeed
c. Make them realize that failure is a part of life
d. Make them realize that both success and failure are more a function of internal causes.

104. Which characterize/s a learning environment that promotes fairness among learners of
various cultures, family background and gender? I. Inclusive II. Exclusive III. Gender-
sensitive
a. I only b. III only c. I and III d. II and III

105. Which of the following steps should be completed first in planning an achievement test?
a. Define the instructional objective
b. Set up a table of specialization
c. Select the types of test items to use
d. Decide on the length of the test

106. The computed r fro scores in Math and Science in 0.92. What does this mean?
a. Math score is positive related to Science score
b. The higher the Math score, the lower the Science score
c. Math score is not in any way related to Science score
d. Science score is slightly related to math score

107. Which types of test is most appropriate if Teacher Y wants to measure students ability
to organize thoughts and ideas?
a. Short answer type of test
b. Extended response essay
c. Modified alternative response
d. Limited response essay

108. With assessment of affective learning in mind, which does NOT belong to the group?
a. Cloze test c. Reflective writing
b. Moral dilemma d. Diary entry
109. I want to test students synthesizing skills. Which has the highest diagnostic value?
a. multiple choice test c. Essay test
b. Performance test d. Completion test

110. Why is this test item poor? I. The test item does not pose a problem to the examinee II.
There are variety of possible correct answer to this item III. the language used in the question
is not precise IV. The blank is near the beginning of a sentence
A. I and III B. II and IV C. I and IV D. I and II

111. What makes the multiple choice type of test poor?

a. The options are not grammatically connected to the stem
b. The stem fails to present a problem
c. There are grammatical clues
d. The options are not parallel

112. If a teacher wants to measure her students ability to discriminate, which of these is an
appropriate type of test item as implied by the direction?
a. Outline the Chapter on The Cell.
b. Summarize the lesson yesterday.
c. Group the following items according to shape.
d. State a set of principle that can explain the following events.

113. A test item has a difficult index of 0.89 and a discrimination index of 0.44. What should
the teacher do?
a. Reject the item b. Retain the item
c. Make it a bonus item d. Make it a bonus item and reject it

114. Which form of assessment is consistent with the saying The proof of the pudding is in
the eating.
a. Contrived c. Traditional
b. Authentic d. Indirect

115. What is WRONG with this item?

a. Item is overly specific b. Content is trivial
c. Test item is option-based d. There is a cue to the right answer

116. Students score were as follows: 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 84, 83, 85. The score 86 is the.
a. mode c. median
b. average d. mean

117. Which text form would you choose if you want to have a valid and reliable test based on
the table below? Test Form Validity Index Reliability Index
A .47 .68
B .87 .57
C .20 .86
D .40 .41
E .63 .07
a. A only c. A and D
b. B only d. B and E
118. A mathematicians test was given to all Grade V pupils to determine the contestants for
the Math Quiz Bee. Which statistical measure should be used to identify the top 15?
a. Mean percentage score b. Quartile Deviation
c. Percentile Rank d. Percentage Score

119. Nellies score is within x1 SD. To which of the following groups does she belong?
a. Below average b. Average
c. Needs Improvement d. Above average

120. Use the inbox below to answer the question that follows: Percentage Grades for Final
Examination 40 70 80 90 100 Which of the following statement is TRUE about the plot of
grades above?
a. The median is a score of 80 and the range is 60.
b. The median is a score of 70 and the range is 60.
c. The median is a score of 80 and the range is 20.
d. The median is a score of 70 and the range is 20.

121. Which can be said of Arielle who obtained a score of 75 out of 100 items in a Grammar
objective test?
a. She performed better than 25% of her classmates
b. She answered 75 items in the test correctly
c. Her rating is 75
d. She answered 75% of the test items correctly

122. The criterion of success in Teacher Ds objective is that the pupils must be able to spell
90% of the words correctly. Ana and 24 others in the class spelled only 40 out of 50 words
correctly while the rest scored 45 and above. This means that Teacher D
a. attained her lesson objective
b. did not attain her lesson objective because of the pupils lack of attention
c. failed to attain her lesson objective as far as the 25 pupils are concerned
d. attained her lesson objective because of her effective spelling drill

123. If the scores of your test follow a negatively skewed score distribution, what should you
do? Find out ?
a. why your items were easy
b. why most of the scores are high
c. why most of the scores are low
d. why some pupils scored high

124. Principal A is talking about grading on the curve in a faculty meeting. What does this
expression refer to?
a. A student mark compares his achievement to his effort.
b. A students grade or mark depends on how his achievement compares with the
achievement of other students in a class.
c. A students grade determines whether or not a student attains a defined standard of
achievement
d. A student mark tells how closely he is achieving to his potential.

125. Which tests determine whether students accept responsibility for their own behavior or
pass on responsibility for their own behavior to other people?
a. Thematic tests b. Sentence-completion tests
c. Stylistic test d. Locus-of-control tests

126. Which of the one weakness of self-supporting personality checklists? a. Many

personality measures have built-in lie scales b. They lack stability c. They may not get true
information because individuals can hide or disguise feelings d. They have poor internal
consistency

127. Which of these can measure awareness of values?

a. Sociogram b. Moral dilemmas
c. Projective techniques d. Rating scales

128. Marking on a normative basis means that

a. the normal distribution curve should be followed
b. some should fall
c. some get high marks
d. the grading is based on a present criteria

129. Which process enhances the comparability of grades?

a. Using a table specifications
b. Determining the level of difficulty of the tests
c. Giving more HOTS (higher order thinking skills)
d. Constructing departmentalized examinations for each subject area.

SITUATIONAL

130. Which response/s come/s from a behaviorist?

a. #2 and #4 c. #3 and #4
b. #1 and #2 d. #1 and #3

131. On which educational philosophy is response #1 anchored?

a. Existentialism c. Progressivism
b. Essentialism d. Bahaviorism

132. If you learned toward a progressivist philosophy, with which response would you agree?
a. #2 b. #3 c. #4 d. #1

133. Teacher C wants his students to master the concept of social justice. Which series of
activities will be most effective?
a. Pretest-teaching-posttest
b. Pretest-teaching-posttest-re-teaching for unlearned concepts-posttest
c. Review-pretest-teaching-posttest
d. Teaching-posttest

134. Teacher A likes to show how the launching of spaceships takes place. Which of the
following materials available is most fit?
a. Model b. Mock-up c. Replica d. Realia
135. Teacher B likes to concretize the abstract concepts of an atom. She came up with a
concrete presentation of the atom by using wire and plastic balls. How would you classify
Teacher Bs visual aids?
a. Chart c. Model
b. Replica d. Realia

136. The class was asked to share their insights about the poem. The ability to come up with a
n insight stems from the ability to
a. analyze the parts of a whole b. evaluate the worthiness of a thing
c. relate and organize things and ideas d. comprehend the subject that is being studied

137. To ask the class any insight derived from the poem is based on the theory of
a. realism c. conditioning
b. behaviorism d. constructivism

138. On which assumption about the learner is Mr. Marquezs act of asking the class to share
their insight based?
a. Learners are like empty receptacles waiting to be filled up
b. Learners are meant to interact with one another
c. Learners have multiple intelligence and varied learning styles
d. Learners are producers of knowledge not only passive recipients of information

139. On which assumption/s is the principals action anchored? I. Students learn by

personally constructing meaning of what is taught. II. Students are construct and reconstruct
meaning based on experiences III. Students derive meaning from the meaning that the teacher
gives
a. II only c. I, II, and III
b. I and II d. I only

140. Which materials will her teachers LEAST prefers?

a. Controversial issues b. Open-ended topics
c. Unquestionable laws d. Problem or cases

141. Which concept/s of the learner will Principal E NOT accept? I. Empty vesse! II.
Tabula rasa III. Candle to be lighted
a. III only c. II only
b. I only d. I and II

142. How can you make the items homogeneous?

a. Increase the number of items in Column B
b. All items should be on polygons
c. Remove the word triangle in items #1 and #2 in column A
d. The word gon must be included in column B

143. What is the main defect of this matching test?

a. the matching type is an imperfect type
b. the items are NOT homogeneous
c. the items quite easy
d. an obvious pattern is followed in the answering
144. Which should be done to improve the matching type of test?
a. Capitalize the items in Column A
b. Items in Column A and B should be exchanged
c. Drop #6 item in Column A
d. The item in Column A should be increased

145. Which of these is/are essential in constructing a scoring rubric? I. Description of criteria
to serve as standard II. Clear descriptions of performance at each level III. Levels of
achievement (mastery) IV. Rating scheme
a. I, II, III c. I, II, III, IV
b. I, II d. I only

146. Which statement is TRUE of the rubric?

a. It is developmental b. It is analytical
c. It is both holistic and developmental d. It is holistic

147. Which is TRUE of the scoring rubric? I. It describes criteria of levels of achievement II.
It has a rating scheme III. It limit itself to 4 levels of achievement
a. I and II b. I and III c. II and III d. I, II and III

148. The table shows that the test item analyzed .

a. has a positive discrimination index
b. has a negative discrimination index
c. is extremely easy
d. is extremely difficult

149. Based on the table, which is the most effective distracter?

a. Option D b. Option A c. Option C d. Option B

150. Based on the table, which group got more correct answer?
a. Upper group
b. It cannot be determined
c. Lower group
d. Data are not sufficient to give an answer When you get right down to the root of the
meaning of the word "succeed," you find that it simply means to follow through.
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

1. Which does NOT belong to the group? A. Completion test B. Multiple choice C. Matching
type D. Alternate response

2. Which does NOT belong to the group? A. Completion test B. Problem solving C. Multiple
choice D. Short answer

3. Which type of test measures student's thinking, organizing and written communication
skills? A. Extemporaneous speech B. Completion type C. Short answer D. Essay

4. Teacher Dada wants to test students acquisition of declarative knowledge. Which test is
appropriate? A. Performance test B. Submission of report C. Short answer test D. Essay

5. Performance test: Psychomotor skills Paper-and-pencil test: _________ A. Declarative

knowledge B. Psychomotor procedures C. Motor skills D. Procedural knowledge

6. Teacher Peter wants to know how well his students have imbibed the virtue of honesty.
Which tool is appropriate? A. Personality test B. Student interview C. Reflective journal on
"How Honest Am I?" D. Written test

7. Which assessment task is most fit for logic-smart learners? A. Solving a puzzle B. Showing
the steps through a diagram C. Describing the solution D. Composing a song

8. Which assessment task works best for language-smart learners? A. Oral presentation B. By
the use of graphic organizers C. Dance D. By demonstration

KEY TO CORRECTION

1. A
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. A
 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Reviewer for English Majors I. Linguistics A. Scope of Linguistic Studies

1. Phonology studies the combination of sounds into organized units of speech, the
combination of syllables and larger units. a. Phoneme is a distinctive, contrasted sound unit,
e.g. /b/, //, /g/. It is the smallest unit of sound of any language that causes a difference in
meaning. b. Allophones are variants or other ways of producing a phoneme.

2. Phonetics studies language at the level of sounds: how sounds are articulated by the
human speech mechanism.

3. Morphology studies the patterns of forming words by combining sounds into minimal
distinctive units of meanings called morphemes.
a. Morpheme is a short segment of language which (1) is a word or word part that has
meaning, (2) cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violating its meaning,
(3) recurs in different words with a relatively stable meaning.
b. Allomorphs are morphs which belong to the same morpheme e.g., /s/, /z/, and /ez/ of the
plural morpheme /s/ or /es/.
c. Free morphemes can stand on their own as independent words, e.g., beauty in beautifully,
like in unlikely. Thus, they can occur in isolation.
d. Bound morphemes cannot stand on their own as independent words. These morphemes are
also called as affixes.
e. Inflectional morphemes never change the form class of the words or morphemes to which
they are attached. They show person, tense, number, case, and degree.
f. Derivational morphemes are added to root morphemes or stems to derive new words.

4. Syntax deals with how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences, and
studies the way phrases, clauses, and sentences are constructed.
a. Structure of predication refers to the two components : subject and predicate
b. Structure of complementation has two basic elements : verbal and complement
c. Structure of modification includes two components : head word and modifier
d. Structure of coordination covers two components : equivalent grammatical units

5. Semantics attempts to analyze the structure of meaning in language and deals with the
level of meaning in language.
a. Lexical ambiguity refers to the characteristic of a word that has more than one meaning.
b. Syntactic ambiguity refers to the characteristic of a phrase that has more than one
meaning e.g. Filipino teacher.

6. Pragmatics deals with the contextual aspects of meaning in particular situations ; studies
how language is used in real communication.

A. Speech act theory advances that every utterance consists of three separate acts
(1) locutionary force an act of saying something and describes what a speaker says,
(2) illocutionary force the act of doing something and what the speaker intends to do by
uttering a sentence, and
(3) perlocutionary act an act of affecting someone; the effect on the hearer of what a
speaker says.
B. Categories of illocutionary acts refers to categories proposed by John Searle to
group together closely related intentions for saying something:
Representative stating, asserting, denying, confessing, admitting, notifying, concluding,
predicting, etc.
Directive requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning, advising, suggesting, insisting,
recommending, etc.
Question asking, inquiring, etc.
Commissive promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guaranteeing, pledging, betting,
etc.
Expressive apologizing, thanking, congratulating, condoling, welcoming, deploring,
objecting, etc.
Declaration appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing, surrendering, excommunicating,
arresting, etc.

7. Discourse studies chunks of language which are bigger than a single sentence.
B. Language Views / Theories of Language

1. The Structuralists support the idea that language can be described in terms of observable
and verifiable data as it is being used.
a. Language is a means of communication.
b. Language is primarily vocal
c. Language is a system of systems.
d. Language is arbitrary.

2. The Transformationalists believe that language is a system of knowledge made manifest in

linguistic forms but innate and, in its most abstract form universal.
a. Language is a mental phenomenon. It is not mechanical.
b. Language is innate. Children acquire their first language because they have a language
acquisition device (LAD) in their brain.
c. Language is universal: all normal children learn a mother tongue, all languages share must
share key features like sounds and rules.
d. Language is creative and enables speakers to produce and understand sentences they have
not heard nor used before.

3. The Functionalists advocates that language is a dynamic system through which members of
a community exchange information. It is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning
such as expressing ones emotions, persuading people, asking and giving information, etc.
They emphasize the meaning and functions rather than the grammatical characteristics of
language.

4. The Interactionists believe that language is a vehicle for establishing interpersonal relations
and for performing social transactions between individuals.
Language teaching content may be specified and organized by patterns of exchange and
interaction.

C. Language Acquisition / Theories of Language Learning

1. Behaviorist learning theory the language behavior of an individual is conditioned by

sequences of differential rewards in his/her environment. According to Littlewood (1984), the
process of habit formation includes the following :
a. Children imitate the sounds and patterns which they hear around them.
b. People recognize the childs attempts as being similar to the adult models and reinforce
(reward) the sounds by approval or some other desirable reaction.
c. In order to obtain more of these rewards, the child repeats the sounds and patterns so that
these become habits.
d. In this way t he childs verbal behavior is conditioned (shaped) until the habits coincide
with adult models.

Behavioralists see three crucial elements of learning:

(1) a stimulus, which serves to elicit behavior,

(2) a response triggered by the stimulus, and
(3) reinforcement which serves to mark the response as being appropriate and encourages the
repetition of the response.

2. Cognitive learning theory. Noam Chomsky believes that all normal human beings have
an inborn biological internal mechanism that makes language learning possible.
Cognitivists / innatists mentalists account of second language acquisition include
hypothesis testing, a process of formulating rules and testing the same with competent
speakers of the target language.

3. Krashens Monitor Model (1981).This is the most comprehensive theory in second

language acquisition. It consists of five central hypotheses.

a. The acquisition / learning hypothesis claims that there are two ways of developing
competence in L2:

Acquisition the subconscious process that results from informal, natural

communication between people where language is a means, not a focus nor an end in itself.
Learning the conscious process of knowing about language and being able to talk
about it, that occurs in a more formal situation where the properties of a language are taught
b. The natural order hypothesis suggests that grammatical structures are acquired in a
predictable order for both children and adults _ certain grammatical structures are acquired
before others, irrespective of the language being learned.
c. The monitor hypothesis claims that conscious learning of grammatical rules has an
extremely limited function in language performance: as a monitor or editor that checks
output.
d. The input hypothesis. Krashen proposes that when learners are exposed to grammatical
features a little beyond their current level those features are acquired.
e. The affective filter hypothesis. Filter consists of attitude to language, motivation, self-
confidence and anxiety. Learners with a low affective filter seek and receive more input,
interact with confidence, and are more receptive to the input they are exposed to.

Teachers must continuously deliver at a level understandable by learners o Teaching must

prepare the learners for real life communication situations o Teachers must ensure that
learners do not become anxious or defensive in language learning. o Formal grammar
teaching is of limited value because it contributes to learning rather than acquisition
D. Language Teaching Implications

1. Language theories provide some basis for a particular teaching method or approach.
Structuralism / behaviorism has produced the audiolingual method (ALM), oral
approach / situational language teaching, bottom-up text processing, controlled-to-free
writing.

2. The cognitive learning theory results to the cognitive approach that puts language
analysis before language use and instruction by the teacher, before the students
practice forms.
Learning as a thinking process gives birth to cognitive-based and schema-enhancing
strategies such as Directed Reading Thinking Activity, Story Grammar, Think-Aloud,
etc.

3. The functional view of language introduced methods which are learner-centered,

allowing learners to work in pairs or groups in information gap tasks and problem-
solving activities where such communication strategies as information sharing,
negotiation of meaning, and interaction are used.
These communication-based methods include the Communicative Language
Teaching / Communicative Approach, Notional-Functional Approach, Natural
Approach
4. Cognitive affective has given rise to a holistic approach to language learning or
whole person learning. It also includes the humanistic approach, allowing learners
vocabulary for expressing, sharing and understanding ones feelings, values, and
needs.
The humanistic techniques cover Community Language Learning.

II. Literature
A. Goals of Teaching Literature

1. Develop and/or extend literary competence. Jonathan Culler defines literary

competence as the ability to internalize the grammar of literature which would
permit a reader to convert linguistic sequences into literary structures and meaning.
2. Develop and/or enhance learners imagination and creativity.
3. Develop students character and emotional maturity.
4. Develop creative thinking.
5. Develop literary appreciation and refine ones reading taste.

B. Methods in Teaching Literature

1. Lecture Methods : formal, informal, straight recitation

2. Discussion Methods : pair work, buzz group, group work
3. Public Speaking Methods : memorizing, interpretive reading (Readers Theater, Chamber
Theater), debate, panel forum
4. Audio-Visual Methods : using slides, transparencies, film, vcd, dvd,
5. Project Methods : scrapbook making, exhibit/diorama, dramatization, literary map, time
line, video/audio scriptwriting
6. Field Research Methods : field trip, author interview
7. Creative Writing Methods : journal writing, closure writing, team writing, writing
workshop
C. Some Strategies and Techniques in Teaching Literature

1. Show and Tell and Blurb Writing using the title and cover design
2. Movie Poster and Movie Trailer transforming a literary piece into film
3. Writing Chapter Zero / Epilogue writing a prequel or sequel
4. Mock Author Interview assigning a student to play the role of the author
5. Biographical Montage compiling authentic materials about the author
6. Graphic Representations using sketching or other visual representations
7. Sculpting making a tableau or montage
8. Creative Conversation, Speech Balloons, or Thought Bubbles supplying dialogues
9. Worksheets completing grids or writing responses
10. Transforms translating or turning a piece into another genre

D. Literary Criticism involves the reading, interpretation and commentary of a specific text
or texts which have been designated as literature.

Literary criticism is the application of a literary theory to specific texts. Literary theory
identifies what makes literary language literary and the function of literary text in social and
cultural terms.

1. Classical Literary Theory literature is an imitation of life.

a. Mimesis (Plato) literature is an imitation of life.
b. Dulce et utile (Horace) function of literature is to entertain or to teach/instruct
c. Sublime (Longinus) style may be low, middle, high, or sublime
d. Catharsis (Aristotle) purgation of negative emotions of fear and pity

2. Historical Biographical and Moral Philosophical Approaches

a. A literary work is a reflection of its authors life and times or the life and times of the
characters in the work.
b. It emphasizes that literature functions to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues.

3. Romantic Theory. William Wordsworth articulated it in his Preface to the Lyrical Ballads
as literature which should
a. have a subject matter that is ordinary and commonplace
b. use simple language, even aspiring to the language of prose
c. make use of the imagination
d. convey a primal, simple, uncomplicated feeling e. present similitude in dissimilitude
(similarities in differences)

4. New Criticism believes that literature is an organic unity. To use this theory, one
proceeds by looking into the following : the persona, the addressee, the situation (where and
when), what the persona says, the central metaphor (tenor and vehicle), the central irony, the
multiple meaning of words.

5. Psychoanalytical Theory applies Freudian psychoanalytic ideas to literature.

a. It looks into the characters or authors motivations, drives, fears, desires.
b. It believes that creative writing is like dreaming it disguises what cannot be confronted
directly the critic must decode what is disguised.
6. Mythological / Archetypal Approach is based on Carl Jungs theory of collective
unconscious.
a. Repeated or dominant images or patterns of human experience are identified in the text.
b. It also uses Northrop Fryes assertion that literature consists of variations on a great mythic
theme that contains the following :
(1) the garden : the creation of life in paradise,
(2) alienation : displacement or banishment from paradise,
(3) journey : a time of trial and tribulation,
(4) epiphany : a self-discovery as a result of struggle,
(4) rebirth / resurrection : a return to paradise.

7. Structuralist Literary Theory comes from the linguistic theory of Ferdinand de Saussure
which recognizes language as a system or structure. To Vladimir Propp and Tzvetan
Todorov , structuralism should identify the general principles of literary structure and not to
provide interpretations of individual texts. Three dimensions in individual literary texts :
a. the text as a particular system or structure in itself (naturalization of a text)
b. texts are unavoidably influenced by other texts (intertextuality)
c. the text is related to the culture as a whole (binary oppositions)

8. Deconstruction interrogates our common practices in reading and exposes the gaps,
incoherences, the contradictions in a discourse and how the text undermine itself or how a
text contradicts itself. Deconstruction draws much from the works of Jacques Derrida. The
process involves
a. identifying the oppositions in the text
b. determining which member is favored/privileged and looking for evidence that contradicts
it
c. exposing the texts indeterminancy

9. Russian Formalism led by Viktor Shklovsky aims to establish a science of literature

and discover the literariness of a text by highlighting the devices and technical elements used
by the author. These elements should include :
a. baring the device e.g. distorting time in various ways foreshortening, skipping,
expanding, transposing, reversing, flashback, flashforward, etc.
b. defamiliarization this means making strange and using fresh ways of describing things
c. retardation of the narrative the technique of delaying and protracting actions by using
digressions, displacements, extended descriptions, etc.
d. naturalization refers to how we endlessly become inventive in finding ways of making
sense of the most random or chaotic utterances or discourse.
e. carnivalization Mikhail Bakhtin used this term to describe the shaping effect of carnival
on literary texts. The festivities associated with the carnival are collective and popular;
hierarchies are turned on their heads (fools become wise; kings become beggars); opposites
are mingled (fact and fantasy, heaven and hell); the sacred is profaned; the rigid or serious is
subverted, mocked or loosened.

10. Marxist Literary Theory. It aims to explain literature relation to society that literature
can only be properly understood within a larger framework of social reality. Marxist literary
critics would like to look at the structure of history and society and then investigate whether
the literary work reflects or distorts this structure. They insist that literature has a social
dimension it exists in time and space, in history and society. Moreover, writers are
constantly formed by their social contexts and social class.
11. Feminist Criticism. Branching out from Marxism, it is a political discourse;
a critical and theoretical practice committed to the struggle against patriarchy and sexism. a.
Feminism asks why women played a subordinate role to men in society. It studies the male-
dominated canon to understand how men have used culture to further their domination of
women.
b. It studies literature by women for how it addresses or expresses the particularity of
womens life and experience. Feminist critics insist that womens experience is different from
mens.

12. Postcolonial Criticism. Postcolonialism refers to the independence enjoyed by Third

World countries after the decline of colonial rule by imperialist powers. The many concerns
of postcolonial criticism includes the following :
a. attempt to resurrect their national culture and to combat the misconceptions about their
culture
b. dramatize the colonial experience and their response to it
c. escape from the implicit body of assumptions to which the language of the colonizing
power, English, was attached.
d. study diasporic texts outside the usual Western genres, especially works by aboriginal
authors, marginalized ethnicities, immigrants, and refugees.
e. analyze nationality, ethnicity, and politics with poststructuralist ideas of identity and
indeterminacy, and hybrid constructions (Homi K. Bhaba)

13. Post Modern Literary Theory. Postmodern refers to the culture of advanced capitalist
societies, which has undergone a profound shift in the structure of feeling. Postmodern texts
have the following features :
a. fragmentation g. intertextuality
b. discontinuity h. decentering
c. indeterminacy i. dislocation
d. plurality j. ludism
e. metafictionality k. parody
f. heterogeneity
l. pastiche
Pres.Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) -Bell trade Act - War Damage Act Pres.Elpidio Quirino
(1948-1953) - Amnestiya sa rebeldeng huk - paghalili sa mga inaangkat

Pres. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) -Economic Dev. Cor.( pagmamay-ari ng lupa ) - Land
Reform Act - Agricultural Tenancy Commission at Court of Agrarian Relations. - National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Act ( NARRA) - Farmers Cooperative Marketing
Association Pres.

Carlos Garcia (1957-1961) - "Pilipino Muna" - Austerity ( pagtitupid sa mga gastusin ng

pamahalaan). - Retail Nationalization Trade Act

Pres. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) -Emergency Employment Administration -Kodigo

ng Reporma sa Lupa (Agosto 8,1963)nagbigay ng pag-asa sa maliliit na magsasaka na
magmamay -ari ng sinasakang lupa.

Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) - 20yrs pres. -hydroelectric - Pebrero 22-25 1986
( nagwakas ang panunungkulan ni pres. marcos sa rebolusyon sa edsa)

Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) -panumbalik ng demokrasya -Gross National Product -

Asset Privatization Trust(kontrolado ng pamahalaan upang mapahusay ang serbisyo at
paglilingkod). - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)

Pres. Fidel Ramos (1992-1998) - Newly Industrialized Country ( industriyalisasyon at

pakikipagkalakalan sa lbas ng bansa.) - Subic Bay Freeport ( dating base-militar) - Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) - Expanded Value Added Tax ( EVAT)

Pres . Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2000) - " erap para sa mahirap"( layunin ito ang
pagsugpo sa kahirapan.) -nilagdaan niya Executive Order No. 193 ; Economic Coordinating
Council ( ECC )

Pres.Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010) - Strong Republic Nautical

Highway( magkarygrong sa mga kapuluan sa pamamagita ng pagbukas ng roll on : roll-
off(ro-ro) ports at terminal.