Q-Angle Test:

- Patient Position: The subject lies supine with the hips and knees extended
- Action: Draw a line connecting the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) to the midpoint
of the Patella, and from the Tibial Tubercle to the midpoint of the Patella. Place a
goniometer over the knee so that the axis is over the midpoint of the patella. Place the
proximal arm over the line leading to the ASIS and the distal arm over the line leading to
the Tibial Tubercle.
-Positive Finding: Q- Angle norms with the knee in extension are 13 degrees for males
and 18 degrees for females. Angles greater than or less than these norms may be
indicative of patellofemoral pathology.

Valgus Stress Test:

- Patient Position: The subject lies supine with the knee in full extension. The examiner
stands with the distal hand on the subject's medial ankle, and the proximal hand on the
knee (laterally).
- Action: With the ankle stabilized, apply a valgus force at the knee with the proximal
hand. This is done both with the knee in full extension and the between 20 to 30 degrees
of flexion.
- Positive Finding: Medial knee pain and/or increased valgus movement with a
diminished or absent end point as compared to the uninvolved knee is indicative of
damage to primarily the MCL, PCL, and posteromedial capsule when found in full
extension, and MCL when tested in 20 to 30 degrees of flexion.

Varus Stress Test:

- Test Positioning: the subject lies supine with the knee in full extension. The examiner
stands with the distal hand on the subject's lateral ankle and the proximal hand on the
knee (medially).
- Action: With the ankle stabilized, apply a varus force at the knee with the proximal
hand. This is performed with the knee in full extension and repeated with the knee in 20
to 30 degrees of flexion.
- Positive Finding: Lateral knee pain and/or increased varus movement with a diminished
or absent end point as compared to the uninvolved knee is indicative of damage to
primarily the LCL, PCL, and arcuate complex when found at full extension, and the LCL
when tested at 20 to 30 degrees of knee flexion.

Lachman's Test:
- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the test knee flexed to 20 to 30 degrees.
The examiner stands with the proximal hand on the subject's distal thigh (laterally)
immediately proximal to the patella, and the distal hand on the subject's proximal Tibia
(medially)immediately distal to the Tibial Tubercle.
- Action: From a "neutral" (anterior-posterior) position, apply an anterior force to the
Tibia with the distal hand while stabilizing the femur with the proximal hand.
- Positive Finding: Excessive anterior translation of the Tibia is indicative of a partial or
complete tear of the ACL.

Anterior Drawer Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the test hip flexed to 45 degrees, knee
flexed to 90 degrees, and the foot in neutral position. The examiner sits on the subjec't
foot with both hands behind the subject's proximal Tibia and thumbs on the Tibial
Plateau.
- Action: Apply an anterior force to the proximal Tibia. The hamstring tendons should be
palpated frequently to ensure relaxation.
- Positive Finding: Increased anterior tibial displacement as compared to the uninvolved
side is indicative of a partial of or complete tear of the ACL.

Posterior Drawer Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the hip flexed to 45 degrees, knee flexed
to 90 degrees, and foot in neutral position. The examiner sits on the subject's foot with
both hands behind the subject's proximal Tibia and thumbs on the Tibial Plateau.
- Action: Apply a posterior force to the proximal Tibia.
- Positive Findings: Increased posterior Tibial displacement is indicative of a partial or
complete PCL tear.
Posterior Sag test:
- Test Positioning: The subject lies on the table with the involved knee flexed to 90
degrees and the ipsilateral hip placed in 45 degrees of flexion.
- Action: The examiner observes the position of the Tibia relative to the Femur in the
sagittal plane. The examiner the instructs the subject to actively contract the quadriceps
muscle group in an attempt to extend the knee while retaining hip flexion. The ipsilateral
foot should remain fixated to the table during the attempted knee extension
- Positive Finding: Posterior displacement of the Tibia upon the Femur while the subject's
quadriceps remain silent indicates a posterior instability. This may reflect injury to any of
the following structures: PCL, ACL, POL (Posterior Oblique Ligament).

Godfrey 90/90 Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine on the table with both the hip and the knee of
the involved side to 90 degrees.
- Action: the examiner passively stabilizes the positioning of the subject's hip and knee
while assessing the location of the Tibia along the longitudinal axis.
- Positive Findings: The recognition of one Tibia resting more inferiorly than the
contralateral side of may indicate a posterior sag or instability. This may be related to the
PCL.

Patellar Apprehension Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with both knees fully extended. The examiner
stand opposite the involved side and places both thumbs on the medial border of the
Patella being tested.
- Action: The subject must remain relaxed with no quadriceps contraction while the
examiner gently pushes the Patella laterally.
- Positive Finding: If the subject is apprehensive to the movement or contracts the
quadriceps muscle to protect against subluxation, the test is indicative of a Patellar
subluxation or dislocation.
Ballotable Patella Test:
- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with both knees fully extended. The examiner
stand with the proximal hand over the suprapatellar pouch and the distal hand (thumb or
first two fingers) over the Patella.
- Action: Compress the suprapatellar pouch with the proximal hand, then compress the
Patella into the Femur.
- Positive Finding: Downward movement of the Patella followed by a rebound will give
the appearance of a floating or ballotable Patella, and is indicative of moderate to severe
joint effusion.

Sweep Test:
- Test Positioning: The subject lies Supine with the involved knee in full extension. The
examiner places both hands on the medial aspect of the Patella.
- Action: The examiner attempts to "milk" or "sweep" and intracapsular swelling by
applying pressure to the proximal, distal, and lateral aspects of the Patella.
- Positive Finding: Fluid that accumulates on the medial aspect of the Patella is indicative
of intracapsular swelling.

Hughston's Posteromedial Drawer Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the test hip flexed to 45 degrees, knee
flexed to 90 degrees, and Tibia internally rotated 20 to 30 degrees. The examiner sits on
the subject's foot with both hands behind the subject's proximal Tibia and thumbs on the
Tibial plateau.
- Action: Apply a posterior force to the proximal Tibia.
- Positive Finding: Increased posterior tibial displacement, particularly of the medial
tibial condyle, as compared to the uninvolved side is indicative of posteromedial rotary
instability.

Hughston's Posterolateral Drawer Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the test hip flexed to 45 degrees, knee
flexed to 90 degrees, and Tibia externally rotated 20 to 30 degrees. The examiner sits on
the subject's foot with both hands behind the subject's proximal Tibia and thumbs on the
Tibial plateau.
- Action: Apply a posterior force to the proximal Tibia.
- Positive Finding: Increased posterior tibial displacement, particularly of the lateral tibial
condyle, as compared to the uninvolved side is indicative of posterolateral rotary
instability.

Hughston's Plica Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the involved knee fully extended and
relaxed. The examiner stands on the involved side and places the heel of one hand over
the lateral border of the Patella, with the fingers of that hand positioned over the medial
femoral condyle. The examiner's other hand is placed around the subject's ankle and
foot.
- Action: The examiner passively flexes and extends the subject's knee while
simultaneously internally rotating the Tibia and pushing the Patella medially.
- Positive Finding: Pain and/or popping over the medial aspect of the knee is indicative of
an abnormal plica. Plica bands may be present and asymptotic in an otherwise healthy
individual. Thus, the location of the band will determine whether or not Patella tracking
will be affected.

Pivot Shift Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the test knee in full extension. The
examiner strands with the proximal hand on the subject's anterolateral tibiofemoral joint,
with the thumb on or posterior to the fibular head. The distal hand grasps the subject's
midfoot and heel.
- Action: Internally rotate the Tibia with the distal hand, apply a valgus force with the
proximal hand, and slowly flex the knee.
- Positive Finding: A palpable "clunk" or shift at about 20 to 30 degrees of flexion is
indicative of anterolateral rotary instability second to tearing of the ACL and
posterolateral capsule.
McMurray Test:
- The subject lies supine. The examiner stands with the distal hand of the grasping the
subject's heel or distal leg (medially), and the proximal hand on the subject's knee with
the fingers palpating in the medial and lateral joint lines.
- Action: With the knee fully flexed, externally rotate the Tibia, introduce a valgus force,
and extend the knee. Repeat with the Tibia internally rotated and a varus force applied to
the knee.
- Positive Finding: a "click" along the medial joint line is indicative of a medial meniscus
tear. Likewise, a "click" along the lateral joint line is indicative of a lateral meniscus tear.

Apley Compression Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies prone with the test knee flexed to 90 degrees. The
examiner stands with the proximal hand on the subject's distal thigh for stabilization and
the distal hand on the subject's heel.
- Action: With the distal hand, medially and laterally rotate the Tibia while applying a
downward force through the heel.
- Positive Finding: Pain, clicking, and/or restriction is indicative of either a medial or
lateral meniscus tear, depending on the location of symptoms.

Apley Distraction Test:

- Test Positioning; The subject lies prone with the test knee flexed to 90 degrees. The
examiner stand with the proximal hand on the subject's distal thigh for stabilization and
the distal hand around the subject's ankle.
- Action: With the distal hand, distract the knee.
- Positive Finding: Relief of symptoms is indicative of either a lateral or medial meniscus
tear.

Patellar Grind Test:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the knees extended. The examiner stands
next to the involved side and places the web space of the thumb on the superior border of
the Patella.
- Action: The subject is asked to contract the quadriceps muscle while the examiner
applies downward and inferior pressure on the Patella.
- Positive Finding: Pain with movement of the Patella or an inability to complete the test
is indicative of Chondromalacia Patella.

Slocum Test With Internal Tibial Rotation:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the test hip flexed to 45 degrees, knee
flexed to 90 degrees, and the Tibia internally rotated 15 to 20 degrees. The examiner sits
on the subject's foot with both hands behind the subject's proximal Tibia and thumbs on
the tibial plateau.
- Action: Apply an anterior force to the proximal Tibia. The hamstring tendons should be
palpated frequently with the index finger to ensure relaxation.
- Positive Finding: Increased anterior tibial displacement, particularly of the lateral tibial
condyle as compared to the uninvolved side is indicative of anterolateral rotary
instability.

Slocum Test With External Tibial Rotation:

- Test Positioning: The subject lies supine with the test hip flexed to 45 degrees, knee
flexed to 90 degrees, and the Tibia externally rotated 15 to 20 degrees. The examiner sits
on the subject's foot with both hands behind the subject's proximal Tibia and thumbs on
the tibial plateau.
- Action: Apply an anterior force to the proximal Tibia. The hamstring tendons should be
palpated frequently with the index finger to ensure relaxation.
- Positive Finding: Increased anterior tibial displacement, particularly of the lateral tibial
condyle as compared to the uninvolved side is indicative of anteromedial rotary
instability.