Medical Anthropology A Handbook of Theory and Method Edited by THOMAS M. JOHNSON and CAROLYN F. SARGENT 2e0us. 2064S ® Nevo Wate ComLey nr an et sels yet tty ean ST a ay ata oe Sti Ley Capi tn De ie mie ©1999 Ts Mol Cpe age isos Hansen Conant a Ser Pe, a Rn Wt, We, Come 8 ‘arnt Gennes Re eg o ‘ome tana (Get te mae pin TM "he ims a yy eg orl mio Aan Reng ena CONTENTS Thomas Jason and Carey F Sergent Seton 1. Thoreal Perspecives 1. The Therapie Poses ‘Thomas J. Cordes and Arta Keo 2 Plt Economy in Medial Amtropology Sohr ory 3A Cincal-erpetive Appeoach in Modi “Azdoplogy: Rata nd Rowing of Dipti od Margret Leck a NaneySehperHapher 4. Prychoanabi Paps Howard Fin 5. Chine AplietAntrcpoogy ‘Neel. Cena ad Thoma flan Sean 2. Medel Sytem ‘Arr Bela Micha R Hass 7. topychiny (hares Hag " ” a usSECTION 1 ‘THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ‘CHAPTER ONE. ‘THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS Thomas J. Csordas and Arthur Kleinman ‘Therapy eament, aad healing we es Hat dae te domain of sive ‘espns ess, dea, ad des. A the bales, bey we espe {gone conden of i, fort poo wo iene the bn of Seri baling a etng go of cones nd uring es oer o God ‘Ate narowet, ey arth application on sei remedy to a pci and Tie problem, a for he pron wo ter to apn forthe vee of = endace I hi lar we examine the dona of aie egos wi = ‘ew fo bow we can develop a conpuae unfestung ta exces he hal repercite of fk and velour rapes slg hee of pycity fn omen. "Toe dacstio wl be phd a evel mor gener than wal in tie- ralogial cions of symbole heating, While hi soap a boa taf Ste pt, ith te fore conmstn tat ere ter forme of eling {nt are mesmo. In fc, chen enna mial fenment hs ‘Yuba cenponeat (Kennan 1873) Fr his eso, aber an dbenng ‘bolle beaing sa abc cpry i woul eb to cui sale nd oes sets of conse nei chs haan at ealing, cat, Ne Age healig,AJurele mele, Chinese meine, Werks owed, o phates. ‘On rez redfish concep tern on which we can deslp 80m evbensive netding of eae proce, stig out he mst common ‘Gsncons wd presupocios tt chaactie hs wea of serch, Nest ne ‘iting be cones terpetic roc, proce and once sua mre anny of wan whch haptic oes hasbeen dined adcon- ‘Spualzed inte schol ere From her, we provide an seco of ou ‘poche to unferstandng trae efcacy pet forward sne-2 Theoret Psp fologiss and discus to dincasions of roses th cst hese pron. Fly, we ole ragautin ar ore rscrch on erp roc, ‘CONCEPTUAL DISTINCTIONS AND CONVENTIONS, Tn osodsing te topic af herpetic pes we inmeiely eeu a sett conventional tnt tha eo repli camo ake for pred ‘ne fey enone ome four wn Cla respons about th ane ct aig. Ft he intone agnsss eanent. which so Srtesieieon of «poten fm tempts fo resale KT sunt, eroved rm ciel meal cc, tens down ama so pbed in compare suds of tape sens, Not onl ithe serch fr ‘Sno al frm of ace response, ul sly sepia ang 2 poem fe the ire so or er ala ere of conte veg fetal Wat sil be cose here. In tome eal ote, ‘Segue iwo hihy aborted it can become ot at pty Troy bu prof the rape roses oll In dion Cane meine tnd Noneopabic men, fr eral, agnosie say of ee aris inthe pre's pulse nd he description af jmpons ae veal pa of he erate procs, Cn encour Cue meine ae racy rat te imeracton wth te dotr and ote fens inte cooling roc during the cago seson sao aly to pty haptic le In aber system ‘lagna eter ninporat o Speseé with enti, ad he hele ‘eed ler oak pat ost tin robles le 1985) or ‘ety te pobem does exainaon. In adkon, some fons of hing appear ave he ign aon as tis coal soem. Cotcnpony Nor Arman alors lag fancioe by desehng ¢petons fein tes of» celestial rans. The ‘wean sth dag, fone ate siberated stenent, "This at ou we ke and wht Your fe sl.” The Nero Woo cos + and tender etal ue, ote tna ingosiin fel iat be she as done nting oth es hgh tao of cans sd i proper Ising cremonerasod to corms Th rise even ck of toroy fer the ceremony precoes holding the ceremony for extend pros a ne “Meanie een diagno tere re cies the Indian Heth Service nop ein assy becuse, we iy may wha wrong with iso her toy (ch as ane), thy do notre the cane (ch ab {elingsnrd anna or exposure ighning) “Togoteyond thers of agnosie ink st seme othe call Senin ies, ceases diss, mst copied that ha coun thoy eyo rt wos what is dete aa pblen. Hsia new robles can ‘erp, ale, be dcovered, oc een be ced, In No Ameria sae. ‘eeu selene, chi pte Bur vw ifoion, an pop yeni SS= matical reforms of complains tht noi soe epocts ay hve ten erie dln or may mt have en dled a ain nave ‘he Mhepele Process 8 repos. The chronic fain rym chancerisi ofthe pa Bae ‘tn gy slr tha soci wit aeuraseine ieenth ‘atmy bt canes fee ell ewing ins a ts contd ar ‘inl Wien of acres dooce, Bulmer tnge-prge ydtoms, ipavw entiod as plop! evar, wheres war fie rants octice ite Roman Emp The dion of spec poate ease in {feAmercan Pears Asan sDitgnonicand Stl Manual DSM TR C1987 sw constant subject of dete and evn, ih weedsble {tliat fh ergot proce, oscar, the same oct codon may be pried a oe of isn orto tobe tke or ted. Sr connprty Cis dee ‘te exprence of aving a aor a ara tt eqs hing an ose ‘ep bi of aston wx oben egal neo ofeig, Cele ‘rs inetons in some prs ofthe world we so common at ey a nt ‘pda in ond of teats. Lh, log regu by aca scare ‘enn pyc sntome unig to Nanya Key 1978, on nt ‘pecion 2 coodon nt always ought 0 requite teen by people i he ‘ono is pealace, snd nf tba Don propor fo Beene & ‘ia fe common Sa epee (Simons 198). “A sesnd cometnal dnc tht between medi nd one heting, Etcoed inti dtnton ae sever presses, ao lato ‘bi ht ia elag issue wile nome heing fons Ue, We wll atte ese vith moti’ clam a sete, ough Pedal arch might be si ie the ssc ene fo be eesti than ‘ede aeamen. A more sal poi ht y extension, sommes oe ‘Sinic beling i coed o besos. Tat te ought © Be asd on pr imaptatn or supenssen mde befcacons only pact ‘Op sd ot fed Suh Kat's (1962) scot of ban nan Min pr ‘eres the emt evieoe for demons posession rk sos (190) ‘decpion of he peeled iby sam fis eit {rez tha oamedal beng x emia inh se ha i en tse on gstemac beevaton an iepettie of symptoms, sing cs, ‘Sect and respons to memes teens base aes he (Sou for compare sal of bealg syste Ate ened stints lado ht eran snc nd mice ee hat between wchologial and sotalol. Alboogh i oy ‘een at medinas become "high eh” impo ote cla! ‘tds tard chology andthe teeny of cology 10 dco et ‘oars pri practi a a nonce nthe espe oes ears 1988, Pr example te inten oc tectcogy eal mone 1 ot nly conned to the moesaon of pregmncy td ie BY siden women sm nese clinical gare itha io ceo reid ult mage of he es 2 ing inde of smote, trey con rng to he ee dette wer abrton (Keath Bese, ronal cr. ‘useoe) A the oposte ol oft He eoune, te pete Poses“ ‘Theol Pspectes ‘ncontes ne les poems a chology prolong theif pa, The re St ecology inthe ape posse mat tos be cos indepen. “eyo 5 popular ocmson wih sec, fo whic obs ma ree ‘Yet aot dno taken fo rn shat medial amet Is West = nile nonmsealteatmen i nen Westen. At thee Soh ans non ‘Weve mada sos? Te sewer yes and one ca oa a example 0 (te Ayes mediine of ni nde clos! mete of Chas, Pa | ‘thy ey st caneied “al,” however, be on Jt sani Snooth betwee fn sd nnpofeional exten, The dan Sd Coins sens hve Intenazdfomal en, thir priction= ‘0 fle specs, and they we orgie ino wa ta sosologly ‘lester a re pesos (Feiion 197. The pe Baton fee {takeing tht a Ween sent can cout profesional nde ‘Ss counterpart nthe za tht Western eine focus fr more ‘han poston, Pains those ae sy to be univee of tte woe rage of alernivefstets sug by Bt tins te say Scent ener 130 forms of alemave and regis being ins ne ‘brea New Jey county (McCue 1967), Lack of pyscan nest fea embed with activ poe pit ich amet i perce patent. ‘he pnt cfnm using the aerate wi i pin, so'comfonbly conse ut sommes eaten nl) common fet a ‘On the oer nd, “profesional ia he ene we hae just sd i ot the sane os full-on Toor service pss, Noni aes fee Pst fl ne, and some mata Hing hae. lee Usted Site, ‘dial cose ply pi relgosReiers ae ot The stato ‘evened among Navao Into, where ome fs gle deal fo he seve ‘fr dion medicine man bt ees profesional medial services ea She nd Heat Services clin. Aron prints inte contrary char ‘snc feneval novel, Chisoncoomelrs nd inca who combine pejehoerapy ad nage seats Cpt lo cons Between he Foes of bee operating for fe ad thai ching fe ‘en we tm the dona of soamedal weet we Ad i Wo it ened in ways tht ple ising fom medal wean. Foremost ‘Soin sosampens abet mma eunen ot 8 eel celia ‘whereas eden tenet snort If lgon defined is ers of ‘our with he ted, th ssunpen Is Polen sce soem action sch tito beset a oper ey erm Puy ical im Ii equally ico ead elgows ani rs st huling tt ents oto ose ins meng of ced alin to i meal o ial siaiwes The ater coo sb fr mre ‘onmon Inf sari tason har come shat edi aetiology In wich soa ems of henge exit wcknowledgel ws eigions tur aye he abandons te expily sl Wo aces on “epee ‘he Tnapeati ess 1% spats of eling, Moreover, if mee te of Anglo-American than of| ‘enc entroalogy (Caos 198) dean tte emp queen of oson in haling i cloded by tnedologal preopostions of raying ‘hel. A vibe corcive woul be deep of they of ligion ‘aie heal “Ante eer pesppsin is ht seams form of being ae re charter of Ble, rapa! soar than of compe ini ate Reser advances inthe sof omplex bah cess ha sss (he latoe none profesor, nl pop forms of ling (Kisnan 1980) and aaises of wae hia Uae 987; Mls 198) epee (etrmsrend tit single vew. Ye he man operating nari tibisce ena he protype for bls wring on hes for of Reng. ‘ha lporanecomeguunce fr the study of rape roves alae ‘ingu cary between non forms of ling och saan esi movement sch ath lag. Theatr ae ot acne one ‘ins developed voces bt ric or rational ling in hy ‘erat act parca. alte the pectcpe ese of «sae ce) ‘Thx pool ke for presale i fom ith nh te samen a Tes (tough hey uy be ignorant ofthe Shama’ peciazd aoe), lori ohn movements may never bef have sneered fe Por ‘Sty vie bling, reqaing senda socaoon fo exablsh re ‘sporion foward sich Beaiag In loe elke esing in ton! ‘oats, such moveeats pel anc two gue dstet oops, ca em ‘Sing of commited dsp al he or of maria prot scing ‘let rare ops. PROCEDURE, PROCESS, OUTCOME. Having not the pic intr fa rd ewok of anes, wll tegint seo the foro ur dscuson by sagan rape oct from hrpe poste on th one Send ad om tess cso on ‘eter. rocelre (ate tn) and oatcone (sul eased) eal) ‘cy define an willbe dea wile We hens th conegt of poses, hey re cmpec and wed k's vty of ways. We wil evi for common conceptions of rape rosso (I) the couse of «teats te, @) a suns of expt 6 ape pencmens, (3) he use amie epode al) ssl alli Conl exaed troogh eating pace. “Therap prcedee canbe deel in ems of who does wt 1 wos itheipecto mens anise py echiqns ropes ced {at payers rested, symbol ejpcs niet, eered snes of coco es Ince erie Ics healed appa of ctigs wih some fal n ind. The samsn my 2 no anes and tke mye jorey Fler te wal of afer uk oan ted yr he pate By Ider to remove an iriver bjt. The native Ameren ptt« ‘ere Pepe may be etd witha combiton of vex mt, fl es, an ial cans In ower chee panifion. Te yuna ic peat stored ay ‘atre come ocd nth few twin expert wig imped ‘Rpstod cites of i wooneias io the soy ofthe inal pane. The ‘Srp ga pte of vei fom ng ints pat s ots sd erosey Srey, so hr coronary bypass expected rene th ese toned Mow {© te ga’ ear. Te peo ate temp of Assan encet Grete (red sacred fl no sep ding Wich he gd pened os “hon” wat epee oa ie eon sponeol} or eve nse ‘ow ofl fort Resing. The stp! erste pine wath Se ‘pds herp posses, sm fat such esepions ee mosh ove ‘Simon thse deegens of what we il Sefer ocean {Tae ses. Fala ws he emg invecy of tepeati ro ‘atts ect but conpteene suey of sch procedure bead {he sop of scape. “Tepete toe fe tothe potion pains at» designated cexdpint oft eae roses, dh respec o bot tba expressed gh Sr cn nog oe mp nore ag ‘ling ner flee, Ma for soh st om cin rac nde ‘donb lind lle of rps sn campru stalls of peycotey, ce only magia appear te ferme of ang sd in ‘Site pial sed by antoplogiss. The melo! problems ae ‘hd nd hat ated to dtemine he apatite of ing ‘tp pmpe by mee ofa date Sd ne il Uoyee and Wallon 195) Fee ke ofconling the fet of sngeon e sewer einied ‘rect coma betwen te prayer up and te pent, hey fda ‘ering te natura ott of bempy ina wy emecepable Wo andeeplgiel ‘each Te ens wee ince ‘rychobey rsscrs hive excated systemic comparative catcone seats on tet eof peep Cab 1985, 1980) An ‘opto ale of cary na ing fle much lr pe, Inning fom de cvs tt ling Is ively sd econ fective ‘cto the manner which is pclems we ned (Ketan nd Stag 1979) {She comcast ae to all lis lr re tent ‘teagan fete Paton ca 1973). Antopainpss have oly ‘ment and ery tere stented senate aes foamed hese tte bd on pcr opto yet provement ae 985) or pee Se oth dopes of mstacon wi einen (Kaman sd Sung 199; cana aid Gale 1982). The sing ht hve teed sometines mina Sir mplons wie the sane tine ciming satan espe fond ‘mena onside i te ery detain of eam. Ths Ki me (ay tole ap backed fom emer of oome omer tere ‘tearpv salavofrapsi poe ns Wy antopolgss my come ‘he Tepe Process roanere stent undentang of what ght cot sear cs dese Fear of teaig “Pov eel tps cebu and outcome, we can ety a east fot inet emt nah econ tape process eben ws {Sr d's proce a te nfoling oft spetie texan event Fo so. ‘Mog hs ir ply een al eve and much aroptgil ie ‘ion alg canbe sens a subi fhe erie o a. spe, ‘Bebe of hap pov aabgos Wo he Kes fll poe, he tye fw isthe eof pase (Tomer 196), Pres edo ite Specs of ots, hae, naps unos by the uticpans er Sitcousmyoray machen oo pete. on the oer en, prose iin ope ens scone by eens of Yr iteacton Labor ‘Ri Fumtl 197? sod tno telitondipbetneen erg and cet ‘Glosectal. 196) Paychbeep rearchrs bee ered hat the elaionsip ‘See theapnt sccent rt fr ces (Grand Canter 14S Rages ra 196, whe sone anopstogs pot ot that eran beseen fii hss sn thee ces eqn sper (ne 1985) "tccod concepts is inter of expen oracle prces, wih oe one succes, the emergence shee [resin los eases and eofopnna yt rsonaic poet {oct mont wrk em hs penpectve by saopoigsts has frase’ one rpeteee ofthe be (ll TRS; Peer aod rice Wiliams 1960, Pees {ot aaug he experince of he pte bepsming tbe dese Cor us 18te), Wie vous wor hs ppv romaine tnt ed ore ‘pd toeogaze hat rep process fen ets Djond the erent {tote Ts crt teu m spheoreted rapes we he ite ‘oc some pr ofthe even ay ecome cer al Ie and in any ten ‘Sher chang dept on i pons for be srl mu of he tied. In Chior medcn,praccos have ree te indacion of ‘tel emede pil fon ne te recogezed a tal prepara of as {ht efson ep of te hp poces, wh the eel of reving Imo aleting eights ote preeace of es ad as aactng ome ‘muna spr fre fica pein nthe work of aca (1978, 1967) nd ote, rpc proces tea ind snso—that of ropreioe couse of eles eptode dened by agence of deci edngdagnocis and eatmet Ts work broadens ‘te mon of cea tole tt alte ptt and eps ot h wewerk 1 pone nb may De engaged ith rarying earns of rexpnsbiy in he ‘ecn-eling proces, rede ierapy ungeent oop This wot alo ‘no thrapente cee surly nthe cote of retell, ep Tig te wy thrpysmegenet prose npuinte sou th te file fesh ous se by extension, the terton oe complement aneg thee resorces. Along with ober Woon “hires of reat” (ores ose 196) wo vous warns of Reing, repent he ets’ especie ‘n avgulng tough a aca of erage coe. The eomplementay pe” Torta Pepecies ‘pene of cil npn epsetd by says of heh cre pte comple of bal cre resources nokta mya in ‘te complementary or comity begs 176 ld 197; Kaman 96, nie 176. Arh Keema as Seri he pil tte bel cae ses in cmplex voces Intenso th felion ang scr congo of potesinaiaed heing Toms, flor rao speci, sd pop ath ce, ncaing the knowledge and paces of Sonam, fe, tha ini ‘fn see of proce we hal coder pol, tt is th sense tn which apy sealing acl With boa social ean ences. ‘Theol of heyy managemen oop stot ono Seperate {ure fticed bot ne of cal cna fe patent nd logic of vals inp ia hry aed lessee. Tass were a ne Proto cing which rene ose anda wich oder welt wich {ie improprie and oe aed ent. Vicor Tore’ (196) cacy wet 9 Nena beng so empha ht the pices ws one of interven fo ‘immunity reitnspe st uch st seton of he poien o » specie tin, ‘Amore mactplal understanding of erste pce a oil bein when op ieopaiesthesrtenc 9 bond eons and tcl eguciny ensraints on he sce of« eraete sytem. Thee contin: toes ‘ot retin sitions frat esac ofa hea cee syst ch {ine changer in Ninag flowing ie 1979 oreo of be cer Sea (Doaboe 1986) Inte stn, voll consis may ot ‘epic and ay eve envio he elf mei herpetic acon. Hone they const a part legs to tise ed iq, ‘het fea focus on nterpenol intercon dcr cvs ‘The oppose pst a sear o and comme cae hans ot in wich tic ies canbe bull no he actus o esp Sich perspectives ofl Michal Tes (987 ani tonic heating in Coombs ed ean Coma (183) of rng heingn Soh Ae Both vel stasis te tacgroand of clea oppress se ‘wt show he nevabl efecto of abe! socal coat nd powerline in poctces onensbly directed wna maring, Jt ae pene oss ends beyond specific events ino the Bede sci wold Ue Paints, so a he werd is embeded i te terse poe [MODELS OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY Atoll ses of erage acter sen a very ety sage of evelopment, Lao ropes in determing te dpe of zs of talon ‘tees, however, hasnt precloel sale of bow too tapes might otk Indeed, dese he inability of ears dst Seni oa Somes, the very fit tat eople Conte to hae eae fo sh ems | tment gt hal thy rece some Kindo eet ad remain en ‘he Tape Process wea dion ft eeny In i eo cai he pipe Stipe eppensi uis pbien Ce mo en peo {SEEN not nhl na fg. They sees we asnany coor tenet cops a bre ye a Sine conan be here se cra emp pst ce of tril mye ch _ntedremion spin operon sece-cute. Toscae samp of ie ‘Peet Cm Lancers (10) nan hw as py ‘Bescon ont ym lvl epi prs fact ‘ntti a i ct an {tn af ex as epee open o es SEs pip te oe ron ee nh pone ot ‘Spots tology tern bate color mcapon,o ‘Srmlogea ct, Osu cunonerbehr bos tee. ‘Tecan ia dona fence Senonrtig th xs {ts tologyttnot tn ehing nyo weer eBoy ts Soe Tn ven ft id, cay Sef ston of sym etnigo enon tens saa eet ms Dow's O98) ‘cet oman deaendc proves begs wb e uct of tye ym wil a be on, eh oy tet tng tke eof il ie a of bee tlm Tat {Eh eeperc onee ever set mection f oe ‘Sou elfen somte vo be sacl heey Kas 1. Not tu sie wualy em nasa prabsoetngr been ae, hu couet mien frm of teal comet, Ts ner Commun proud on edeny ihe uct pent ot Seta endo cnc ich a eo mth pet ech ‘Scr afigig ad emacing bee em Th someone ot ping ‘aon! bodys pace segs toni ed Cece Fig nd Lot 167, Kisanan 1966) fifa poss a ey Sy ‘posse tome a per) tt pes etn, "hs hace hacer a ly wit act eg won sitotconned inayat cher alloca apper te Sate wera he ec pe of asc ese pee, Mere Ste insoles cl a cl ct ata ga nevi ch pte). Ung scar apy a Sante talkce! pny es snes Stl sad tee i ed ‘Gecia,soag Cnr expres ofthe poem este ‘Er tengten grap. Toca axblsangs ooo oeying {Ste bale ramen ae fccons swt jo agree ehentg of ag ne ly on br be tin enna ae abel te eal pce “he lel capone td on he sag wen don ee sof door venga nil pen for pte Ms i eisa ‘Thera! Psp: ‘came in expecation ofa dfniive come. A. papa example Reymond Price's (960) ale of gens Yorbe play spt! ‘by inal sein wich th analogy prea i ipey doen in eos ec ecasq sn eens ffs. Inalwene rou vey ‘teal herent process nd he arias, rcs (1980 ices ap, "est lan, deans, edna abd ys aes, scan, snd sh ‘nui etry” Despite he oxitence of ach» trad pre of tte, weve, apne shot cay tial al bck on proper of oxspeic ‘mechan sich ax mgpeon (Cie 197}, car (See 179), lost te. Tis aly owen pci eft in inal ems begs he (usb a whether oa lng as ove ons of pie. Eicp in fuaons wher ehnplmiolgal wetted, Sine ormes erly secre. Yt ei tan bing cmp, ny bee be id ht th ess ofl Being ae fe need iaconcsie “hats, gute sei but smal sn ep step effec ma) be decom, withthe sul ening opened and cance by sme change but a6 eave "eae" (Corda 196) Tas ind fang i easly oreaoked if {Ge fora i on "erp pce of” tal ean Mary 1954 Mein 198 Keanody 1967 allowing lil oll i which dsr tm ‘scaly medina es, we the eet character of rl esing Ss elon expoence Is doomed (Caos 1987) I ied Bere 4 Sper onal beating, may Be cree recy reli rah ‘a ie lice “herpetic” eso, “Ancter neretton, or group a ners, ae hse wbich tibet ‘terse efeacy sel oppor. Te csi example i V. Tae’ (196) ‘ats er ating in che show aura eo ae deed cena vocal eadonsips hat have egensered sympomaic mae ‘eo, ne ena ean bes ua the tos gow, mote nd, 1She “tent” The minor image of hs argument ie Viscot Copan’ (G97 demonaon ta 4 dated India eae bythe were anata cat by beg abated ino no scal groop Hee, bea e& form oficial upp vo eaconyasing so consti wsytot elanip tog prpans and between te afied panne snd = powenng sp ‘Son, Bejoed hese pandigmatc semen, «sbi dy of work examines tne poposkion shat prcatoe ine rclipone miley Hel ha 4 Snel ‘fon heh (Levin nd Vane 196). Sic mao ee esa ‘onpeie quesion, dey oe come up With boul gene concn ‘cha hat ria heaing inn teatrent of eset tan f rg {ntology (Paton eal. 197) or tat vlgiows pte in pnw Bae = ‘Geen eset ons pba fied exteta Jorn (Nes 198), ‘Ste of relpos teal song innlga pops ine Ute Stes, pr ‘lay Hispne Amerie, cramie the ceumeancn of eo td he ‘ange of ime wed by wlions bealg (Kos 1973, Harwood 1977s 197; Garisn 197 Har ad Wena 1973; Senora 1979). Whe se Thera ces a Jos daraxon of eben Some i ety opie, hs SSI ca inp fuser nao 9 at lin seh almost rata cme of ronment obit nhl pet ‘Fev aa " pure es mich 0 Jerome Fats (1973) fran conrg te cation of xp fh ah fe po alec of = SS ore olny fe hang fom nd ne enc ere ot beng ‘oats nthe Ron's stuepve wool ort fst sat sett of Ge weld ha alo apenas ei Dt he bear of es 1k once sober oun Sons as aponh, th piney fl. ‘Thcnyeute pce asco he mening a en le or he fle Chomp 97, Heigl toto ot re pion at (Pied vil cn dace! egy nd cone of expec. Coins with Pons pt te work i inretewtcptoy tat za ual ot ret peroranee Cans 1983 Kaper 199, i, Set 1, ah 18), Tse wa ve ae of aicive expen ng etal parca, ings of wee ad ton Shot cat tnin sete tal gers, nd perrmatve torn of (Sicu eres oftmemng. Te fom rang stnderstod in ems ‘nme an ngage an ts coment enrod it ems of esd ‘tol, Whe ha ptoech be owed exces Met cng i ‘Zrmpte wo, gry one cll iment ae ‘vee a eing ad peter. “Tse node appoaces me by fo meas metal exe For xml, n th are by Levit (150 ied above pedi of Setar mpc we sso nd Be clic ixpestion ved fo \enitcatia fc polo des nechaniono ection, Lev Seas {Sorte ptt ele deal apc coat evoke in a fatomce, Gey solving, Suley Tomas (197) inert {a Tha Bet alg cot iat be hanclgy betwen pete! ees St ues ud an "enn connie padi of toy and eo) toy at ae in ies te pi tn of spn es tee meer fer hat nies» vert of sl pass DIMENSIONS OF THERAPEUTIC PROCESS, Taisen we examine wo dieasons of roc tha crscet to fre swore of stays, social, an pease approx to berpetic Chica. The fete sal eine art of acre presen oe,2 ‘Thera Pract ‘efeingw the mamaria which prlpans became caged ia terpentc roc The ooo we define ws pci-e in effet, eee he ‘Snow in wich tere fomsalts and aes probes of newer “Te isincton betwen ducnste apd presentational form te fr the ‘ott of Stans Lange (195) Discurive form sth ef lng, uertnod {St secon of snd cost ni consent itr! foe sn Sealy. Preset Fors carers of bol ad eter, win (henge ae ematical and of tht inte ko ge “hich he mind ras ina, ad preserves in poston ora ati (G3579, Teeapenc oct cn be conte be scotia between ese forms, with for example, be "aking cue of eboney occupying the douiv lean ling Mn on sync gene ach “aya ‘of hands cetpying he peetatond pe ‘clo aod ise Some Ne (197) el he dee a aie ‘wich diet fos of tere ees host process of he paige ‘ev conn pjchoatlyss ih eecroonulse shock hap in is ‘ect ut ist cough ndestaod te toupee Stmpl one berece real ocgative mde nd neato sme ms. Phcanpe ndtv eras le sot i ee em nar ‘he omer betes haptic efeacy to inigh andthe ter contig. i ates no enogh foc onthe engagame of toe process slonetothe echo ofenodond une ocese. nee tse doson owt cegagunen a thapens proces may Bebe way in which hg, ‘tbe, sand era eg Testa be acknowledged at ay pric of eling ny make tos fers in socesin o combs, ms Sil seen a Teme dicate raratos and usvenaona ques with presen S- moi characters. an symbole jets (Kaper 1971, 197%, 198). tn Catai Petcoil egos Bling, eo age os ply civ (geo ef coomeling, aura nig ffeil henge, {te mondecve tr docion nd stmrgace ate ang see ‘vine peseacs knowns "Renin he Spt” (Cada 198,184 In ‘tical Navabo media, beg ceremonies o "sgn equ he patent rpm stan ric comet nght of Ct, yer en the ch ‘mbm of sed sand pigs, when th eave oondscurie ak Ingeure,” de nadine man roves of Doe ea alent stam awe who pial eas nonymous (Sander 1979; Kut and Una 1981, To deine pec lof mug and eatin in any fee eating fers ia important sk of seach in tispeuis poss, sie iano trees hat ug, for exanle,iany oreo eect tn he ‘omlagy een src eve, “he dean of spec and gery ia berate poss a Deon xg preset by Danlel Mowanan (1979) The pote of specie wet ‘ment of coune, the phamaclogi get ht ears soi oedion (or deazoysa pope, Moen net gee erent opel terme ‘he Tape Fess 2 ers enare eesen ea stag berate to pram iar ee pe ene ear eeren ae ling seater mle, Sect osm concvaldt “pneu = = ————— ~ are voodoo death and the placebo effect. W. B. Cannoa (1942) explsined caer Sa ers Eien mee a cist eer mame eeets tc seein mms me tie oe 1 te remem fe Jeera cog e eens tae Porn eg, Some paeinsmeranerenem ee neo real ciemteer sPee es ection roetendeeareeeree eran eects Ses eee ee eget ero Soe anya ntl ota ie re ae ey ommernronm ream aa et eee Seman eel oes a ee rao eae iat ano Sa a ‘i Morman (1736 hat sowa hat een suger, commoeyregued wear wr ee mee, ma nee ee sme me eee eet Sete reer rere emma tire Soh peer ceeemennen eee sername tore ie egy eee ae Doors meena a ee Sate coses eaieteetaee on Roe tere race re meme a rere Se terete eae eee mee a ee Tae poirot mosey ‘Thera! Peper Ctarsis, ote dace of wgatve enon ery, ster widely repre ecologists ht an be rand wei or oni ‘While most fen Sesribd as nonspecific his ay be doe more Ick sf dled Ga abo tarpon proce in the Kad of healing peal 3. ‘ed by aneplogits, Thomas See (1979) has ace forme ‘this more conse a cnnget ne radon ne herpetic pet ‘fan atte dite betwen te pron athe pole eto, sch {tthe or hes peier overated ne dated fmt emmin, Sacha pecnion fr sucess lis specify aout he eaion ewcen Soto adie sano, bdo rin a Speen on te aon ‘though aad enon in ergs poe Dose fos of eral venta nape be so bcm ou cc methods are nt sophisti enough to cape esc? Are we hope. [Gay mode about our ova defnions of wha count 3 speci effet? (rare some teaensiducbly pene base hey eat rb ht lta generated and fe? The ht anaes gen fr both poy tnd repos heaitg ie J. F's (197) formation of i doboanion hype: Demers is vdesoed © canter al penone nh soe 1 te tape ross an charted bythe inal to cope in Ie uno, king canton of tee pte aed pecscaption wih ten, depression, sae, git nd shame. Frank pes th ll ms of elg coin ment Sunt ti coedton, st well keen at Aes pci symptoms, Eve 0, emit spel ne Seat end breciely how they coun prs aspect ofthe deneralatien syne DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH Peas the most fae cacoanered aceon in the tie ote ete proces ater n eaogy beeen chats and eligis ro eagle caeporry medial mepaory, thi oy can te {cd back at kas fr Sioa Messing’ (1958 nays of te Began Sar cl so que fhe group ey ten achsvng popula ie nied Sites. The tote Sort fr mrs ivoling te peycotespy ogy nthe 150 and 197 wa rs aay te leo sme ‘orl eget fat, placebo effet, sd éecaeton. The emi! Wok forte 190s became Ste (57) salu of nari i nd hy ‘While thee werk ofr vaible hort formulations, os tie make seo them only nok th yrs T arnold de ns en no dec examanaton of thi nly asph empl Compan of sencerpy and elias lg. This cel eral area for fee ree in he ld Sach seach ‘tt icade comparison o tonal stingy cancers of nerpeanal isemction enone paricipns, shart of actions pent lon of repent cman, doin of nea ely, nd hapte stages metas ee Kista 18a for misono fame ‘he Thetis Posse 5 sexy ramen. ais man of cro compaison, an ae tht as ben vitally neice the alpaion ad evn f Wester peo- (heopy nics wetapotd to uray dergnt Th Wold ens “Tes of pectic in erm poes sed ao be added, Oca anrepolgil arguments abo een ae sed pinay on observation sd ‘Seve withers, explain fom he dt le ecg dead Sat nyt” or sop’ expen of ensforation, Tis peach el In cochsions that being is lballyeece ores, wou owing {ect pssblty of inremetal or igden bat ncn eet (Cas i) Expcaly inpatient nlde te expt elo ‘tenon fal herpes sa domain a Wich parca Kin rpc ‘peilky maybe eborte Sach a acl alt of poses ance Pele ocompanivecutcone si order Kindo ile prblens at Sooner “he ermpesc posts dons ot ei and ed wf the dre pac ent st sy i at ry dis echt nd spins a 2 Sosa proces, This is te it esas tpl tertpet syste ‘it win hte sad soil covet of vale snd pees hae at entin 1 ht content. Te esa pesopped goal of apy may be ‘5 fice a peso's septation osciey eon he hes band, eos ‘cel demands and motivate Fern tard ceive peel shape an ‘cel ef Ine scoad see, the erapece pos emote nto ‘Sbomied yt herpetic vat ect bec tt deed a ie teen the va tape wanforatin st rt, at orem aly he ‘eat ia penn’: He beroen evn, cil ml experonl pen“ ‘Thera Perpecies tn longsepee pica economic wales, Ascontigy, te eve of ‘tue I ot sie Wo ebnonediea conceptons bu eXends Yo bases of ower, cont resitace, and Seance ‘isc of PEMA nue dat hs apponch personals un render th po (i vices me. The combining Wf poomensogy spt! eonomy dns toon proposed at sation fo this pacelved shorcomiag, Ye go ia sec det nt sce) sy hl ery earch jet eo sc {ll elaions pening 2 pheoomenon being sled. Arce ere of Senvenon! compton of igor Heallaed rscuch f warhy of come ‘os neonate mac rat fase Geese abe 9638. Inthe pho tis coeepizan of goin seach, concer wih ict xyes of tial xpesence in een rach oe se trate choles. For eal snoplogy is hs emphasis th a og teenth lear of net ocued metodsgy. tot a elaon ‘ois emphs—and paral iconcen wih ving equ Une aes in fndamenly onan miaonpe tht PEMA deveiged a8 conete, 10 fring int ecu the total determinants of Shannen tnog tropes tad! inrmats, Now hat antopslgral eda te ‘cogied ara! resachersomtwc nventeas an pr tu ‘Should nt be ite to atnowlege tn ia “ei” aa, infra ‘es ae sete ted or pied Nove, 1, The gto wh noe ferme ptt emee eelogcn cf pital come ma anoopalagy Iam ce Sa he Sap ed See aie een ae teal (CHAPTER 3 A CRITICAL-INTERPRETIVE APPROACH IN MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: RITUALS AND ROUTINES OF DISCIPLINE AND DISSENT Margaret Lock and Nancy Scheper-Hughes Medial anduoploy es bee ognized fly aw sci ofa (ecplogy fr ovr hry ons. The ba by bain ess [pint of teparure fo eer in hs ld, which ne bk staan Shera sae of reprsnion comecon wih the bya al Stes of te univer temp enn, clas, and eevee a fe flocs of ge any ofthe eae monographs in which heal an les are dsctsed wee ot writen ith medi aedhopelogy in mid. The ars were ots? neyng eligi cha, sompartv malo nn, te 0 0, etd th ods gned ink wi" ada pine ojo wih which ‘uke symbolis asin nan ose, tev loomed Inge se ‘rs, ch ig have become css a eal mateoplgy The bet. own examples se endoutely EE. Eva Picha's Wacky, Orases snd Mogi mong the Azande (193, Vicor Tu’ Foret of Symbol (1987) nd rams of icon (1958), Paty and Danger by Mary Dele (1950), Noes of tse aur as ext Wier hey televed emt of i colleon abd sais ere "seni; ever iti roby ele ‘byt thoy snedthey erence font be epee sci: tay br word, ese sur ere ering wii te tao of Stoplogy In which on objective prea of er cles Wat Bee sie a rospect is evident hat» major vison in hoe! approach cx ‘alld ofr he ps vent Yor a aretha he neil iene, eli Aaurpology, rund the gueton of nhcter ts about he we ova ohare oe bod. ey sre rodoced te ret he Inaction betesa researcher wih he sect of esc. Mich af Be Wo ‘comer medal teoplgy ong wise clas monoeepe« ‘Thera Pspcives maton, fl to he st of tse evo caps; hat i asuned hat ‘igeroun empire sch wil nd etl representation te sje ‘revo ur ty. Th ee for te mopar classe, cast 10 show tow bland pace a conection Wiha ds make ‘ene nen sony i cl contest an fe son dese 0 som ‘Gat "pe man" nmin fio, abd so on ae trl ea oworer, hei ihing Ick of soy ti pe of mal ato png tay a whch cate fens sctete Kn of ets She A Allen Yoong it pit ot "epee! cu pended ‘x Wese soi scence aod Wesera edie” (98220). Whereas one a oleae cla any of edo” made sss, omedine (stibe” medio) by ts ery aa beled tobe pepo and sept fo rch wn ml "When sah an apoach taken, strapons analy fallow: ht it ‘shea potble to ndersand the aural worl ap aoa ‘irooph apples of ence. Moreover, mastery ilevealy be oned oft ast, ding he man body, yoga ees. Ate ee of eth adi as sued th ene araperain of explains {blair rngng oe comer sb eel eet te caig oat Ina temp, wie ndestndae ws pycologil pea mechani, wl She mcsy once siento in Worn ley ls commoogiae ‘Ato tne te wl bea fone scepter of he Heat meal Ply cangs win th body ae eal” ww al te perenne rans. Wel he fd oases aeenent wth Suan Song hee Se ay at "the mont el way of tearing llness—and the helt ‘yong itis oo nat period of, most essa osapor inking ras). ‘TOWARD A CRITICAL INTERPRETIVE PERSPECTIVE IN MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY “The rsd ofthe coment ther de a he sil ences i con- (ares nd Pisce 196620) The egenony of postivi vocal selene | ‘xp jee inthis nica ierpetve san, wc esoneaiog, ‘alu censtctonss, and sears have conttbed. This approach ut ofa mach onder movement in whch econ Since wa we [as been je os expel inclg a examination of he yin which the Westen scenic enesvor i a proc of speci iol and etl cmt Lak and Geo 1988; Muay 197, Telia 1982 Ths eopiton |Set pec! impose mua sndrpolg) becuse wold of tamed: ‘cn ef tne boomes sj 1 aol anys, Motel aatropsagy en nager the ly of atv mel gems, ‘ale nd aco when scl imerpeeaproach i red become, pas wd Routine of Dain ad sent ® men, mach eal eight way a ‘ch a twee ising 0 he eb ed ie cay com ‘Roel, vost a encgoe ns Same rcs Sgh ne and a iy rept ee eed c cman cog at is {Tes tawete foun ei he mop no coger oe ene model ug, sng aly «pat las ely {op bjt spoon of cxrne cal vm, Morne ta me hymeie o hs ny a whch dro ‘pur mein, scone cnc oo ngsg dog Reaane ses thropprn tn folbwing way te scl pg, ies Te npnen pati oor ro reels ove “investi pein, Tl auenicy: mas ti now, tc rt ot i,t on nein went ‘corpo nieces teen bug eee Grape llr, bt sn way of teimey to enemas Bees {Wc Tow ower, acl entropy olen on be penn ‘eit enemigos era, Inet, se ps0 meena: fe et Sn Neoponal ihe of ancy ome ching daveb he ff be ngs edi ten srcund iy ie, nd Ser Te loses {Sy at pce son pa ng rch teen Tae mel ‘Stropgin sve sayy sane vee Gum is nampa ‘Studs Oza impr Heese wa of eee sah: Fob ty sop tt coopopic design of ett ec td Fock tc end vital aoe vo of eave aig Deca of Slietaate enaner, meal eceiogy (ome af egal 6 sperr ‘Seelam xen fr a war. {Gey evapon bs igh tent rly On fh ‘Sgr meal atropine comets ih Wand Schoolnet) when sete ie taming = ere ‘Stemee" Ate nme onetime ct hin octal ‘ns ttn fe soit nr ay, ab et perl ‘in aod tve sun set hem ae et fer be fotning of naa Toca pre We cmoe sp al mir oay, Sng gg: Howe tre, eboney me neds gl fo Sty beings by ean of + aman coy, nc ety ‘Sifts este ify, tn ade lh on ac enpleges ‘fdas Tokyo ne elec odo snipe et {St tl aon i nee be comity compe ‘Sal pee Tie meal nhreplgit nt en hy ewan pls ctr epee nd cual dtd of tn oko chee Te mk fs ct nmeve metal andy iit © dese th vay of capo! Snsepons cur ol tor) nt” Theol Penpees dy an ascisednaratvs and he ow he cpa, sd in ‘ul eso which eae concepts se ppl In ace. Whee wing uch 1 snc, mete! tnowedp ent conse of aa aeoecs body ‘exo ted inant catoly ded by pss svc ea pte hime Mea ovis fsa, nie mt et’) ty te svcue ant facing Of te taman boy A mesial masta Strfore temps fo etplore te oon of “embodied persone” ees 1962 te elacnshp fcr beta contetin wishes zat the sata! tran ty. 1 chap we wil Set ut teabinrenive prgcivs in whic we < nspaioa upon sone facet of generale cour abot ‘he ba. Wetelee tif medial anduopolony fase comr he ‘yin which the man by tl etal oma, ity ented Spey wen saps cri of owe, Pest ese smo isthe mach-oted Cares alent prs mid ft ‘nd, spit fr mat, a eal hat meas) for ores. Since in Spistemologil adn is «coll snd hotel conan and ot one ‘ht i nelly sd, senna hat Me eg by camino smption ‘THE THREE BODIES ~ Th nd mt ol fm irae ae G97 00, Exel atts comhraon of hereto among what we wll ‘sero he he "ec ae Are fina purge mea beat level i he nial bey, undo th pheoeeoge sem e lvl expereace ofthe bodys: We may essay ume tha a pls sc tet wme naive sen of he nbd a a eg ape es hernia bes (Mus 58998), However conte pre ‘4 boy-ind, mate, ppl, souls Wrens 1 ach ober ‘te way in hich he oy expe ltd lows hgh vate "ACh second ee fans is ths! dy, faring tthe ree (son us fhe ody a atl Syl Wi wich on Shea re, ‘ext, snd clr (Dogs 1970, Hear Scion orate welts thf verily, and soca snopes whee Senco conta exchange of meng ven the ate antl wel The ‘ody inal ater aml foe wlee bay snes tes ode of il tame, cof, nl npn, Repeal ety ‘nce and in “heal fess mse fr feidg $y, ‘Ath hit velo nals he body ple, fering 0 on, sarveac, and cna of bd Given cole) in operon snd Roos of asic an ert w a smal, wok, Her, end seni, Thre ae many pet of ply, ging re scepalasgropings fie" Tongs, wih ‘Events ay be spt ignored ee puis 3 al scl oat a ‘Steet by dow Gos Brig 197, Tarball 1963, gh to cele ‘Sipe monarchies, ogee, demerit, and moder anrianteIn ‘Schor tis pita te yf te bay plc erent aly torque ‘eputines he social boty) a oie advil ode pet dea [evteee wen bot the eau conte! finial sot es In complet, nde societies. Michel Foca’ wok i exemplry i ths upd (197, 1975, 1979, 190) Less ar ee wn shot the a stich plantlets cnr er poplin diastole man Fer proicing doi bode sd pit mid a he service of some Sefnson ‘Selassie, nd scl elie. “Telling te wl nove back ud fc eceen a acssion of “the tes" st wel uric cont for aderaoding eles and sk, (nthe one hand, sad for ace Knovldge of the eta saree a0 rains of eats ines, 0 he oer. ‘THE INDIVIDUAL BODY Hy Rl I Real? The Catesen Legner ‘sgl pene gulag Wester eect and cical medias and oe, ‘cht oa th response or some esis) coin {o finduments cppstion between spit and mater, nnd aod ody and (ovtying ths) el ad rea. We ae reminded of preemie eral he ae of iddlo-ged orn allring fom onc ad biting Ieaiotes. In aking sentences tbe patent xan ere thle sis of fear dil sets tht ber bend wan aale who csonaly eat er tht sb doen ral bones forthe pat Sve yas nklng ter ter sent acne ober, an hat be wosiedconstany ost her tenage san, bo at Eakin au of high hol Alngh e ‘ona’s soy ebste comidenble symp fom the eden, one yes ‘onan Ely interop te poet emind, "Bat wht iste rl Cate te heads? ‘heel sue, ke many of bres, nerd te ee of scl flonan a xtancor td ila the wl Weel gee ‘Se wanted infreaton on fe screen changes whch she ended ‘contig the te Stel expantn. Thi fd of roly teat tnkang se produc of a Wesem epuenolegy extenting afr tack af ‘Aso’ sary bolo view of be oman soul In De Ania. A alt fer cnc! pce, ican be found ne Hippcae crpas 2 40D me)? "persed hse wr tered eto vesgs ef egie- ‘lips falng sna the bona toy an oie = aon! bce fr Clk race hat woul lege te power of te nce fl els a ‘haan abd "gl ws Hippocrates led is mei competes In= ‘Thera Psp * psp hams teats on els, toil ened “On he Sacred Di ‘te Hippos (Adan 199939559) enone physio ost Oy ‘twas eerie sd plebe wo te sas dono ble tht he ‘ale Sacred Diese ey mare vine or te th sy se dese, ato he comatose hae sateen ic cas, 40 ds hs oe, oo, ae a tes cae, I enon hat hss "Mo Gin cle his eae cred wee te sat 3 peopl hat we now Ell “he eumtapenae, mln tony ben may frm re tne roe of Wem hy sf lite ar wes he ange ‘ice Rie Dec (59516) who mot deny md tennessee gy Soci ome et bmn epi, Dosee wend a ag teil had clade pond evies fer eng se Te Sta cacy te te on nh we ier fhiskog ta ‘Smee a Dest dtu “Copo, cosine ere 1 en ele cr of te gfe aa or tote of God wom Dear tel, Bl oa hepa ns ‘neces dv Cyl tosh aq n Sok tod rad wore y eratng + comet of in Deca worse ‘owe gion tb ce, “ee ‘in te boa od ast ace om aie ewig pa {Site canta tego atte her asa ‘Weta hos pean of it tn dy, sos Can ‘hate, fd balogy Fr Kido cl mut ise tree te mel sean aprons tat med devel ‘ae maa cel secs nw er ay. Th Caran ane che men td be ands ent ‘sinter ec cone ee ytd fants a a Concern” coeton fae cates, eee srenhag Perm city nd pal cpt of pce at ‘tent ei twcnc oy ei ag edo i Cine ery and pce. es pemaleealy ered pe shitty sa pinta met, hte eno egret ‘atta con af ty weiter wily ers ss rps ‘eal nag "it fo by hin dimer [her ana of muliicpnay ca cates o hue es pea cena iy Crt 58) dace cay one inn psc ceca Ths ya, pat, he ‘ok ey dapat Nec eyeing eee evel dag coud ath ‘she let wen xe an, ply gu om de io Srl Marr, gas tna tae tp pln: Peele nl mi eect of ep Dal td ‘in Sree pohly cals logne,e pes opr: ras nd Ros of Dipti a Dien nn ne oe gn Pe, ip Shige rye sve toa seeing st at te. fot maa anisopliae vw bam ed scigurtne olin olsen ono mgt pees ey oh teehee tapped tye Cute egy Wo x ce tay icin alwys te epee ang be threes of wg Wea ae Src neopets Soper te vy of cng nan msn wc nd LEST te ety lenge ln wel ly mot on eect oe ms Aen, As Mee Kans (19619 ey Shed "The Caches oped mn nel o pele Kno Wah oe 1 erase Inositol see woe 5 Ritertsore ot inaly coma sings tp man Scheie of toma! ct chen so pinned eng To ntyopeton in new fre ov cently sain bt Sond te et autre inane api te Wal "aarti eran Dio sn st SSoee Usse) fom es panes expres of ea Ge). ‘Eee 97D, Wile ir penton bv comy pedo ma Sas Sincins ud sil yess sal gi fds cn anid Sf een tt pgs sor on im ah pcs o St Stutee rhe meal doa Ar ave te Mc enn of aan ‘Een beg neal od eine’ rater hn plc odo ‘Svat (ee Scherr ad Lac 986, Lan, Neeson ‘Sty sri ned niin teem envi se soca Shean coany 1 mbon el oo Ge Blog ‘Winstdy ann seme cer cel Opn: Wess ccucoaog, ch tos voco te CuNE”pn end ae, ‘Sov! st sya at cal kes woe we Ele Date, Marcel Maus, Kat May ol Sgmod Be ued w ‘esd fs rsh codons ran ad arena ‘gee, Albrgh Dein wa pm soceaed wh he tsp of Eitan wey, be eet sone sion we nnd). ma ‘eee debe For of ego Ue Dan ‘rams dee (6 1329) merino lied {ST pyre! aly oie fr be dnc fxg ‘ity acinomae st pene “igi aly ih declare The ly wee seo fetes Sate er my, ef ch chanel as {pedir of allovin utig en Dati, Maree “domnin of secs vl oer ton sn ncuron {lomtsnyta The gee wc enon md otc mpl fe {ecy were Scie! by nal into red esp of ge eM“# Thera Pspeciee Fr inofuced yet ete istreeion fhe in ody, mates, Inddutocieyst fapecos with ary of ami yoy. ie {nvidalatvarvithinhinset. reat pope hana ran ihr, Wolo des locked ors with the esti ecuiemens he sna sn ood. The resling pesos fhe io ough ney pal ‘oc of rcliaton produced te many tert of mae fe Pet ‘scala ono dagnon nd et th oss of wound pees whos oe ‘tot a canola ef fhe minds. Chloe nd Fs Ds ry te sed as pcnamaltc parle saci the ity, rae ‘tue, and individ oy oppiions in Wester psemclony. For Mare andi aso et word exis a once sly tat was tanned by hun tor. Haat doings hele ‘om ual, Mare and Eng wot, ae san ty beg peta thie mens of sb” (1702) In Cpa Mrs tet kr mans An domescates mur I ges feo imma ces aod per fc theme! fone, levng shuns al te toca, “Althea clre cppston has re need a ery mat ot Weer metas" (Bent 1789) tas “pete Sap ha we fe cone © regu Is ata ad nevie (Cody 198), hehe alas ten seeatve owologi One ofthese ey te view at cole i odin (ate han aie rate, nang and Comerng dey fom it Clea suteriint, or nampa: bv ened ew stad lutions as pve responses 10 cra fied, bite founda 2M, Has (199,197) ees cle 2 "tua or "lie selon to ‘he ban coon insta as "ren he ound sd al op eto ty er, energy” (19743. Mind clas tote in hese formas, ‘Simi, sme human Blog nd prong hve sugested ta he mindy, rata, sd nia sactyeposons ne ed ‘esaned universal eens of ining nf ay he cog and ‘Symbian f human biology. .E- Onsen (173), example Sean id-ody dann aan ory Sterno! expression tna evn atrtznton. Acorig 1 hi iw, te ungelybme pein ‘fhe tase hemsper fr cogatie, ronal, ad snl ston nd ‘he it hemisphere for inte, expec, ta ai ects in he cate of lt hemispere dass set he sag for he yea ‘uta doris ef ean over usc, mad over bay, ste oven, nd mie ove fl. Thisknd of lll etl, bee, ed 4 amt contemporary scl saeoploie, wha seas insead th ca ‘sate ofthese eget in West gh ‘We shoul tear md oar pstonlegy iba smone many sens ot kaowiege regain terse helo ae noone a by, ca, ‘at nd oie For eta sme oe Were lon ae devon em epistemolgie tat edn oti atone emong cts 4a onset In dls ems Rapeseetons holon fe on. ‘ese epsemolges in ening elaonsipe between an se of concep nr nd Rss of Discipline and Dien 5 eee seasonal eos cr ae Soeadoma mens natnatanna coe Beceem Hceeioatreueemmaraare cant Sienna rateee eeacigameaa emeaatceeanta Siemens Fa eee oo Tatmoeeetraacmere ngs Sarome See se Eerie recta Si ee, Roce aan itera Soo e neers Spee 22ers Sy eo oreet tm, neon. be, and Meet wii e cnet ol Sree ere iroeuke seenewe cena Tee econo cep ieeerero ieee. Sea maeemccatemaineae Spain eee er: Se osama Seale omeareece See es Pree pereeeeroeeo Pata eatoaes aay san ome eres ere Se soya aay Soca eae nee einer festa gen acme haat Lovato aera enioes Sirs Sache viens Resa nieeicte cette aay Ersebe ies eer ean ainen casos ie eeaaeiceseras Be tee aaa Pa eee cere =o* ‘Tet Pepecines hough a inves chive i moet of tanec hte yond perch, fanpage, ad the wien wad ‘The Bs plopber Sua (96) conraed Eaters at Westen sex ‘tec and ates tora nite by comparing (wo pm sevewsent ‘try Japanese itd inten ceatiy poem by Aled Tengen, Toe Spans pet mre ‘Whe oak ily preeny In cons, Tengo wt: Tt yore te ci, {teeta a a Sar oer ht e apne pot, Bao os ot ck te nzu tt iscomett i om spc ae lg ee flo poe am tao cgmi (009, a vive and nal Hep pny is, tog 2 of wing "He dec ot pete fo sy en ‘tb eho cdl sce, be weld viet he fowe. {Sra 19603). Tenses vent img rece f Pants Baas ‘esriptin of he ma cot oe sho “ore ues sss fey ean a ers“ monkng char 18-109) Ponies ‘mona oi, snd ad cpa ae hh can expr ‘ecspon of epoten sd confi ve gl he hay Sea neat anny of Wate as © Se mae Peron Sand naviuat ‘The eiton fev sock, whic as ec mic of conten ory foc hear, bed on preted antral” epson teen he ‘ema of te scl and nel ere an gos ce, impasse nd nec. The ini ociety oppsiin, while damental to Wes {giseaogy, i ao rhe unite 1K Chiford Geert har mpd that te ‘stern conception of epson "a + Dude, unig. negated mot ‘atonal nd copa univene, a dynes of art, emt, ac Inet and scone a ae prea wan cote of he ers tes” (925, ae cnr fe nie st esi irc rg, eves nthe Wet It as oly hepsi in 1600 of Bohn Leck's Ey Concerning Haman Understondig we ate 2 eile teary ofthe poe ta lees he Io sell wif wat of a and Rots of Dp and Dien o 91 concosness ht is nique othe iil ate tough he (idope wl deat (Webs! 1983539, “Fagh nto detald peta, would meets be iia iasie agente comply devel of se lee prep tended SETAC etonbie to seme tat al fran ae endowed tht sl Newiounes find and body, wid an tral body imap, and wih what ‘erg have Meted i be prone of si sae, ow see of {ty shares, of min-body ieee, and of Being-ntbe-wodd a snl pa rom ater nanan ig Did Winsor eps th sire ofthe bye as tly paced inthe bdy, rea en Apne), Wa too emcee tment pers tne {hunter avast incvida ods rm he soeial on- Epon of tv iris perse,"" a conan of jal ah aod or Steet (aFonnine. 1985128). La penome morte,. a Maes {Ggst92s) prac she eniquely Wes sti of te idl w Tea, mol, and pyc eiy whore righ ted ‘st y teh of er qual sons dvds, ale ey hogs and pcos (Winnie ong er) ae tended toinere ie poss of ndiastn, dled ran eager or oder aly momber a nosey angen aman mtn Foo ea Jason 195; DeVos, Masel, td Hou 9853-5. Tix, Teter a cle oul anton bsan evel td one hat conforms toy en conepon fhe elton of he nial sce. In pa, slough te conep of vuln ha en etd guy sce ted ofthe st cena, tb Coton heage sl evident oy a ior te aly tie cade theme ater, nda of tei, atte indi. Coneqeny, th ps tno a pa fro leet ps fe ne as at tee Berwer nes baton the ate ‘Sdn olgtons oh fly. "Te pilecptcal want of Shinto and Dads ave also aad agit lps conceptions of lou. The ain af Shinto fers Fetng of enseton it te, nd many of te ecg of Bu ‘efeplion eneowrgedeachen fom carly es, Nes ion eo ‘ounpe te development fs hg nine ell. “Tg bs boen openly dected et el of vcil alv ia wich te pone andenood sing wii he cnt fs eats, ‘ver spl acon (Let 1976 Sth 1983). One cy hangs wih eset cote. parc wii he ery of ol = laos a any tne. The til’ ety sessed ough terpenes Of hes conor sn dependency, eeu in alors ok wen 2 Spas wean bt rer arth ret fine sng sha 17715), Bit one fear Rass uy enetenpyIapnee ta of ocing oes com es. becoming aly nmin eters, One pte dee leadsncioe me tewoca cue elf ate) te pron, the, the scl sel ta oe psen tahoe pai oe) tak8 ‘Theol Pspectas “ra hen sel. Clifford Gents it denied sine phesmenon ong th vanes an Baas (1906127-28. "Kent Ral argues tht the GaD-Ga of New Gui nk cop the pean aoe: "du! entity od sol iy ae to nos fhe ame coin (1955276), He malnai attere eno ances of he Ingvar fro sewed soi les apd concep. of fw, hg 15a elaonsipbecveen we aniqe intl atc ele ya ‘sighorood, or ete scl elas. Cs Garn soto def the al ino they do oat al nes te body's cousin part: ibe fc fees, by etn, aes Of era ai te Gahol-dama conception of th acl in, haces bth the eoveting ofthe ty and te gern’ cil sa chr tis: Referers “god or "ba sin nes peon’s marl charters ven p's \wopesnet ot mood. Gabule-Gase see to exper theives st tely when in ona with ote nd oop ht (eas Fomine Is:120-2, Sich soccrtic conceptions of th lf ave ben widely domed for may prs of he Weal ee Shede and Bours 186: Devi 1985 ete 1959; Hanis 87) an have reeset adr. In ces nd sci Inking « hihi invidious conn a ie tea sbould abe rang tenes icin expander teed ' mlevoln soil elton (ha me), oth ean f nila ‘toa ees, fw eso wie fle the lige Common Ia ‘ch sok thrpy Wo, eds be calloctvian. Te eng of Basen ghar nelly beling tances ust ae vowed a th ure tn een (Kats 1962). Lora Maral ar dtd the de a “one stot relpots act of the Kang [at] bis pepe i ach ioe a they besome Iie oe agai being (1955270. I cont to sctis in Wh the nil bay. eet be fied ‘with ar abbey he soil ody, teen let a ew he ins {8 compte of mais of ses. The Ber (ke the Gu Guna) “avert te ini ol eet elaoochip tthe: poole. Hem, Se penon consis of many te: the lf spre by pret y te ‘amen enema ofr. Te Can nan of Fan a hy ve intl, ach cine wt ifleatpar of he oy. ACs nial ‘egrets th el of domiaton by ee ofthe pss prs he uy Att sce who govermed by the bead he greed by ‘hand, a ost byte her, so fh. Pilly, th inca oul hs een vise pts. Each tine «penon “le” on ot mor ps, hee se bases il nd cing ene eld eteve te misng cen AY Gent he sulle the ty ad es {0 whence it canes depos kg bythe anes gd Ti sol ol rue fer tbe eto 0 em human fing! each f whose ov sol de p of 13 pars om theif face of ater revo hans p's ‘onl fee an his orb sis sae compote, sys “brewed pon ant Roles of Dipti rd Dien » om many hex nmi, Ts 9 a chs “tm Sco rly ene eter xh pons anton of bh ke ser Sc call Maar, ely Zine bss eo ase be eps of hms or heral (Uo 1960356 98. iene nd We te opal expiant of sss sti nc ne egernes oe a sl any ne i ect pre i pemion td ber sed sro sce Sc ed Smut expec of oma ss sgh sr tenga Ge well ‘Tice oso eigne pre sd herent Toto Sz tyehacpal wthopspes ne eat “pcp” ee seed Sis TTnmiecnon of see or prctote peut. The Wes ‘Serpon etna one ccc tbo eee eens Si Tgain neat etic af aly imagery Ct eed cosets of lf pegs eal ee is wat ey sia veld ag (Sci 197 (195 Horo 96), Bay, tne stant esac ed inert ees a nda ‘Sin st the body nilpotent, cing ra ‘Sacer reps, mean, flee cop asa eng err fay gy tou gi yea) a bee aly tee by sel mtg wd eet fn nn ly i, dsetosin lo Ser a se es wt ty ngewe con in sath of nis tering fom xtemetyGtety peptone at ‘fom pier or sea eres Hen 1528 See {Pras La 1973). Te bly of toe soe cope a {Roce sera cooveringsrightieoverdaeiing, ady el, ‘ge pn) oe tothe fc ta he os hing ete "el fanaa, us, 4 sjbol. Insta, mening an ekg ‘teu elpetenal conics ad br bet owe conde ha sel tet (a ina erngcnumony orang) Pci ete has cent belong the word of Newnan case md fet of simple iat Fla: ter, Sod expesion top comps texed tary he. Roy ne (85) wees tar the fat a oe tas crt frber mesa webbie meming, moe durbed meng, more ale meshing, ute ‘il disguise meaning. docs out chim tone bas isovered Time uh hat es thi te werd of appescne te ‘al werd” ‘nl concep i th ppl of multiple anton, extn 6 wich ym, Mes, ads ot an be sen vary fenton a ele ‘Meng ego dese, ns metal epesebaons of eal fl eatoships (Gijeinins),ascoscon runes fair an wise, noes ‘i cammancao betwen dle, for insans, Apr 19). Wale ‘ae futons occur conten, sme prdonnne tpl es, ‘never, th bee's or clin intrest which ncn Se ‘aio "oto i end egies vercally (rom oto fo nena bat eval a wl: Vadis rca sce tpen nd devlopmecialy ei Ler cot. Fr intnce, fe ssl mote Peed 1929) cose tei embodying the dives, vies, sn), he sapere (embodying es nd content sd oo etitein ih ety pra pars) the phe "excutebaoch” of the min, meagan Sh ape, 2 ali According clas pycoenalye oy (read 193) mal ode comes into eng hough he reson of i oligo, ch isin cm bsed on te lng secre of fhe i nie view of my hots, te stot model, weve, es upon an vn eater hn ode! ta damn teint ind sdk ale (oan nerpenssl stanton ins ete owe sad yas This ‘eel scaled not eons del metal epnaton Reber 1715, ‘Votan 1976; Fits 195 Klin 1955), scoring wo which evel sty splting of tages reese feel on of pet urn Spe objes) io "god (ease) and "ba (eee) om Pens toward net optimally hea rings it asin, tly™ ‘hotel Pespecines ied image of ons ad one's love oes who ca been a bah teat ‘rnin. KEY BACKGROUND LITERATURE “Tes fondo fr unig sll fad ine rca opology tue rem Spnd Prats et-oaone Suda Ean oy or Spreng sold be ge is xe cl cae (et at Ute Has, an, sd Wot Mo). hint xy Oa ‘Pochlg athe ind of he Eo, Caton st ion Te ae of en len, Tne Tet), wo i cee pepe ("Tee ede Thy of Say." emg nao" Fob ten of mei atroplgy, wo bk aul eve a it of ep fr ta erate nc mops. [BR's Renlng Poti! Andro” Conny nd Change be Sy of Hanon Acton (58) ia scr, ernie, ted podipoly ontmend wrk at te phate ing dines ie be Sone of pyle! ose td ntl, Rly nse fe ates cen ns, sotonels yoga! athe {ite etnkng ete ipene me ' wok at seal npc Boers Gere Spindle’ 1978 ed lune, The Mating of Pett Andrepogy tn wich eel cto: by Spindler ae alowed ty mebodsogi aot nes. ‘nlc cht writen by some of te ot Promina igen he econ nn of 7, ang Yr us, Mn pn, 'Dg Vor, Wet La Bare, Ose so Lose Spin, an : ° ‘oeane ‘CLINICAL IDEOLOGY AND DEPTH PSYCHOLOGY ‘The medial atpolgy leat as ried inks aay cares song cial sextape btn, elgialsenting, adr ‘lato of teatment ln. Cutrly how ste stead on xeon ‘how th probe is utersood. Leon Bene (197710 sy, fo nee, ‘lingo bomedel desea mug, "Wonk mel oe dtu roces Seti the dash pysicins ger, fo he Was le WE Tee inepated ino a lgioa ad creunsrbe the Sounder of introns ‘designed aspen" Pathe, te enor ese a eed thu te “ede component ory cl is seed ao nt ‘ine wih be eos ofthat sre, which prada iio. Che ‘ister (9761), for example, ing of Mona ery in gu, obser "Moria Tae ies Hd of call nism, sj a sen coces tats ison this sc. One ee chara opens ates. One Bein a once slo oe he tron Moni Terpy ad yay Pesecties ” ‘ne roving soil tines fhe Fagen shot, he ty of tae Mex olay else» snesng awe sou he sii which card Lebn writs dt “an amps study of bal nthe eo amen nd mess ong with sccm neva erly in fe tates SSG: opie poceve tie word ine shasta socal an sci Yves (107108), Moro an eames se tei doe he oe pehodyauni cofice md dfeses carci ‘agen sce (pple 1977 18-18 so i Sta and Kayan Rowe {oreo dace of terol of sgareon and of lng od epee rng ese nthe bofrdace etme ode fo ypetnin. Pl a nu oly Ps ate (197162) age tat enema ape ‘Sponge itera confit i eon ti lant to ‘Ghtodetow si tenon te suc seesue, conf ‘ich cane be ‘holed byte als of Idd ely." Heil atboplogias hae cnied mac the unfeanng of e intpiay between pens dal’ Beall bb, vse, decison Iatlng aes, scons, ower, and ste. Payne of So ‘Seca! unesiding ofthe imeplay of conscious, rocoto, and un (Sencous flor nal elms of metal operator an atm, els, or ‘Spl, scnant forth rrr of ls an fi th se ond nee ‘trope healed tol. Ades the us fenton of ae, Tene lor, re Enzo (197491) wes hat "eck edly ing omped wi sch cy expences sae sine, nd rt shin ek ‘whe small eof finds, nt sok an (remap) ‘cla wih wie euces vo she tai wet vew Their Meola Spaces penptes smut alte fr l wht ay eae the ‘Satyonngny ofeach. Tas tse oles fil nos, esos, tnd movemest in cle Like all ter non, smb td cal mening systems, e cll dona mauve he teatro nd symbolically att coun enon wai ‘Se barnes of chlaood ‘CULTURE AND PERSONALITY: ITS RELATION TO PSYCHOANALYTIC ANTHROPOLOGY In hee acta of ty cate and personaly sos, George Foe and ‘Bata Aaderon (19786) desc ecole of ch of pycoanalyte toplogy ding that eit tg fr etna is, ne gy a af ste, Nah "ld pices by antwopsie pr 850 calvin poole a ‘Sian hemor Being athe 1930 npn pyc beh sen ge ma ures se poli ht he ‘temo evista car we ele ews vc” ‘Theil Penpectns ee ht caf eins aya cp he ln Ting hed wl er iexpreas Or abet ye ‘con bc on nga fc it nr marin deeming se an inline adie ees ae Along pepchoaalyt nthoplay's nest cn ete in pa 1 the color an esonaty movement ts vals sonerespects abe gael, Mate Spe (19783578) wats cat sag intend y penn aa fie at ea ‘hn warty ete ofeach Wie be iter esc at ‘tps post devs rat yl mina Spee eng ‘aman sacs ining 0 ona, ce pry Se esculamanmae ae ined Il In thi cise paper,“Some Payeoanlyle Comments on “Cle an enna Heine Hanan, Een ee, and Rate Lovenatin (1963) ‘Stroud sincon etme satel" nonnull ‘eta, tte former tng beta paces, pes, aed ocean ‘he later dening pte medion, menses fae a as, ahd ronal td. Alboush hey hd) culos spas long maaon [fom ekvir ache sists eos od ethno cons), so tent cs ht pop castors, racic, nd lial shops geet lym nly sued cles exes, neal ni fines, sn fosing.Antroplogs end waverpbasz he elope Stgieance of speci ereang proces aod elect he afeive prea ‘fi eats o ambien. rover th py pot of offi atl expats is fe sansa ena oto secondary elabraion in deans iano {og dguted expression tthe et sonata dpe stenton fo 31 Among Slovats aa Slovak~Anercans, fr exmgle, the suns purpose ‘siswndding (ele oremtona was pret anf ered erly ‘gle, vlanble, and week However, the protection wa tpl at ‘rata ambivalence sn ipa fna wihe tna Sheintu. Sich whet wore dstoved an exemsizn, booming heing "tries of he cl, wo wat nim "std ough su se mee felons "vedenflrmain”concous bebo acing he oppose fe ‘consis wih sce, highy word, sla, ear of ine ae ‘Sein 1974, 1974 deta 1982), Twoaphut elt, te mie, ofl, pein Fengetes a eee scatters ni ater eect Sometime pace rere sr en Et tt see aieh tae cen aN onetime tei moe i abe mie ere ime rt ec Sige cre a meetenates See oe re racer etches boeraleetenntor tired Seeger noen ee, in eee ee en tt rar tee epee sera etre meneame tc Sreevteese ow arate ‘rie cee cit oe i wena tetanee cacemeoa ois te alone ee arora rn see Sierra oe arched eae Be et cect et oom ere Serene mon ore aan oe Eee ay. cers rea me oceanrreee ester enemies ee eae crn eea ree mara oe nap san Soy en eee econ iacet ager tat Seon eee Be ee ty in a cere ghaeeoaeecatean eet Seinen errr eae ne ena tareeerre ance ean pain sce eal ae Seo eee sneer Sergei mente reeoremrcoar Eee On oe epee ect tr Se ia eter fae rece enn eet Eroonarnana ‘There Powpctes ‘CULTURE, FANTASY, AND REALITY Pctoansyely rested ahropalogics inguin the par peps py in cach o's fess and he par he shed fans} of he rp (cl) lay inal meer es. This ewpoa ees sens the ely sco eos of unconcius odvaion for hgh ahd ain (cating medal Coie) at, wii pyeborlytaly erated strpolgcal aig 1 taghout meal (ad ear topology the «wis spec ef ‘epee oth cotbto fy, man ae real behave ch 1S i aba and nce, an prema an chien mse epson ‘wguizaon an sabsnqurs cle. Sing te coven ferent what {ater people pare of he ceumsanss they In pt Cee ad ow ‘ro oe thy produc, ist iis, ofthese acumstane? The debate Ine tntcy vera cildsbsencn (edwland 1974; Satan 1973, Masson 194; dehause 1974, 562, 1957, 198; Pal 1985), epeaon ‘fe rlonip between ove chi ste an eset (vey ek ‘eportnity vers cual eos (ScheprHghes od Sia 1987, None Sod Rebun 96) end te dette oer water aaron rina ray Jet a 1973, 198; Rabrcet wo Donan 1987; Det 196) arte ‘he vl of tissue wat nd Beyond poeta cle Many peony wnoptogt edo concepts sos, scale ‘on ate age, poverty, migaion andes le noe tiie and more ar procs tht Become ned with mei: od fsngs 2Bane (1971b23), for ntuce, weer tat “eng eae tes fl Peet ayting abt the qty ofthe ego. nore th exe Simul or chabengel af sach du he pee eof reacon 2 tha e linporton--senple ses ery ingen cao pede eo he esponalio becese it conenetes too gel en “ate rein [a Docs crip) Mit ct hat ner nordic (or camp suse, Fru preing conde by as cing ct inc are wha ty dre ak fete venue) but tt aay nrc wih he immer wordt deve ‘yma sages infuece ent, pepe, and mest acter, (St ‘resent mea soi of family prose nd apc lp ee erin 1987, 1988) Ely nth weet centary, te Han Kcr acho ofthe sperugai™ argued ht cure cold bested and ined = facet peed Infependety finda enzgs sn Wes Renee 1917. was tag {hd amdroplopt ne apr, Weta La Bae’ cin sd ora Yl ‘ho ested ie dried taser sve cei of ate Sg Tote se Manton 196) Interestingly, bower, Kater (94824), io haf toy ten peony hs caer coed hi ane Ancrootoy with» clan cal ht steepolonsTunduionke ta | ‘tue estou be nid aman ois "Whe yc Inti do and must presse soe of india ae cates af ‘man socebos—mas pace then cocepol td eset and ppm epactes ® ely ithe noe es ice at nebo ilgy wecaregte, oes, wen oy, ebro Gan sag ad enrages pap na x oes toe Ince ot nse ppc a bn Se Sin oan of be ering ora or” eases na Ea comer o onal yh (980, Axo ere nc oly mh (9, nd et Set 979) a oy ‘Sixes ct comrt o fop fnany poe yeni ge ng ‘erento of se, ami, td he pay ("ye wae Se pete he panna oyna mchoguie el inmesenes ie son be pee eomcny. ed af ec aie cod ng ney of oat eperene sn ef gpa sd Hdd {Spies rong ceo 195636), Commeny, art tea ny wae" fe nef ly once ton (Fo tin agin wich he rpc balm nota te co Mert eon nor, gen nee ts pu” {isesei-6 i pence ey dose inca Ks of coson fm Sh eel nes fay eles Dot at tts om eth. ‘Capes Ris ccnp wis Fos (9600 formant he aly ono feos se iy weenie dy fy mene, omening {Setvouran ie maul aon he ly Ml tp ngs ‘Seperate ey neon ty may cep “he amy mya poe fe map Be ayn age oa i mr pele ore et we fase air of te nso ay we ir mat T iy op mst ppl come of nly chr mf ony ‘Site gnats of cece ud ls ht we ore hla The fost nl ee rani a te fe aa Te yy te ‘Stinnett ht i ref Sisto snd nea ‘Sm esl igen on woof many Tagg man be my spr ee ego ma he wy. (35.56 ome ore Fly, deMaue (197711, tenoving te concep of soup fey fom saul re dni, tne pote rae aed ecw’ at=umplos, qe uae ty “ere” rely, abot te ny jel ote seme a ioral ropa parca inte sy. ‘epee what mtorl opinion pests to cape when ty Devotaly ay co date se “nal” Of Amerie td ak prope wee they tar dre ogo weaken, wher ty fate cont tnt on sta of trond heer enemy song etn, Mi hey el he ae oy bing. 00." ‘eis concept of te pra th, Fee's fresno efi th, ‘Soin (1973) and eae’ scone of group fa) snd Bjee Byerso ‘eral Pps (097 poycouysitpreanton of Ack oko pla how tin. ‘dna, aml, up ed cull eee be cal in At ca lel tibet cin be fund ht sever ar = somgiton Setwec he expression of en peo feting sd tbe dene spit mene fr he renin of tormstnsa the ae ofcoliesmean of revi hess, ‘fe afro reins wd «meas of ecg ul, se, same, sd te pore esting. "The ee pryboanali eve horas cap done capa sad be ntpsecoulivason of ego sopereg swears. However hs ‘wo as teen satseuea expanded nce ow te papio—sed opot ‘teal esatatons of ese “sifirant obese perm hen econ Sa (97129, ect ly get ey een, dete pis sep cnc ips wes, rt Thy poet ey Sut rac Sons meat a Inmpyaie nc epron, toh yal ave sae nepal oer (ne deene mec, tha f poo, A dan" on tans ‘lcs the pj carom loys se te ee co [LEADER AND GROUP xplraions ito he fi beteen eit ad group have saeco hat © eyeologial englenenty remit th amis, acing tn betwee {became and ho er niu, ly, ce comment clea ‘AE Devout, La Bare, ad tes hve sued, ‘he sna led i he ‘frye elt mores, Whneerunliealpower such a shaman ee | alr might pone boo he nent th rep fay cs ot oie od cle. Tha tbe ln Iacono eb ie {Goup a or he consi ead the grup. Viewed his wy, saan ‘der can eth cen, fam, o group ony whore seni ince 0 1p. The we and abuse of power, acon. s, an he ke cee est a et tough he suggest of sal teen aa counrtanfecan ‘Sterner American sce, fo nstne, he poplar ee! ie tnlogicel ‘Shr ("lx") for al ble, fein eat, ating in once ih ‘is fr bily immoral aod youl, at wmcnecioty epee pyctoaate Pespctes s pases of vats blamed saps, phan wh nm overly oy nerve apa cae (chan il 1988, "a any of lnderip nan Armaan oie, Wand Keke (178252) ‘ates da indametal sel poaomenon cre of sal ost ‘ies, sdexip ye a i ot inthe ter es of he pee of each lial eda Yowell nian eee nd sings a ens les ndonrar aoci frms" Whee ve ll oa se fier sstactns (cha eels fom mic oman, isl Wipoeph we sore eve Gc ves of fm bong lng Ace od ‘Sone, aduesced by unconscious Frcs In Denso Ne Io, Bios (197696) sy writes. terete ner aR cfs ba tb nt Fr he il eat nd patel he is eco ‘hers comcast th it om ee Ghia ac ate of cane otto a exceed son ths proposes hat we sey in ra el the ona of se Simp net dts hich we ake wi ole, andthe pial el ich sw einen a fiend by (STE), I eg einai {mpseEsn's sigs fom pail mae itor an hei dy ‘mits for slr cle desler corny elon sh int ‘is deals alld “tasters” ad "courant bee 8 oer ding a ny ral couvens of power. ‘Gorge Deere From Ati Method in te Behavioral Sener 1967), srs led ith etnopptic sd nel vgn, else that he ‘euhersnjc othe clan-paiet eat. he subject of the ‘herve ree tal hd ean erat lan sh td cinal wok pivots a poix enghaized ty La Bare in hi che, "The (Chae a he "in Spider 1979). ‘Aranetanl of he comets ditotass medial antoplogis rcp of wing nzoduig i esearch, Thave writen Sen 18) our eden to enc te medal bel 57st alee en, om ‘Westen sce alo eva, au conden, a unherpeie be Wee \gsem of biomedicine and is physician paceneknge, tneencoey Feud idonages sch sis ede ehogapic ergtne an elo imereaton pc. Sach an iznlopel coor ond shared ooo des et np fem te elena ery ting tages ste ef and of eher pone (ayaa t,o" a pat, (2c inked wi an fet of eootcn, ww mans of managing verbeling vy. Ae Te sed tent ns ale on peycdons of‘BODY, SELF, AND CULTURE ‘A pyeboanelyaly one human ence evel and ay an seine hat gnores ths fowdaon funder che series tony ‘Sf omo sain (Ls Bare 195¢, 1971). Whe disigis aoppenh es Sociology (use Budock [986 1 tat most soaknloia ea fom ily care without conde the metten ofthe uence, or of eat developmen exper o Ovi up is boy. May py lansyic mvoplogs abo quetion te aapvene of may face of Ce utr than mse tht, ssae dressage It be dpe. Soh Tact of bun ate a etey ete ene fers lt aon) arial, sean imps, log Senn i ctildhod, ronson sexual, sade eaten of dean symbol {atonal ude the ers tate Kind of eal ne te etnias ed of tae we have aed is ston eed dynein 1 Ger Bt) a crn int a meni fa stout one's boy md aba ter ati ety a ens deepen (Sein 1967, 167s Sins Nicdelnd 1969), The group becomes ow't ‘rotetve membrane, Pople Deco boul i soci shed a aly onarced "pup fans” 1902), Trends ogni ally sien brome mot compelling than exer realty. Pope sbi healt {nl oe abater aoa he roto soy ng opt pc or pest ‘eaves in oer (pect) We mig the on ha er me ‘btng to hm (sjoton. Gives te boop bly of ele (scape wonder tt th eof tenders ad outs i Yeonlly paramour, expecially dring prs of ees abd eresion. What atu isle oe ontie? Whee begin re? Who reve" aa ere otha oad we eins of oy inegry, lin, {iogneataton, sna, ad eran ae conony et wh i eae ‘eipnies teas and Yara contracted socal pb Becate tat wtih ir smorciondy disccae f te perepon and eon of ts consi dsavovel a big pa ofa projet ‘resale in enemy o avers ous te”) i pb © tre yt erica te it Tens ects tel a cnet sere ie cop meal facon of reining bere me” td a opal gaan of ch cme ce nom in “nose sie tebe sin ay “pe sy, Cnt ly “ocr emis, pocican, carts, nd uns hcl Tcl mcd an aor te ‘Witte eer ade des nd possess fen envied a ch a ti depo CULTURE, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, AND DIAGNOSIS ‘Aconing 10 stain’ pchosalyic akin, in seuss, he ego i in ts with he be poverisha fh phe a3 yon, inet ray fet war wish ep, ap tthe pve te ive ouiisasjmpeon, te os fealty, ands ustson by elon ‘acnion, Whe bas aren an eehociar"Iniea, can ah pope te god at ptolgeal when sco te way ie rents en (Eereocbesy tne fared poses shout com ether andthe we (De (Gees Mk)? La Bane (DE2E) wns that tf eva ta gop fy Sines sd deli pte eae, bal eel of eprom {oreenblea psychos Hell byw Kd of eo dee wo mh dere, tn fhe pep i nore off thn whew started In ie wconcous ad tg tty alla gop rin he eng or wap os el wel Save, He a exit sider sho spread + mol nto ya Sete ovr te voi of om mtnee—and ten ml et Bat al fy tenet depends vay one ates and he sounds of ‘puted pout of ference oa el physic wo. illoving Caper Sch (na Bare 196139), La Dane (194:120-21) er ttm archos sige coc, indeed eter aloe Mate teem of le, hel jal ye, oh ik at fn ooratve (an heey suring) ibe hn dein (ad rey ey fon, eve fey tv scared sca) "Tote ness and ‘chal 6 ways of sepescnting comet rely in he pocming of se ‘pence we must sow he acon Am ‘acon sie Fement misappeteon of ely, ofen of inlet ue aly genic bennett has pec neal shen tay cual bees." "Archos ae canst geuoa o generton ‘hs convison a thesia and anual werd ust be ty we fl soo ‘Thera Pepe cia be. La Bane writs har ine ever se of he sc ‘Sina tis imposible to ce where clr end and cater gis, For ‘Sim ogi te sane the ternative induce fers upon” (19889) ‘ula cnwenrs i enya sly tof te exe of rly sac rth se ones One har wondee Cin eoeyont Caer ep Izaion be repeated as pxthosomeie ata ening carci of tol an smo eve hag he nil ah rhe fees {Pouptse a a hi mete of vay, ly, seat, aly a fSherace Feud 1927; La Bae 197%, Deve 198? C. Baie, (0980240), tr inetance, age at “rom the pon fiw of let cones, tere ino way of stingushing Dereon indie! pyhopathloy ens ‘alee eqn, sack trl” empha 8 eghs) He cots {158021),"“Thow wo In recent yas have ected te uct ena ness eng ah ey ep af sill detain have ctrl ned ‘he poe a nt mass, bo say whch ie aise aepy, Sr grovel by the fc hat prod else, Ike ate, cB ‘gud spre sane i eeu of he pepo bes then ‘Diet callngng tie Whoranequonof lange with thou, aml eine antoplopc venation acres th sos ee ‘ue af inguge The wet of aking, Ike ha of deang a mn, |sto make cri (mane, const, scandy ce) sens fo ‘epee ein ots (ct, uconcows, Pema) pce fai). The [ovr of nag evs Ge etal facia of arin prio att {hl ees imo frm aoeptble othe ep. El Fes Share, rns, ‘ocean ely pope oo te pybodjamis of sete inhuman gh (G8ty, cing mesapors fo vias exes yr cgused bly Tuco “Mor tee RH Hook (179) rte a muse everi aie on he peyton view of smbolsn and sytal oman are chalsgng he eqn of language wih hough, Deere sought to defn cetera of marmaty and sera [Devers 1903) in pa buen ‘ems, sch ht ultra vies cold hen enero in are sme of oman nse" (ere 19830). Henge the ncn space noo covering that ipl ppc oo So ac 9 ne 1 dilate betwee he pre an his or fence gp pesoing te diagnosis md the pasa ands het group) No caged, hat {0 digas tingly teen wo etd whe ot abe ck, eat, annals or polled (Devout 198). Moor, mediing ca the exe of Inman dstusieness, ete tht ntl sch despre and masa de tvs scoured y te abe lapsed ek” eimia™ “ary.” tio” rehewie "Svan" sto asety song fer mon observers and lina to angie te extent pale in or “Asogong ively conmovery anengpeycteaste snoplogit ote tpologst ss wel omsms he rab ete teat relogy ‘fpoytopetolgy ad cle. Magnet Mend (1947), eat Barabee an prone Fepecines ° “ono von Mein 1952, le Henry (1963), Mans Op (1957, Sein 973) owe set at pment or fms fe, sa fs Soe, be ome fee wie pol ad tha te luonip btwn hana es, Reh ad cnn fetish pene mi han, eh Gar ene so wo dtl of pop, he “heal” sere Se Dev (ND), fran er Hee 5 sai soni bucherauonicl ma unl ory wich enbo,h hs insmne to 22 cps tn eos eh tbr re soa aie band syne we ite pope: a TKS oi ES Stew of desing wir es long amt pn hock ‘ads (wenenal tne) Usb 18 snr nee, ad {ue wluinate oes be mom Wen mor ghot sce tebe Ape sn fh, Devoe (9800 pops shops mame fe inponan Sl copy fede ey. A 0 sien ea plogy wine, camer by, md Sr raw ha and monn sept py somes Spaton fi a apponc opbl) sated Oy Le Bare a ‘Poof we onl ome,” ty ee of poole 0 whe Sosy sen ply cues at cpt ea Stal swe nt oni ne Spl the elem ‘Ses oft svar, nih he beara dt hoe sess The conenyory Uaied Stier, cairn ict, cs, AIDS, hie chen depen), sy, sei eres i eas ‘Rein canyon) teh ge “ee sa te pple wo ‘have ewe cial noes to he on «proton inbida!cmainea asters fetes pte sl pt, 0a th a pave ei tanecce ont te carga of devas Ta then "pat poy mas ol ugha jmp bee i {9b sd 18) whe ploy beam cara tamu wel omar ta pee bang bate nico vt eT te amis it Pyle ol a ‘Str oto sod pion sane an neni conpenetay {Seine} bree weno tly kr rng ots fy Sete cal yom nto net te eypom bw ote spot or SS, enim coma ered we, ta, ita oie ‘he earl mate ues cima tue 9 aly olga pes mn ame inten pt ees acto Brae nym oe cmt nhl tl an Aft or vey? Pactra ond Cdr by Tht Ab, ode Mert, {Si Sea! Ra 1967 ce carl eat uel, ald pos ‘Sipe exer epsilon develomesl be Ts~ There Pe 5 coe way 10 sept to recone ctu! boi (adestanding ‘ia so cakurl cones), prycodilgeal univer, aed eee ‘onparin, The "'atmsem mu Benes to thea coguon the pa-tman condition, on which caret theme he es rap = Thanet on call btivsm, Meo Spo (1986 267-8) sproacs the abate ise fom th ipo of pseu Seton ire eens ining eget of pte iv ecu ‘ene for eagle, at tin of a os i ge ane In Oat an rtd reagan ma ie ‘atin nim Oro at mth ee sin Ses Sp 150) oh ‘itn Hin yas ane 1 feu ifort ret fy ue lols ee Ect tomes ig yee op aay ae "nts, Coa, for nan scheme pe Ga, ‘Stayer fot oer ye ale ce {ie kms, pon nti rh ae mses“ ce ‘Reece ihr meme a ny ei epg ee om the viwpolt of many weer ia pyaar ehopoloy, ying (tata gee fr or expen of (oe some aber cat entre) velvet ei ue ot noneptib ospng at ‘is smuacoul rele to the ema codon, ne members fl grape te wing wt fe ane pes of sus charac of mn cde ‘Orertiedeales ao, fr ermple, Devers gp nan ite aie 1 tat of Spiro tat psyhoiopelwat eum apeur ss cao inte A ‘x amyth inte B anda near fay meta of be (95S hats in opin). Psytopmtolgy ols tansy oe tof aah Cafu, Ise symbol asd symm of he wien confit and compose Tver imple and defn. Out py understand cal ain pt legal feo, noth eapcty to west hom wel, rues «dese of eiteaoe wher one ay othe coin of prs: "Ta cold Nores. 1 mmber fer cattnig tak de ne epi of p- est hey, the ond, ee he developmen Hem ‘es Pricer of Peon 05); Chat Bye re Diy of ‘oan (96 Cle Brame Elen Tecan of Ptembet (09701 Lace a JB. Poa's The Lanne of Paphos CUTE Pachamaty Powers ee ty Ps As, Sas Emad Se ‘rye 8) no aint est Kings al mai of Pespctes * ay eae ven ae pean mover Now "s Poca ce y Nes Ke Pa Roa Ra sa Ener rp W- Ben (195) whch does eA i nd sea pnd, eh eh, ee ‘Sept on nb in we rel ppl Yom Deans Fee fred et oun (19) we tor oe he re "eran fe Sl na acl me Cos op A ie rtm id Lt Bare er “Pal tus Pen TO apter™ C90, md Devers “Nea nd Ama CD) or PS otc smi fy coe. ep eae, wat ig oct sl pret pe gray wing mac Joe! poration UWT-ISE), Mate tatoo Quy, Mata! fee: Poca, nur oun of Orphans Pe ‘seine (ich an ose ney se nso en ‘Tcing uma ae nk) Pyeanaie ae, Jura of ne Wibe"Vowteuabae Que Ani lee ca Scie end Mea Jared wns ances Poche Rca Joa of rece Tec ‘Ai Pessay Arman Sra oad of ed! Pehl on Pace "rer rn om in et tte £m of cepenin pyebene steps Ion of Poe tpt tna, 90) Sumer 980 eh es Wena fee at occ on ii nw era system Per Mey (942) e+ ett on a rc is Ponna Saly of Sc io ves som a ith hr Scaty ley Lb Boer aos ane Theor art (Stleccr ef olne tei Pphomcr on Sc Siec ey Ot Fei 0m aw edb e acnpbe Wes Mca. & rt fie ei ee ee Fo {i of orn wet hn va Serco ne ee mee aud pron aplgy sein ua pati phonon cen so ee fEsuc mac sergeant Proce Pct Mewes at npr down, Pry Bene Jounal of Anos Coa Joual (Top Cs, ak Fanty Sys Mate Jo of Poca Ar Ios ery pois ir 9 ot wo td nea ‘ee of Ported trp), cone aes sprue "tan mre f Pcs ur whe spi roe mine mt, ea neon pam nee ‘icy of pn st ng cas wena of po ‘ean cen a rs pci en, ‘Sm outcry pi peony, sn Are pep a ‘nba a ly yt ey yn ein ee a miles our oc nk ban ogni ach- lel rc, end a-ak ean cn ot ‘opucing be ep soa the cit sae wpon be expose ‘each ofa Gun Rain's 8 bot, Ongr on Paar Cae,CHAPTER 7 ETHNOPSYCHIATRY Charles C: Hughes ‘Asan academe dsipine, ntropoloy in is beginnings ond contigs ‘ein ambidows Supe sd perspective. Noto! we opel rg sd ‘hr oveluton of una beings pein ical as ob of dy af Ince ao wee vail frat molly aed eta ye ‘debt posible mol neemryby sch npal mat. Of pein ‘tect! meres ae urns concemig he aes ang na logy soe, care, ad inv ices e aa rss ste ees et ct pr ton pe nd ‘ica ream in ipo bk, The Mae "Bll nr bh “ora ad “shorn” ysl dove set eee ay ee eral Soa thong, of come, chs ccaomy feet mle al tc etomy vey singin Teri cul ad peroaity invetigton’—deime, many of he ni e ptr he aly Sed eine ane erat 9 paste ch vi ton end ed mena pepe at ‘nia cnt a chen nd peers est mgt eget enum pcan famewors he Sam, ean ing nesting al eo" sey eg ren scl oe beating ena, Fe et ingot rps ais fh ei eat Or ‘eta angi wnt ee ona esl es of Oe ser Peach he enc sped, ce, eared, of eee i fe ‘ante far? Do il Als, freame, tsa of ee pc of went ny, or os, ay i Seeconysarved wa cme autos have hme cmb! i th toad i onda pe. Tchr il seh ia ot meres at Eve en arch ne el Wt we ‘eal er fhe em foci? Das a fom none Ein on vi bt ema eb td ge otic tenant” gt devel 2 eke nd ae fom nna a nel oe poe ew? Hr ccc bunl dens fa a schema dice MS an re ac “ina” nt ect on a sting by ne Gal costs of Weston oychinn? Are thee Smet Aen ost, eerily sale x Wer soe acral eon va peers (dos) esto lon So id ete? [BrHNOPSYCHIATRY “Te poi c= (om te etho-n etnaloy and etinography the com wrung sap deserve my af wns of ie of flat aii) hs ‘tard io soch on en in the oll md evi cence Lee of ‘en ers tn iy sou th may be tk of Desoming dled toh ‘romn ad sry fain. That wood be ot ufos, the term Say ses nar he erates of cota ercig of Ml tacwndge sod expeence. We have ehamedne, evapharmecoee, ‘thal, ean, 50 may hes wes ht oe expects rte Som ctowthloy Todd ht won ho bean ap ge oa ‘veh oer nsances, the eer may peli ts he given bse ‘Met tes being oie ex bast fhe a way oof pole In cto steoetacony, te em woul refer the soo samp ‘Soveng and scp fr aon ont oer ool od in he prea {pop being seat teiron- po ates nd eso. ow i eZ, Erinn, am so, ute, ean sd dle oe Boe? or bow dd Angi te Gof King Ar’ tine? “nthe wor hao it th wn o coe apo in which or tempted te wat hgh he sara ies oa igwe ea ste he une wo Fk eb 172) Sten ith: msn tes nur des sae ee inet ist ds or capi moses wien a ey ‘int ap ance vce ye coe ne fl Titan cemsnecyseaenren if vastmanasse or ance et nny te ‘asece = soe feo Te aginst often has meant using thse of » Wester siete = ates ete Pa en a ‘of generalizability i the grid imposed upon the particulars a omnia am atest Week ueamaceecn SSR rte is eiTia aterm meme So See oe een Scabies Sek Se eae ‘eta or hewrtisidiepntion fe, Si ace ‘eelntir iran gotta tna oer af the individual person, 5 the felds of personal Pevtologr ‘Paycho- ‘Pathology illustra, 7 “ atone inpnercspell ‘om ti odin ining, nay ented tt mo arco ag nhc acgeeeenn ste ra eae armen SNe lines pacers Sete onthe ape nce Sepa soa icin ety es Seeeinsoses seta ee ne a tactic tree (eo eetenie acters Sas aoe snot poets as cu meray naa space slo oy ag ‘Poise nthe cee ome faa ee to thr beter, 0 mates ster’susbund? A sige em, mele, wi ow sctniaty iret lege line. Rater a fmt tocar bs, on afr he te dogg oer iui eno foro fir mat, ter ot an HO tess, an 0 om ton eels et of more banc thse! on toga! lanes se se seman les nto ae tcl te ei, tne wed by socks inert pms “Yefbo ball lat and shape teavne Toa, "Who we Yt Wo ‘3. whoa aliing fr nap, athe gt be alone ter eering hy posin Io bean uniting pine of one's own ula oo Se ples tht one nl ays esl ll cl ms ee ems, ches ean ttre aya eee ted ater SCE Gin appens toler a pully of aching soe that presmed nce ent et ve he "Scataion sol, ce mont. Yet ome ned mt be se ‘hans anpl sss, Robe Maced (1919 rman "Teak Uns penoclgit ir prct he wf he erent deze secMtyeesch2 ey ath acm proper sone, ond Sets can nb cole ening withinependeny eld ie S*Sotpca nt soul vane, Posey nh ses nye oa crave cence int Te cee fen 1 ‘one rs masa nomen cg of ero bth specs ste te Es ing aes egies sch xy. The metodo cee {Uinpeod upon he pecty ofthe ble beng red and evel amis wich e reid ee Ba te ear ha ‘Sin unsandingis any fe ables ue yao an te (Spr tchovinl sey th cme ier ee “The vetn ence ede hve ee xeied ee i wut 0 antelope praia mnner tthe difeeee inp! two etree nd canopy ee cape es ns folk carsales sos sence ns ine tone i dar eatopestofnes wee wld. To sepae ‘avy fom snes when sping cone coel perpe ‘Sie cooepaatin of ducer fay on ening oor, ‘Sie aro ol oe at ee of ei ees (eh one's a Beto hoon ons owe pea The pd ia i sete sinew dation Went oer eee eine Cat" medi pecs sod posers) an oan, tn sip of ‘msn linge Aner fh mind teh oer ad ‘imma ef wach ae ey en secon consderaion i any( ‘S eiche) pit hay she gh cman “pi ees fe psn conpnin have ben ed ou ‘Wl ite Wena wod pyc rma nctaded a ne bach of6 Mea it ‘sec bsod mati, stress annals, nthe ‘no pty pf pena {esting tna tes eg ph enn tamer a praciinees ofr sotafeedy yore wen fblmealeucinim ht he ess cous of ering ede 1 coor th ted vend timed acon Ea 97, fir “bopttooci mee" oe Whe 98), bat when oyun SE compote cancer of ndacon or flkppchiany,"Weney cu ter ected once el ect) eee ‘pms Nahm te Catenin boner a sie Rube, ns duce of mina ata ot in coment of wt else bi tao pose al ‘navn, toon, mara dpe ge ‘mio ca th ne emo sc oe ioe, 153, tow emi contac slog ach iat usin ‘era ide“ canes (ten 13h 1986 Fes ak ‘annem 19785) ‘Ton speak of coveted ehopcity spe whe on nee eat jy of te wort mated so net sah ite to teat plus of eo ou ovn caving las eee a ey {te vast sano han hoy ae wh & ww Pema nicl ely: lessees, nt, fant eas ine, Sew wis tr arse aei B o ite at ch cnet ty bso dy fted ond pee {eft a coma ol exegereans,hyenqi ee ean itech tne a “A cumple cones min A eve bein ew, Nicest Sat ean provide "meer ele pn, ofS fe 33 et ana ples, ios, dere, sd Gul, ome of ee eps we ot ech we, mt fee ve, fr wee [Secs tr oer mee fer noma enon [een oe fet exh etry, mene npn in teh Beinn tr toe pe a, mes rah mah fr be, ‘eer bse Se. (up po! ters, Ne wa) ‘eit of le ceptristo comet te eves fn Tso aot easily te lees) abot wiat—fo convenience oal—ove can (Seti of peti” otal speaking) inte or tac, aoe Si" eho, bogs, sd emotes; nodes escing ago = ‘Ring nd sate a modes of ean fo sch evi ests ten “NORMAL?” AND “ABNORMAL” BEHAVIOR ‘Albums sce tave nxn, However var, of what conser the send teivorexpced ded, demanded of grap meres, cot ‘She eben heir, that nich feet rm th mode aan ‘Sly drained Th mo! competes rate for such bie ato ‘Sel evince tom noms in al interac secors of scies—veer ‘Sera oowesonpruniny expects the vino uber, behing fet tomar inen, ting on marta eae, okying cont awl [Sif showing groper eves tote spit eoneed fo cost Vey esi pile, sxcaning pode sn eve, er any af he mal ‘ous gates ate he cos Sunfing i ec elon othe ‘enuf tloging soci pow. The extn consented tens of cherries fo the sora fay sos) (Ate TOeD,ahough hte ae po ne eheogmps Inu of gous at ‘eld appear to be danger close to approinwing te Hodes eof {icy the "wr ofall gist pape he ead th Yanmar), ike he moe general sk tle "Tein Youn of deviance Pa sone 1951436) "bebo! Gren” oe imental dates” ‘foptnogy™ pect 8 obet ofthe bond egery of vocal devine, Bette lew speciation of when's pater af normvisning baie ses fom tings stance of mee ehcaey or criminality to a of Pe Totogy i oe of the mast ving sins in he Beso pyc Sad So device ("soap andthe MeNgon reef wo gly Oy ‘toe of ain), However, ay atom o deve aun pee ‘Son or listing of paters of abnonnal beaver peeing De ‘ology or mo) uty teconer Wake) when eld agit tural ‘RanVite tumewedk. A mor super of Ameocanaxtroplgy, Edvard Sipe, commented hat "ual sfopalog ts Be heist al ape ‘ions about the vali of te concep of orm Bevis om- San refscoserng he nara Sup 140514, 515). Tn se dead, soe nue pe in harcan anthology whophuepacsy gus “PSYCHIATRY” OF “ETHNOPSYCHIATRY” Lapaaiepetlediipeonineyaireenpre a gn tn si mc eros rec aneeemeria se span ene De So een eo a Satine ce ied Sees SES Ameat c neater alc a Soe ten a er dems nen a Sa ob pin ce er eo sree sco went jon the sano cones of dpi A Indeg Hallowe, | ‘dot he nee fo on ot steying "vine "neal!" to now th baie against wich soc pie acts pater wee big ‘Seto He spate tha ch integra ave inna kno ‘ge ofthe clare wa wl, be st ao te ava he ama tg. 9 Invi! eve within the clea pte snd ews nds! wh a ope tenses conse fo be exe devision from ts sam. In hr, fe tus elo sda of noma wi fence othe ut ly Sean conoing a wel picatn of fe eter athe rings wi tin fom or ion" (19342) “coping ht thre can bea wie mage of coll ried defn, twins mal, don he mena emer of ha gen sil pop ane {0 meh noma? Both the sale este snd share han exons ny | al ‘Te sob o evi evi amor aa eeu te opine teil, ald hat cade st oly ac tp inal baa ‘ies anf betvionl dors tht dopa fom he fen! norm. Mah Timocue hs bon developed pining varying pate of oaace ‘nom, sucwral aratens fer noncompliance, and he (ps f sacs trong apart. Bae nd Davis 196). Caro, sug ne iv etal devon fo pesbed noms we sce i he Sroplogil Lert, te ape Yo be bo ethlaed cc in cla) Iavopology comparable to ht scion fi ne can ge, emg tet intestine of "devia" “socal evan Int onl f dads of Anal Revi of drop, "What happeas when, fr whacter aon, gen peso dot oot a cordance Wits the soos cxpered of in or anu Seed soca ‘tte—andthee says peied roc wats, raped clerton ‘oes obvi ete of which hve aged ob ear {propria o Ippon, wi he commotion ne ter ites bing {tr of Dario! man pabiogy? Type, depenne 0 te socal ‘ken of tbe nttatonalednorm ha wae lite pony be open | fora momentary tanigresion of ctu peered cade of cod tt soci ecpsze ad oleae ily wide range of vata rom ses Hower: verti, given eno pest in ving othe pop SC of nas pesetbed fer an ene 6 is be eer ae aso). 8 ember of quton ae ie tht peso siya wily violating he ‘de of com expected ofa pope mene ofthe oa, eae tere exe ‘eros ies at stake suc Ines, teicher sol le? ‘Sofarasevidene shows, n soem fie rom mental disorder May 19600), and tony be asimed thar ll human soc ecognne sd he pity hat under enn codons ore oft ener yt Be ‘oly responsible fer bohvi, hey may be “ou f mand" enfants erpctaon prope forthe otf i a ee ‘nnd of spi dspston ad, pos, Spec lernce tad ete, cf, coma, be jet barter een extn, ‘he dev es oo stot see of Hs gh el of ance, senor ‘sees rly Stn, Hes cnpooe enh i ube nae rae sly fanart ce unvacr har To pra 0 Sez tba ln oe hele te Got tb ba bck (Seve cn eft ema bil nel le The prey ELSES. tn epee. Toc emer med (Sopot rms, cach ral ch ope ‘Spoon peo nd Ge es “t,he seats quon Bocas, What pate of bebavir in any ven ‘aca ents for coidersion a Pog? Along who mst be Seed ss cotnnsm Sd ot ase qe sep what bom {Shorr a coasted o soon? And ins eesecllCnmewor, he {amuve quo ns ey Who eri av beng elt le shoal ‘Sh owe fhe gp Half (he so-led em cage) thos of an ee pp (cs eer), ach se cal conse of Wet 00 ‘haty For example besa eps te ted possesion Gn We tenet psi tems ls daghosed ws sein re wey fein na srs of a mera pices Thee wast ere dealing ith ‘ich mes ied teal cl, fr example, and pros of et of {nce prs by vain soil nd cremonl oan ince 1968; Gayreans and Garate 1577, Sometimes te behavior af penn 5c ‘Stoney of poche elenance dtcste extend sacle We logy), te oft 18 simply the paring oso publi ied nd Silly precede i “soma” bev. How doe oe bein w= Foch eho eta by sping te ee concep of Westen Py "Artec prsionpeyshiny models en proach ease dagen ere ei sem of ology on "elt ase| seri sie ie Fre pron nen a cer so vege gr ey ee a pene lees pel Se netomat dy oe mee oo aly tee Wetec Seca ch yee etme fe Ces Said os xm re te Wesel 1S capa cso vant evs nat Wes, hy sro oe bg cy Tr oe ps tin vito sig den np myocar 2 en iba ptr te ea na spec gap, mst me ccc cd Arse bts by myo on ea dns pa nner Seem tan be es Sad ie ic. teemne me dog of eerie ae, ee See ae elena ges tena wa fe eens po pine ston Te pe echo la it ke a mags pba ts) serine et EL end et ene itr comet of eter ofa set et yt torso, ote at cane ste, exe cme ere ‘htm hastening enn ene Se re ines wl igh, Leeds sore ss en hans roach TO a on et pe dr eee fr wet nt angen + mpd phere Soros Fpanes cena seston pce ba Se nin at ane once pent spy eo SES Soe Sensei soe hogy oo ae pee mine aan, Oa op iter coeopony Ute ames ier sc of calee Sn acs he ant, SOE ite cms oe nt ace gro Ae ei, tne sn ns agen pes isha epes wince oniemont Wesen phy. Pes ‘arta ming sent pio Wate) Sponercc beware oot Cia catcences pence jena ictal Rs te. np 9 ey opts tice Te mag at ee ering act” be, crs oly of iat ms ness th ret vy yr ‘saa hing ad eco eta rom sty oth ea" CRs 197718, Mach ofthe impli fc in ac sneer as splinting el onthe rca af he dingo systema medic, wow ch mea sk of eoaep!cafson maybe pei, when chet of ingen nd meatal evee—ae not Seni oa ‘yeratna specication as re ove! putaoies and yb cnfuned ‘er by lol clu! define ad juice of sb? ‘recta major flo ting tonal oder nd sncdiaed operon sefnos ino pea inthe Unted Stes proce te Diem a ‘Sic! Nana! Of Megat Disorders (DSN (ssn Peyhsie e ‘osaion 18, 1957), wes, aough conor otis, 1 ivunce ore ear apponcest Sings Exe to, howe fn at agnostcvlome hr ae numercs aes i whch sebation of ploy contd single boca er deviance may not be wart he pe ‘f dedopmeat that ran Mie (1976) lene os he "medline ‘oda life (al ich ene, na esc wl, Aoki ote "Ot tb canter teal take of oe cle he nbling of aera, ‘ih eychiste diagnose; 18130). The pycbloist Sol Gar, for ex l,i ney about te incasion In DS as apres of velo ‘ental dsarders"—of soc sores as "spel edig doe” md “pedi aritetc dre (906100), ot mene “pte ‘ing (p10), aout mich be piney comment, "Wiebe not ach + rc shoul be considered foes of pets dcrter or ent Sass ‘ould seem be deal. Cain. pslopral amblg ca have ll ote ‘nearest csesng corsets, tu dat have fo be label st myclasdsoder? May ter poems eer le nay hve css ‘cts, ts they maybe owed ecowonie ad sacl pole arta "THE CULTURE-BOUND SYNDROMES. ‘The s-ilal cute tound ryder a rin rt for dco it sy caper on ebnepchiny td eps a ste fos for any a | |we a 6 mexping he tem cule bund rome ia spycam in tac numer some mir hve age tse ode ae wt oe ferns aml, amdriwaped mete bot may ako be Tod a oval oats we Cor Hoan (198) aes te Tope tt one Dal pen pose pee and prt Areca Amro cy, nd Chay Rindgh (9) conn Tans ou same fo, se at wo empl ee Lae Gnd png: 1982) be bse cme see th en Yo ttc tetclnalenvinsnent of gc pon in ome dep we fll) at “cea cal ose Syma Ge aopley) ol vocal sree" (cr Freee sgpors irae sw «in reason cos nd Rhian fom review mths ee dus peo soared ones fin he pclae Syme th Wenn weit Noo ghee 18S ges 1985, SESm sat ps ops) ng th cred mes into titalWeac C peiane mile cena posta pak {Si tented dope enter ning Cy, ‘Seite tems sal rela nd are Bande sini ea rue be wo estes of be ngvaie mull agate oem Sac bexea wih wey wate curving tn etig bron ep lt “clu neon Ave Gpchocl Seo nd ‘tnt Lae a AtagneFonsoning i ist Ys) ae ‘etpucmacly wel y cine of rearhew Gpizer tod Wine {pela yea 108) pge mach feck eprops (ator lc fo erst icons ep ew op {nin i ote en fe dpc mane DSM: ey ro teat pgp och eget one Te egy ed Too oa be octane npn of BANE saga ‘Soto dati eosin! th en sorcopoy BSAA ins msc fon, ete illest imang sche, Sansom, dinate spies of Sere (air sin) Aa inthe chnaly and volume hari Clraton {Dans wc os ond atmo pope newer hc Sita de san ven nor Tee ont refocce et Hahly ‘Steal ws fe erm eo lad nce, ar ample {acces (0) a eeiy osc malin” Hee ‘ero hee ros tte pn fie poh ne (ch Sify dopa, nce ele Samrat i be cue snd J Soros he Noam pce serine thening hogh he rat oa culwe-ound soe, a ‘psion a he sea eons ined by rach aero shld be Pat of departs in any dscusion ofthe ten (0 he Symes ers epee patnog bie rhe aber) a oly ce rly perce even (2) sua pyc ages oe fe are uofl an arora in soring a yates) perp lndudpeyehnse cago we nae ec thy eth een fs gvenoturl sro of expence and there psp oo nvr eerie (0) he repeated tse of he pe cde ba omar Sino, seems, 0 he pn of recaon dos ot sour) Yate oe Jepint te eped ua oh esd Revol completes ara ‘lr of peta dard, even if ey eas be shown be “paolo ‘vac tod (5) pthage eh Sivergecef level of tsa ad sire © wish fet entre band sydrme sis hath erm tt ‘old te sanded if compare des fact, ey nd i Smgzane of teeter paus so sacs (uss 18503). Regualess of te extent 10 which any given poh diode may be ‘nde ne ely, smtamate expeesion, couse, sd herpes teil by thc evomn i wh it ceca hence oat xen Dean, a some set sch res ae (Murphy 1977; Alcoa 193, ara 9; Hogs 198) —thae rs mach more robot teen fd eof he tm lar Bund. Ti teint ha ny Pye ‘lore doit i nigue oapralar soy Fo 4 nao geo Soa wich fund: Sch on interpetin of as een sad ‘yer of bear! pateras oud oer soles spec aon, oa Wesem snes) hat yee stingy bie and exo as compared w ‘tari bean of one's wn scl, eet hat they seed ab ‘on sin on, hen ne ihe soa, clear Bate peer ‘mia ny ough eof compa const tht we cet sinlae, ‘rammenese song fies peromens x tary tele fssacton) ‘Whee cide slant examined, many snd nce ought be nig o's gen scety (chat lak, presumay cnfned to Maley ‘llg seis) have bee oad ia hk Spat expec (hough ot Tirta appearence snd inigenoa bling) 9 ter rt of he wa ‘al (Simone 19654) glssxy an syonyay that tenses dat | 185 och “calue-ound syromes™ ihe 1956) cle sabes he stages of may fe jr sje conselion. "Te cel concen ase when te quo pt the unique given gmt that of the vel of uci being wed in each an nab Tevet level of emi, clay spiel for ste bere (| ‘ould mat gen calreound sjdrone une int sped; he ee sind in obra behaves (ens) cate demons is uh epost cull comets pas vl of «sri tend on infened neroge a blopis machanns a Simons has ot (Simons 196 Sons snd Hogi 1985), ‘THE HEALING MODALITIES ‘Viewed cs-calally,emanscietis have develope variety of beth “cae psioner Real, tones, midwives, does, scopes,gh, Alsanier et 196311, 117; Pine 1960 at se compu Ine the "tin slg stem ofthe Saba ned by Chat ‘ier exusey arin aeunco Wh wat Wes pe healt my ‘hae (amon ay ee ofthe Jounal cil Scnce and eden) “he magic ype of balers uly taken the fry neds be ‘ey ptt, wen suse to pein innit anc ‘Abou e oon shaman tt call ate or wiesen! wo ‘em actully comes fom the name fr sich seslern oe oe ae Sr, ‘pou, the word hue come to be iol inangealy with neve hae ‘dine man (woman) dt ke, und aw sede ing woul ere aoe’ ees The em il be od ein neal Soe Ter to he ese woe ower en aig come rn lose oat with ‘pial word wn who Inc ore heaing a nce ent of tr, Idea a te ceamea rcs. ahoplopl dco of pin, ht ‘er icp lions fnctoway, pists wl owe wou a of ‘peril pwede orm ir rl or iten are eto iss ie a fen apni toh he ton tc (arr dscuston cane Youd ay steppe! et on compare ‘elon Pray very kn human ou has sich eonage a te | ‘ht hey and povertal revo for enuing th salty ofthe eoup td ‘wginind response to het. And “thea "dos moter meal hs, to rele ato famine tho be of cope, al west, oot anno the quandaies an puzsienet fx come to ying ede on 1 proper couse facto ns oblate sto, eer for he tp at ‘wale for fice wii at goup--whaer emake aro pee, whee 1 find los objects mising persone, andthe mrs ot ian ‘ding firm ad aborts gai oan. Ths esse de ‘mB nde one nigh agp. tr an ety enempar of scl mie espectv, As the mole stan Henry Sige, nd "It ant © {he medi tem] to all i te anor ofthe mr psi, “He st, to esr, bt he eh oe, al te sat ft fr wofesions” (85116) Manis Ope published clase ance (Oper 1936) en shamanism song se Apo, te pspal aj consis of ich Pave sod he et of omarion and cabortion i sbsogietiepctansof he pow and ‘ily omni paral pe of hese ab in bra oe) ore 3 rary 197%; Prine 1980; ad elevations in numer of ee Feil enrootgy ach ot Ket 196; Lan 197; arama mia 1 sd. song es, he owas Soi Science and Medicine canes Mee nd Pct). A cl pin ongh ote arcarsic deti ar wly peer “seus oe evolement fh fail end ip pep bot ‘tee cocepe td hye we of empl ene eset ea Sie Se cite ae ae ames This setts Sane arcane a ee es Se nee teen Se Sra een a liens Ee tenes i em eine sre a age aa ee fae ec wear ee ee nasa wane, Soe ce coma a a po rine at ter beat eee Regt ny poup member (mae or female) was a pote shanan, ible Sheep reed eae rata acne er at Se aaa ras eee a ious lett cet ieee Se ee Se ne ee Ste ea Se a as See enn me ee ie i re ee at ers ae ne eee men ee ree re A ee rect ene Se eee eae Sos eras See es tases Si nf ravage spe aaa re rere Tapclropa henner peng aa‘Sicgendbow mays se eas eine scene pt ting td Ss ht Soe nce ae ‘a “Tense oon beth nets foe? Se ee ‘at ont an ene emo Ars Sl Taw See ‘Sn et eel ptt wh on Aira expe renee eae w geen ca fe ‘who lacks the requisite degree of faith” (p. 1376). * ‘pts tng ope earns be Sopa ‘uv ured by nenog psi. anche cogs ob Sebi eshte al cman) heen on ve tamed eens pity Sud ee Ose “a mete pale chor wt ae we ao ti oy adeeb bigs mg comes (Compt pp ob mse ly a) Sones ase els, gin i i en aes gh eo Th et cing iia: wale een fe aie Apc nets pel cone cnt rena ko Sn, re nil eabdyng cn ng haat fasmecrs more Tie amen jutsu tn ena ‘ate pte’ tsoy mgt meme mre of rk ad cay ep agaty sep ach an expen Ap he baron ‘tsi ne shanan's pve nlcrbercomnemte tee ‘npc dpe, ante a sia pe be ape ce ot of gen md apne of age es ee {Ste sete tan, (dele temper bro opera etn edit open ts nsw Sng samp spp net Sg ‘eth nan ma gs ee ust ive on ft eat sate docs oy cml pal ters Pevlomang sce ceo Seng his powen noe ha fe ple te saree ssn fre pte’ ns ang se a en ‘sil char igh hn or ht sn ep nae pe of ee emu ictus soso! at eee yy, bel ai ‘betes rsa per and He sce xe ee oe Rau shne“pwe e ot tg etmek on mal” Astor none "poe ese ot ' sume int he Jove wil sty be acid i ea en ewes the cline of thi dingo hres proses, contest b= ran of the shaman Se fs ofthe vee ps ECS. ween Sig te dove: is uth sa sts ial The ae wee th pi tamed written eS sic tin als pent epg own. Te ey at se tne ein mae tbody Visi, ews ad ie son aera “he laf po eat png pve aly on ‘eens ee tage (Oe 686 1582-8) tig for sacha ceremony is 2 mined eee es, spas, elena, Sit Ge fmiy in sttdece ads mee Hck pron. Fea ect Sacues he ees of grow eins at aly fare be herp pose ng come bya ety. of piv [Re teins carl nen, a. (bie ict pen pci phn ron hs ‘Bosc image hi whe gp he uel wool oy # Eee SS ern onmal The alpse combs oor ‘Sic md eager ee sifwer (730, ns oy of “elapse,” Joba Remedy (97:19) preset a satigen fcommsty fond ces i vit he ge pone eas te ‘Seen hang tu Rr fan ing ise ence fe (int etn a tmp set de pF a at ie ‘Sica epi ee, sa oom ep Fn emi spe sch ban, musician snd masts {Cenc nd header prope who ka te pt andere GSrany Hicks" At endef ch rowan shan wal impose ‘Seal thos tpn te pet (pei ries Sr ty meme icy my ot x» pra fnd, for example, most ‘Sips rls mt al coat etn, a3 fo. Wha as (be ter someting cone fhe pales Gobel wit oo om ‘tat ctemaning ped rape wos ty. Ths expel oe ter arompene 6 eet he peptone ingectonet prior ia of epi medics Opn seb sing th xan oer ppt and smn in. Obra of arowcopoi i, but any tine poytnyisvoed a onsen Oper inca (vih ppc“ ate esp htt shaman ealing rome icone operas rte creion a igh dope of doen ofthe pit pon te that Price (1963) rf tothe punts coming nde "can Seton.” Argument wil cote tng poses af whet ie ome re fanny. ae oe ats, ary gol of pychoderapy inal se. Bat wat snd ot ay Ssctsions nl man healing i tracer ings nso ach of th eg encour nine cet {te te socprytnloga od cated cotext of te encom may ne ‘tem csal bs ofa ns css oso for a ea he ‘ops of diode “Thishar en edo te placebo tho powe ac (ene fou abe wort api!) processes conducive oligo oes loro, Yoel by on traf conpeling a emotion sigig Seti eimai of soem f beet an,ebve al poe sae Contac inte Bee, al of Wich have bea se inal soles \OPHARMACOLOGY: BIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF INDIGENOUS MEDICINES ina L, Eth ‘ns pnmsccogy othe sy of he emir and won of sts ed 2 {oe snare eel med wat mde, is icone ni 3 ‘ir by pepe whose understandings oes nd dae ae ot lemens in conmnon wt psc’ predsene”CDealy 19859 ee af eas sas tnd bate" Becmte sch medians Ey y boas, ethology bas een st cnc alld Spel towey, tu clad well oss of pla txo0oy, Tayerbmise, cna pene, ad be oil nd ela panto of esac Was decton spr etaepharecopc su pores bes ‘Re dtd mor bye ones nd hoes tha dicing be investiga’ s cases Sipe then by soe rode beaver espe. Ao: Bhp, fer evamgie hae eed mdi pls av ctu cj in rd [Oia 'etcalCoutiogt to perepion of he Dlg envese, Aad hans ave nce more to vege yocercal consents eid (eral ad coment dt To, ul resent, mucho top ictog was site Bologily distros o etaozrapily ave, In ‘Srnigy, however esearchisetoptamocloy shaped by aboieavna enyeni ft wescends iiplny Youn. Tis is consonant wid ome (fit tame! cone of «modal enropslogy dt cece st (ry te mami of home cvmennteractons tt ako e psec ‘ues of thoes Bei. "TIE RELEVANCE OF ETHNOFHARMACOLOGY FOR MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY rr ice modal antropoogy beg t oars nthe ext 1970, prom ‘nc cols in th eld hve ens the nice beeen cate and Ailey Thy have ase at efi! apology "x mediating Dexuly, sod sith sms ny, he pharmacologic stay of incgeote clae wl lp uo endtad vel be best npc finding ‘savas bomecal dr), an odopsable nd acer ead Pitt mdiemeePhamacesals const be ted to eat ses fr CHAPTER 9 STUDYING BIOMEDICINE AS A CULTURAL SYSTEM ‘ples an we srguneat tout fo vine mes + teaespeceem ap | Jona Amarasingham Rhodes Inve teat deal ear net wat ies Il populations pe fem een bomen al mail antreotgy aint comet! Many te medicines tht hey we. Tis Wil nse a parmsceicas ae wed pda etropolgsts werk: biomed senso soy poles at ave opie ye nine inna ted ee |] fn ee tl em, Maa aa oy md esos medicine lady in we mor bilge compo he efiecy |] ipl, sxlcng he ways n which oc, clay nd Nati ‘Shire and ching how ts perspsnes induce he esos aie Inatisn, mos made smirpcogss ae memes of ects which ome poios he dotinn forme expenaioe ad ueacea er es Sees pope in a well 5 cbse of the elt of biomedicine This chap Tene toe of he implications eo pdoes of his atp, My fc ison te way tial saoplogiae td ets in ‘acd ld (ony ior ad socog) apo onetsine ean oe ‘Sody, My nga ron Bowed ss ndersod by ee wae, ‘Gcusg tc dive malcom, dchangag cooisens of arent mei paste In th United Stes is beyod my snp be. Teeny» god del fev nd conven hs aien win medics atoplogy Sow is late to bored. Olen eae spared Sader terwece “cme apled™ and “real” mei antwopl y- Chay apped medal ntoplog tar en desc ws serving iy specie serie rience el especies (Cran ed Marsli 19822). te octane psten of anthoplgil pe Spece foprtcalar lial stants a robles. Cal medial ano Plog oni obra defies sl nts of coz wt he macrolevel ‘pail ad econo foes st Supe medicine ai eter the ate ‘Sloe af sinters Margit Lack dsr hes aponch ea py aeaton mac atl Goto he rol o omer isc eso the way which Boman cally contced™ (Lo "Whee 10) Bence tenry st pace plea ao gly when

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