+! 1!

LECTURE'21'*''
Structural'Violence,'Social'
Suering'and'Drugs'
'
+! 2!

ROAD%MAP%FOR%TODAY%

! Announcements%

! Lecture%in%THREE%PARTS%

! Part%1%;;%New%terms%%
! Dierent%kinds%of%capital%
! Habitus%

! Part%2%;;%CriGcal%medical%anthropology%%
! PoliGcal%economy%approach%redened%

! Part%3%;;%New%ways%of%understanding%moral%worlds%%the%case%of%injecGon%
drug%use%in%New%Mexico%

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Should%ProsGtuGon%be%Legalized%in%
Canada?%Event%April%2nd,%132%Leacock%

Should Prostitution be legalized in Canada?

join the documentary screening with director q&a

april 2 @ 7pm Leacock 132 $4 Tickets
for tickets contact 514-619-7219 or rlglmcgill@gmail.com

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+! Friday,'March'28,'at'4:00'pm'in'EV*3.719% 4!

Concordia%University,%InsGtute%of%Canada%
%
WriLng'Inuit'Art'History'
A'ConversaLon'between'Anna'Hudson'&'Heather'Igloliorte%

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Part%One%%;%New%Terms%

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Story%about%present%day%Jinghong%

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Asian%Massage%parlors%exploding%in%the%
USA%

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Story%about%massage%parlors%in%Beijing%
the%capital%of%China%

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Questions???

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STRUCTURAL%VIOLENCE%

! Looking%for%structural%inequaliGes%and%a%history%of%poverty,%
migraGon,%violence%that%create%vast%dierences%in%health%outcomes.%

! PoliGcal%economists%of%health%focus%on%structural%violence%rather%
than%just%cultural%dierence%;%both%a%class%based%and%race%based%
analysis.%

! Structures%of%poverty%globally%inuenced%by%colonial%history%%who%
had%what%land%when%and%who%stole%it?%%
! E.g.%thinking%of%McGill%that%sits%on%stolen%Iroquois%lands.%

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TWO%USEFUL%TERMS%

! Dierent%kinds%of%capital%(Bourdieu)%

! Habitus%

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Human Capital"

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Economic Capital"

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Social Capital"

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Cultural capital"

! Obama at Harvard"
! Joe the plumber"

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Symbolic Capital"

! Obama with Grandmother in Mombasa, Kenya"

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CULTURAL%CAPITAL%

!Pierre%Bourdieu s%term%means%how%an%individual%
gains%access%to%cultural%resources.%%%
! Explains%uneven%access%in%terms%of%educaGon%;;%class%
based%analysis.%

!Hydes%informants%do%not%have%cultural%capital%in%
terms%of%being%part%of%the%working%or%the%middle%
class.%%
! They%are%involved%in%the%underground%economy%BUT%
that%doesnt%mean%they%dont%make%money.%

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Cultural Capital in Borderland China"

! Pierre Bourdieus term explains how an individual gains access

to cultural resources in a society "

! Hydes informants do not have standard cultural capital

because they are not part of the middle class."
! E.g.., they do not have middle class educations."

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HABITUS%

! Pierre%Bourdieu s%term%to%explain%how%people%embody%percepGons,%
thoughts,%movements%and%acGons%that%are%linked%to%their%structural%
posiGon%in%society.%%
! EX:%ballet%for%young%girls%
! EX:%Jazz%musicians%
! EX:%Wrestlers%

! QuesGon:%%What%would%the%habitus%of%Espanola%drug%users%be?%

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Questions???

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Part%Two%%;%CriGcal%Medical%Anthropology%

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+! THEN%HOW%WOULD%CriGcal%Medical%%
22!

Anthropology%approach%THE%FOLLOWING%

! 1) Rates%of%Poverty%

! 2)%USA%Prison%system%

! 3)%Drug%Culture%

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Anthropologists%have%studied%the%body%
as:%
! 1) socially%constructed%enGty%

! 2)%a%poliGcally%charged%site%

! 3)%a%symbolic%framework%for%understanding%socieGes%

! 4)%a%representaGon%of%social%and%economic%oppression%

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Power%is%both%producGve%and%negaGve%
! Meaning%we%understand%power%as%Foucauldians%that%new%medical%
technologies%create%new%ways%of%being%human%e.g.,%having%another%
persons%organs%OR%

! Geeng%into%treatment%programs%to%assist%with%chronic%drug%
addicGon%

! Versus%

! Power%that%is%negaGve%%meaning%we%understand%the%poliGcal%
economy%of%health%where%

! Social%inequality%produces%disease%and%dierent%kinds%of%illnesses%%

! HIV/AIDS%is%higher%in%places%where%poverty%is%rampant,%like%in%
Northern%Aboriginal%communiGes%in%Canada,%or%in%HaiG%

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CriGcal%medical%anthropologists,%
including%Angela%Garcia%argue:%
! That%biomedicines%own%ideology%means%that%it:%

! 1)%de;socializes%disease%

! 2)%masks%the%poliGcal%economic%determinants%of%health%

! 3)%makes%disease%appear%natural%as%if%following%a%natural%scienGc%or%
biological%course%
! E.g.,%the%Katrina%Hurricane%and%the%ooding%of%New%Orleans%
! E.g.,%the%Fukushima%nuclear%disaster%
! E.g.,%the%contaminaGon%of%NaGve%Lands%around%the%Alberta%Oil%Sands%

STHyde 2014!
 Neurochemical? Spiritual?
Biological? Neurochemical?
Psychological? Spiritual? Cultural?
Spiritual?
Psychological? Public Health?
Biological? Cultural? Cultural?
Economic? Moral?
Political?
Individual?
Political?
Neurochemical? Psychological?
Fiscal? Gendered? Genetic?
Genetic? Disease?

A critical medical anthropology?

Public Health? Social?
Economic? Political?
Gendered? Moral?
Psychological? Gendered?
Economic?
Individual?
Social? Social?
Disease? Political? Moral?
Biological?Social?Genetic?Fiscal? Disease? Individual?
Cultural? Economic?
Spiritual? Individual? Biological?
Fiscal?Fiscal? Disease?Neurochemical?
Moral?
Public Health?
+! RECTO%VERSO:%MONTREAL S%EAST%SIDE%
27!

! Q:'Why'is'Eric'in'the'Hospital?'

! A:'He'has'a'serious'infecLon'from'a'gash'in'his'leg.'

! Q:'How'did'this'happen'to'him?'

! A:'He'was'playing'in'the'park'near'his'house'and'he'fell'on'a'piece'of'scrap'iron.'

! Q:'Why'was'he'playing'in'a'park'with'scrap'iron'around?'

! A:'He'lives'in'a'dilapidated'area,'where'he'plays'unaXended.'

! Q:'Why'does'he'live'in'that'neighborhood.'

! A:'Because'his'parents'cannot'aord'a'beXer'one.'

! Q:'Why'can t'they?'

! A:'His'father'is'unemployed'and'his'mother'is'ill.'

! Q:'Why'is'his'father'unemployed?'

! A:'He'lacks'educaLon.'''' ' ' ' 'Q:'But'why?''

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What%of%Canadas%children,%who%are%
more%likely%to%be%poor?%

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Canada%and%Poverty%

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Aboriginal%Canadians%and%Poverty%

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+! UNICEF%CHILD%POVERTY%RATE;%WHY%A%BIG% 32!

DIFFERENCE%BETWEEN%CANADA%AND%USA?%

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Questions???

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PRISON SYSTEM

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PRISON INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

! As%the%homeless%rate%increases%at%30%%per%year,%the%prison%populaGon%also%
increases.%
! 4.81%'of%adult%African%American%males%in%the%USA%are%imprisoned%(4810%
per%100,000%=%4.81%).%%
! That's%almost''5'out'of'every'100'adult%African%American%males%
imprisoned.%

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THE%PRISON%INDUSTRIAL%COMPLEX%

! Maximum%minimum%sentences% ! Inclusive%of%construcGon,%health%
imposed%in%1986%&%Federal%Bureau% care,%contract%services,%annual%cost%
of%Prisons%budget%grown%from%220% per%prisoner%40K%
million%to%3.2billion%in%1997%
! USA%spends%more%on%prisons%than%
! USA%state%prisons%
colleges%per%capita%
! 1984%694%%
! 2002%1,073%

! NaGonal%incarceraGon%costs%
20billion%annually%

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WOMEN%IN%PRISON%IN%USA%

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WHAT%ABOUT%DRUG%CULTURE?%

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HOW%TO%RECOGNIZE%A%DRUG%HOUSE?%

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Drug%Culture%or%Culture%of%Drugs?%

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PrescripGon%Drug%Sales%Growth%Rate,%
2005;2011%

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Consuming drugs

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CANADIANS%USING%DRUGS%

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VANCOUVER S%EAST%SIDE%

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SAFE%POSITIVE%INJECTION%SITES%

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QUESTIONS%

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49!

Part Three Heroin Use and New

Mexico

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 Neurochemical? Spiritual?
Biological? Neurochemical?
Psychological? Spiritual? Cultural?
Spiritual?
Psychological? Public Health?
Biological? Cultural? Cultural?
Economic? Moral?
Political?
Individual?
Political?
Neurochemical? Psychological?
Fiscal? Gendered? Genetic?
Genetic? Disease?

What
Gendered?
kind of a problem does
Genetic?
heroin consumption pose?Social?
Public Health?
Economic? Political?
Gendered? Moral?
Psychological? Gendered?
Economic?
Individual?
Social? Social?
Disease? Political? Moral?
Biological?Social?Genetic?Fiscal? Disease? Individual?
Cultural? Economic?
Spiritual? Individual? Biological?
Fiscal?Fiscal? Disease?Neurochemical?
Moral?
Public Health?
+! 51!

Poverty%in%USA%by%geography%and%ethnicity%

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+! New%Mexico%and%the%Espanola%Valley%has%the% 52!

highest%rate%of%heroin%addicGon%in%the%USA%

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Santa%Fe,%New%Mexico%

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%%of%Individuals%living%below%the%
poverty%line%by%county%and%Coal%Ash%
Hazardous%sites%%

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+! Garcias%argument%%The%Geographies%of%AddicGon% 56!

! Thinking%of%the%connecGons%between%geography%and%illness%%that%
heroin%tells%the%colonial%history%of%the%relaGonship%of%Mexico%to%the%
United%States,%and%the%tale%of%stolen%lands.%

%Understanding%the%waves%of%colonialism.%%E.g.%similar%to%
Canada,%where%McGill%sits%on%stolen%Iroquois%land.%

%Garcia%writes:%%My%book%starts%from%the%idea%that%this%
parGcular%geography%of%addicGon%encloses%mulGple%forms%of%spaGal%
and%existenGal%ruin,%sedimented%and%entangled%through%Gme.%

Addicts%memories%of%dispossession%and%loss%of%the%their%lands.%

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+! Moral%economy%of%addicGon%that%highlights%how% 57!

personal%history%is%always%interwoven%with%cultural%
and%poliGcal%history%
! The anthropologists understand that addiction cannot be
disconnected from moral worlds.

! Analysis that extends this showing how specific geographies

of addiction intersect with institutions (legal and health
related) and history.

! Aim to critique the depictions of addicts as separate from

traditional connections families and communities.
! Ex: Ways of Care gifting heroin in times of physical and
economic need. , family acting as proxy clinic, funerary rites for
fatal overdoses, and shooting up at graves of dearly departed.

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WIZ QUESTION lecture 21: "

! If%safe%injecGon%sites%are%part%of%the%harm%
reducGon%approach%in%public%health,%what%
would%be%a%moral%and%poliGcal%economic%
argument%for%or%against%them?%
%%

58!

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QUESTIONS%

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