13 Space heating and cooling

97103183 Focus on chillers 97103193 Implications of indoor climate control for comfort,
Anon ASHRAE J., February 1997, 39, (2). 62 energy and environment
A review of new types of US chillers. Mabdavi, A. and Kumar, S. Energy and Bldgs., October 1996, 24, (3) lh7-
177.
This paper subjects indoor climate control technologies and the HVAC
97103184 A genetic algorithm optimization technique for industry to critical assessment. The authors ask if total environmental
compact high intensity cooler design control is possible, effective or even desirable. The methods and
Schmit, T. S. et al. Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer, 1997, 3, (4) 281- terminology of thermal comfort science are approached, with the question
290. of predictability of peoples environmental preferences forming the focus of
The operation and design criteria for a compact high intensity cooler the investigation. Recent critical observations and ideas that transcend
(CHIC) unit as used in avionic equipment is reviewed. High heat loads are conventional control technologies are reviewed and corresponding comfort
dissipated via multiple impinging jets fed sequentially through a series of standards toward new vistas in environmental design are discussed.
fins connected to the heat source by a bus bar. The analytical basis for the
heat transfer design is shown to more accurately predict the performance of
CHIC units, permitting design optimization. Most optimization techniques 97103194 Indirect evaporative cooling in retail
depend on continuous variables, while in the design of CHIC unit many of Bartlett, T. A. Heat. Pip. Air Condit., December 1996, 68, (12), 48-52.
the critical geometrical variables must assume discrete values. A genetic A combination of indirect evaporative cooling with mechanical refrigeration
algorithm that looks for an optimum by simulating an evolutionary process in a custom-built mechanical penthouse to provide a I26,OOO ft-, two-level
was found to be satisfactory for this problem with its mixture of discrete and retail store in Albuquerque with an energy-efficient HVAC system. System
continuous variables. It is also shown that in an actual optimization design, selection and performance are reviewed. The operation of the initial
problem, where the fluid pressure drop across the unit has to be balanced system gave very positive results.
against a low overall thermal resistance, an optimum geometrical design can
be determined.
97103195 Industry status of CFC chiller retrofits and replace-
ments
97103185 German integrated research in refrigeration-past, Dooley E W. Heat. Pip. Air Condit., January 1997, 69, (I). 131-135.
present and future The USA Air conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) is now
Lortz, H. and Jahn K. Ki L@. Kaltetech., November 1996, 32, (I 1), 494- projecting supply shortages for RI1 and R/2 as a result of the slow phaseout
495. (In German) of CFCs in the USA. In consequence, much higher costs are likely to arise.
The outcome of the last four years of research by the German Research Options for treating the CFC phaseout are examined and the author
Association for Refrigeration Technology which focuses on research of supports waiting longer for the industry to correct itself. The ARIs chiller
interest to small and medium-size enterprises is summarized. survey results and analyses are reported.

97103186 Guideline methods of calculating TEWI 97103196 Influence of the new refrigerant thermodynamic
British Refrigeration Association, BRA BRA Specification. 1996, Issue I, properties on some refrigerating turbocompressor characteris-
26PP. tics
The paper claims that TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) is the Sarevski, M. N. Int. J. Refrig., July 1996, 19, (6), 382-389.
best method for measuring climate change in many refrigeration and air Working with various refrigerants, the main geometrical and operating
conditioning systems. This concept is comprehensively covered, presenting parameters of centrifugal compressors are compared. The influence of
standardised methods of calculating TEWI. Simple and more complex refrigerant substitution on turbocompressor performance characteristics
apphcations are exemplified with calculations. are investigated through some theoretical observations. The scope for
replacing the refrigerant in existing refrigerating machines is considered.

97103187 3HePHe dilution refrigerator precooled by Gifford-

Mcfulahon refrigerator 97103197 Investigation of heat transfer in a polymeric phase-
Uhlig, K. and Hehn, W. Cryogenics, 1997, 37, 279-282. change material for low level heat storage
A commercial two-stage Gifford-McMahon closed cycle refrigerator is used Royon, L. et al. Energy Comers. Mgmt, 1997, 38, (6) 51-524.
to cool the dilution unit in this Hei4He dilution refrigerator. This is in The paper investigates a new material for low level heat storage. It is a
place of a dewar with liquid helium. A soft connecting element which stable mixture of water with a water soluble polymerized and cross-linked
decouples the vibrations of the cold head of the closed cycle refrigerator monomer such as polyacrylamid. Quantitative results regarding the
from the dilution unit is described in the paper. thermophysical properties of the material are presented. These parameters
are used in a theoretical approach describing the progression of a phase-
change front in a slab of finite thickness, and the computed results arc
97103188 Heat exchange found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
Smith, T. et al. Refrig. Air Condit. Heat., December 1996, 99, (1185), 21-
31.
Heat exchange in air conditioning and refrigeration applications is the focus 97103198 Low energy ventilation, heating and cooling
of these four brief articles. systems
Saman, W. AIRAH J., November 196, 50, (1 I), 36-46.
Natural and low energy alternatives available for ventilation, heating and
97103189 Heat transfer enhancement by additives cooling are presented. The possible use of both the prevailing wind and
Ziegler, F. Int. J. R&g.,1996, 19, (5), 301-309. stack effect for natural ventilation purposes is explored and developments
in building-integrated solar and natural heating and cooling systems are
considered. In addition the paper looks at systems which utilise return air
97103190 The Heppenheim block heat and power station- for preheating/precooling the fresh air. The development and potential
different in many respects applications of some prototypes of multistage and ventilation, heating and
Karel, A. and Lorentzen, P. Euroheat and Pwr. Fern. Internat., January/ cooling systems are discussed.
February 1997, 26, (l/2), 36-44.
The paper presents the Heppenheim block heat and power station. The
technological features of a scheme to supply heat from this station to a new 97103199 New Fourier-Reynolds correlations for refrigera-
housing estate with around 300 dwellings, a planned hotel and a school as tion applications
well as apartment buildings with approximately 250 flats are detailed. Dincer, I. Int. J. Energy Res., 21. (7) 661-666.
Procedures of preparing and implementing the concept and the results Recently developed Fourier-Reynolds correlations for determining the
achieved are described. cooling process parameters of products subject to air cooling are presented.
The experimental data were taken from the authors previous work,
processed and used in the development of new Fourier-Reynolds
97103191 How we conditioned ourselves correlations and dia rams. These Fourier-Reynolds correlations are
Casale, C. Installatore Ital., February 1997, 48, (2), 183-190. Q
For, = 42.465Re-.s and Fos = 125.21 Rem513 for half cooling
Fifty years of air conditioning in Italy is discussed in this series of papers. times and seven-eighths cooling times, respectively. The results of this study
indicate that there is a strong relationship between the Fourier and
Reynolds numbers, and the Fourier-Reynolds correlations and diagrams
97103192 HVAC system trend analysis are simple and effective tools for determining the cooling process
Austin, S. B. ASHRAE J., February 1997, 39, 2, 44-50. parameters for such objects cooled in air flows. It is believed that these
The author claims system trend analysis is essential for the proper could be beneficial to the refrigeration industry.
performance of an air handling system. A step-by-step study of system
analysis is presented. A long-term observation of the simultaneous
interaction under a variety of conditions is necessary to evaluate the 97103200 Noise generated by air conditioning equipment
system effectively. In this way the analysis can be used for solving operating Bouteloup J et al. Chaud. Froid Plomh., November 1996, 50, (585). 101-
problems, increasing energy efficiency, locating defective hardware, 111. (In French)
identifying out-of-calibration devices, improving occupant comfort and Various solutions which can be implemented individually or in association.
extending equipment life. depending on the required degree of sound attenuation, are proposed.

260 Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 1997