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The University of Jordan

Faculty of Engineering and Technology


Department of Civil Engineering
_________________________________________

Hydraulics Laboratory
0931363

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 1


Objectives and Liabilities:
1- To experimentally determine the force required to keep a flat plate at a datum level while
it is subjected to the impact of a water jet.
2- To compare the experimentally measured force with the analytically calculated force
from the control volume form of the linear momentum equation.

Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of an upward discharging jet contained within a clear Plexiglas
cylinder. There are leveling screws on the bottom surface of the apparatus. The weight
pan atop the apparatus is attached to the top of a spindle that passes through the lid of the
cylinder and down to a flat plate located just above the exit of the water jet. Water is
supplied from the lab faucet to the inlet of the apparatus via a hose. Water flowing
through the nozzle strikes the flat plate and deflects downward to the base of the clear
Plexiglas cylinder, where it exits and drains in the sink.

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 2


And the parts of Apparatus is :

And the dimension of the apparatus:


1- Diameter of nozzle .
2- Cross-sectional area of nozzle, .
3- Mass of jockey weight
4- Distance of vane center to pivot
5- Height of vane above nozzle-exit,

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 3


Experimental produce:
1- Level the apparatus and set the lever to the balanced position, ( as indicated by the
tally ), with the jockey weight at its zero setting.
2- The weight of the jockey, and the following dimensions: diameter of the nozzle,
height of the vane above the type of the nozzle when the leaver is balance, and
distance from the pivot of the leaver to the center of the van.
3- Admit water throw the supply valve and increase the flow to maximum.
4- The force on the vane displaces the leaver, ( the location of the jockey which restates
the leaver to its balanced position by sliding the jockey weight along the leaver ).
5- The flow rate is established by collection of water over a timed interval.
6- Further observations are then made at a number reducing flow rates, about eight
readings should suffice.
7- The experiment should be run twice, first with the flat plate and then with the
hemispherical cup.

Theoretical of jet force:


The theoretical jet force is calculated from the principle of linear momentum.
The density of water equal .
In general the jet force is:

( )
Where:
o F: the jet force.
o : density of water.
o Q: flow rate.
o Vin: water velocity by which the jet strikes the vane.
o Vout: water velocity after the strike.

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 4


Cases:
1- Flat plate:
In this case the = 90 then cos(90)= then:

2- Hemispheric cup:
In this case = 180 then cos(180)= -1then
( )

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 5


If we neglect the effect of change of peizometric pressure and elevation on jet
speed, and the loss of speed to friction over the surface ( ).
resulting in maximum possible value of force on the hemispherical cup being twice
the force on flat plate

The impact of the jet maybe measured by moving the jockey weight along the
leaver a distance ( y ) until the tally shows that the leaver has been restored to
original ( zero ) balanced position.
Taking moment about the pivot of the leaver which is 150mm away from the
center of the van give the force exerted on the van.

Where:
o F: force on the vane.in Newton.
o W: weight of jockey weight. = in Newton.
o y: distance the jockey is moved to restore balanced position in meters.

The velocity at exist of the nozzle is given by:

Where:
o V: velocity at nozzle exist in
o Q: water flow rate in .
o A: area in .

The velocity at which the jet strikes the vane is given by:

Where:
o g: gravity acceleration in .
o s: height of the vane above nozzle tip = 0.035.

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 6


The calculations about this experiment:
, , , ,
Distance of vane center to pivot
For flat plate:

Volume Time Distance Vnozzle Vin F1 ( ) F2 ( )


Q( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Exper Theo
2 5.41 35 0.36 4.709 4.63 1.713 1.3734
3 11 20 0.27 3.47 3.37 0.92 0.7848
4 11.45 30 0.34 4.45 4.37 1.52 1.1772
5 10.16 70 0.49 6.269 6.214 3.058 2.7468
10 21.65 60 0.46 5.88 5.82 2.69 2.3544
12 30.03 45 0.39 5.09 5.02 2.00 1.7658

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 7


For hemispherical cup:

( )
( )

Volume Time Distance Q Vnozzle Vin F1 ( ) F2 ( )


( ) ( ) ( ) () ( ) ( ) Exper Theo
2 3.84 110 0.52 6.634 6.582 6.88 4.3164
3 11.59 50 0.258 3.297 3.191 1.67 1.962
3 15.5 20 0.19 2.465 2.322 0.92 0.7848
4 7.07 140 0.56 7.207 7.1594 8.12 5.4936
4 11.5 70 0.34 4.430 4.352 3.05 2.7468
5 16.43 35 0.30 3.876 3.787 2.33 1.3734

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 8


The relationships between forces:

For flat plate

Q F1 F2
0.27 0.92 0.7848
0.34 1.52 1.1772
0.36 1.713 1.3734
0.39 2.00 1.7658
0.46 2.69 2.3544
0.49 3.058 2.7468

The error between F1 & F2 equal 0.16808871

For hemispherical cup

Q F1 F2
0.19 0.92 0.7848
0.25 1.67 1.962
0.30 2.33 1.3734
0.34 3.05 2.7468
0.52 6.88 4.3164
0.56 8.12 5.4936

The error between F1 & F2 equal 0.698165401.

7
F1 ( EXP )
6
F2 ( THEO )
5 F1 ( EXP )
Forces

4 F2 (THEO )
Linear (F1 ( EXP ))
3
Linear (F2 ( THEO ))
2
Linear (F1 ( EXP ))
1 Linear (F2 (THEO ))
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Flow rate

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 9


Flat plate and hemispherical cup

Flat plate Hemispherical cup


0.92 0.92
1.52 1.67
1.713 2.33
2.00 3.05
2.69 6.88
3.058 8.12

5 Flat plate
Forces

4 Hemispherical cup
Linear (Flat plate)
3
Linear (Hemispherical cup )
2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of experment

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 10


Conclusions:
1- As the volumetric rate of flow 'Q' increased, the force resulted from the impact of the
jet on both the flat plate and the hemispherical cup, is increased to for the predicted
'F1' and the measured 'F2' values of the force. This relation can be seen clearly from
the four plots accompanied with this report. This result was already predicted from the
change in momentum equation of calculating the force.
2- Some measured value of the Jet force showed larger values than the predicted one.
This might be occurred for the following reasons:
3- o Errors in taking the reading.
4- o Losses in the experiment apparatus.
5- These losses were used in calculating the experiment efficiency which showed values
of 0.8 for the flat plate and 0.83 for the hemispherical cup.
6- The impact of the Jet forces on the flat plate where half of it on the hemispherical
cup. This result is displayed clearly in plots 1 & 2 for both predicted and measured
values of the force. This was already predicted from the equations of momentum for
calculating the forces.
7- According to the last point the hemispherical cup is more efficient for using in a
turbine than the flat plat, but only one point to be considered is that the water to exit
the cup is going to collide with water entering the cup which will reduce the force, for
that reason the cup is made in angles less than 180.

By: Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah 11

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