e-ISSN (O): 2348-4470

Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 4.72

p-ISSN (P): 2348-6406

International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research

Development
Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2017

Advance Metering Using Power Line Carrier Communication

M.Prabhu1, C.Mathankumar2, S.Praveenkumar3, Mr. M.Balasubramanian4,
1,2,3
Student, Computer Science Department, S.A Engineering college,
4
Assistant Professor, S.A Engineering college,

Abstract An Smart power metering system or issue is captivated by countless profits. the distribution of overheads and
gross settlement of smart metering between markets parties involved. Energy savings and an improved security of supply
are the major drivers and deems in smart metering as huge targets of a nation. The Smart metering system will monitor the
consumed power in particular home and transmitted via PLCC . In EB Server Section, Easily we will monitor the home
section data and control the load via PLCC then We can Easily to controlling via PLCC modem using Smart Metering
system we can avoid Wrong Power Usages.

Keyword: Energy savings, PLCC, Smart Metering, avoid Wrong Power Usages.

I. INTRODUCTION

In todays System is the possibility to use the network of SMs as a sensors network for the grid monitoring has been
explored and validated through a dedicated experimental set-up. In fact, SMs of the next generation, compared to devices
already installed in some countries provide several parameters, like active and reactive power line, frequency, voltage dips
and total harmonic distortion, which can be used by DSO to monitor the status of the network. A network composed of 48
SMs has been deployed over the LV grid of A2A in the city of Brescia, Italy. Each SM is connected to the MDC by means of
a performing broad band power line communication network. The results of the monitoring, performed over 2 months,
highlight the potential capabilities of a large scale monitoring system based on the use of a network of second generation
SMs. Using the SM network has been verified that the voltage is below the 5 % of the nominal value only the 3 % of the time
in section of the distribution grid under analysis, despite the large presence of distributed energy resources. In addition, the
SMs network identifies inversion of the energy flow in part of the distribution grid due to an excess of PV energy production
compared to customers consumption. In this proposed system going to implement that A PLCC Based Reliable and Efficient
Power Metering System for Energy Management and Controlling. Power metering system will monitor the consumed power
in particular home and transmitted via PLCC . The bill payment section will be take place in home itself. RFID reader will
detect the smart card and amount selection via keypad. Controller will check remaining amount continually. If the balance is
below certain level, then buzzer will be turned on. If balance reaches zero then automatically load will be turned off and
voltage and current sensor values are shown in LCD. In EB Server Section, Easily we will monitor the home section data and
control the load via PLCC then We can Easily control via PLCC modem using Smart Metering system we can avoid Wrong
Power Usages.

II. PLCC

For the transmission of information with the help of exiting power lines PLCC is a best way. Today every house has the
facility of electricity lines. With the help of existing AC power lines as a medium to transfer the information, it becomes easy
to connect the houses with a high speed network access point without installing new wirings. Since 1950 this technology is in
use and it is used by grid stations to transmit information at high speed. Today it is used in many houses in order to avoid
extra wiring needs. In order to reduce the maintenance cost of additional wiring the data collected from the different sensors
are transmitted on these power lines. Using this technology some other countries also provides the Internet connection.

III. PLC MODEMS/TRANSCEIVERS

For PLCC framework, PLC Transceivers is the key part. It is the gadget which transmits and gets information to and from
the electrical cables and goes about as a center between the power stations and our Network use gadgets. They chip away at
two modes, for example, transmit mode and the get mode, with the electrical voltage lines at home and work. [2] The
strategy for getting information from beneficiary and introduced on a similar system is called as transmit mode. It works
oppositely in get mode.

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2017, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

IV. MODULATION TECHNIQUES

The lower recurrence which are selected by Modulation methods are 35 KHZ to 95 KHZ which performs better contrasted
with the entire accessible recurrence band. In Home Plug determination machines OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) is utilized. The data is regulated to different transporters .The recurrence scope of every bearer is of the range
from 4.3 to 20.9MHz. Approaching piece stream is De-multiplexed into N number of parallel piece streams each with 1/N of
unique piece rate which are then regulated on N orthogonal transporters. The tweak system utilizes the accessible range
adequately, by utilizing various bearers at once. The recurrence is expelled if any impedance, commotion or information
misfortune happens in the transmission. This method does not perform well when there is a huge sticking event in the
correspondence channel, despite the fact that it can be proficient nearly.

V. SIGNALS

A. Signals are superimposed on Power Lines

There are two diverse routes by which we can interface a PLC unit with the electrical cables capacitive coupling and
inductive coupling. In capacitive coupling, a capacitor is utilized to superimpose the tweaked motion into the system's
voltage waveform. Another way is inductive coupling which utilizes an inductor to couple the flag with the system's
waveform[1].
No physical association is required to build up inductive coupling. This makes it more secure when contrasted with
capacitive coupling. However this strategy tends to lose the flag amid coupling.

B. Signal to Noise Ratio

Flag to Noise Ratio (SNR) is an estimation of nature of the flag. It shows the measure of the clamor in a flag. SNR can be
detailed in the accompanying way: SNR = R P /N P
Expanding SNR implies expanding the execution of the correspondence framework. By applying clamor channels on
family unit apparatuses, the commotion going into the power framework can be decreased. Nonetheless it will expand the
cost of the apparatuses yet is a superior answer for enhance general execution.

C. Signal Attenuation
Flag lessening fundamentally decreases in quality of the flag. A flag constriction of around 100dB/Km happens for low
voltage electrical cables and 10dB/km for high voltage lines. It makes a need of consistent repeaters over a settled separation.
Various variables that are in charge of flag constriction incorporate separation, time, recurrence of the flag, and so forth.

VI. PLCC TECHNOLOGY IS USED IN METER READING

Programmed Meter Reading utilizing PLCC innovation is very helpful as it spares a considerable measure of human
endeavors and further more makes the entire framework more proficient. The programmed meter perusing framework
comprises of three segments, in particular, Multi work Node (MFN), Concentrator and Communication Node (CCN) and
Operation and Management System (OMS). Diverse segments and their between associations are appeared in the figure[1].

Fig 1: Different components and their inter-connections

MFN is a unit presented in family meters, either participated in the meter itself or remotely connected with it. Its ability is
to take examining of the meter on a hourly preface and store it in a memory chip. CNN is another part which manages all

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2017, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

MFNs inside a particular zone and assembles meter readings from all MFNs. It is all around presented on substations and
necessities a PC. The PC is presented with Operation and Management System which furthermore manages each one of the
data and meter readings from CNNs.

VI. PLCC TECHNOLOGY IN HOME AUTOMATION

In current homes, there is a gigantic prerequisite of sending advanced data, sound, and video everywhere throughout the
home. Running new wires to bolster this will expand the weight and cost of support. To beat this, PLCC is the correct
decision to actualize home computerization idea. Home computerization or otherwise called Smart Home innovation is an
accumulation of frameworks and gadgets in a home that have a capacity to cooperate with each other or capacity exclusively
keeping in mind the end goal to be enhanced in most ideal way.

Design of a PLCC based home mechanization framework is appeared in the beneath picture. Different home apparatuses
are associated inside a circle through the current power links. This innovation can interfere every gadget with the system
which is associated with an AC outlet. All machines are additionally associated with a concentrated control board which
controls
them.

Fig 2: Architecture of a PLCC.

VII. APPLICATION IN DEVICES

The monitoring station are slave to locate in each lamp post. which has sensors like light sensor, emergency alarm and
an failure sensor .which is work together and transfers the information to a microcontroller. The microcontroller processes
the data and sends the data to monitoring station.

A. Presence Sensor
The nearness sensor empowers to distinguish the section of a vehicle, giving a contribution to turn on a road light or a
gathering of lamps. It relies upon the example of the road. A solitary sensor is adequate if there should arise an occurrence
of a road without cross-streets, different nearness identifiers is important when a road requires more exact control. It
empowers when essential for exchanging on the lights to keeping away from a vitality waste[1].The right situation of such a
sensor is the primary challenge.it ought to be set at an ideal stature, What's more, mistaken location may happen when sensor
set too low that is to keep away from any of little creatures , and when set too stature it might be inability to recognize kids.
So found that PIR movement sensor offers great execution and is very reasonable.

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2017, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

B. Light Sensor
To measure the brightness of the sunlight using light sensor . For measurement of a minimum level of illumination of the
street to ensure that as required by regulations. The visible spectrum must have high sensitivity, the photo transistor has been
selected by measured luminance, the lamp is driven by the microcontroller in order to maintain a constant level of
illumination. When in the early morning and at dusk which is desirable. it does not operate the lights in morning. This will
enable for saving electricity . To ensure the minimum illumination required, activate the sensor and the microcontrollers

C. Fault Sensor
In system maintenance by using this sensor to improve fault management . It will recognize whether the lamp is switched
on and to recognize false positives. Current sensor and it is managing any fault in the system. Reports are reported through
the electrical cable system to the station control unit, the area of the separated light is educated where the administrator can
send a professional to supplant it. The microcontroller's memory used to screen the present esteem which streams in the LED
light in typical working conditions, to estimate the empowering of the online power utilization results. So, it is ideal to
observe the gadgets too.

D. Emergency Alarm
A crisis catch can be helpful if there should be an occurrence of an emergency. The whole sensor framework with target to
instantly turn on the alert framework or use other crisis circumstances. when a button is pressed in highways when there is an
accident involved during driving it will help to access the hospitality from the base station. In emergency, the alarm will
remain on for a preset time.

VIII. RELATED WORK

NOISE
Channel transfer function provides a relation between the input and output signal powers in the channel. This
Relationship is, typically, frequency-dependent, meaning that some frequencies are attenuated more than others. A common
approach in the evaluation of the transfer function in power line channels is to use transmission line theory. This methodology
was proposed for the first time by Banwell and Galli in 2001. One major advantage of this approach is that it is
computationally more efficient than a multi-path time analysis. Equation (1) represents the equivalent circuit of the power
line channel as a two-port network, where the ZL stands for the receiver input impedance. The input and output voltages and
currents are related by the ABCD parameters as the equation shows

Given the above relation, the frequency response of the channel can be computed by

Channel noise

In this study, two types of PLC disturbances have been considered []: background noise and impulsive noise.
The combined noise is seen by the receiver as a stationary mixture process of two random processes. It can be represented as

nk= wk+ ik (3)

Where wk and ik stand for the background and impulsive noises and k represents a time index. As stated in , the background
noise is mainly because of several low-power noise sources. The power spectrum density of this kind of noise was derived
from measurements reported in. [3]

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 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2017, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406

The expression is

W( f ) = 10K3.95105 f [Hz][W/kHz] (4)

Where K follows a normal distribution with mean = 5.64 and a standard deviation of = 0.5. As it can be seen from
(4), this noise is slightly colored and its power decreases with the frequency. Additionally, the other main disturbance in the
PLC channel is the impulsive noise. This kind of noise has been found to be very damaging to PLC communications [] and is
in the focus of many researchers []. The impulsive noise is because of different transients that occur in the network. This
asynchronous impulsive noise is typically described by the BernoulliGauss or the Middletons Class A noise models [3,6]. In
this particular paper, the Middletons model has been chosen in order to provide some comparison with other recent studies
that also used this method, mainly [3,6]. The probability density function of this type of noise (pA(n)) can be written as

A is known as the impulsive index, s2m is the total noise power (both background and impulsive noise) and
G = s2 G / s2I is the mean power ratio between background and impulsive noises, sometimes referred to as the
Gaussian-to-impulsive variance ratio. A more detailed description of the implementation of this noise model can be found in
[3].

IX. CONCLUSION

A PLCC Based Reliable and Efficient Power Metering System for Energy Management and Controlling.
Power metering system will monitor the consumed power in particular home and transmitted via PLCC and to reduce the
man power with Safety EB Metering System.

REFERENCE

[1] Jun-Ho Huh,Sugarbayar Otgonchimeg,Kyungryong SeoAdvanced metering infrastructure design and test bed
experiment using intelligent agents: focusing on the PLC network base technology for Smart Grid system
[2] VAIBHAV RAI, Power Line Carrier Communication,
https://www.slideserve.com/alina/power-line-carrier-communication.
[3] Chih-Hung Wu, Shun-Chien Chang and Yu-Wei Huang
Design of a Wireless ARM-Based Automatic Meter Reading and Control System.
[4] Qi Li, Yanjun Fang, Yao He, Fei YangP,Automatic Reading System based on Automatic Alignment Control for Pointer
Meter.
[5] Delong Zhang,Zhenjiang Cai,Jiejing Li,Meng Zhang,Xuesong Suo,Dening Zhang,The Wireless Automatic Meter
Reading and Control,System Based on STC12C5A60S2, 978-1-4577-0536-6/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE.
[6] Javier Matanza, Sadot Alexandres, Carlos Rodrguez-Morcillo,
Advanced metering infrastructure performance using European low-voltage power line communication networks.
[7] Harish Varma,TelecommunicationModulationElectric Power TransmissionHome AutomationSignal (Electrical
Engineering) www.scribd/interest/Telecommunication/explore.

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