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Abstract: The paper considers fundamental problems involved in the precise location of faults on high-voltage
transmission lines. The influence of pre-fault load on the distance-to-fault measurement problem is analysed and
a new method of accounting for load effects is presented. Two of the algorithms considered are precise, contain-
ing no simplifying assumptions and their overall accuracy is limited only by the accuracy of digital impedance
relays at both ends of the protected circuit. A third algorithm presents a new approach to the fault location
problem, which requires digital impedance relays at one end only of a transmission line. The procedures
described are applicable to any system arrangement and are suitable for a wide range of fault resistance values.
L "
Z'r = V'JI'r When the system is unloaded, the impedance seen at the
sending-end of a protected circuit for a phase-to-earth
= Z'J(K/Ko) + (1 - Ko/m ~ m)ZL fault is
= (1 -m)ZL + k'rLRF Z r = mZL + 3RF/[2C2 + Co ZL0/ZL + Co (18)
where k'rL = k'J(I'r/I'ro) (14) where C'o Io = ZPS current in parallel circuit.
also replacing Kx by (l/K^. The corresponding equation K2F = a or 1 or a 2 for 'a b c' short circuits
A F and Vr, Ir are the relevant voltage and current signals of
x x
the faulted phase relay.
m When dealing with single phase-to-earth short circuits,
= m'
it is necessary to calculate both ZA2 and ZA0. Using an
end A end B approach similar to that given above, it may be shown
that for a phase a-earth fault
calculate Z r =fyjX r calculate Z'r=R^jX'r
data link
calculate K1=I I'r/Ir) -i - coio)
zA2 = (vL - vae + L (37)
yes = -VJCoIo
The phase-to-neutral ZPS signal is used in eqn. 38 to
exclude any earthing impedance which may be present in
(Xr' -(X L -X r )/K?)
the source.
If one or more transmission lines are in parallel with the
( 1-1/K2)XL
protected circuit, the currents flowing in these lines con-
tribute to the source voltage drop and a form of parallel
m = ( R L * R r - R ' r )/2R L <RL R; - R r ) / 2 R L line compensation must be introduced to give the correct
values of source impedances. For example, in the case of
Fig. 6 Flowchart giving a summary of fault location procedure an earth fault on a double-circuit interconnector, the
364 IEE PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 133, Pt. C, No. 6, SEPTEMBER 1986
correct current signal to use in eqn. 37 is fixed point. However, from eqn. 43, the location of point P
is influenced by the unknown parameter m, and as the
distance-to-fault increases, P moves further away from P 2 .
where l'a, I'L, C'0I0 are currents flowing in the parallel The angle PtP2P may be shown to be (6L 0r), which is
circuit. Similarly, the ZPS impedance is given by constant for the particular fault considered. Thus, con-
sidering various combinations of mZL, RF and C 2 , the
Z = V KC + C")/ (39) point P is variable and its locus is given by the straight
line P2 P inclined at an angle (6L 0r) to PXP2.
5.3 Calculation of fault location From the impedance triangle PPiP2 in Fig. 7, it may be
The relaying signals Vr and Ir allow the impedance Z r pre- shown that
sented to a faulted phase relay to be calculated. Using = Zr sin (0r 02)/ZL sin (0L 02) (47)
eqns. 5 and 11, the impedances seen for a phase-to-phase
fault are The argument 0 2 of the current distribution factor C2 is
unknown and is itself a function of the unknown param-
loaded case: Z r = VJlr = mZL + 0.5RF/(C2 k^) (40) eter m and the source impedances Z A , ZB. The maximum
unloaded-case: Zro = VJIro = mZL + 0.5RF/C2 (41) positive value of 02 (i.e. 02m) is plotted against (ZA/ZL) in
Fig. 8a, based on the equation
Eqn. 41 assumes that compensation has been applied to
the voltage and current signals (Vr and Ir) to obtain the sin (9SL - 02m)/sin 02m = (1 + x)ZJZL (48)
corresponding signals for the unloaded case. A voltage
compensation scheme to generate Vr0 from Vr requires a
knowledge of the unknown distance-to-fault parameter m.
5
To avoid this difficulty, a partial compensation scheme is
\
considered in which a new impedance Zrp is obtained from
ZrP = Vrlho = (Ko + (h + Iro)mZL)/Iro Nl
i
3
- lu ^zB/zA=o.i
- AV
i.e.
Zrp = mZLkl[91 + Q.5RF/C2 (42)
M<
2
;\V
1
The impedance phasors for Z r , Zr0 and Zrp are shown in 0
Fig. 7. 0 1 2 3 U 5
6
2m
2
1
-2
6 Computed results two positive values for the calculated fault location.
However, any positive value greater than unity can be
A digital computer study was carried out to determine ignored, as the fault considered is within the protected
fault currents and voltages in the 132 kV system shown in circuit. Earth fault cases given in Tables 3, 4 and 5
Fig. 9 and to evaluate impedances presented to faulted (m = 0.4) result in a very small ZPS component in the
phase relays at ends A and B of the faulted circuit. This healthy line of Fig. 9 and ZPS parallel line compensation
data was then used in the three fault location algorithms is not included.
given in Sections 4 and 5, to calculate the location of a A contributing factor to the low errors found in the
fault. Checks were carried out on loaded and unloaded results of Table 5, is the presence of a parallel healthy
systems and the results are presented in Tables 3, 4 and 5. circuit (see Fig. 9). In the case of a double circuit intercon-