Unit 1.

ANCHORING

1. Read the following text and try to guess the meaning of the new words and phrases
from the context

Ships may anchor either in the open roadstead or in the inner harbour. To bring the
ship to anchor, it is necessary to slacken speed and stop the engine at the proper time. Both
anchors must be ready to let go. The ship may ride to one or two anchors. If there is a strong
wind, it is necessary to bring her head up into the wind. In case there is a strong tidal stream
or current the ship should be stem on to the current. When the ship is near her intended place,
she is given a little sternway with the engine (if there is no wind or current) and one anchor is
dropped, then the anchor chain is paid out, and, if necessary, the other anchor is let go. When
the chain is brought up, that is when the vessel has come to rest in water, the brake is set as
tight as possible.
The scope of chain to be paid out depends on many factors, such as the size of the
ship, the weather and tide conditions, the quality of the holding ground. It is the captain or the
officer of the watch (OOW) who must determine how much of chain is to be paid out in each
case. Usually, a length of chain equal to about five times the depth of water is sufficient.
When the ship has been anchored, the watch officer takes the anchorage bearings. He
also sees that the soundings are taken at the anchorage and enters into the log book both the
bearings and soundings. Then he marks the ships position on the chart.
When the vessel is at anchor at night one or more men are posted on anchor watch. It
is their duty under the officer of the watch to see to the security of the ship, to see that there is
sufficient room for the vessel to swing with the tide without striking another vessel.

2.Role-play the following dialogues and then work out and perform dialogues of your
own.

2.1. Dialogue 1

P = Pilot; C = Captain

P: In an hours time we will approach the port. As its ebb time now we shall have to wait for
the tide in the outer roadstead. The depths in the entrance to port are not sufficient for our
draft.
C: How long shall we wait for the tide?
P: We will have to wait until sunset.
C: Shall we have to anchor or may we make fast to the mooring buoys there?
P: There are no mooring buoys there; well have to anchor half a mile off-shore.
C: What landmarks will we have there for the anchorage?
P: There is a conspicuous water tower on the coast, which should be kept on bearing 36 and
the lighthouse at the port entrance, which should bear 78.
C. What are the depths at the anchorage?
P: The bottom is quite even; there are no rocks or shoals.
C: What is the nature of the ground there?
P: There is good holding ground; soft mud with few patches of sand.
C: Is there enough room at the anchorage for swinging?
P: Oh, there is plenty of room for several ships.

2.2.Dialogue 2.

P: In half an hour we shall be at the anchorage. Its time to notify the engine room and to get
the anchors ready.
C: Thats right. Which anchor are we going to use?
P: Well use the starboard anchor.
C: How much chain shall we need?
P: I think four shackles will do.
C: All right. Ive ordered a deck-hand to start taking soundings.
P: Thats very good. You see that red tower over there? We must steer for that tower till the
port lighthouse opens to southward.
C: Well, what then?
P: Then we must alter the course 40 to starboard and steer for the lighthouse till we are a
mile off-shore. That is our berth.
C: Oh. I see. The depths are beginning to decrease.

2.3..Dialogue 3.

P: Soon well be underway and proceed into port.

C: Fine! I have already given orders to stand by to weigh anchor. We have just got a
radiogram from our agent. He has arranged to berth the ship at Berth No.7.
P: Very good, Sir. This is a very convenient berth.
C: How shall we proceed from here?
P: We shall steer for the port lighthouse, keeping in the green sector of the light till we come
to the entrance. Then we shall keep two red leading lights in line till we pass through the
entrance. After that we shall keep the bright light ashore in line with the molehead light. This
will bring us straight to the wharf.
C: All right, thats clear. Shall we heave the anchor up?

3. VOCABULARY
Words and expressions

Road/roadstead = rad
Berth = dan
To pay out = a fila (parm, lan)
Tidal stream = curent de maree
Current = curent
To let go/cast/drop anchor = a mola, a fundarisi
Anchor is clear of the bottom = ancora s-a smuls de fund
Foul anchor = ancor angajat/agat
Dragging anchor = ancor care derapeaz
Dredging anchor = ancor care grapeaz
Ebb = reflux
To approach = a se apropia
Off-shore = la larg de coast
Landmark = reper costier
Anchorage = ancoraj
Bearing = relevment
Entrance = intrare
To shelter = a adposti
High land = mal, coast nalt
Bottom = fund
Ground = fund
Good-holding ground= care ine bine
(Un)tenable ground = care ine/nu ine
Deck-hand = marinar de punte
To steer for = a guverna pe
To heave up = a vira, a recupera
To bring the ship to anchor = a aduce nava la ancoraj
To slacken speed = a reduce viteza
To ride/lie/be at anchor = a sta la ancor
The ship rides to one anchor = nava are o singur ancor fundarisit
To bring the ships head up into the wind = a aduce prova in vnt
To bring up = a ancora
To drop anchor = a fundarisi ancora
To be stem on to the current = a sta cu prova n vnt
To give a ship the sternway with the engine = a deplasa nava napoi folosind maina
To swing at anchor = a gira la ancor
To weigh anchor = a vira, a ridica ancora
To keep in line = a menine un aliniament
To alter the course = a schimba de drum
To take bearings on = a lua relevmente la
To make fast = a volta, a se lega la
Mooring buoy = baliz de amarare
Landmark = reper costier
Conspicuous vizibil
Even bottom = fund nivelat, fr asperiti
Shoals = banc de nisip
Soft mud = ml moale
Patches of sand = ntinsur, poriuni de nisip
Clay = argil, argilos (despre natura fundului)
Shell= scoic, fund de scoici
Chalk = calcar, fund calcaros
To avoid a sweptm wreck = a evita o epav la o adncime dem
4. Reading comprehension.
4.1. Read the text again and answer the following questions:

1. Where may ships anchor?

2. Should only one anchor be ready when anchoring?
3. May the ships ride to one anchor only?
4. How is the ships head brought up in a strong wind?
5. How is the ship brought up if there is a strong current?
6. Are both anchors let go at the same time?
7. Who is to determine how much of chain should be paid out?
8. What length of chain is usually sufficient?
9. What bearings should the watch officer take after anchoring?
10. What information should he enter into the log book?
11. Where should the ships position be marked?
12. Why should a ship have sufficient room at the anchorage?

4.2. Read the dialogues again and answer the following questions.
4.2.1. Dialogue 1.

1. When should they approach the port according to the pilot?

2. Why did they have to wait for the tide?
3. Till what time did they have to wait?
4. What did the pilot say about the mooring buoys?
5. What did the pilot say about the landmarks?
6. On what bearing should they keep the water tower?
7. What did the pilot say about the nature of the ground?
8. Was there enough room for swinging?

4.2.2. Dialogue 2.

1. Which anchor were they going to use?

2. How many shackles of chain were needed?
3. Who did the captain tell to take soundings?
4. For what landmark was the captain to steer?
5. Till what moment was he to steer for the water tower?
6. How many degrees was he to alter the course when the lighthouse opened?
7. How far off-shore was that anchorage?

4.2.3. Dialogue 3.

1. When were they going to get underway?

2. What orders had the captain given?
3. What did he say about a radiogramme?
4. At which berth did the agent arrange for the ship to berth?
5. Was that berth convenient?
5.Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP)
5.1. Going to anchor

Is/are the anchor(s) ready for dropping? = Este/sunt ancorele gata pentru fundarisire?
We are going to an anchorage = Ne ndreptm spre un loc de ancoraj
Have (port/starboard/both) anchor(s) ready. = Pregtii ancora/ancorele din
babord/tribord/ambele.
We will drop ( port/starboard/both) anchor(s) = Vom lsa (fundarisi) ancora/ancorele din
babord/tribord/ambele
Putshackles in the water = Lsai ..chei de lan n ap
Put shackles in the pipe. = Lsai chei de lan in nar
Put shackles on deck = Lsaichei de lan pe punte.
Walk back (port/starboard/both) anchor(s) one/one and a half shackle(s) = Filai
ancora/ancorele din babord/tribord/ambele o cheie/ o cheie de lan i jumtate.
We will let go ( port/starboard/both) anchor(s)shackle(s) and dredge it/them = Vom mola
(fundarisi) ancora/ancorele din babord/tribord/ambele/cu..chei(e) de lan i o/le vom grapa.
Drop port/starboard/both) anchor(s) = Funda ancora/ancorele/ din babord/tribord ambele.
Pay out the cable(s) = Fila lanul/lanurile de ancor
Check the cable (s) = Controleaza lanul/lanurile de ancor
Hold on (port/starboard/both cable(s) = ine lanul/lanurile de ancor/din
babord/tribord/ambele.
How is the cable leading? = Cum ntinde lanul o nava?
The cable(s) is/are leading (ahead/astern/to port/to starboard/round the bow up and down) =
Lanul/lanurile de ancora ntind(e)/nainte/napoi/spre stnga/dreapta/ dublnd prova/ la pic.
Is/are the anchor(s) holding? = in(e) ancora/ancorele?
Are you brought up? = Eti ancorat/oprit prin ancorare?
Switch on anchor light(s) = Aprindei lumina/luminile de ancoraj
Switch off anchor light(s) = Stingei lumina/luminile de ancoraj
Hoist anchor ball = Arborai bula neagr
Lower anchor ball = Cobori bula neagra
Check the anchor position by bearings = Verificai pozitia de ancoraj cu relevmente

5.2. Leaving the anchorage

How much cable is out? = Ct lan de ancor este deasupra ancorei?

Stand by to heave up = Pregtii-v pentru virat
Put the windlass in gear = Cuplati vinciul de ancor.
Heave up the ( port/starboard/both) cable(s) = Virai lanul/lanurile din
babord/tribord/ambele
How much weight is on the cable? = Ct este de solicitat/virat lanul de ancor?
Much weight is on the cable= Lanul de ancor este solicitat (virat) mult
Too much weight is on the cable = Lanul de ancor este solicitat (virat) prea mult.
No weight is on the cable = Lanul de ancor nu este solicitat (virat).
Stop heaving = Oprii virarea
How many shackles are left to come in ? = Cte chei de lan mai sunt de adus la post?
There is a turn in the cable(s) = Lanul/lanurile prezint o rsucire
Anchor(s) aweigh/clear of the bottom = Ancora/ancorele s-a/s-au desprins de fund
Anchor(s) is/are clear of the water = Ancora/ancorele este/sunt liber/libere/a/au ieit din ap
Anchor(s) is/are home = Ancora/ancorele este/sunt la post
Anchor(s) is/are foul = Ancora/ancorele este/sunt/agate/prins/prinse
Anchor(s) secured = S-a/s-au asigurat ancora/ancorele la post

6. SMCP in context.

Role -play the following anchoring scenario, then imagine and role-play an anchoring
scenario of your own.

The Pastoria is approaching the anchorage. The Chief Officer is making preparations for a
standing moor. He is on the forecastle head with the carpenter, Grey and other hands.

Chief Officer: Take the covers off the spurling gates and unplug them, Chippy.
Carpenter: Yes, Sir.
Chief Officer: Grey, take the lashings from the cables and ease back the compressors.
Grey: Lashings off. Compressors eased back, Sir.
Chief Officer: Chippy! Put the gipsy of the port anchor in gear and lower the anchor out of
the hawse-pipe.
Carpenter: Yes, SirAnchor clear of the hawse-pipe, Sir.
Chief Officer: Good. Same for the starboard anchor now.
Carpenter: Yes, Sir. Starboard anchor clear of the hawse-pipe, Sir.

We are all ready now to make a standing moor. The ship is travelling against the tide towards
her intended anchorage. On the bridge the Captain is watching the situation closely. He says
to the helmsman:

Captain: You see that white tower one point to starboard, Jenkins?
Jenkins: Yes, Sir.
Captain: Steer for it.
Jenkins: Yes, Sir
Captain: Very well. Stop her.
3rd.Officer: Stop her, SirEngine stopped, Sir.

Now that the way is off the ship, she is taken away by the tide and begins to come astern. As
she does so, the Chief Officer on the forecastle head waits for the Captains signal before
giving orders.

Chief Officer: Let go port anchor.

Carpenter: Let go port, Sir.
Chief Officer: One shackletwothree. Check her. Fourfivesix shackles, Sir.
Six shackles of cable have been veered. This now lies in a straight line on the sea bed. The
Pastoria has been brought up and the starboard anchor is now let go underfoot.

Chief Officer: Let go starboard anchor.

Carpenter: Let go starboard, Sir.

On the bridge, the Captain will ease the strain on the port anchor by going ahead.

Captain: Dead slow ahead.

3rd Officer: Dead slow ahead , Sir.
Captain: Keep the white tower ahead, Jenkins.
Jenkins: Ay, ay, Sir.

As the ship begins to move forward, the Chief Officer says:

Chief Officer: Heave in the port cable, Chippy. Grey, slack out the starboard cable, easy.
Carpenter: Heave in port cable.
Grey: Slack out starboard cable.
Chief Officer: Twothree shackles. Avast heaving. Thats enough. Make all fast.
Grey and Carpenter: Ay ,ay, Sir. Make all fast.

6.1. Standard phrases used in the text above:

A standing moor = Ancorare cu dou ancore cu maina oprit.

Spurling gates = nri de ancor
To unplug = A degaja (nrile de ancor)
To take the lashings from = A dezarma (lanurile)
To ease back the compressors = A slbi stopele
To put the gipsy/windlass in gear = A cupla vinciul de ancor
Hawse-pipe = Manon al nrii de ancor
One point to starboard = Un cart la dreapta
Now that the way is off the ship = Acum, pentru c nava a fost stopat
Six shackles have been veered = S-au filat ase chei de lan
To ease the strain on the port/starboard anchor = A reduce solicitarea ancorei babord/tribord
Avast heaving = Stop virarea
Make all fast = Volta peste tot
7. Read and study the following excerpts from the Pilot Book related to anchoring.
Notice how the vocabulary is used and then discuss what information you can derive
from these excerpts. Have in mind the quality and the nature of the holding ground,
location of anchorages, recommendations and warnings.

3.21

There is anchorage about 2 miles S of the harbour entrance in depths from 5.5 m to
7.3m, stiff blue clay. This anchorage is considerably sheltered and the sea is kept down by
The Owers (5040N, 040W), which acts as a natural breakwater during W and WSW
winds.
Small craft awaiting the tide to enter the harbour can anchor nearer the entrance E
or W of the leading line according to the wind.

3.48

There is anchorage off Shoreham harbour in any convenient depth from 4m, sand
over clay and chalk, about 3 cables off the entrance to 9m, sand and shingle with patches of
chalk, 2 miles offshore.
The pilots consider the best holding ground, sand and gravel over chalk and clay, is
1 miles off the entrance, in a depth of 7m, with High Lighthouse bearing 000.

3.84

Good anchorage, in offshore or E winds, can be found in a depth of 7.5m in Seaford

Road, 1 miles ESE of the breakwater head, with Beachy Head Old Lighthouse in line with
the foot of Seaford Cliff, bearing 109, and Seaford church, bearing 055.
This anchorage is clear of the track of cross-channel ferries to and from Newhaven,
and provides good shelter with winds from E by S, through N, to WNW.

4.17

Anchorage off Folkstone harbour is much exposed and is only used by vessels
waiting for the tide to enter harbour. The best holding ground is in depth from 12m to 18m,
clay and sand.
A good berth is with Copt Point in line with Folkstone Breakwater Light, bearing
025, the latter distant 2 cables.
Vessels anchored 7 cables S of the breakwater have reported dragging their anchors
over apparently rocky bottom.
4.40

Vessels whose draft permits, proposing to anchor in Outer harbour, must do so

within the anchorage area indicated on the chart, which lies parallel with, and between 2 and
3 cables NW of Southern Breakwater. The area has been dredged to a depth of 6.5m.
The W and N corners of the anchorage area are marked by C and D Light-buoys
(special) and buoys (special) mark the NW limit.
The area of Outer Harbour NW of the dredged anchorage area is reserved for yachts
and pleasure craft. The E limit of this anchorage is marked by three buoys (special).
The holding ground in the anchorage area is fairly good, but caution is advisable
during strong winds. Strong gales between SW and W raise considerable scend at about HW,
which renders berths alongside Prince of Wales Pier and Easter Arm untenable. In east gales
smooth water may be found under the lee of eastern Arm.
Foul area. It is dangerous to navigate or anchor within the foul area in the NE
corner of Outer Harbour, indicated on the chart, between Pier B and Castle Jetty.

4.58

No vessel shall anchor in the approach to the E or W entrance to the harbour in

such a position as to obstruct the free passage of any other vessel through either of these
entrances.
No vessels without the permission of the Harbour Master are allowed to anchor in
the fairway.
Vessels shall moor or anchor in accordance with the direction of the Harbour
Master, and when any such vessels have been moored or anchored, they shall not be moved
therefrom without the permission of the Harbour Master except in case of emergency.

4.84

Holding ground is not good in parts of The Downs, particularly S of Goodwin Fork
Light-buoy (5113,2N, 127.2E). The best anchor berth on the W side of the charted
anchorage for large vessels is in a depth of 12.5m, with South Foreland lighthouse in line with
the beacon on the HW line in Oldstairs Bay, bearing 208, and Deal Castle bearing 290.
There is good anchorage farther S, in a depth of 12.5m, with Walmer Castle
(5112N, 124E) bearing about 295, distant 11 cables.
With NE winds it is better to anchor in Trinity Bay, in a depth of 21m, with Deal
Castle bearing 280, distant 3 miles.
Vessels drawing up to 5m can anchor in The Small Downs, as indicated on the
chart, 1 1/4miles NE of Deal Pier. This anchorage is better for small vessels than that in The
Downs, as it is more sheltered and the holding ground is better.
Care must be taken to avoid a swept 4.4m wreck, in the SE part of the anchorage
area and a 2.6m shoal, 4 cables N of the wreck. This shoal forms part of a small sandwave
area extending S from the S end of Brake.
5.23

The recommended outer anchorage is within a circle radius 5 cables, centered 12

cables W of Jetee Nord Light, in depths from 10m to 16m (33 to 53ft), sand and shell, bad
holding ground. The anchorage is exposed to winds from SW, through N, to NE. the sea rises
very rapidly and vessels should only anchor here in fine weather.
The best anchorage is reported to be on the edge of the above area in a depth of
10m (3.3ft), with Jetee Sud light-tower bearing 085, distant 7 cables.
The mooring of fishing gear within 1000m of Jetee Sud Light-tower is prohibited
and anchoring in this area is not advised.

5.40

There is anchorage for vessels awaiting the tide to enter harbour in depth from 7m
to 9m (23ft to 30ft), mud, off the entrance. This anchorage is only tenable in calm weather, or
during winds from between SE and S.

5.76

This area lies within a radius of about 1 miles of D1 light-buoy, with depths from
6m to 12m. The bottom is sand and shingle or sand and shells; the holding ground is good.
The anchorage is exposed to winds from W, through N to NE. In bad weather from
the W, the swell runs round Point dAilly and breaks on the beach. In bad weather from
between NW and NE, the sea is very high at the entrance to the harbour during the out-going
tidal stream, and the swell is felt in avant-port.
Prohibited area. Anchoring and fishing are prohibited in the triangular area,
indicated on the chart, extending 5 cables from the harbour entrance.

8. GRAMMAR : FUTURE

8.1. Will
8.1.1. Form

will + infinitive without to

contractions : ll= will ; wont = will not
We use will with all persons. We can also use shall instead of will with I and We eg. I/We
shall work ( but in every day speech, we normally use contractions Ill and Well.)
8.1.2. Use

8.1.2.1. We can use will to predict the future

e.g.. Tomorrow will be another cold day in all parts of the country.
In the future, machines will do many of the jobs that people do today.
Who do you think will win the football match on Sunday?
We wont arrive home before midnight tonight.
 When we predict the future, we often use will with the following verbs and expressions:

Think expect believe be sure be afraid hope

e.g. I expect theyll be here at around 10 oclock tomorrow morning.

Im sure youll enjoy the film if you go and see it.

We also se will in this way with adverbs of probability, e.g. probably, perhaps, certainly

e.g. Martin will probably phone us this evening.

Perhaps Ill see you tomorrow.

8.1.2.2. We also use will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.

e.g. Would you like something to drink? Oh., thank you. Ill have some orange
juice.
Theres someone at the door. Is there? Oh, Ill see who it is.
Im going out shopping. Oh, are you? Ill come with you, then. I need to get some
things myself.

8.2. Going to

8.2.1. Form

be+going to+infinitive

e.g. I am going to work

Are you going to work?
I am not going to work.

8.2.2. Use

Sentences with going to connect the future and the present

8.2.2.1. We use going to to talk about something in the future which we can see as a result of
something in the present.

e.g. Look at those black clouds in the sky. Its going to rain. Those people are going
to get wet.
Hurry up! Its getting late. Youre going to miss your train.
Look out! That ladder is going to fall

For this reason, sentences with going to are often about the near future.

8.2.2.2. We also use going to to talk about what we intend to do in the future. We use going to
when we have already decided to do something.

e.g. Why have you moved all the furniture out of this room? Im going to clean the
carpet
Lynne has just sold her car. Is she going to buy a new one?
 8.3. Will and Going to

8.3.1.We use both will and going to in predictions about the future, but there is a difference:
We use will to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future.

e.g. That boat doesnt look very safe. Itll sink in that heavy sea.
Dont climb that tree. Youll fall and hurt yourself.

We use going to to talk about something in the future which we can see as a result of
something in the present.

e.g. Look at that boat! Its going to sink.

Look out! Youre going to fall!

8.3.2. We use both will and going to to talk about what we intend to do, but there is a
difference here:
We use will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.

e.g. Oh dear! Ive spilt some wine on my jacket. Dont worry. Ill clean it for you.
What shall I do tomorrow? I know! Ill paint the kitchen.

We use going to when we have already decided to do something.

e.g. Why have you moved all the furniture out of this room? Im going to clean the
carpet.
Why are you putting on those old clothes? Im going to paint the kitchen.

8.4. Present continuous for the future

We use the present continuous to talk about something that we have already arranged or
planned to do in the future.

e.g. What are you doing on Saturday evening? Im meeting Sarah

Sarah is taking an exam on Monday.
Were visiting some friends in Scotland next weekend.

When we use the present continuous in this way, we often give the future time (e.g. on
Saturday evening, on Monday, this afternoon, next weekend)

8.4.1. Present continuous and going to

8.4.1.1. When we talk about things we have already arranged to do or planned to do in the
future, we can use the present continuous or going to.

e.g. Im having lunch with Lynne tomorrow.

Im going to have lunch with Lynne tomorrow.

8.4.1.2. When we make predictions about the future, we can use going to (or will), but not the
present continuous.

e.g. Its going to rain tomorrow. (Its raining tomorrow is not possible)
8.5. Present simple for the future

We use the present simple to talk about future events which are part of a fixed timetable or
fixed programme.

e.g. What time does the tennis start tomorrow? At 6.15.

Next summer the school holidays begin on July 25th and end on September 10th.
The film starts at 7.10 and finishes at 9.00.
What time does your plane leave tomorrow?
We use the present simple in this way when we think of something in the future as a fact, or as
an arrangement or plan which cannot change.

8.5.1. Present simple for the future after when, if, etc.

We use the present simple to refer to the future in clauses of time and condition after when
while, as soon as, after, before, until, if, unless, as/so long as and provided/providing (that).

Will/wont present simple

Ill buy a newspaper when I go out.

We wont go out until it stops raining.
Well go to the beach if the weather is nice.
Ill go to the party provided you go too.

8.6. Future continuous: will be+-ing

8.6.1. Form

will be+ing

I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will be working (affirmative)

I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will not be working(negative)
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they be working ?(interrogative)

This form is sometimes called the future progressive

CONTRACTIONS: ll =will ; wont = will not

We can use shall instead of will with I and We e.g. I/We shall be working(but , in every day
speech , we normally use the contractions Ill and Well). The negative of shall is shall not
(contraction: shant).

8.6.2. Use

8.6.2.1. We use will be+-ing to talk about something which will be in progress at a time in
the future.

e.g. Ill be having dinner at 7.00.

Dont phone me at 8.00. Ill be doing my homework then.
What will you be doing this time next week?
8.6.2.2. We also use will be+-ing to talk about things in the future which are already planned,
or which are part of a regular routine.

e.g. Ill be driving into town later on. Do you want a lift?
Would you like me to give peter a message for you? Oh, I dont want to
trouble you. its no trouble, really. Ill be seeing Peter tomorrow anyway.

We often use will be+-ing as a polite way of asking about someones plans, especially when
we want someone to do something for us.

e.g. Will you be going out this morning? Yes, why? Oh, could you get me a
newspaper?
Will you be using your camera at the weekend? I wondered if I could borrow
it.

When we use will be+-ing form in this way, it often suggests that we do not want to change
the other persons plans.

8.7. Future perfect: will have+past participle

8.7.1. Form
will have + past participle

I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will have finished/gone (affirmative)

I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will not have finished/gone (negative)

Will I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they have finished/gone? (interrogative)

CONTRACTIONS: ll = will ; wont = will not

We can use shall instead of will with I and We e.g. I/we shall have finished ( but, in everyday
speech, we normally use the contractions Ill and well). The negative of shall is shall not (
contraction: shant),

8.7.2. Use

We can use will have + past participle to talk about something that will be completed by (not
later than) a certain time in the future. When we use this structure, we think of a future time and
look back from that future time to say that something will be completed.

e.g. Ill have finished dinner by 8.00.

Ill have worked here for a year next September.

8.8. Future in the past: was/were going to

We can use was/were going to + infinitive to say that something was planned for the future at a
past time.

e.g. They were going to get married, but in the end they changed their minds
Note that when we use this structure, it often means that the planned future action did not
happen.
e.g. I was going to stay at home last night, but I decided to go out instead.
We were going to eat at the Italian restaurant, but it was full, so we ate
somewhere else.

9.Grammar-Progress Test

I. Complete the sentences. Use will or going to and the verbs in the box.

Teach lend live bite take look have buy meet rain

1. Would you like to come to come to the cinema with us? All right. Iyou at 7.00.
2. Look at those black clouds. It
3. I cant find my umbrella. Dont worry. Iyou mine.
4. Have you seen my tennis racket? No. I havent.. Just a minute. Iin the cupboard.
5. I cant play chess. Iyou if you like.
6. Why are you putting on your coat? Ithe dog for a walk.
7. Why are you selling your house? Wein the country.
8. Dont go near that dog! Ityou.
9. Im going to buy Sally a Walkman for her birthday. Shes already got one. Has
she? Well, Iher a new sweater.
10. Have you heard the news? Mrs Greens pregnant again. Sheanother baby.

II. There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Which sentences have mistakes in
them?

1. Were going to see a film this evening.

2. The weather forecast says its snowing tomorrow.
3. What are you doing next weekend?
4. I think England are winning the soccer match tonight.
5. Im staying at home this evening.
6. Do you think Sarah is passing her exams this summer?

III. Choose the correct answer-A or B.

1. Well go for a picnic tomorrow if the weathernice.

A will be B is
2. Simon will get a ticket for the U2 concert, providing heall night.
A will queue B queues
3. If you go to Moscow, youRed Square.
A will see B see
4. Sue will give me some money when she paid.
A will get B gets
5. Ill phone Mike as soon as I any news.
A will hear B hear
6. Unless you work hard, youyour exams.
A will fail B fail
IV. Ken and Kate are going to Paris tomorrow. Here is their timetable for tomorrow
morning:

7.30-8.30 Drive to the airport

8.30 Check-in at the airport
10.00-11.00 Flight to Paris
11.15-11.45 taxi to the hotel
1.00 Lunch at the hotel

Complete the sentences about Ken and Kate. Put the verbs into the future continuous or
future perfect.

1. At 8.00 they(leave) home and they ---(drive) to the airport.

2. At 8.00 they (arrive) at the airport and they(check-in).
3. At 10.15 they(fly) to Paris.
4. At 11.30 they(arrive) in Paris and they(drive) to their hotel.
5. At 1.10 they(have) lunch at the hotel.

V. Make sentences with was/were going to

Example:

I/take/the dog for a walk/it/start/to rain

I was going to take the dog for a walk but, it started to rain.

1 Robert/watch/the film on TV/he/fall asleep

2.I/visit/you/I/not have/enough time
3. Sarah/change/some travellers cheques/the bank/be/closed
4. we/go/to the concert/it/be/cancelled
5. I/finish/work early/my boss/ask/me to work late
6. my parents/fly to Scotland/they/decide/to go by train

10.Progress test-Answer-key

I.
1. ll meet, 2. s going to rain, 3. ll lend, 4.ll look, 5.ll teach, 6.m going to take, 7. re going
to live, 8. ll bite, 9. ll buy, 10.s going to have.

II.
1.Right, 2. its snowing is a mistake, 3.Right.4. are winning is a mistake, 5.Right, 6.is passing is
a mistake.

III.
1.B, 2.B, 3.A, 4.B, 5.B, 6.A

IV
1. ll have left, ll be driving, 2. ll have arrived, ll be checking-in, 3. ll be flying, 4. ll have
arrived, ll be driving, 5. ll be having,
V.
1. Robert was going to watch the film on TV but he fell asleep.
2. I was going to visit you but I did not have enough time.
3.Sarah was going to change some travellers cheques but the bank was closed.
4.We were going to go to the concert but it was concelled.
5. I was going to finish work early but my boss asked me to work late.
6.My parents were going to fly to Scotland but they decided to go by train.