Sabp A 071 PDF

Best Practice
SABP-A-071 9 May 2016

Reliability Terms, Definitions and Abbreviations
Document Responsibility: Asset Management Standards Committee
Contents
1 Scope............................................................. 2
2 Purpose.......................................................... 3
3 Conflict and Deviations................................... 3
4 References..................................................... 3
5 Acronyms........................................................ 5
6 Definitions....................................................... 7
6.1 General Terms........................................... 7
6.2 Reliability Terms........................................ 7
6.3 System-Related Terms............................ 20
6.4 Data-Related Terms................................ 24
Previous Issue: New Next Planned Update: TBD

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Contact: Hakeem, Rabi Mahmoud (hakerm0a) on +966-13-8804653
CopyrightSaudi Aramco 2016. All rights reserved.

Document Responsibility: Asset Management Standards Committee SABP-A-071
Issue Date: 9 May 2016
Next Planned Update: TBD Reliability Terms, Definitions and Abbreviations
1 Scope
1.1 This Saudi Aramco Best Practice (SABP) standardizes the definitions of
reliability related terms.
1.2 This SABP applies to the following facilities:
1.2.1 Oil and gas upstream facilities, including offshore and onshore
1.2.2 Oil and gas midstream facilities, including offshore and onshore
1.2.3 Oil and gas downstream facilities, including NGLF, refining and
petrochemical
1.2.4 Oil and gas terminals facilities
1.2.5 Utilities facilities
1.2.6 Seawater injection facilities
1.2.7 Power Generation and Distribution
1.2.8 Information Technology
1.3 This SABP applies to the following assets:
1.3.1 Static assets
1.3.2 Rotating assets, commonly known as rotating equipment
1.3.3 Piping and pipelines
1.3.4 Mechanical assets
1.3.5 Pressure vessels
1.3.6 Electrical assets
1.3.7 Instrumentation equipment
1.4 This SABP can be applied to other facilities not listed in paragraph 1.2 and/or
other assets not listed in paragraph 1.3 following the approval of the Asset
Management Standards Committee Chairman (SCC).
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2 Purpose
2.1 To ensure that reliability-related terms are well defined, understood and
documented.
2.2 To ensure that Saudi Aramco employees have the same understanding of
reliability related terms.
2.3 To ensure that Contractors, Equipment Manufacturers and Service Providers

have the same understanding of reliability-related terms when interacting with
Saudi Aramco.
3 Conflict and Deviations
No conflict is expected between this best practice and Mandatory Saudi Aramco
Engineering Requirement (MSAER) with respect to reliability terms definitions.
If any such conflict should arise, the standard shall take precedence.
4 References
This best practice complies with the latest editions of the references listed below unless
otherwise noted.
4.1 Saudi Aramco References
Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards

SAES-A-010 Gas Oil Separation Plants (GOSPs)
SAES-A-030 Reliability Availability and Maintainability (RAM)
Study Execution
Saudi Aramco Best Practice

SABP-G-017 Equipment Criticality Assessment
Saudi Aramco Document and Manual

TPRM Manual Total Plant Reliability Management Manual
4.2 International Codes and Standards
International Organization for Standardization

ISO 55000 Asset Management - Overview, Principles and
Terminology
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ISO 20815 Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas

Industries - Production Assurance and Reliability
Management
ISO 14224 Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas
Industries - Collection and Exchange of
Reliability and Maintenance Data for Equipment
ISO/TR 12489 Technical Report. Petroleum, Petrochemical and
Natural Gas Industries - Reliability Modeling
and Calculation of Safety Systems
American Petroleum Institute

API RP 571 Recommended Practice. Damage Mechanisms
Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEEE 1366 IEEE Guide for Electric Power Distribution
Reliability Indices
Military
MIL-HNBK-338B Electronic Reliability Design Handbook
Process Industry Practice

REEE002 Benchmarking of Reliability Indicators for Rotating
Equipment
Publicly Available Specification

PAS 55-1 Asset Management
4.3 Publications
Mohammed Modarres, Mark Kaminskiy and Vasiliy Krivtsov, Reliability
Engineering and Risk Analysis: A Practical Guide 2nd Edition. CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL, 2010
Ramsh Gulati and Ricky Smith, Maintenance and Reliability Best Practices
2nd Edition. Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY, 2012
L. Boullart, J.P. Jansen. Reliability of Instrumentation Systems for Safeguarding
& Control: Proceedings of the IFAC Workshop, Hague, Netherlands,
12-14 May 1986. Elsevier, 2014
Glossary Terms Center for Chemical Process Safety
(http://www.aiche.org/ccps/resources/glossary)
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5 Acronyms
-A-
API American Petroleum Institute
API (RP) American Petroleum Institute (Recommended Practice)
ASAI Average Service Availability Index
-C-
CBM Condition Based Maintenance
CI Criticality Index
CMMS Computerized Maintenance Management System
CSD Consulting Services Department
-D-
DCS Distributed Control System
-F-
FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
FMECA Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis
FoS Factor of Safety
FRACAS Failure Reporting Analysis and Correction Action System
FTA Fault Tree Analysis
-G-
GOSP Gas Oil Separation Plant
-H-
HSE Health, Safety & Environment
-I-
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISO/TR International Organization for Standardization/Technical Report
IT Information Technology
-K-
KPI Key Performance Indicator
-L-
LCC Life Cycle Cost
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LPO Lost Production Opportunity

-M-
MBCD Thousand Barrels per Calendar Day
MBOD Thousand Barrels per Operating Day
MIL-HNBK Military Handbook
MPN Manufacturer Part Number
MSAER Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirement
MTBF Mean Time Between Failure
MTTF Mean Time To Failure
MTTR Mean Time To Repair
MTTM Mean Time To Maintain
-N-
NGLF Natural Gas Liquids Fractionation
-P-
PAS Publicly Available Specification
PdM Predictive Maintenance
PIP Process Industry Practices
PIP REEE Process Industry Practices General Machinery
PM Preventive Maintenance
-R-
RA Risk Analysis
RBD Reliability Block Diagram
RCA Root Cause Analysis
-S-
SA Saudi Aramco
SABP Saudi Aramco Best Practice
SAES Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard
SAMSS Saudi Aramco Materials System Specification
SASD Saudi Aramco Standard Drawing
-T-
T&I Test & Inspection
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TA Turn Around
TPRM Total Plant Reliability Management
6 Definitions
6.1 General Terms
Damage Mechanism: The physical, chemical or other processes, which lead,

or have led, to the failure of the asset. For more details, please refer to
API RP 571: Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining
Industry.
Failure Mode: The physical, chemical, electrical, thermal or other process that
results in a failure of the asset.
Note: The failure mode is usually used when referring to non-static assets while
damage mechanism is usually used when referring to static assets. In Saudi
Aramco, failure mode and damage mechanism are referring to the same
process that results in a failure in any type of assets including static assets,
rotating assets, piping, IT, etc.
Environment: The aggregate of all external and internal conditions (such as

temperature, humidity, radiation, magnetic and electrical fields, shock, vibration,
etc.), whether natural, man-made, or self-induced, that influences the form, fit,
or function of an asset.
Key Performance Indicator (KPI): It is a measure of an action or event that

leads to an outcome and considered critical to the success of the business
strategies and objectives. KPIs are smart customizable indicators that monitor
and show the progress toward a specific objective. The business objectives can
include soft indicators such as certification level and overtime hours in addition
to core operations indicators such as the duration of flaring, cost of maintenance
and production volume. KPIs are fully customizable based on the application,
strategy and goal. KPIs generally reflect the performance from three different
business perspectives:
1. Financial, indicating the impact of the work processes on revenue and costs.
2. Internal, indicating the efficiency of the work processes.
3. Results, indicating the impact of the work processes on total plant
reliability.
KPIs can be categorized into two categories, leading and lagging. Leading KPIs
look forward and help manage the performance on an asset, system or process.
Lagging KPIs show how well we have managed an asset, system or process.
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Asset Lifecycle: Time interval that includes the following phases:

1. Identification of the need for the asset
2. Engineering
3. Procurement
4. Installation & Construction
5. Commissioning & Start-Up
6. Operate & Maintain
7. Decommission.
Note: Decommissioning includes any liabilities associated with the asset or its
removal.
Life Cycle Cost (LCC): The sum of the cost of engineering, procurement,
installation & construction, commissioning, starting-up, operating &
maintaining and decommissioning phases of the assets life cycle.
Lost Profit Opportunities (LPO): An estimate of the damage inflicted on the

business in terms of quantity and quality lost due to unplanned production
shutdowns, slowdowns and upsets.
Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE): OEE is a hierarchy of metrics
developed by Seiichi Nakajima in the 1960s to evaluate how effectively a
manufacturing operation is utilized. OEE breaks the performance of a
manufacturing unit into three separate but measurable components: Availability,
Performance, and Quality. Each component points to an aspect of the process
that can be targeted for improvement. OEE may be applied to any individual
Work Center, or rolled up to Department or Plant levels.
OEE can be calculated using the following equation:
Example:
Availability = 90.0%, Performance = 95.0% and Quality = 98.0%
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Availability is the percentage of scheduled time that the operation is

available to operate.
Availability can be estimated using the following equation:
Performance represents the work center runs as a percentage of its

designed speed.
Performance can be calculated using the following equation:
Quality represents the good unites produced as a percentage of the total

unit.
Quality can be calculated using the equation below:
Risk: The risk is generally a combination of the probability, (or frequency) of

occurrence of a defined hazard and the magnitude of the consequences of the
occurrence. The risk analysis main types are quantitative and qualitative risk
analysis (RA). Risk analysis studies objective is to assess the risk or a process.
The quantitative risk analysis assigns numerical values to the probabilities or
occurrence and magnitudes of consequences. On the other hand, qualitative risk
analysis uses an interval scale such as High, Medium, and Low instead of
numerical values.
Root Cause Analysis (RCA): A structured method of problem solving that

aims to identify, analyze, document, communicate and mitigate root causes of
performance problems and operational incidents.
Safety Factor: In general, the safety factor is a measure of how much extra
load more than what is intended a system can take. There are two main types
of factor of safety. The realized factor of safety, which is a calculated value,
is a measure of the reliability of a particular design as seen while operating it.
The design safety factor, which is a required value, is a design characteristic
showing the ratio between the system maximum design capacity and the
expected actual loads.
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Simulation: The imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system

over time. The act of simulating something first requires that a model to be
developed; this model shall represent the key characteristics or behaviors /
functions of the selected physical or abstract system and process. The model
represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation of
the system over time.
Storage Life: The length of time an asset or a component can be stored under
specified conditions and still meet specified operating requirements. It is also
known as shelf life.
Test Point: A location to which a measurement device is attached for

measuring a parameter of an asset.
Testability: A design characteristic which allows an assets status (operable,

inoperable, or degraded) be determined and faults within the asset to be isolated
in a timely manner.
Turnarounds (TA): Scheduled events where an entire process unit of a facility

(i.e., refinery, petrochemical plant, power plant, etc.) is taken off stream for an
extended period for revamp and/or renewal. Turnaround is a blanket term that
encompasses more specific terms such as Testing and Inspection (T&I),
debottlenecking projects, revamps and catalyst regeneration projects.
Turnaround can also be used as a synonym of shutdowns and outages.
6.2 Reliability Terms
Availability: Availability in general is the ability of an asset to be in a state to

perform a required function. It is the ratio between the uptime and the total
study time as defined in below equations.
It can also be written as:
Where:
MTBF: Mean Time between Failures
MTTR: Mean Time to Repair
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Total Time: Period included in the analysis
Availability has several definitions based on the industry and process type.
In processing facilities, the operational availability shall be considered.
Operational Availability: Operational availability is a measure of the real

average availability over a period of time that the production throughput or the
customer experiences. Operational availability includes all experienced sources
of downtime, such as administrative downtime, logistic downtime, technical
downtime, etc. Operational availability is also usually used to measure
availability for service providing entities.
Where:
Average Service Availability Index (ASAI): The Average Service

Availability Index represents the fraction of time (often in percentage) that a
customer has received power during a defined period. The ASAI is the
availability used in power distribution. It is calculated as the ratio of the
customer hours service availability to the customer hours service demands.
If the demand is continuous, ASAI is equivalent to the operational availability.
Asset Uptime: The element of time during which an asset is in condition to

perform its required function. Asset uptime includes when the asset is operating
and when the asset is ready to operate.
Asset Downtime: The element of time during which an asset is not in condition
to perform its required function.
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Asset Standby time: The element of time during which an asset is ready to
operate but not operating.
Technical Repair Time: The time spent replacing, repairing, or adjusting,

automatically or manually, all assets suspected to have been the cause of a
malfunction. It does not include delivery and administrative delays. It is also
known as the active maintenance time and wrench time.
Maintenance Delay Time: The element of downtime during which no

maintenance is being accomplished on the asset because of either supply or
administrative delay. The maintenance delay time, also known as repair delay
time, does not include the technical repair time.
Figure 1 - Asset Downtime Breakdown
Unavailability: The proportion of a time-span that a system is unavailable or

not ready for operations.
Note: For example, if the operational availability is 0.95, then the operational
unavailability is 1 0.95 = 0.05.
Utilization: There are two main types of utilization, utilization rate that is based
on time and capacity utilization.
Utilization Rate: The ratio of a time that a system is used over the total time.

= 100%

Note: As the standby time reaches zero, the utilization rate reaches the operational
availability.
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Capacity Utilization: The ratio of the system load over the system capacity.
MBOD: MBOD stands for thousand barrels per operating day. It is the
production amount of a facility that can be produced within a 24-hour period
when running at full capacity with allowance for downtime for the T&I of the
facility.
MBCD: MBCD stands for thousand barrels per calendar day. It is the
production amount of a facility that can be produced within a 24-hour period
without considering the T&I of the facility. The value of production in thousand
barrels per operating day can be converted to production thousand barrels per
calendar day using the following equation:
Where:
Operating Factor is the ratio of operating time over the total time.
Useful Life: The number of life units after the mortality period until when the
asset has an unrepairable failure or unacceptable failure rate. It also corresponds
to the period of time after the failure rate decreases from infant mortality to the
point of time before the failure rate increases due to wear out in the bathtub
curve. The failure rate during the useful life is the lowest during the life cycle of
the asset.
Wear Out: The result of deterioration through service of a component or

system that results in its inability to function as necessary, resulting in
degradation or failure of the component or system.
Bathtub Curve: A curve that describes a particular form of the hazard function
that comprises three parts: The first part is a decreasing failure rate, known as
early failures (also known as infant mortality). The second part is a constant
failure rate, known as random failures. The last part is an increasing failure rate,
known as aging failures.
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Figure 2 - Bathtub Curve
Proactive Maintenance: Proactive maintenance is the monitoring and analysis

of the assets condition in order to intercept the failure at or before the incipient
phase to identify defects that lead to failure. It includes both preventive and
predictive maintenance activities and work tasks identified from them.
Predictive Maintenance (PdM): Actions to monitor the condition of an asset

and predict the need for preventive or corrective actions. It utilizes tools and
technologies to collect and analyze data and predict the assets health and
deterioration.
Preventive Maintenance (PM): Maintenance tasks carried out at

predetermined intervals, asset condition or according to prescribed criteria and
intended to reduce the probability of failure or the degradation of the function of
the asset. Preventive maintenance is also known as periodic maintenance and
usually includes inspecting, servicing, cleaning, and replacing consumable parts.
Corrective Maintenance: All actions performed as a result of failure, to

restore an asset to a specified condition. Corrective maintenance is also known
as reactive maintenance and it can include any or all of the following steps:
detection, isolation, disassembly, repair or interchange when applicable,
reassembly, and alignment as needed.
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Opportunity Maintenance: Maintenance of an item that is deferred or

advanced in time when an opportunity becomes available.
Condition Monitoring: The tasks that detects predefined failure modes either
manually or automatically. Condition monitoring tools include thermography,
vibration measurement, oil analysis, sampling, etc.
Critical Assets: Assets having potential to significantly impact the achievement

of the organization's objectives including production and HSE.
Notes:
a) Assets can be safety-critical, environment-critical or performance-critical and can

relate to operations and/or legal, regulatory or statutory requirements.
b) Critical assets can refer to those assets necessary to provide services to critical
function(s) and/or critical customer(s).
c) Classes in SAP classification: Class A Critical (CI: 0-3), Class B Important

(CI: 3-25), Class C Ordinary (CI: 25-256).
Asset Criticality: A relative measure of the consequence and frequency of

occurrence of a failure mode or damage mechanism. SABP-G-017 defines asset
criticality through the Criticality Index (CI) that combines the four weighted
criticality score of an asset and it is a function of:
a) Asset Failure Consequences
b) Asset Importance
c) Asset Reliability
d) Asset Utilization
Note: SABP-G-017: Equipment Criticality Assessment explains criticality and shows
the methodology and guidelines for evaluation/re-evaluation of asset criticality
in a system.
Degradation: A decrease (usually gradual) in an assets characteristics or

ability to properly perform its intended function.
Fault: Inability of an asset to perform as required. A fault is a state; it should

not be confused with failure, which is an event.
Fault Detection: A process that discovers the existence of faults.
Fault Isolation: The process of determining the location of a fault to the extent
necessary for effective repair.
Fault Isolation Time: The time spent arriving at a decision as to which asset(s)
caused the system to malfunction. This includes time spent working on
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(replacing, attempting to repair, and adjusting) portions of the system shown by

subsequent interim tests not to have been the cause of the malfunction.
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): Fault tree analysis is a deductive failure analysis
technique (top down approach) that analyzes an undesired state (usually failure)
using Boolean logic. It is utilized to understand how systems can fail and to
identify the best ways to reduce the risk.
Figure 3 - FTA Example
Note: The logic is to have the undesired event as the top event (root) of the logic tree.
There should be only one top event and all concerns must tree down from it.
Then, each situation that could cause this undesired event is added to the tree.
The fault tree is labeled with actual failure rates, the probability of the undesired
event can be calculated using Boolean algebra or computer programs.
Fishbone Diagram: The Fishbone diagram, which is also known as the

Ishikawa diagram or the cause-and-effect diagram, is an illustrative technique to
systematically brainstorm and identify possible causes for a single effect or
problem. The fishbone diagram also helps in sorting the possible causes into
meaningful categories. Common categories usually analyzed in fishbone
diagrams are procedures, equipment, manpower availability and skill, material,
tools and environment.
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Figure 4 - Fishbone (Ishikawa) Example
Note: The effect that is being analyzed has lines branching out of it illustrating the
categories. Each one of the categories, the branches, has smaller branches
that states the possible causes that could lead to the effect under the
respective category.
Failure: Any event resulting in a loss or degradation of the intended function of

an asset. Some failure types are:
Critical Failure: A failure or a combination of failures that prevents assets

from operating within the companys production and HSE requirements.
Degraded Failure: A failure which is gradual or partial; it does not cease

all function but compromises that function. It may lower output below a
designated point, raise output above a designated point or result in erratic
output. A degraded mode might allow only one mode of operation. If left
unattended, the degraded mode may result in a catastrophic failure.
Dependent Failure: A failure of one asset caused by the failure of an

associated asset(s) or component(s).
Independent Failure: A failure of an asset that is not caused by the failure

of any other asset(s) or component(s).
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Intermittent Failure: Failure for a limited period of time, followed by the

assets recovery of its ability to perform within specified limits without any
remedial action.
Incipient Failure: An imperfection in the state or condition of hardware

such that a degraded or catastrophic failure can be expected to result if
corrective action is not taken.
Random Failure: A failure, the occurrence of which cannot be predicted

except in a probabilistic or statistical sense.
Failure Analysis: Subsequent to a failure, the logical systematic examination

of an asset, its construction, application, and documentation to identify the
failure modes and determine the failure mechanisms and their basic source(s).
Failure Effect: The consequence(s) a failure mode has on the operation,

function or status of an asset.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA): A standard procedure for

analyzing each potential failure mode in a product to determine the results or
effects thereof on the product. When the analysis is extended to classify each
potential failure mode according to its severity and probability of occurrence,
it is called a Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA).
Failure Rate: Corresponds to the mean number of failures of an asset per unit
exposure time or usage units.
Maintainability: The ease with, which measured by how long it takes, so that a
system, equipment or component can be maintained in order to:
1) Isolate defects or their causes.
2) Correct defects or their causes.
3) Repair or replace faulty or worn-out components without having to replace
still working parts.
4) Prevent unexpected breakdowns.
5) Maximize a product's useful life.
6) Maximize efficiency, reliability and safety.
7) Meet new requirements.
8) Make future maintenance easier.
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9) Deal with a changed environment.
Maintenance: Combination of all technical, administrative and managerial

actions, including supervision actions, during the lifecycle of the asset intended
to retain it in, or restore it to a state in which it can properly perform its required
function.
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): The predicted elapsed time between
intrinsic failures of an asset during operation. The MTBF can be calculated as
the arithmetic mean (average) time between failures of the asset. The MTBF is
typically part of a model that assumes the failed asset is repairable (mean time to
repair (MTTR)), as a part of a renewal process.
For an asset,
Example:
Asset MTBF
Study period = 5 years.
Number of failures = 2 failures; failure is loss or degradation of intended function and

assumptions shall be stated.
; based on stated assumptions
System MTBF
Total period = 5 years.
Standby period = 6 months + 6 months = 1 year.
Study period = 5 1 = 4 years.
Defining the failure of the system is a crucial part in determining the MTBF of the
system. If the system as a whole had 2 shutdowns and 3 slowdowns during the 5 year
period, therefore,
Mean Time To Failure (MTTF): The predicted elapsed time between intrinsic
failures of an asset during operation. The MTTF measures the average time to
failures with the modeling assumption that the failed asset is not repaired
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(infinite repair time).
Mean Time to Repair (MTTR): A basic measure of the maintainability of

repairable assets. It represents the average time required to repair a failed
component or asset. Expressed mathematically, it is the total corrective
maintenance time divided by the total number of corrective maintenance actions
during a given period of time. In this document, the MTTR is meant to be a
measure of the mean time between the point at which the failure is first
discovered until the point at which the asset returns to operation or is back to a
ready state for operation.
Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE): It is a key metric to measure

production efficiency.
Reliability: The ability of a system, asset, equipment or component to perform

its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.
6.3 System-Related Terms
Asset: Refers to a physical asset of economic value used to generate revenue

for the company.
Notes:
a) Value can be tangible or intangible, financial or non-financial, and includes

consideration or risks and liabilities. It can be positive or negative at different
stages of the asset life.
b) Physical assets usually refer to equipment, inventory and properties owned by the
organization. Physical assets are the opposite of intangible assets, which are
non-physical assets such as leases, brands, digital assets, use rights, licenses,
intellectual property rights, reputation or agreements.
c) A grouping of assets referred to as an asset system could also be considered as

an asset.
Equipment: Any kind of asset found in Saudi Aramcos plants and facilities
including static equipment, rotating equipment, electrical & instrumentation
equipment and pipelines.
Asset Management: Systematic and coordinated activities and practices

through which an organization optimally and sustainably manages its assets and
asset systems, their associated performance, risks and expenditures over their
life cycles for the purpose of achieving its organizational strategic plan.
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Asset Portfolio: Assets that are within the scope of the asset management
system.
Notes:
a) A portfolio is typically established and assigned for managerial control purposes.

Portfolios for physical hardware might be defined by category (e.g., plant,
equipment, tools, land, etc.)
b) An asset management system can encompass multiple asset portfolios.

Where multiple asset portfolios and asset management systems are employed,
asset management activities should be coordinated between the portfolios and
systems.
System: An integrated composite of assets, people, products and processes that

provides a capability to achieve a stated objective.
Subsystem: A combination of assets, sets, groups, etc., which performs an

operational function within a system.
Reliability Block Diagram (RBD): A diagrammatic method for showing how

component reliability contributes to the success or failure of a complex system.
The Reliability Block Diagram can illustrate several types of system functional
configurations:
Parallel System: A system in which the failure of all units results in a

system failure.
Series System: A system in which the failure of any one asset results in the
failure of the system. For the functional success of a series system, all of its
components must successfully function during the intended mission time of
the system.
Standby Redundant System: A system which some of its units remain

idle until they are called for service by a sensing and switching device.
The reliability of the sensing and switching device is considered in the
reliability of the system.
Notes:
a) The reliability of the sensing and switching device is an essential part of the
reliability of the system.
b) The failure rate of the standby asset is greater than zero due to hidden failure
modes.
Complex System: A system that is neither parallel nor in-series, but exhibit
a more complex configuration such as:
1) Parallel-Series System: A hybrid combination of parallel and series
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system.
2) Non Parallel-Series System: A parallel-series system with connection
points to increase system availability.
Asset Type: Grouping of assets having common characteristics that distinguish

those assets as a group or class. For example, pumps, compressors, heat
exchangers, fired heater, pressure vessels, power transformers, circuit breakers,
computers, etc.
Total Plant Reliability Management (TPRM): A holistic method to manage

the reliability of a plant by encompassing and integrating all necessary reliability
dimensions. Refer to TPRM manual for more details.
Failure Reporting Analysis and Correction Action System (FRACAS): It is

the system that collects the business intelligence required not only to reactively
correct the occurring asset unreliability event, but more importantly, to
proactively anticipate and eliminate those events as well as all similar events for
similar assets in the future. The system gathers the right intelligence from the
right people, by ensuring the appropriate selection and distribution of workload,
roles and responsibilities among different plant organizations and personnel,
with adequate review/approval levels. Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is
systematically embedded as an integral part of the diagnosis of all types of
plant's unreliability events.
Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS): A software

system that keeps record and tracks all maintenance activities, e.g., maintenance
work orders, PM schedules, material parts, work plans, and asset history.
Usually, it is integrated with support systems such as inventory control,
purchasing, accounting and control maintenance and warehouse activities.
The CMMS used in Saudi Aramco is SAP.
Planning: The process of determining the resources and method needed

including safety precautions, tools, skills, and time necessary to perform
maintenance work efficiently and effectively.
Scheduling: The process of determining which jobs get worked on,

when and by whom based on the priority, the resources and asset availability.
The scheduling process should take place the job is executed.
Note: Planning determines what and how while scheduling determines when and who
should execute the work plan.
Maintenance Backlog: Maintenance tasks that are essential to repair assets or

prevent failure that have not been completed.
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Monitoring: To check or regulate a technical quality without causing

interruption or disturbance.
On-stream Factor: The ratio of the number of operating days in addition to the
scheduled downtime to the number of calendar days in a year. The on-stream
factor emphasizes the unplanned shutdowns; the duration of no operation does
not include the scheduled/planned downtime.
Operating Factor: The ratio of the number of operating days to the number of
calendar days. The duration of no operation includes the scheduled/planned and
unscheduled/unplanned downtime.
Where:
Uptime: Period when the asset is operating or ready to operate.
Downtime: Period when the asset is not able to operate for any reason.
Total Time: Period included in the analysis.
Note: When the total time of the analysis is the same, the operating factor is equal to
the operational availability.
Plant Bottleneck: The phenomenon where the plant performance or capacity is

limited by a single or limited number of assets. Plant debottlenecking is the
process used to improve the plant capacity restriction or limitation.
Redundancy: The existence of more than one means for accomplishing a given
function. Each mean of accomplishing the function need not necessarily be
identical. The two basic types of redundancy are:
Hot Redundancy: Redundancy in which all redundant assets operate

simultaneously, thus, providing instant process correction when a failure is
detected.
Cold Redundancy: Redundancy in which some or all of the redundant

assets are not operating continuously but are activated only upon failure of
the primary asset performing the function(s). Cold redundancy can be
Page 23 of 25
connected in place or stored in the warehouse and it is also known as

standby redundancy.
Repairable Asset: An asset which, when failed, can be restored by corrective

maintenance to an operable state in which it can perform all required functions.
It is the opposite of a replaceable asset.
Replaceable Asset: An asset, unit, subassembly, or part that is normally

intended to be replaced during corrective maintenance after its failure. It is the
opposite of a repairable asset.
Single-Point Failure: A failure of an asset that causes the system to fail and for
which no redundancy or alternative operational procedure exists.
6.4 Data-Related Terms
Bill of Materials (BoM): A list of the parts or components that are required to
build a product. The BoM provides the Manufacturer's Part Number (MPN) and
the quantity needed for each component.
Data: A Set of values in qualitative or quantitative variables.

Note: Raw Data: unprocessed data refers to a collection of number and characters.
Information: Information is obtained from analyzing data. Information should

not be confused with data.
Data Mean: The mean measures the central tendency of a set of data.
Data, Regression Analysis: A statistical process for estimating the

relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and
analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a
dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
Data, Standard Deviation: A measure used to quantify the amount of variation

of a set of data values away from the center. A standard deviation (represented
by the Greek letter sigma, ) close to zero indicates that the data points tend to
be very close to the center.
Data, Confidence Interval: The estimated range of values that is likely to

include the analyzed parameter (e.g., MTBF, failure rate, etc.). The confidence
interval can be for a range or a single value. The selection of a confidence level
determines the probability that the true value of the analyzed parameter is within
the confidence interval. Common choices for the confidence level are 99%,
95% and 90%.
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Revision Summary
9 May 2016 This new Saudi Aramco Best Practice was created to ensure that reliability-related terms
are well defined, understood and documented.
Page 25 of 25

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Best Practice

SABP-A-071 9 May 2016

Previous Issue: New Next Planned Update: TBD

CopyrightSaudi Aramco 2016. All rights reserved.

1.2 This SABP applies to the following facilities:

1.2.4 Oil and gas terminals facilities

1.2.5 Utilities facilities

1.2.6 Seawater injection facilities

1.2.7 Power Generation and Distribution

1.2.8 Information Technology

1.3 This SABP applies to the following assets:

1.3.1 Static assets

1.3.2 Rotating assets, commonly known as rotating equipment

1.3.3 Piping and pipelines

1.3.4 Mechanical assets

1.3.5 Pressure vessels

1.3.6 Electrical assets

1.3.7 Instrumentation equipment

2.3 To ensure that Contractors, Equipment Manufacturers and Service Providers

3 Conflict and Deviations

4.1 Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards

Saudi Aramco Best Practice

Saudi Aramco Document and Manual

4.2 International Codes and Standards

International Organization for Standardization

ISO 20815 Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas

American Petroleum Institute

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Process Industry Practice

Publicly Available Specification

LPO Lost Production Opportunity

6.1 General Terms

Damage Mechanism: The physical, chemical or other processes, which lead,

Environment: The aggregate of all external and internal conditions (such as

Key Performance Indicator (KPI): It is a measure of an action or event that

Asset Lifecycle: Time interval that includes the following phases:

Lost Profit Opportunities (LPO): An estimate of the damage inflicted on the

Availability is the percentage of scheduled time that the operation is

Performance represents the work center runs as a percentage of its

Quality represents the good unites produced as a percentage of the total

Risk: The risk is generally a combination of the probability, (or frequency) of

Root Cause Analysis (RCA): A structured method of problem solving that

Simulation: The imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system

Test Point: A location to which a measurement device is attached for

Testability: A design characteristic which allows an assets status (operable,

Turnarounds (TA): Scheduled events where an entire process unit of a facility

6.2 Reliability Terms

Availability: Availability in general is the ability of an asset to be in a state to

It can also be written as:

Total Time: Period included in the analysis

Operational Availability: Operational availability is a measure of the real

Average Service Availability Index (ASAI): The Average Service

Asset Uptime: The element of time during which an asset is in condition to

Technical Repair Time: The time spent replacing, repairing, or adjusting,

Maintenance Delay Time: The element of downtime during which no

Figure 1 - Asset Downtime Breakdown

Unavailability: The proportion of a time-span that a system is unavailable or

Wear Out: The result of deterioration through service of a component or

Figure 2 - Bathtub Curve

Proactive Maintenance: Proactive maintenance is the monitoring and analysis

Predictive Maintenance (PdM): Actions to monitor the condition of an asset

Preventive Maintenance (PM): Maintenance tasks carried out at