1.

0 Introduction

Refugees are a natural consequence of war, now has become one of the burning issues of the
present world. There has a been growing rise of refugees worldwide as a result of anarchy and
disorder because of wars in many middle east countries & the worlds developed countries are
not becoming able to find out an effective solution to face this. Because of growing violence due
to war thousands of people have died, wounded or permanently disabled and flee thorough
border, smuggling ways, coastal areas to reach a safe place for their family & children. The
infrastructure in such war torn societies is collapsed education, healthcare system, economy have
shattered. The wars have become deadly since foreign powers joined them where they throw
bombs, nuclear weapons in targeting areas to support the regime and to destroy opposition & the
Islamic terrorists organizations such as ISIS. But unfortunately these dont help rather innocent
civilians die & consequently those who remain alive seek to safe shelter & consequently become
refugee in another place. This paper has been developed with view to know the causes of refugee
increase, issues which are associated with refugee crisis, level of international assistance
provided & human rights violation situation for refugee crisis. A number of secondary sources
have been used in developing the paper to gather knowledge about refugees, their organizations,
their condition in the helping countries. The main objective is find out the causes, issues and
suggests solutions so that the existing turmoil can be diminished and the people can get a safer
way to live their life.

Key words: Refugee, Refugee crisis, War, Help

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2.0 Objectives of the study

To know about existing refugee crisis in the present world.

To find out the reasons behind refugee crisis.
To know the role of European countries to meet refugee crisis.
To know how human rights are violated by refugee crisis.
To address solutions to lessen refugee crisis.

3.0 Rationale of the study

Europe is struggling to manage its great refugee crisis since World War II. More than 500,000
people have crossed to Europe by sea and land so far in year 2015. Many of those making the
arduous journey are fleeing the civil war in Syria, now in its fifth year. Our purpose is to find out
why this there is sudden spur in flow of refugees to Europe. There are various reasons such as
war is not getting better, causing those in Syria to leave and those in exile in Turkey to give up
hope of returning home. Though Turkey has taken in about two millions of refugees, it is not a
place to settle as Syrians dont have the right to work there legally. Besides, the massive number
of migrants and refugees, the so-called boat people arriving from Bangladesh and Myanmar in
Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia & the Rohingya continue to face routine harassment at the
hands of the Myanmar government, Buddhist extremists, and Arakan nationalist groups, despite
the presence of an elected government in Naypyidaw and an improving human rights regime in
Myanmar. Refugees are deprived of basic human rights where world leaders are very much
concern about up gradation of human rights. What sort of actions should be taken by developed
country for minimizing the problem is our concern of discussion. Here we try to draw a possible
solution to this crisis.

4.0 Research methodology

The method used to develop the paper is content analysis method. Content analysis is a method
for summarizing any form of content by counting various aspects of the content. The study has
revised various Journals, Articles, Reports, and Newspapers, magazines, TV programs, and
videos from YouTube etc. All the mentioned sources provided a vast knowledge about refugees,
number of refugees from different countries, condition of refugees worldwide, human rights

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violation happened with refugees & degree of assistance provided by European nations to lessen
the distress of refugee people.

5.0 Who is refugee?

A refugee, in contrast to a migrant, is according to the Geneva Convention on Refugees applied

to a person who is outside their home country of citizenship because they have well-founded
grounds for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinion, and is unable to obtain sanctuary from their home
country or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that
country or in the case of not having a nationality and being outside their country of former
habitual residence as a result of such event, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to
return to their country of former habitual residence. Such a person may be called an "asylum
seeker" until considered with the status of "refugee" by the Contracting State where they
formally make a claim for sanctuary or right of asylum.

5.1 Legal framework for refugees

The main sources of refugee law are treaty law, notably the 1951 Geneva Convention
relating to the status of refugees, which has been signed by one hundred and forty seven

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countries & it 1967 Protocol. Other legal frameworks are found in international treaties such as
the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention which was governing the Specific
Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa that has been signed by forty five countries and the
1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, Colloquium on the International Protection of
Refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama signed by thirty five countries. All these
treaties describe is the basic notion of a person forced to leave their country of origin and seek
refuge in a foreign land.

5.2 UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), also known as
the UN Refugee Agency, is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at
the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local
integration or resettlement to a third country.

Functions of UNHCR

UNHCR provides protection and assistance not only to refugees, but also to
other categories of displaced or needy people such as refugees who have
returned home but still need help in rebuilding their lives, local civilian
communities directly affected by the movements of refugees, stateless people
and so-called internally displaced people (IDPs).
The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect
refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide &
To safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees.

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6.0 What is refugee crisis?
It is an era of violence in the Middle East and North Africa, with nine civil wars now going on in
Islamic countries. This is why there are so many refugees fleeing for their lives. Refugees have
been seeking safe haven in the West for years. Thousands have become millions, as nation after
nation succumbs to anarchy and fanaticism. Half of the 23 million population of Syria have been
forced from their homes, with four million becoming refugees in other countries. Some 2.6
million Iraqis have been displaced by Islamic State Isis offensives in the last year and squat
in tents or half-finished buildings. Unnoticed by the outside world, some 1.5 million people have
been displaced in South Sudan since fighting there resumed at the end of 2013. (Cockburn, 2015)

By mid-December 2015, close to 1 million people refugees, displaced persons and other
migrants have made their way to the European Union, either escaping conflict in their country
or in search of better economic prospects.

Many people arrive in the European Union after perilous land or sea journeys and require basic
humanitarian assistance, such as provision of clean water, health care, emergency shelter and
legal aid. Many of these displaced people are children who have special protection needs.

7.0 Causes of refugee crisis

Refugee crisis, a deep rooted problemalongside with others, the United States can be
considered as one of the crucial actors in that arena who has been provoking wars in the different
areas in the world for last decades.

Iraq war

The U.S. war in Iraq from 1990 to 2003 included massive, systematic destruction of
infrastructure and 13 years of economic sanctions. Refugees and internally displaced people
reached 4.7 million people. Almost half of the Iraqi refugees received shelter in overburdened
Syria.

Saur Revolution

Since the 1978 Saur Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy in Afghanistan, A lot of people
become refugee at the time of Saur revolution. The Pentagon has provided more than $3 billion

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to counter revolutionary and warlord forces to destroy the revolution. For three decades, war-torn
Afghanistan led in the U.N. lists in the number of war refugees. Through the 1980s, there were
3.5 million Afghan refugees in Pakistan and 2 million in Iran.

Afghanistan war

The 2001 U.S./NATO occupation of Afghanistan created new waves of refugees. There are
currently 1.5 million Afghan refugees in Pakistan and 1 million Afghan refugees in Iran and
millions of displaced people within Afghanistan itself.

Libya war

In Libya, seven months of U.S./NATO bombing in 2010 destroyed the entire infrastructure of a
modern state where nationalized oil helped achieve the highest standard of living in Africa. Most
of the refugee of Libya is secured by Tunisia. The number is equivalent to one fifth of Tunisias
population.

War in south Sudan

South Sudan has the largest number of refugees in Africa. According to the U.N. Refugee
Agency, there are 2.25 million refugees and spiraling civil war in this oil-rich country.

Problems in Ukraine

More than 2 million refugees in Ukraine represent the newest refugee crisis, caused by the
expansion of the U.S.-commanded NATO military alliance to the borders of Russia.

War in Vietnam and Cambodia

U.S. wars in Southeast Asia ripped Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos apart in the 1960s and 1970s.
The effort to dominate the region failed but the massive destruction left 4 million dead, millions
maimed and 2 million Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees desperate for resettlement.

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War in Bosnia

The war to expand NATO and dismember Yugoslavia, in Bosnia in 1995 and in Serbia in 1999,
According to the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, 3.7 to 4 million people were displaced
and became refugees.

Palestine war

It should not be forgotten that it is more than 60 years of U.S. funding and equipping of Israel
that enabled the expropriation of hundreds of thousands of people from Palestine, the longest and
most protracted refugee problem in the world. BADIL, a research and advocacy center focusing
on refugee rights, estimates that there are more than 7 million Palestinian refugees and displaced
persons.

Liz Sly identified 8 problems for present refugee crisis in the world in his article at Washington
post. (The Washington Post, 2015)

1. The war in Syria.

Syrias war has ground on for four years without end in sight. There is no meaningful diplomacy
to end it. At least 250,000 have died. It is no wonder people want to escape. Syrians represent
half of this years unprecedented surge, which is in turn double the number the year before. In
other words, without Syrians, the influx of people seeking sanctuary in Europe would be roughly
where it was last year.

An upsurge in conflicts worldwide has fueled record levels of displacement worldwide in recent
years. People also are fleeing conflict in countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Somalia
and Nigeria. But with Syrians accounting for the bulk of those, this is turning into the year when
Syrias war washed up on the shores of Europe.

2. The route to Europe got a lot easier.

Until recently, the sea crossing from Libya to Italy had been the preferred route for all the
migrants and refugees fleeing to Europe. A far shorter and less dangerous sea route exists from
Turkey to Greece. But the journey from Greece through the Balkans to the northern European
destinations preferred by refugees was far more complicated than the one leading through Italy.

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After Macedonia lifted harsh measures aimed at preventing refugees from entering the country in
June, the route through the Balkans opened up. Turkey is next door to Syria, and it is also more
easily accessible for people coming from countries farther to the east, including refugees from
Iraq and Afghanistan and economic migrants from Pakistan and Bangladesh.

3. The price dropped.

This is linked to reason No. 2. The crossing to Greece from Turkey takes less than an hour and as
little as 20 minutes, depending on which beach the boat sets out from. Not only does this make
the sea crossing cheaper, but refugees no longer needed to pay smugglers to sneak them through
the borders of the Balkan countries. People planning to make the journey say they now need to
pay smugglers no more than $2,000 to $3,000 to complete the journey instead of the $5,000 to
$6,000 required to reach Libya and take the boat to Italy. That means more people many of
whom were saving for the trip anyway can afford to take the journey now.

4. The weather

It is normal for illegal migration into Europe to peak during the summer months, when the sea
crossings are safer. One reason there is a big scramble now is that a lot of people are trying to
make the journey before bad weather sets in.

Given all the other reasons people are trying reach Europe now, it is hard to predict whether the
onset of winter will slow down the pace of arrivals.

5. Germanys extension of welcome to refugees.

Huge numbers were already on the march when German Chancellor Angela Merkel announced
that Germany would offer temporary residency to all the refugees arriving there. But there seems
little doubt that the offer encouraged more people to set out. Iraqis have begun to join the exodus
in bigger numbers, and many of those arriving recently in Turkey to make the trip say they were
encouraged by the TV footage of Germans welcoming refugees. Whether the new border
controls introduced by Germany, Hungary, Austria and Slovakia will deter people who have not
yet set out remains to be seen.

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6. The Syrian governments conscription drive.

Short of manpower to fight the rebellion against his rule, Syrian President Bashar al-Assads
government has embarked since late last year on a drive to enlist reservists to serve in the army.
Many of the Syrians fleeing to Europe come from government-held areas and say they were
escaping forced conscription, which affects all men who completed their compulsory military
service in the past 10 years or basically, all men under the age of about 30.

8.0 Issues related to refugee emergency

A number of issues are related to the emergence of refugee crisis & these are creating because of
increasing number of displaced people all over the world.

International politics

Very often international politics become severe on issues of refugee. As a result the refugees
cant get shelter because of prohibiting them from entering border. While Germany is showing
positive attitude towards refugees, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia do not collaborative with the idea of
helping refugees. USA declared to provide assistance to refugees within 2015 but they ceased to
do such & extend it to 2016 because of the incident of terrorists attack in Paris, USA in its
proclamation said this kind of attack is risky for its countrys security to allow the refugees.

Emergence of human trafficking

By keeping the refugee people at the center of their business a class of smugglers have risen.
They promise the refugees to reach them at their desired places in exchange of money. To reach
them at their destination they use the smuggling ways of Vodrum coast, border line of Turkey,
ocean lines etc. As a result many people died every day because of risky journey over the seas
through boats unable to accommodate people over the capacity.

Rise of terrorism

The assistance provided to refugees by the developed countries, is consumed & facilitated the
extremist groups of those countries. By that economic assistance they affirm their foundation. At
one point they emerge themselves as terrorist.

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Victims of racism & inequality

Refugees when stay in help provider countries gets victimized of racism. The do not even get
equal access to services because of their weak position. In Hungary a Syrian family is harassed

by a Hungarian journalist. People who work in the shelter countries are not properly treated For

example in Israel at the city of Tel abib the Ethiopian refugees do such kind of work which has a
fixed salary of 2500 shekel but they are given only 300 shekel.

Uncertain Future

In order to have a safe shelter refugees roam place to place & their future become uncertain. The
next generations get deprived of basic needs and safe shelter. For example, the children of
Afghanistan, Iraq, Rohingya refugee children, Palestines children.

Involve in criminalism

Refugees when stay in the helping countries involve in various cirimal activities at the local level
in order to fulfil thier basic needs. Rohingya refugees get themselves involved in drug
smuggling, human trafficking etc.

Refugee isuue is a term made by the wetern countries

In many western countries birth rate is declining. Within 2050 Germany will have a deficiency of
1 crore 60 million people which it will fill up by the refugees. Germany has declared to
accomodate 8 millions refugees in its territory.

Divided European Union

European Union is divided on the issue of refugees. East Europe is comaparatively weak from
West Europe. As a consequnce East Europe is not allowing to locate refugees in thie terriotory.
While Germany, France, England is conrtibuting positive role to help them.

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9.0 State of international assistance for refugee crisis

State of international assistance can be divided into two categories those who are providing
support & those who are unwilling to accept refugees.

Types of meeting refugee crisis

Countries who welcome Countries who dont

them welcome them

Germany- 1 million
Gulf countries
Turkey-1.9 million
Saudi Arabia
Egypt- 132,000
Kuwait
Jordan-629,000
Qatar
Iraq- 249,000
Bahrain
Lebanon- 1.1 million
Canada-10,000
Sweden-64,700
France-6,700
United States-1500
United Kingdom-7,000
Hungary-18,000
Australia-12,000

Denmark-11,300

Source: The Washington Post, 2015

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 1. Turkeys policy toward Syrian refugees

Turkeys humanitarian activities toward Syrian refugees are part and parcel of its over all policy
in the Syria conflict. At the beginning of the crisis Turkey rejected international assistance for its
humanitarian efforts but the Turkish government has overestimated its capacities and thus failed
to deliver sufficient assistance to Syrian refugees on its territory. In October 2014 Turkish
government announced that it had received only $250 million from the international donors since
the beginning of the crisis. Now the governments handling of refugees issue has led to stark
tensions among Turkeys political and societal forces, as Turkeys border regions contend with
increasing security and economic challenges. (Souad, 2014)

Since April 2011 Turkey has hosted refugees & followed an unconditional open door
policy toward Syrian civilians fleeing form the conflict. Syrian refugees were considered
guests rather than legal refugees but since late October 2011 Turkey has afforded them
temporary protection status ensuring no forced return and imposing no limit on their
duration stay. In April 2014 a new migration law entered into force granting them
conditional refugee status. Since April 2011 to September 2014 an estimated total of
1,350,000 Syrians fled to Turkey around 77 percent of them women and children
according to Disaster & Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) main government
body managing refugees.
2. Germanys extensive policy for refugee crisis

In early september of 2015 German chancellor Angela Markel issued an order to bring thousands
of refugees who were standed in Hungary to Germany & said Germanys basic right to asylum
has no upper limits. Germany has estimated that nearly a million people may apply for asylum in
the country this year and over 700,000 people have sought refuge in Europe so far. (Sankar,
2015)

Refugee policy

Merkel in the process of preparing a reversal of her refugee policy. At the G-20 Summit

she talked about quota fixed number of refugees that Europe is willing to accept.

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 he Chancellerys plan calls for the EU would accept a generous number of refugees who

are currently in Turkey in the range of 300,000 to 500,000 people a year. In return
Turkey would have to pleadge to stop allowing refugees to head to Europe.

Special centers to help and process applications of new refugees

Germany will form up to five special centers to help and process applications of new refugees
entering the country. At least two of those centers will be created in Bavaria, Germany, which
has witnessed the most number of migrants so far.

Education facilities for refugee

Germany has recruited 8,500 new teachers to teach German to the 196,000 refugees who have
entered its education system this year. More than 8,000 special classes have been set up in
schools to help the new pupils learning with German. A total of 325,000 school aged children
from Syria, Afghanistan & African countries have arrived in Germany in 2015. Many of refugee
children have lost years of education (2.6 million Syrian children are not in school), some of
them dont know a single written language. One in five of the children arriving in Germany as
refugees have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and half have experienced significant
trauma, the Guardian posts.

Refugee identification system

Germany also to create a refugee identification system that would allow them to place asylum
requests and ask for state support. The asylum-seekers would be asked to pay a portion of the
expenditure for the German courses provided on their entry. Merkel also announced a new
initiative Thursday to have protected zones in Afghanistan to stop the people from leaving the
country to seek asylum.

3. Jordan

Jordan provides shelter to a large number of refugees from Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Sudan, but
Syrians constitute the majority of Jordan's refugee population. Jordan has a history of taking in
refugees. Nearly half of its 7 million populations are of Palestinian origin. The Syrian arrivals,
however, strain resources and "could have a negative impact on Jordanian public opinion of

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refugees and make preserving the country's asylum space in the country challenging. About 20%
of the Syrian arrivals live in camps.

4. Iraq

Like Syria, Iraq has been torn by attacks launched by ISIS, the extremist Islamist group that has
captured portions of both countries for what it calls its Islamic caliphate. Not surprisingly, most
of the Syrian refugees have settled in northern areas such as Irbil, Duhuk and Nineveh, which are
among the closest to the Syrian border and have large Kurdish populations. Tens of thousands of
Iraqis who sought refuge in Syria between 2003 and 2011 have returned home, joining about a
million Iraqis who were already internally displaced, about 38% of the Syrian refugees live in
camps in Iraq.

5. Sweden

Sweden joins Germany in demonstrating a high standard of responsibility in the refugee crisis,
and Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Lofven joined Merkel at a press conference urging a Europe-
wide solution for hosting refugees. In the 1990s, Sweden accepted 84,000 refugees from the
Balkans.

6. United Kingdom

The United Kingdom will take up to 20,000 Syrian refugees over the next five years. Britain will
focus on resettling vulnerable refugees from camps in countries bordering Syria, not those who
have already entered Europe. This provides refugees with a more direct and safe route to the
United Kingdom rather than risking the hazardous journey to Europe, which has tragically cost
so many lives. The refugees will receive a five-year humanitarian protection visa.

7. Egypt

Egypt rounds out this look at how the Mideast hosts most of the Syrian refugees. No refugees
live in camps there. In fact, Egyptian billionaire Naguib Sawiris, one of the region's wealthiest
men, has offered to buy an island for refugees. He would like to buy an isle from Greece or Italy.
His name for the proposed island home: Hope

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 8. Hungary

Many Syrian refugees are reluctant to register an asylum application in Hungary. Having
traveled north through the Balkans, those arriving on the country's border with Serbia have had
police greet them, and they've been forced to wait. Hungary's right-wing government has been
trying to stop the flood of migrants, has erected a barbed wire fence along its more than 160-
kilometer (100-mile) border with Serbia to prevent them from crossing there. Serbia, which has
received 49,500 asylum requests from Syrian refugees, is not a member of the European Union.

9. Bangladesh

Rohingya a Muslim Bengali-speaking ethnic group that live in Rakhine State, on Myanmars
western coast. They are fleeing oppressive conditions in Myanmar, where they are categorically
denied citizenship rights, as well as subjected to violent repression at the hands of government
forces, Buddhist extremists, and the regions majority ethnic group, the Arakan/Rakhine.
Refugees International estimates that 29,000 Rohingya live in official refugee camps in
Bangladesh, while another 200,000 are in unofficial camps, where they are categorically denied
legal protections and humanitarian assistance. Despite close cultural and religious affinity, the
Bangladesh government has been reluctant to take responsibility for the Rohingya issue. New
arrivals are turned away, and Rohingya are blamed for drug-related and violent crimes in Coxs
Bazaar; their movement and access to basic services were further restricted in 2012, following
attacks on Buddhist communities in southeastern Bangladesh. In 2010, Bangladesh announced
that it was working on a national refugee policy, and until it was agreed upon, no new refugees
could be registered at the countrys two official refugee camps.

10.0 Present scenario of human rights violation for refugee crisis

Human rights are those of legal and moral rights which can be claimed by any person for the
very reason that is a human being. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by
the United Nations & the member States of the United Nations pledged to work together to
promote thirty Articles of human rights. Because of the civil wars in many Middle East & North
African countries refugees have desperately tried to enter Europe, escaping from violence in their
home countries and in search of safety in Europe. Some member countries of Europe are
providing their assistance to the distressed people like Germany, Jordan, Sweden etc. countries

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while other countries are making diplomatic policies not to accommodate the refugees. The
following points will reflect the scenario of the crisis where human rights are violated so often
because of being homeless refugee.

Floated body of Kurdish child on Turkish beach

A 3 years old Kurdish boy Aylan Kurdis body was washed a few miles to the north east in the
beach of Turkey. He was one in two boats carrying a total of 23 people that set off separately
from the Akyarlar area of Turkeys Bodrum Peninsula, apparently headed to the Greek island of
Kos, where they could have attempted to enter the European Union. Aylan died along with his 5
years old brother and his mother, his father survived & this family was trying to reach Canada
but their refugee application was rejected by the Canadian government as they were not
registered by the UN as refugees. Aylan is one of thousands of refugees who did not survive the
long and dangerous trip across the Mediterranean Sea. (The Washington Post, September 3, 2015

Creating stateless generation of children

Gender-biased nationality laws in Syria combined with ineffective legal safeguards in the EU
states mean that many children born to Syrian refugees in Europe are at high risk of becoming
stateless. Under Syrian law, only men can pass citizenship on to their children. The UN estimates
that 25% of Syrian refugee households are fatherless. Many of the women who resettled in
Europe have lost their husbands or killed & they are being resettled with children or pregnant at
the time. Sanaa a 35 year old single mother gave birth to her daughter Siba in Berlin, she went to
Syrian embassy to have her childs passport but they refused her to give passport because Siba
does not have her father & Germany also do not provide citizenship to children born there.
Although Under international treaties including the UN convention on the rights of the child,
governments are obliged to grant nationality to any child born on their soil who would otherwise
be stateless. But few EU countries have adopted this principle. (The Gurdian 27 December,
2015)

Rape & child abuse in German refugee camps

A culture of rape and sexual abuse is being allowed to take hold in asylum centres across
Germany. Makeshift centers in Germany have seen men, women and children having to sleep

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next to each other in tents, halls and corridors. Showers and toilets are often not separated by
gender, and some do not even have a curtain for privacy. As a result women and children are
unprotected. This situation is opportune to those men who already regard women as their inferior
and treat unaccompanied women as fair game. As a consequence, there are reports of
numerous rapes, sexual assaults and increasingly of forced prostitution.

Childrens safety is at stake

Some 14 million children across the Iraq & Syria region are now suffering from the escalating
conflict sweeping in these regions. Syrian children the nations hope for a better future have lost
loved ones, suffered injuries, missed years of schooling and witnessed violence and brutality.
Warring parties forcibly recruit children to serve as fighters, human shields and in support roles.

Meanwhile the increasingly interlinked crisis gripping Iraq has forced more than 2.8 million
children from their homes and left many trapped in areas controlled by armed groups.

Condition of Syrias children

Killed during war 12,000

Cut off from humanitarian assistance due to 2 million
fighting or other factors
Out of school 2.6 million
Children living as refugees as in Lebanon, 2 million
Turkey, Jordan
Killed by sniper bullets 582
Children arrested Not less than 10413
Children died for torture in government prison Not less than 159
& sexual abuse
Source: Unicef.org

http://www.iamsyria.org/human-rights-violations.html

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Use of Syrian armed and security forces for violation

Syrian armed and security forces may be responsible for unlawful killing, including of children
(mostly boys), medical personnel and hospital patients (In some particularly grave instances,
entire families were executed in their homes), and sexual and psychological torture, arbitrary
arrest on a massive scale, deployment of tanks and helicopter gunships in densely populated
areas, heavy and indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas, collective punishment; enforced
disappearances, wide scale and systematic destruction and looting of property. Most of the
serious human rights violations documented by the UN have been committed by the Syrian army
and security services as part of military or search operations shoot-to-kill policy was also
operative. The UN mentioned several reports of security forces killing injured victims by putting
them into refrigerated cells in hospital morgues.

Extreme offence of opposition party

Armed opposition group of Syria is responsible for unlawful killing, torture and ill-treatment,
kidnapping and hostage taking and the use of children in dangerous non-combat roles.

Amnesty confirmed that they were guilty of having tortured and executed captured
soldiers and militiamen and condemned the opposition fighters responsible for an attack
on a pro-Assad TV station in June 2012 in which media workers were killed.
In May 2013, a video was posted on the internet showing rebel commander Abu Sakkar
cutting organs from the dead body of a Syrian soldier and putting one of them in his
mouth, "as if he is taking a bite out of it". He says to the camera: "soldiers of Bashar we
will eat your heart and livers!
In an interview one rebel commander stated that his 16-year-old son had died in clashes
with government troops as a rebel fighter. He also confirmed that his group had been
releasing prisoners in bomb-rigged cars turning drivers into unwitting suicide bombers.

Sexual violence by government forces

According to the UN, sexual violence in detention is directed principally against men and boys,
rather than women and girls by Syrian government forces. Men were routinely made to undress
and remain naked. Several former detainees testified reported beatings of genitals, forced oral

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sex, electroshocks and cigarette burns to the anus in detention facilities. Several of the detainees
were repeatedly threatened that they would be raped in front of their family and that their wives
and daughters would also be raped. Testimonies were received from several men who stated they
had been anally raped with batons and that they had witnessed the rape of boys. One man stated
that he witnessed a 15-year-old boy being raped in front of his father. A 40-year-old man saw the
rape of an 11-year-old boy by three security services officers. Syrian refugees fleeing to Turkey
reported mass rape by Syrian soldiers; more than 400 women were raped and sexually abused.

Attack on journalists

Except for those hand-picked by the government, journalists have been banned from reporting in
Syria. Within a month of the protests taking off, at least seven local and international journalists
were detained, and at least one of these was beaten. Citizen journalist Mohammed Hairiri was
arrested in April 2012, tortured in prison, and sentenced to death in May 2012 for giving an
interview for Al Jazeera. Palestinian of Jordanian citizen Salameh Kaileh was tortured and
detained in deplorable conditions. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, 13
journalists were killed in work-related incidents during the first eighteen months of the uprising
& a total of 33 journalists were killed. Many, such as Marie Colvin, were killed by government
forces, French journalist Gilles Jacquier, was killed by rebel fire.

Attack on local Christians

Local Christian minorities are also facing many human rights violations. Two bishops had been
kidnapped on April 22, 2013 and have not been heard from since. Aleppo's Greek Orthodox
Bishop Boulos Yazij and Syriac Orthodox Bishop Yohanna Ibrahim were kidnapped at gun point
by unknown combatants when returning from a humanitarian mission to Turkey.

Extremist jihadist groups in creating violation

Syrias armed conflict grew increasingly bloody with government and pro-government militias
intensifying their attacks on civilian areas and continuing use of indiscriminate weapons. The
extremist groups Islamic State, also known as ISIS, and al-Qaedas affiliate in Syria, Jabhat al-
Nusra, Shabiha (para governemnt force) were responsible for systematic and widespread
violations including targeting civilians, kidnappings, and executions. (World Report 2015)

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ISIS or ISIL

In Syria: The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS or ISIL)
is a Salafi militant organization in Syria and Iraq whose goal is the establishment and expansion
of a caliphate. On July August 2014: Over a period of two weeks, ISIS executed 700 members of
the al-Sheitaat tribe in the Deir al-Zor province, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human
Rights & unknown wounded.

In Iraq: On May 15, 2015 ISIS seized Ramadi, the capital of Anbar province, from Iraqi
security forces. ISIS had controlled areas around Ramadi for almost a year and a half before
taking the city (500+ killed, unknown wounded).

1. Al-Nusra

At least 75 suicide bombings had been recorded in the civil war by the end of November 2012.
The radical Islamist group Al-Nusra Front took responsibility for 57 of them. Both the
government and the opposition have accused each other of perpetrating the bombings.

2. Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaedas direct involvement in Syria has been exaggerated in the media. Rather than sending
large numbers of operatives, its networks is providing operational support, including trainers and
bomb makers, in order to capitalize on the instability in Syria and expand their influence in the
region.

3. Shabiha

It is called Assads death squad with a force dressed in black, fighting alongside the security
forces. For much of the unrest since March 2011, the activists accuse state-sponsored militia of
assisting in the crackdown that has left more than 9,000 people dead. In towns along the
Mediterranean coast, local shabiha gangs are said to run protection rackets, weapons- and drug-
smuggling rings, and other criminal enterprises. They cut throat of the people who fled an assault
on the western village of Tell Kalakh, In May 2011.

In May 2012, near the town of Houla in Homs province, shabiha had been sent into their village
after the Syrian army unleashed a barrage of heavy weapons in response to a local anti-

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government demonstration. No more than 20 had been killed by the tank and artillery fire which
preceded the raid. (BBC News, 2012)

11.0 Solutions for refugee crisis

The world has a very short memory. In the aftermath of World War II, most countries agreed to
protect refugees through the 1951 Refugee Convention, and through UN agencies like the
UNHCR. Barbed wire fences and chronic underfunding have left that vision of a better world in
tatters. By ignoring the warning signs, world leaders have allowed a huge, global humanitarian
crisis to unfold. Ultimately, it will be resolved by ending the conflicts and persecution that forced
people to flee in the first place.

But no one knows when that will be. Meanwhile, we need radical solutions, visionary leadership
and global co-operation on a scale not seen for 70 years. That involves setting up strong refugee
systems: allowing people to apply for asylum, treating their refugee claims fairly, resettling the
most vulnerable of all, and providing basics like education and healthcare. The solutions which
are given below are not even achievable if the world politicians hear the screams of thousands
refugee crying to live.

Unity of European Union

Europium Union should be united about refugee crisis. Specially east and west Europe should be
united and agree to accept refugee.

Effective step by the United Nations

United Nations should take effective step to reduce refugee problem. They should help the
refugee by arranging convention & making effective policy for their welfare. It should compel
the international donors and its member countries to formulate policy in favor them.

Assistance to developing world

Countries those who are helping the refugees developed countries and international voluntary
organizations should help them.

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Put an end to wars

Ultimate solutions of refugee crisis depend on the stop of wars in different areas in the world
created by United States. United Nations have to take proper steps to stop the wars.

Effective Arab league and OIC

Most of the refugees in the present world are Muslims. As a guardian organization of Muslims
world they should take proper step to solve the refugee crisis.

Besides some other solutions are also given by Amnesty International & these are given below:

Opening up safe routes

Opening up safe routes to sanctuary for refugees is one important solution. That means allowing
people to reunite with their relatives, and giving refugees visas so they dont have to spend their
life savings and risk drowning to reach safety.

Resettlement

Resettlement is a vital solution for the most vulnerable refugees including torture survivors and
people with serious medical problems. Right now, 1.15 million people urgently need this lifeline.
But so far, the worlds wealthiest nations are offering to resettle less than 10% every year.
Amnesty estimates that 1.45 million refugees will need resettlement by end-2017.

Saving of life first

World leaders also need to put saving lives first. No one should have to die crossing a border,
and yet almost 7,000 people drowned in the Mediterranean alone in the two years since the first
big shipwreck in October 2013.

In May 2015, thousands of people fleeing persecution in Myanmar suffered for weeks onboard
boats while Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia bickered over who should help them.

States can stop this by investing in search and rescue operations and immediately helping people
in distress.

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People should allow crossing borders

People fleeing persecution or wars should be allowed to cross borders, with or without travel
documents. Pushing people back and putting up massive fences only forces them to take more
dangerous routes to safety.

Investigate trafficking gangs

All countries should investigate and prosecute trafficking gangs who exploit refugees and
migrants, and put peoples safety above all else. Amnesty recently met survivors in Southeast
Asia who said traffickers killed people on board boats when their families couldnt pay ransoms.
Others were thrown overboard and left to drown, or died from because there was no food and
water.

Governments should accept refuges not blaming them

Governments also need to stop blaming refugees and migrants for economic and social problems,
and instead combat all kinds of xenophobia and racial discrimination. Doing otherwise is deeply
unfair, stirs up tensions and fear of foreigners, and sometimes leads to violence even death. In
Durban, South Africa, at least four people died, many were seriously injured, and over 1,000
mainly Burundian and Congolese refugees forced to flee after violence and looting broke out in
April and May 2015.

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12.0 Conclusion
The flood of refugees from the Middle East and Africa into the EU seems unstoppable. Leaders
talk of curtailing the human traffickers but the human tsunami may persist for years because of
having no progress in finishing war & continuing death of people & inhumane situation of those
countries people to live. Refugees placing in many countries are not living well; they are not
given adequate facilities to work & inadequate shelter only providing the means to protect their
life. As a result people are being deprived of their basic needs & fall victim of human rights
violation. Proper solutions need to be taken & policies in this regard should be adopted by the
world leaders so that no people may die at time of crossing the border & they should reach the
safest place without harassment. After all we all are human & a sense of brotherhood should be
followed by the international agencies as well as the European countries to welcome refugee
until they get back to their homeland.

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References
Ahmadoun Souad (2014) Turkeys Policy toward Syrian Refugees: Domestic Repercussions and
the Need for International Support [Online] Available from Swp-berlin.org Accessed on
21 December, 2015, 7.30 PM

BBC news, 29 May, 2012 Syria unrest: Who are the shabiha? [Online] Available from
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14482968 Accessed on 21 December, 2015, 12.00
PM

Cockburn Patrick (2015) Refugee crisis: Where are all these people coming from and why?
INDEPENDENT Sunday 4 October, 2015 [Online] Available form
http://static.independent.co.uk/ Accessed on 21 December, 2015, 7.30 PM

Shankar Sneha (2015) Europe's Refugee Crisis: Germany Steps Up Asylum Process After Leaders
Announce Agreement, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TIME [Online]
Available from H T T P : / / W W W . I B T I M E S . C O M / Accessed on 20 December,
2015, 9.00 PM

The Washington Post 18 September, 2015. [Online] Available from

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/18/8-reasons-why-
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http://www.iamsyria.org/human-rights-violations.html Accessed on 26 December, 2015, 10.00

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