CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION LIST OF SYMBOLS CHAPTER I GENERATION OF E.M.F.: WORK; POWER; TORQUE 2 Homopolar machine—Heteropolar machine—E.m.f, induced in d.c, machinc—Wave shape of induced e.m.f—Flux distribution curve and fringing—Average value of induced e.m.f—Direction of induced e.m.f.—Foree on conductor carrying current—Power developed by armature—Torque developed by armature, CHAPTER II MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF THE DIRECT CURRENT MACHINE ‘The laws of the magnetic circuit—Units—Relative permeability— Magnetization curves for iron—Magnotie circuit of d.c. machino— Flux distribution curve or field form—Reluctance of the air gap— Active iron length—Armature tecth—Tapered toeth—Real and apparent flux density—Armature core—Polo shoos—Form of pole soction—Magnetic loakage—Hffect of load upon leakage coefficient —The yoke—Magnetization curve of d.c. machine—Effect of saturation upon field form—Field form and voltage between commutator segments—Flux plotting CHAPTER III ARMATURE WINDINGS . . . . . . Dram windings—Two-layer windings—Coil span—Winding pitch —Commutator pitch—Numbering armature conductors—Simple lap winding—Equalizing rings—Choice of number of slots for lap windings—Simple wave or series winding—Choice of number of slots for wave-windings—Dummy coils—Brush sots and brush position for simple wave winding—Voltage between adjacent segments—Multiplex windings—Duplex lap windings—Equalizing connexions to duplex lap windings—Duplex wave windings— ‘Triplex windings CHAPTER IV ARMATURE REACTION . . . . Magnetizing action of armature currents—m.m.f. established by a full-pitched drum coil—Flux distribution due to armature eurrents—Armature reaction and flux distribution curve—Effect, of brush lead—Effect of saturation upon flux distribution— Demagnetizing and cross magnetizing ampere-turns—Armature reaction and iron losses—Compensating windings. ix PAGE vii xiii 14 53 90x CONTENTS CHAPTER V GROWTH OF CURRENT IN A CIRCUIT; IRON LOSSES Inductance—Growth of a d.c.—Decay of current in a closed cireuit —Reversal of a d.c.—Bnergy of the magnetic field—Magnetic pull between poles and armaturé—Magnetic hysteresis—Eddy current Joss—Total iron loss curves—Iron losses in d.c. machines. CHAPTER VI COMMUTATION . + . . + . . . Brush contact resistance—Current density—E.m-f. induced in coil ‘undergoing commutation—Time of commutation—Slot permeance —Leakage across tooth tips—Inductance of end connexions— Total inductance—Reactance e.m.f—Commutation in non- interpole machines—Interpoles—Calculation of flux density— Calculation of ampere-turns for interpole windings—Interpole shoe width—Magnetic leakage with interpole machines—Com- mutation with bar windings—Interpole ampere-turns with com- pensating windings. CHAPTER VII EXCITATION AND FIELD WINDINGS - . . " a Separate excitation—Self excitation—Shunt generator—Effect of speed upon self excitation—Failure to excite—Reversed polarity— Series generator—Compound-Wound_generator—Field windings —Calculation of shunt coils—Calculation of series coils. CHAPTER VIIL LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECT CURRENT GENERATORS . External characteristic of separately excited and shunt generator Series generator characteristic—Compound generator char- acteristic—Generators in parallel—Equalizing connexion. CHAPTER IX LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS . : Back e.m.f. induced in motor armature—Load characteristics of shunt, series, and compound motors—Speod-voltago character- istics of motors—Parallel operation—Series operation. CHAPTER X CONTROL OF DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS c f Constant voltage and variable ficld—Variation of voltage applied to armature—Ward-Leonard control—Use of variable voltage pooster—Motors on rectifier supplies—Starting torque and acceleration—Grading of starting resistances—Graphical con- struction—Energy dissipated in rheostats—Economy of series- parallel starting—Drum and contactor controllers—Automatic acceleration—Electrie braking. PAGE 106 131 163 180 495: 207CONTENTS CHAPTER XI EFFICIENCY TEMPERATURE RISE—VENTILATION . . Iron losses—Hlectrical losses—Mechanical losses—Efficiency curve Maximum efficiency—Maximum output—Temperature rise— ‘Temperature curve—Rating of electrical machinory—Prode- termination of temperature rise—Ventilation—Totally enclosed machines. CHAPTER XII TESTING . Brake tests—Swinburne’s method of computing efficiency— Differential tests—Hopkinson tests—Temperature tests—Separa- tion of iron and friction loss—Separation of hysteresis and eddy current losses—Torque wasted in iron losses—Retardation test— Commutation tests—Armature faults. CHAPTER XIII SPECIAL MACHINES Shunt, or separately-excited booster—Series boosters for traction work—Buffer batteries—Battery boosters—Shunt-wound exciter —The Dynamotor—Balancers—Special characteristics—Three- field (Kramer) generator—Austin constant-current generator— Welding generators—Two-stage machines—Cross-field machines— The metadyne —generator—Amplidyne—Magnicon—Metadyne converter—Consequent-pole_machines—Motors for _constant- current systems—Split-field motors. CHAPTER XIV INSULATION—ARMATURE AND FIELD COILS . Classification—Varnishes and enamels—Insulated wires—Tapes— Flexible sheet materials—Boards—Varnish treatment—Armature coils—Thickness of insulation—Field windings—Space factor. CHAPTER XV MECHANICAL DETAILS * . . Magnet system—Main _poles—Interpoles—Armature—Commu- tator—Brushes—Brush holders—Angle between brush and com- mutator—Staggering of brushes—The shaft—Bearings—Traction motors—Industrial motors—Mill motors, PAGE 242 262 296 331 355xii CONTENTS _ CHAPTER XVI DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . es 5 * Fundamental output relations—Flux density in the air gap—_ ‘Armature strength or specific electric loading—Esson output coefficient—Variation in output coefficient with dimensions— Number of poles—Pols pitch—Core length—Armature diameter— Ratio pole are to pole piteh. < CHAPTER XVII DESIGN OF D.C. GENERATOR; MAIN DIMENSIONS; ARMATURE DE Preliminary detorminationis—Main dimensions, number of poles being given—Design of armature stampings and winding— Mean e.m.f. indneed per conductor—Number of conductors in series on the armature—Number of slots—Dimensions of armature _conduetor—Slot design—Core length final dimensions—Depth of “armature core—Armature winding—Equalizing connexions— Amature conductor length—Overhang of the winding—Weight of ‘copper—Resistance of winding. CHAPTER XVI SIGN: THE FIELD SYSTEM « . . . . . ‘The field magnet—Pole sectional area—Pole height—The yoke— ‘The air gap—Magnotization curve—Iron losses—Armature tem- perature riso—Commutator design—Brushes—Field winding design—Interpole design—Bearing friction and windage—Total losses and efficiency. CHAPTER XIX FURTHER EXAMPLES OF DESIGN OF MOTORS AND GENERATORS Other designs based on a given 1,000 kW generator—Design based on output per pole—Physical limits to d.c. machines—Design of motors—Examples of choice of armature windings—Design data for various generators and motors. CHAPTER XX EDDY CURRENT LOSSES IN ARMATURE CONDUCTORS . Bddy current losses with sinusoidal eurrents—Eddy current losses in dx. armature conductors—Variation of total losses with conductor depth. EXAMPLES : ‘ : i : * ANSWERS TO EXAMPLES INDEX. 2 - : : 3 : E PAG 391 405 424 445 473 487 503 507