Correctional Populations in The United States, 1997: Bureau of Justice Statistics

U.S.
Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Correctional Populations
in the United States, 1997
5.7 million adults in the United States were under
correctional supervision in 1997
1,176,900 in prison
558,000 in jail
3,266,800 on probation
690,800 on parole
1.7 million in local jail or prison
1,602,000 male
132,900 female
871,500 white
816,600 black
3.9 million on probation or parole
3,195,300 male
762,300 female
2,557,500 white
1,333,300 black
U.S. Department of Justice
810 Seventh Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20531
Janet Reno
Attorney General
Daniel Marcus
Acting Associate Attorney General
Mary Lou Leary

Acting Assistant Attorney General
Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D.

Director, Bureau of Justice Statistics

World Wide Web Homepage:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov

World Wide Web Homepage:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/
For information contact:

BJS Clearinghouse
1-800-732-3277
U.S. Department of Justice
Correctional Populations
in the United States, 1997
November 2000, NCJ 177613

Contents
U.S. Department of Justice Christopher Innes, assisted by Susan Highlights iii

Bureau of Justice Statistics Allison, Denise Golumbaski, Nancy Miller,
Vicki Russell, Allyson Suski, and Ina Winn Note to readers vi
Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D. at the Federal Bureau of Prisons, coordi-
Director nated data collection in Federal Facilities. Introduction:
This volume resulted from a collaborative Lisa McNelis, assisted by Martha Greene, Definitions of common
effort of the BJS Corrections Statistics unit, Henrietta Herrin, and Duane Cavanaugh, terms used in tables vii
under the supervision of Allen J. Beck. under the supervision of Stephanie Brown Data sources viii
Paula M. Ditton coordinated the prepara- of the Governments Division of the U.S.
tion of the volume. Allen Beck updated the Census Bureau, collected and processed Trends in U.S. correctional
correctional population trends section. the Annual Survey of Jails. populations 1
Thomas P. Bonczar, assisted by Lauren E.
Glaze collected the data and prepared the Steven M. Bittner, Patricia A. Clark , Jail inmates in 1997 19
tables for the probation and parole Marc I. Roemer, and Laarni Verdolin of
sections; Darrell K. Gilliard prepared the the Crime Surveys Branch, Demographic Probation in 1997 29
section on jail inmates. Caroline Wolf Surveys Division of the U.S. Census
Harlow, Ph.D., assisted by Christopher J. Bureau, collected, processed, and Survey of State and Federal
Mumola and Tracy L. Snell, prepared the tabulated the data on prisoners and capital inmates, 1997 49
tables for the Survey of State and Federal punishment. They worked under the
inmates. Tracy L. Snell prepared the supervision of Gertrude B. Odom and Prisoners in 1997 75
section on capital punishment. Christopher Kathleen P. Creighton.
J. Mumola prepared the sections on Parole in 1997 115
military corrections. Paula M. Ditton
prepared the section on prisoners. Tom Capital punishment in 1997 133
Hester, Ellen Goldberg, and Ida Hines
produced this volume. Jayne Robinson U.S. military corrections in 1997 181
supervised final production for printing.
Index 191
La Terri Bynum, Elizabeth Griffin, Marita
Perez and Laarni Verdolin, under the
supervision of Kathleen Creighton and
Gertrude B. Odom, of the Crime Surveys
Branch, Demographic Surveys Division of
the U.S. Census Bureau, coordinated data This report and its data are available
collection and processing of the Survey of on the Internet:
State and Federal prisoners. Christopher
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/
Alaura, Lawrence Altmayer and Ruth
Breads of the Crime Surveys Programming The National Archive of Criminal
Branch provided programming assistance Justice Data also offers the data for
under the supervision of Stephen T. jails and capital punishment:
Phillips and Dave Watt. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/
home.html
The questionnaire was programmed by
Ellen Soper of the Technologies Manage-
ment Office under the supervision of
William Mockovak. Sample design and
weighting were provided at the Statistical
Methods Division by Denise Lewis and
Andrew Zbikowski under the supervision of
J. Michael Roebuck and Thomas Moore.
Interviews were conducted by the Field
Division and coordinated by Medell Ford II
and John Godenick under the supervision
of Richard Ning.
ii Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Highlights
An estimated 5.7 million adult residents Prisons Approximately 62% of sentenced inmates
of the United States were under some form entering prison in 1997 were new court
of correctional supervision in 1997. Seven Nearly 1.2 million men and women were in commitments. Just over a third were parole
in 10 were supervised in the community, the custody of State and Federal prisons at or other conditional release violators, up
through probation or parole. yearend 1997. Approximately 94% were from 29% in 1990.
men. About 48% of the inmates were
About 2.8% of all adult residents of the white, 49% black, and 3% American Indian, Around 334,500 sentenced offenders were
United States were under correctional Alaska Native, Asian, or Pacific Islander. admitted as new court commitments to
supervision in 1997, up from 1.7% in 1985. State prisons during 1997. Between 1990
About 9.0% of black adults, 2.0% of white The number of inmates in State and and 1997, the number of persons entering
adults, and 1.3% of adults of other races Federal custody rose by 49,158 (4.4%) State prison for a violent offense increased
were under correctional supervision in during 1997. Between 1990 and 1997 the by 16% from 86,600 in 1990 to 100,200 in
1997. prison population increased by nearly 1997. Admissions for public-order
434,000 inmates, or an average annual offenses were up by 37%, from 26,000 in
Jails growth of 6.8%. 1990 to 35,700 in 1997. Property offenses
decreased by 9%, from 104,400 in 1990 to
On June 30,1997, local jails held an The number of sentenced prisoners under 94,700 in 1997.
estimated 557,974 adults. Men comprised State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000
89% of adult jail inmates. White non- U.S. residents increased from 297 in 1990 For the fourth consecutive year, the largest
Hispanic inmates accounted for 41% to 444 in 1997. Between 1990 and 1997 number of admissions to State prison were
of the total jail population; black non- the imprisonment rate of white inmates rose for drug offenses, 102,600 drug offenders
Hispanics, 42%; and Hispanics, 16%. 36% from 139 to 189 per 100,000; the rate were admitted in 1997, up from 102,400 in
for blacks increased 63% from 1,067 to 1990.
The total number of adults in local jails 1,743; and the rate for Hispanics grew
increased by approximately 47,600 during 35% from 548 to 738. There were 39,431 sentenced offenders
the year ending June 30, 1997, or 9.3%. admitted to Federal prison in 1997. Forty-
The growth rate during 1997 was nearly Among whites, prisoners age 30-34 had the six percent were drug offenders, 27% were
twice that of the average annual increase highest incarceration rate in 1997: 476 per public-order offenders, 20% property
between 1990 and 1997. 100,000 white residents. Among blacks, offenders, and 7% violent offenders.
prisoners age 25-29 had the highest rate:
Probation 4,564 per 100,000.
Nearly 3.3 million adults were on probation Adults on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole, 1985-97
on December 31,1997. Probationers made
up 57% of all adults under correctional Number of adults
supervision in 1997.
3,500,000
Twenty-one percent of the probationers
were women, a larger proportion than for 3,000,000
any other correctional population. About
64% were white and 34% black. Probation
2,500,000
Between yearend 1996 and 1997, the
number of adults on probation increased
2,000,000
by 101,841 (3.2%). From 1990 to 1997
the probation population grew by nearly
600,000 people, an average of 2.9% 1,500,000
annually.
1,000,000 Prison
About 62% of all adults discharged Parole
from probation in 1997 had successfully
completed their sentences. Nearly 20% Jail
500,000
were incarcerated, 5% under a new
sentence and 14% with the same sentence.
0
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997
Highlights iii
Parole and post-release supervision
Characteristics of State and Federal prison inmates, 1985, 1991, and 1997
An estimated 690,750 adults were on State Federal
parole at yearend 1997, a 1.6% increase 1997 1991 1985 1997 1991
from 1996. The average annual rate of
Gender
growth between 1990 to 1997 was 3.8%. Male 93.7% 94.6% 95.6% 92.8% 92.2%
Among persons released from Female 6.3 5.4 4.4 7.2 7.8
prison in 1997, around 83% were placed
Race
on probation, parole, or some White non-Hispanic 33.3% 35.4% 40.0% 29.9% 38.4%
other type of conditional release. Black non-Hispanic 46.5 45.6 45.0 37.8 29.9
Hispanic 17.0 16.6 13.0 27.3 28.0
Other races* 3.2 2.4 3.0 5.0 3.8
The number of persons leaving State
prisons based on parole board decisions Age
declined from 39% in 1990 to 28% in 1997. 17 or younger 0.5% 0.6% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0%
18-24 19.3 2.3 26.7 8.9 9.3
During the same period, the number exiting 25-34 38.1 45.7 45.7 36.6 36.0
by mandatory release grew from 29% to 35-44 29.4 22.7 19.4 30.6 32.9
40% of all releases, and the number 45-54 9.8 6.5 5.2 16.3 15.0
55-64 2.2 2.4 1.9 6.2 5.7
whose sentence expired increased from 65 or older 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.1
1.4
13% to 17%.
*Includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives,
and other racial groups.
Slightly fewer than 9 in 10 parolees were
male. An estimated 54% of persons on absconders (7%) remained relatively Seventeen States executed 74 male
parole were white; 44%, black; and 2%, unchanged between 1996 and 1997. prisoners during 1996, including 45 whites,
other races. The number of parolees classified under 27 blacks, 1 American Indian, and 1 Asian
inactive supervision (7%) decreased person. Between 1977 and 1997 a total
Around 6% of the parole population was slightly. of 432 prisoners were executed under civil
under intensive supervision. Nearly half authority in the United States.
(45%) of all exits from parole were Capital punishment
successful completions, 41% were Military confinement
returned to incarceration. One in every 8 During 1997, 256 inmates were received
parolees were returned to prison with a under sentence of death by State and On December 31, 1997, the Air Force,
new sentence. Federal prisons. As of December 31, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy held a total
1997, the Nation's prisons held a total of of 2,772 prisoners in 64 facilities. The
The proportion of adults being actively 3,335 inmates under sentence of death. Coast Guard operated no confinement
supervised (80%), those being supervised An estimated 56% were white and 42% facilities.
out of State (5%), and the number of were black. Half had been under sentence
of death for at least 6 years and 7 months.
Probation Jail Prison Parole

Persons serving a sentence to Persons in jail usually Persons in prison usually Persons on parole or post-release
probation usually are confined in a facility owned by are confined in a facility owned by supervision usually
received the sentence from a a county or city a State or by the Federal received the parole from an
court as an alternative to are in facility that holds people for Government executive authority or received a
confinement 72 hours or more, as opposed to a are serving a sentence of more sentence to post-release supervi-
live unconfined in the community temporary lockup than a year (except in six States sion from a judicial authority, after a
while meeting certain conditions if they are sentenced, are serving combining jails and prisons time in prison or jail
must fulfill conditional require- a sentence of a year or less or are Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, live unconfined in the community
ments like keeping a job, not drink- waiting for transfer to prison or for Hawaii, Rhode Island, and while meeting certain conditions
ing, not using drugs, not keeping disposition of charges of violation of Vermont). must fulfill conditional require-
company with known offenders, a conditional release ments like keeping a job, not drink-
paying restitution or fine, and if they are unsentenced, are ing, not using drugs, not keeping
regularly reporting to a probation waiting for a trial or hearing or for company with known offenders, and
officer. transfer to juvenile, court, or mental regularly reporting to a parole
health authorities. officer.
iv Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Approximately 98% of the prisoners held The percentage of white, black, and 10 State inmates were incarcerated for a
by the Army, 87% of those held by the Air Hispanic State prison inmates remained drug offense.
Force, 79% of those held by the Navy, relatively unchanged between 1991 and
and 75% of those held by the Marine 1997. Thirty-three percent of State inmates The percentage of inmates held for a drug
Corps at yearend 1997 were convicted were white non-Hispanic, 47% black offense in Federal prison continued to rise,
inmates; the remainder were unconvicted non-Hispanic, and 17% Hispanic. The from 58% in 1991 to 63% in 1997. Nearly
persons whose cases had not yet been percentage of black inmates in Federal half were drug trafficking offenders.
tried. prison increased from 30% in 1991 to 38%
in 1997. Just under half of all inmates in State
Half of convicted military prisoners had prison and a quarter of those in Federal
committed a violent offense. About a third The State prison population grew increas- prison were on probation or parole at the
were confined for rape (16%) or sexual ingly middle-aged between 1991 and 1997. time of their current arrest. The percentage
assault (15%). A fifth were serving In 1991 inmates between age 35 to 44 of recidivists among State prisoners, those
sentences for drugs. Eleven percent were comprised 23% of the population, the same with a prior sentence to probation or incar-
sentenced for larceny/theft, and 11% for group accounted for 29% in 1997. Overall, ceration, declined from 81% in 1991 to 76%
murder. Approximately 8% were confined the median age increased from 30 years in in 1997. Nearly 43% of State inmates said
for military infractions, such as AWOL, 1991 to 32 years in 1997. The median age they had served three or more prior
insubordination, or failure to obey a lawful of Federal prisoners remained unchanged sentences.
order. at 36 years.
At the time of the offense, just over half of
Ninety-eight percent of all prisoners held in Just under half of inmates in State prison State inmates in 1997, and a third of
military confinement facilities in 1997 were were incarcerated for a violent offense in Federal inmates were under the influence
men, and 2% were women. About 52% both 1991 and 1997. The percentage of of either alcohol or drugs. Among State
were non-Hispanic whites; 35%, non- property offenders dropped from 25% in inmates, 37% were under the influence of
Hispanic blacks; 9%, Hispanics; and 4%, 1991 to 22% in 1997, while public-order alcohol, and 33% were under the influence
other races. Around 98% were enlisted offenses increased from 7% to 10% during of drugs. Among Federal inmates, 20%
personnel, and 2% officers. the same period. In both years about 2 in were drinking and 22% were using drugs.
1997 Survey of Inmates in State and Criminal justice characteristics of State and Federal prison inmates, 1991 and 1997
Federal Correctional Facilities
Percent of prison inmates
State Federal
The 1997 Survey of Inmates in State and Characteristic 1997 1991 1997 1991
Federal Correctional Facilities conducted Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
face-to-face interviews with prison inmates
Offense
from June through October 1997. Violent 47.2% 46.6% 14.8% 17.3%
Property 22.0 24.8 6.8 10.2
Drug 20.7 21.3 62.6 57.9
The Surveys obtained detailed information Public-order 9.9 6.9 14.8 12.4
about State and Federal prison inmates'
current offenses and sentences, their crimi- Criminal justice status at arrest
Any statusa 47.3% 46.5% 27.2% 24.2%
nal histories, personal and family character- Probation 22.2 23.0 13.4 11.7
istics, drug and alcohol use, treatment, Parole 24.4 22.4 13.5 11.7
health care, and prison conditions. State Criminal history
prison inmate surveys were also conducted Priorsa 75.4% 80.7% 60.3% 56.7%
in 1974, 1979, 1986, and 1991. Federal Violent recidivist 46.8 48.8 23.2 22.6
Nonviolent recidivist 28.6 31.9 37.1 34.1
inmates were surveyed for the first time
in 1991. Under the influence of alcohol
at time of the offenseb 37.2% 32.3% 20.4% 11.0%
During the period that interviews were Prior drug use
conducted, 1,409 State prisons held Evera 83.0% 79.4% 72.9% 60.1%
Regularly 69.6 62.2 57.3 42.1
1,059,607 inmates, and 127 Federal
In month before the offense 56.5 49.9 44.8 31.8
prisons held 89,072 inmates. Since 1991, At time of the offense 32.6 31.0 22.4 16.8
when the previous survey was conducted,
Substance abuse treatment
the State and Federal prison population Since admission 24.4% 29.6% 24.5% 19.4%
grew by 51%. a
Detail may add to more than total; inmates may fit more than one category.
b
See Comparing Federal and State Prison Inmates, 1991 (NCJ 145864).
Highlights
Highlights v
v
Reported drug use by State and Federal
prison inmates increased between 1991 Important Note
and 1997. Nearly 57% of State inmates Correctional Populations in the United To make comparisons across years or
were using drugs in the month before the States presents numbers that describe between jurisdictions
offense, up from 50% in 1991. Drug use persons under some form of correctional
among Federal inmates increased from supervision. In this compilation the BJS makes every effort to report numbers
32% in 1991 to 45% in 1997. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) seeks that are consistent in interpretation with
to help users by  those of the past and between separate
Overall, the percentage of inmates who jurisdictions in the present. Data
reported receiving drug treatment and
making readily apparent the links collection rules and reporting protocols
programs since admission to State prison that fit historical statistics and that impose
between different correctional
declined from 30% in 1991 to 24% in 1997. the least burden on respondents are
institutions or methods in each State
Among federal prisoners, 25% reported used.
participation in drug treatment or programs suggesting the similarities and
in 1997, up from 20% in 1991. differences between States and Some jurisdictions depart from the
regions as our system of criminal reporting conventions, and some
Among those who used drugs regularly in justice responds to both common and categories for counting have shifted over
the month before the offense, 35% of State disparate needs the years. Users who try to draw
prisoners and 40% of Federal inmates in conclusions from such numbers by
1997 had participated in a drug treatment permitting comparisons, however comparing years or jurisdictions must
or drug abuse program since admission. limited they must be, with previous take into account special circumstances
years' statistics. and changes. Footnotes, table notes,
Prior to admission to prison, 57% of female explanatory notes, and other material
Helping readers find a single number
State prison inmates and 16% of males highlighting the tables must be
said they had been physically or sexually consulted for a full understanding of the
Through an index at the end of the
abused. Lower rates of abuse were data.
volume, readers can find all topics treated
reported by Federal inmates, 7% of males
in the tables. The index numbers refer to
and 40% of females reported prior abuse. The following symbols are used in the
the tables.
tables:
Footnotes give extra information about
how to interpret the numbers in the / not reported
tables.
: not known
Category definitions are available in three
places: the explanatory notes in the ... not applicable
appendices of sections, the
questionnaires also in the appendices,
and the definitions of common terms in
the Introduction on page 2.
vi Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Definitions of common terms Military justice terms  includes probation violators entering prison
used in tables General court-martial is the highest military for the first time on the probated offenses.
court for judging the most serious offenses. Parole violators are excluded from this
Custody. To have custody of a prisoner, a A military judge presides. This court category.
State must hold that person in one of its includes members (jurors) at the election of
facilities. Early statistical reports gave the accused, except when the court must One-day count. For a 1-day count a
custody counts that largely have been have members for imposition of the death jurisdiction or facility is asked to report how
replaced by jurisdiction counts of State penalty. If an enlisted person is accused, many people were on its roll on a certain
prison populations. A State may have in the absence of exigent circumstances at day. The average daily population is a
custody of a prisoner over whom another least a third of the court must be enlisted year's total number of people on the roll
State maintains jurisdiction. The tables members who are not lower ranking than each day, divided by the number of days.
present both kinds of counting proce- the accused. A general court-martial may The methods of counting in aggregate do
dures, with jurisdiction counts being more be used to try any person subject to the not yield estimates of either the number of
complete; States reporting only on custody Uniform Code of Military Justice. persons in a status during the year or the
are noted. average amount of time persons remain in
Special court-martial is used for judging a status.
Detention status. This term distinguish- offenses less serious than those in a
es between prisoners, usually in jail, who general court-martial. A military judge Parole. Unless otherwise specified, parole
were convicted or awaiting judgment. presides. A special court-martial may not includes all types of supervision in the
impose the following: the death penalty, a community in which the period of
Discretionary parole. A release from dishonorable discharge, dismissal of an community supervision was affixed at
prison to supervision is discretionary when officer, confinement in excess of 6 months, the time of release from a prison or jail.
it is decided by a board or other authority. hard labor without confinement for more Includes discretionary parole, mandatory
than 3 months, forfeiture of pay in excess of parole, and other forms of post-release
Hispanic origin. A person of Hispanic two-thirds of pay per month, or forfeiture of supervision. Excludes persons initially
origin may be of any race; however, a few any percentage of pay for more than 6 sentenced to incarceration followed by a
States treat the ethnic category as a racial months. period of probation, often referred to as a
one. “split sentence.”
Summary court-martial is the least formal
Jurisdiction. Jurisdiction refers to a unit military court, consisting of one active-duty Race. Classification by race often depends
of government or to the legal authority to commissioned officer. This court promptly on the reporting program and the State. A
exercise governmental power. According to adjudicates minor offenses under a simple few States reported two categories: white
the latter meaning, the prisoners under a procedure. Punishment may not exceed and nonwhite. A few others categorized
State's jurisdiction may be in the custody of confinement for 1 month, hard labor without Hispanic offenders as belonging to "Other
local jails. (See "Custody.") confinement for 45 days, restriction to race." The number of persons with certain
specified limits for more than 2 months, or racial backgrounds were sometimes
Mandatory parole. Mandatory parole forfeiture of more than two-thirds pay for estimated.
results from statutory or correctional guide- more than 1 month. If the service member
lines, and no judgment by a panel or board is above the rank of E-4, the presiding Reporting time. The prison and capital
is required for release of a prisoner to officer may not impose confinement, hard punishment figures are from December 31,
supervision outside prison. labor without confinement, or reduction of 1996, unless otherwise noted. The Bureau
more than one grade. of the Census surveyed jails on June 30,
Maximum sentence length. Some 1996. The bureau conducted the Survey of
jurisdictions sentence offenders to a range Movement. In corrections, a movement is Inmates in Local Jails from October 1995
of years; the larger number in that range is an admission to or a release from a status through March 1996.
the most that a prisoner may serve on a such as prisoner, parolee, or probationer.
sentence. Often, good time is subtracted Unless specifically noted, a transfer Revisions. Many States revise the
from the maximum sentence. When the between facilities does not count as a yearend number reported for the previous
tables report on prisoners with sentences movement. year. Those revisions are made in the
longer or shorter than a year, the maximum total, not the detail. For example, the
sentence is used where applicable. Most serious offense. The offense with number of blacks, whites, and members of
the longest term of incarceration imposed. other races for 1995 were not changed by a
State in 1996 to equal its revised 1995
New court commitments. Inmates who total.
were admitted to prison directly from a
court with all new sentences. This category
Highlights vii
Data sources Series based on reported individual
offenders
Series that aggregate by reporting unit
NPS-8. Characteristics of persons admitted
NPS-1. Annual yearend count of prisoners to, under, or released from
present by jurisdiction, gender, race, a sentence of death during the year.
Hispanic origin, and admissions and
releases during the year. NCRP-1A. Individual record data on each
offender admitted to prison during the year,
NPS-1A. Count of prisoners present covering race, age, Hispanic origin, jail
on June 30 by jurisdiction. credits, prior prison credit, offenses
and number of counts, and maximum
NPS-1B. Advance yearend count of and minimum sentence.
prisoners; emergency releases because
of prison crowding; rated, operational, NCRP-1B. Individual record data on each
and design capacities of prison facilities. offender released from prison during the
year, covering data from NCRP-1A,
NPS-8A. Yearend count of persons offenses and sentences since admission,
in prison under sentence of death. time spent in halfway houses, time served,
and category of discharge.
NPS-8B, 8C. Complete survey of States
to determine any significant changes in NCRP-1C. Individual record data on each
statues or case law relating to the death offender discharged from parole
penalty. supervision, covering data contained
in NCRP-1A and NCRP-1B, parole
CJ-8. Yearend count, admissions, and discharge, and category of discharge.
releases of persons on probation by
jurisdiction. Series based on interviews of sampled
prisoners
CJ-7. Yearend count, admissions, and
releases of persons on parole by SIJ-43. Survey every 5 years of a random
jurisdiction. sample of jail inmates to determine
criminal history, drug and alcohol use,
CJ-5. Annual survey to estimate the and personal background.
population and rated capacity of jails.
NPS-25. Survey every 5 years of a random
CJ-43. Census every 5 to 6 years of all sample of prison inmates to determine
State and Federal prison facilities to record criminal history, drug and alcohol use,
their characteristics. and personal background.
CJ-3. Census every 5 to 6 years of all jail

facilities to record their characteristics.
viii Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Trends in U.S. correctional populations
Tables each group, by gender, race, 1.24 Estimated number of sentenced

Hispanic origin, and age, 1990 prisoners returned to State prisons,
By Allen Beck, Ph.D., BJS Statistician and 1997 5 for a parole revocation, by the
most serious offense, 1990-97 12
1.1 Number of adults on probation, 1.12 Number of sentenced prisoners
in jail or prison, or on parole, under State or Federal jurisdiction 1.25 Percent of sentenced prisoners
1990-97 2 per 100,000 residents in each returned to State prisons for a
group, by gender, race, Hispanic parole revocation, by the most
1.2 Estimated number of adults on origin, and age, 1997 5 serious offense, 1990-97 13
probation, in jail, in prison, or on
parole and their percent of the 1.13 Estimated number of prisoners 1.26 Number of offenders sentenced
adult population, by gender and in custody of State correctional to Federal prison in U.S. district
race, 1997 2 authorities, by the most serious court, by the most serious
offense, 1990-97 6 offense, 1990-97 14
1.3 Estimated number of adults
under correctional supervision, 1.14 Percent of prisoners in custody 1.27 Percent of offenders sentenced
by gender and race, 1990-97 2 of State correctional authorities, to Federal prison in U.S.
by the most serious offense, district court, by the most
1.4 Percent of adults under 1990-97 7 serious offense, 1990-97 15
correctional supervision,
by gender and race, 1990-97 3 1.15 Number of sentenced inmates in 1.28 Number of persons held in State or
Federal prisons, by the most serious Federal prisons and local jails per
1.5 Number of adults in custody offense, 1990 and 1995-97 8 100,000 residents, by gender, race,
of State or Federal prisons or Hispanic origin, and age, 1997 16
local jails, 1990-97 3 1.16 Percent of sentenced inmates in
Federal prisons, by the most serious 1.29 Number of adults on probation,
1.6 Number of adults held in State or offense, 1990 and 1995-97 9 in jail, in prison, or on parole per
Federal prisons or in local jails, 100,000 adult residents,
by gender and race, 1990-97 3 1.17 Trends in State prison admissions by gender, race, Hispanic origin,
and releases, 1990-97 9 and age, 1997 17
1.7 Number of adults held in State
or Federal prisons or local jails 1.18 New court commitments Explanatory notes 18
per 100,000 adult U.S. residents to State and Federal prison,
in each group, by gender and race, by gender, 1990-97 10 Technical note 18
1990-97 3
1.19 New court commitments Figures
1.8 Number of sentenced prisoners to State and Federal prison,
under State or Federal by gender, 1990-97 10 1. Percent of U.S. adult population
jurisdiction, by gender and race, in State or Federal prisons or local
1990-97 4 1.20 New court commitments jails, by race and gender, 1984-97 4
to State and Federal prison,
1.9 Estimated number of sentenced by race, 1990-97 10 2. Number of prisoners in custody
prisoners under State or Federal of State correctional authorities,
jurisdiction per 100,000 U.S. 1.21 New court commitments by offense type, 1990-97 6
residents in each group, by gender to State and Federal prison,
and race, 1990-97 4 by race, 1990-97 11 3. New court commitments of
State prisoners, by race,
1.10 Number of sentenced Hispanic and 1.22 Estimated number of sentenced 1980-97 7
American Indian sentenced prisoners admitted to State
prisoners under State or Federal prisons, by the most serious 4. New court commitments of
jurisdiction, by gender, offense, 1990-97 11 Federal prisoners, by race,
1990 and 1995-97 5 1980-97 8
1.23 Percent of sentenced prisoners
1.11 Number of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons, by the 5. Percent of sentenced prisoners
under State or Federal jurisdiction most serious offense, 1990-97 12 admitted to State prisons,
per 100,000 U.S. residents in by offense type, 1980-97 13
Trends in U.S. correctional populations 1

Table 1.1. Number of adults on probation, in jail or prison,
or on parole, 1990-97
Total estimated
correctional
Year populationa Probation Jailb Prison Parole
1990 4,348,000 2,670,234 403,019 743,382 531,407
1991 4,535,600 2,728,472 424,129 792,535 590,442
1992 4,762,600 2,811,611 441,781 850,566 658,601
1993 4,944,000 2,903,061 455,500 909,381 676,100
1994 5,141,300 2,981,022 479,800 990,147 690,371
1995 5,335,100 3,077,861 499,300 1,078,542 679,421
1996 5,482,900 3,164,996 510,400 1,127,764 679,733
1997 5,692,500 3,266,837 557,974 1,176,922 690,752
Percent change
1996-97 3.8% 3.2% 9.3% 4.4% 1.6%
Average annual percent change

1990-97 3.9% 2.9% 4.8% 6.8% 3.8%
Note: Counts for probation, prison, and parole populations are for December 31
of each year and have been revised based on the most recently reported counts.
Jail population counts are for June 30 of each year. Prison counts are of inmates in custody.
a
A small number of individuals may have multiple correctional statuses; consequently,
the total number of persons under correctional supervision is an overestimate.
b
The adult jail population counts are estimated for 1993-96. The jail population counts for
1994-97 exclude persons supervised outside jail facilities.
Table 1.2. Estimated number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison,

or on parole and their percent of the adult population, by gender and race, 1997
Gender Race
Totala Male Female White Black Other
Total 5,692,500 4,797,200 895,300 3,429,000 2,149,900 113,600
Probation 3,266,800 2,582,300 684,500 2,177,300 1,035,000 54,500

Jail 558,000 498,700 59,300 301,600 242,200 14,200
Prison 1,176,900 1,103,300 73,600 569,900 574,400 32,600
Parole 690,800 613,000 77,800 380,200 298,300 12,300
U.S. adult resident populationb 200,032,000 97,691,000 103,340,000 167,372,000 23,858,000 8,802,000
Percent under correctional supervision 2.8% 4.9% 0.9% 2.0% 9.0% 1.3%
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. The numbers for gender and race were rounded to the nearest 100.
In cases where gender or race was unknown or not reported, counts were estimated first on the self-reported racial identification
of Hispanics in BJS surveys and then the residual was allocated based on the known cases. Estimates will differ from counts
reported in chapters dealing with jail inmates, probation and parole populations, and State and Federal prisoners.
a
A small number of individuals have multiple correctional statuses; consequently, the total number of persons
under correctional supervision may be an overestimate. See Technical note.
b
Based on the resident population 18 years or older on July 1, 1997, and adjusted for the undercount in the 1990 census.
Table 1.3. Estimated number of adults under correctional

supervision, by gender and race, 1990-97
Gender Race
Year Total Male Female White Black Other
1990 4,348,000 3,746,300 601,700 2,665,500 1,632,700 49,800
1991 4,535,600 3,913,000 622,600 2,742,400 1,743,300 49,900
1992 4,762,600 4,050,300 712,300 2,835,900 1,873,200 53,500
1993 4,944,000 4,215,800 728,200 2,872,200 2,011,600 60,200
1994 5,141,300 4,377,400 763,900 3,058,000 2,018,000 65,300
1995 5,335,100 4,513,000 822,100 3,220,900 2,024,000 90,200
1996 5,482,900 4,630,100 852,800 3,294,800 2,083,600 104,500
1997 5,692,500 4,797,200 895,300 3,429,000 2,149,900 113,600
Note: Populations are estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. Previously published estimates for
1996 by gender and race have been revised, based on the most recently reported population totals and
revised procedures for estimating missing data. See Explanatory notes.
2 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Table 1.4. Percent of adults under correctional
supervision, by gender and race, 1990-97
Gender Race
Year Total Male Female White Black Other
1990 2.3% 4.2% 0.6% 1.7% 7.6% 0.7%
1991 2.4 4.3 0.6 1.7 8.0 0.7
1992 2.5 4.4 0.7 1.8 8.5 0.7
1993 2.6 4.5 0.7 1.8 9.0 0.8
1994 2.6 4.7 0.8 1.9 8.9 0.8
1995 2.7 4.8 0.8 2.0 8.8 1.1
1996 2.8 4.9 0.8 2.0 8.9 1.2
1997 2.8 4.9 0.9 2.0 9.0 1.3
Note: Percentages are based on the resident population age 18 or older on
July 1 of each reference year and have been corrected for the undercount in
the 1990 census.
Table 1.5. Number of adults in custody of State or Federal prisons

or local jails, 1990-97
Total inmates Prisoners in custodya Inmates held Incarcera-
Year in custodya Federal State in local jailsb tion ratec
1990 1,146,401 58,838 684,544 403,019 460
1991 1,216,664 63,930 728,605 424,129 482
1992 1,292,347 72,071 778,495 441,781 507
1993 1,364,900 80,815 828,566 455,500 526
1994 1,469,900 85,500 904,647 479,800 562
1995 1,577,800 89,538 989,004 499,300 598
1996 1,638,200 95,088 1,032,676 510,400 615
1997 1,734,896 101,755 1,075,167 557,974 645
Percent change, 1996-97 5.9% 7.0% 4.1% 9.3%
Average annual percent change,

1990-97 6.1% 8.1% 6.7% 4.8%
a
State and Federal inmate counts exclude those under State or Federal
jurisdiction who were housed elsewhere, as in county or local jails.
b
Jail population counts for 1993-96 are estimated.
c
Total number of adults held in the custody of State, Federal, or local jurisdictions
per 100,000 U.S. residents on December 31 of each reference year.
Table 1.6. Number of adults held in State or Federal

prisons or in local jails, by gender and race, 1990-97
White Black
Year Males Females Males Females
1990 545,900 39,300 508,800 38,000
1991 566,800 42,200 551,000 40,600
1992 598,000 44,100 590,300 42,400
1993 627,100 46,500 624,100 47,500
1994 667,400 51,300 676,000 52,300
1995 723,800 55,100 704,900 56,800
1996 751,100 60,800 714,200 59,600
1997 806,300 65,200 753,600 63,000
Note: Populations are estimated and rounded to the nearest 100.
Previously published estimates for 1996 by gender and race have been
revised, based on the most recently reported population totals.
Table 1.7. Number of adults held in State or Federal

prisons or local jails per 100,000 U.S. adult residents
in each group, by gender and race, 1990-97
White Black
Year Males Females Males Females
1990 711 48 5,161 329
1991 732 51 5,503 346
1992 766 53 5,793 356
1993 797 55 6,032 393
1994 842 61 6,443 426
1995 907 65 6,618 456
1996 933 71 6,608 472
1997 990 76 6,838 491
Note: Data are based on resident population for each group
on July 1 of each year and have been adjusted for the census
undercount.

Figure
Figure1. 1.
Percent
Percent of U.S.
of U.S.
adult
adult
population
population
in State
in State
or Federal
or Federal
prisons
prisons
or in
or local
in local
jails,
jails,
by by
racerace
andand
gender,
gender,
1984-97
1984-95
Percent of U.S. adult

population for each group
8%
Black males (6.8%)
6%
4%
2%
White males (0.99%)

Black females (0.49%)
0% White females (0.08%)
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997
Table 1.8. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal

jurisdiction, by gender and race, 1990-97
Number of sentenced prisoners

Male Female
Year Total All* White Black All* White Black
1990 739,980 699,416 350,700 340,300 40,564 20,200 19,700

1991 789,610 745,808 369,200 366,500 43,802 21,100 22,000
1992 846,277 799,776 394,500 393,700 46,501 22,200 23,600
1993 932,074 878,037 428,700 434,900 54,037 25,800 27,300
1994 1,016,691 956,566 465,300 474,800 60,125 28,800 30,200
1995 1,085,022 1,021,059 487,400 509,800 63,963 30,500 31,900
1996 1,137,722 1,068,123 511,300 528,600 69,599 33,800 34,000
1997 1,194,581 1,120,787 541,300 548,500 73,794 36,300 35,500
Note: Previously published estimates by gender and race have been revised. Sentenced prisoners are those
with a sentence of more than 1 year. The numbers for gender and race were rounded to the nearest 100.
*Includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and other racial groups.
Table 1.9. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under State

or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 U.S. residents in each group,
by gender and race, 1990-97
Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents

Male Female
Year Totala Allb,c White Black Allb,c White Black
1990 297 564 338 2,234 31 19 117
1991 313 595 352 2,368 33 19 129
1992 332 631 373 2,499 35 20 136
1993 359 685 402 2,718 40 23 155
1994 389 739 432 2,923 45 26 169
1995 411 781 449 3,095 47 27 176
1996 427 810 468 3,164 51 30 183
1997 444 840 491 3,251 53 32 192
Note: Sentenced prisoners are those with a sentence of more than 1 year.
Previously published numbers for 1996 have been revised.
a
Rates are based on the U.S. resident population on December 31 of each year.
b
Rates are based on the U.S. resident population on July 1 of each year and
have been adjusted for the census undercount.
c
Includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives,

Table 1.10. Number of sentenced Hispanic and American Indian prisoners
under State or Federal jurisdiction, by gender, 1990 and 1995-97
Sentenced Hispanic prisonersa Sentenced American Indian prisonersb
Number Per 100,000 Hispanic residentsc Number Per 100,000 American Indian residentsc
Year Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
1990 130,000 123,500 6,500 548 1,016 56 6,000 5,600 400 275 516 35
1995 190,100 181,300 8,800 675 1,264 64 9,800 9,000 800 419 769 72
1996 200,400 189,300 11,100 688 1,279 78 11,000 10,100 900 462 850 77
1997 213,000 200,200 12,800 698 1,272 87 11,900 10,900 1,000 492 905 80
a b
Numbers of Hispanics with a sentence of more than a year were The number of American Indian inmates was based on
estimated for each year using the 1991 and 1997 inmate surveys reports from NPS, which exclude those held in detention
and the NPS sentenced inmate counts. facilities in Indian country.
c
Rates are based on estimates of the U.S. resident
Hispanic and American Indian populations on July 1 of
each year and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount.
Table 1.11. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000
U.S. residents in each group, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1990 and 1997
Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents in each population groupa
Total Male Female Whiteb Blackb Hispanic
Age 1990 1997 1990 1997 1990 1997 1990 1997 1990 1997 1990 1997
Total 292 440 564 840 31 53 139 189 1,067 1,743 548 738
18-19 271 412 518 775 13 28 90 140 1,084 1,377 360 677
20-24 652 1,042 1,220 1,954 61 78 295 403 2,296 3,677 972 1,509
25-29 799 1,144 1,493 2,141 95 134 354 434 2,949 4,564 1,341 1,617
30-34 708 1,092 1,327 2,000 87 176 336 476 2,640 4,240 1,185 1,608
35-39 526 913 989 1,681 67 141 245 405 1,973 3,799 1,069 1,385
40-44 375 666 715 1,256 41 82 196 308 1,433 2,622 779 1,289
45-54 211 365 410 700 21 42 137 195 590 1,470 535 731
55 or older 49 71 109 154 3 5 32 44 168 243 142 203
a
Based on estimates of the U.S. resident population on July 1 of each year and
adjusted for the 1990 census undercount.
b
Excludes Hispanics.
Table 1.12. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction

per 100,000 residents, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1997
Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents of each age groupa

Male Female
Age Total Whiteb Blackb Hispanic Total Whiteb Blackb Hispanic
Total 840 386 3,206 1,272 53 25 199 87

18-19 775 274 2,585 1,183 28 17 83 30
20-24 1,954 788 6,993 2,600 78 41 215 128
25-29 2,141 867 8,623 2,701 134 58 452 210
30-34 2,000 949 7,479 2,585 176 83 650 235
35-39 1,681 806 6,809 2,206 141 66 546 213
40-44 1,256 614 4,837 2,215 82 37 337 131
45-54 700 394 2,773 1,262 42 21 154 99
55 or older 154 100 509 394 5 4 20 10
a
Based on estimates of the U.S. resident population on July 1
of each year and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount.
b
Excludes Hispanics.

Figure 2. Number of prisoners in custody of State
correctional authorities, by offense type, 1980-97
Number of State prison inmates
600,000
500,000
Violent
400,000
300,000
200,000
Property
Drug
100,000
Public-order
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997
Table 1.13. Estimated number of prisoners in custody of State

correctional authorities, by the most serious offense, 1990-97
Number of inmates in State prison

Most serious offense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total 684,544 728,605 778,245 828,400 904,647 989,005 1,032,676 1,075,167
Violent offenses 313,600 339,500 369,100 393,500 425,700 459,600 484,800 507,800
Murdera 72,000 77,200 85,900 92,800 100,700 110,600 118,200 125,800
Manslaughter 13,200 13,100 14,000 14,600 15,200 16,300 16,800 17,000
Rape 24,500 25,500 27,300 27,100 27,700 28,500 28,200 27,500
Other sexual assault 39,100 43,000 46,200 49,000 53,300 57,000 60,700 64,200
Robbery 99,200 107,800 113,600 122,100 131,700 139,600 146,100 152,000
Assault 53,300 59,000 67,600 72,200 80,100 89,000 95,200 100,500
Other violentb 12,400 13,100 14,500 15,600 17,000 18,600 19,600 20,700
Property offenses 173,700 180,700 181,600 189,600 207,000 226,600 231,700 236,400
Burglary 87,200 90,300 90,500 94,300 101,800 108,900 111,700 114,900
Larceny 34,800 35,700 33,500 35,300 39,600 44,500 45,000 45,100
Motor vehicle theft 14,400 16,000 18,100 18,900 19,700 21,300 20,200 19,800
Fraud 20,200 20,400 20,200 21,300 23,600 26,300 27,600 28,900
Other propertyc 17,100 18,200 19,400 19,800 22,300 25,600 27,200 27,700
Drug offenses 148,600 155,200 168,100 177,000 193,500 212,800 216,900 222,100
Public-order offensesd 45,500 49,500 56,300 64,000 74,400 86,500 96,000 106,200
e
Other/unspecified 3,100 2,900 3,200 4,300 3,900 3,500 3,200 2,700
Note: Previously published estimates for 1992-96 have been revised based on data from the 1997 Survey of Inmates
in State Correctional Facilities. The offense distributions for yearend 1991 and 1997 are based on survey data.
The offense distributions for other years are estimated using forward and backward stock-flow methods. See Explanatory
notes for further details on the estimations. All estimates are based on the total number of prisoners in physical custody,
including those with sentences of 1 year or less and those who were unsentenced. See definitions for the distinction
between custody and jurisdiction counts. Due to rounding, detail may not sum to total.
a
Includes nonnegligent manslaughter.
b
Includes extortion, intimidation, criminal endangerment, and other violent offenses.
c
Includes possession and selling of stolen property, destruction of property, trespassing, vandalism, criminal tampering, and other property offenses.
d
Includes weapons, drunk driving, escape, court offenses, obstruction, commercialized vice, morals and decency charges, liquor law violations,
and other public-order offenses.
e
Includes juvenile offenses and unspecified felonies.

Table 1.14. Percent of prisoners in custody of State correctional authorities,
by the most serious offense, 1990-97
Percent of inmates in State prison

Most serious offense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Violent offenses 45.8% 46.6% 47.4% 47.5% 47.1% 46.5% 46.9% 47.2%
Murdera 10.5 10.6 11.0 11.2 11.1 11.2 11.5 11.7
Manslaughter 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6
Rape 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6
Other sexual assault 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.0
Robbery 14.5 14.8 14.6 14.7 14.6 14.1 14.1 14.1
Assault 7.8 8.1 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.4
Other violentb 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Property offenses 25.4% 24.8% 23.3% 22.9% 22.9% 22.9% 22.4% 22.0%
Burglary 12.7 12.4 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.0 10.8 10.7
Larceny 5.1 4.9 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.2
Motor vehicle theft 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8
Fraud 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7
Other propertyc 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6
Drug offenses 21.7% 21.3% 21.6% 21.4% 21.4% 21.5% 21.0% 20.7%
d
Public-order offenses 6.6% 6.8% 7.2% 7.7% 8.2% 8.7% 9.3% 9.9%
Other/unspecifiede 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2%

Note: Previously published estimates for 1992-96 have been revised based on data
from the 1997 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. The offense distributions
for yearend 1991 and 1997 are based on survey data. The offense distributions for other years
are estimated using forward and backward stock-flow methods. See Explanatory notes
for further details on the estimations. All estimates are based on the total number of prisoners
in physical custody, including those with sentences of 1 year or less and those who were unsentenced.
See definitions between custody and jurisdiction counts. Due to rounding, detail may not sum to total.
a
b
Includes extortion, intimidation, criminal endangerment, and other violent offenses.
c
Includes possession and selling of stolen property, destruction of property, destruction of property,
trespassing, vandalism, criminal tampering, and other property offenses.
d
Includes weapons, drunk driving, escape, court offenses, obstruction, commercialized vice, morals
and decency charges, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses.
e
Includes juvenile offenses and unspecified felonies.
Figure 3. New court commitments of State prisoners, by race, 1980-97
Number of new court commitments

to State prison
400,000
All races
300,000
200,000
Blacks
Whites
100,000
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997

Table 1.15. Number of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons,
by the most serious offense, 1990 and 1995-97
Most serious Number of inmates in Federal prisona

offense 1990 1995 1996 1997
Total 56,989 88,101 92,672 98,944
Violent offenses 9,557 11,321 11,523 11,658

Homicideb 1,233 966 1,084 1,015
Assaultc 1,964 2,633 645 670
Robbery 5,158 6,341 8,334 8,464
Other violentd 1,202 1,381 1,460 1,509
Property offenses 7,935 7,524 7,781 8,151

Burglary 442 164 181 181
Fraude 5,113 5,629 5,807 6,148
Larceny/theft/other propertyf 2,380 1,731 1,793 1,822
Drug offenses 30,470 51,737 55,194 58,610
Public-order offenses 8,585 15,762 17,227 19,197

Immigration 1,728 3,612 4,476 5,454
Weapons 3,073 7,519 7,696 8,082
Escape/courtg 417 367 325 373
Other public-orderh 3,367 4,264 4,730 5,288
Otheri 442 0 0 0
Unknown 0 1,757 947 1,328
Note: All data are from the BJS Federal justice database. Data for 1990 and
1995 are for December 31. Data for 1996 and 1997 are for September 30. Numbers may
differ from the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ count because the Federal Justice Statistics
Program includes prisoners in transit.
a
Includes prisoners of any sentence length.
b
Includes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and negligent manslaughter.
c
Beginning in 1996 assaults with intent to commit robbery were coded as robbery.
d
Includes kidnaping, rape, other sexual assault, threats against the President, and other offenses.
e
Includes embezzlement, counterfeiting, forgery, bankruptcy, and fraud (excluding tax fraud but
including securities fraud).
f
Includes motor vehicle theft, trespassing, destruction of property, and transport of stolen property.
g
Includes flight to avoid prosecution, escape, parole and probation violation, and other court
offenses.
h
Includes liquor laws, national security laws, income tax, selective service acts, bribery, gambling,
traffic offenses, and other public-order offenses.
i
Includes offenses not classifiable or not a violation of the United States Code.
Figure 4. New court commitments of Federal prisoners, by race, 1980-97
Number of new court commitments

to Federal prison
30,000
All races
20,000
Whites
10,000
Blacks
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997

Table 1.16. Percent of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons,
by the most serious offense, 1990 and 1995-97
Most serious Percent of inmates in Federal prisona

offense 1990 1995b 1996b 1997b
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
Violent offenses 16.8% 13.1% 12.6% 11.9%

Homicidec 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.0
Assaultd 3.4 3.0 0.7 0.7
Robbery 9.1 7.3 9.1 8.7
Other violente 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.5
Property offenses 13.9% 8.7% 8.5% 8.4%

Burglary 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2
Fraudf 9.0 6.5 6.3 6.3
Larceny/theft/other propertyg 4.2 2.0 2.0 1.9
Drug offenses 53.5% 59.9% 60.2% 60.0%
Public-order offenses 15.1% 18.3% 18.8% 19.7%

Immigration 3.0 4.2 4.9 5.6
Weapons 5.4 8.7 8.4 8.3
Escape/courth 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4
Other public-orderi 5.9 4.9 5.2 5.4
Otherj 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Note: All data are from the BJS Federal justice database. Data for 1990 and 1995 are for Decem-
ber 31. Data for 1996 and 1997 are for September 30.
a
Includes prisoners of any sentence length.
b
Percents are based on prisoners for whom most serious offense was known.
c
d
Beginning in 1996 assaults with intent to commit robbery were coded as robbery.
e
Includes kidnaping, rape, other sexual assault, threats against the President, and other offenses.
f
Includes embezzlement, counterfeiting, forgery, bankruptcy, and fraud (excluding tax fraud but
including securities fraud).
g
Includes motor vehicle theft, trespassing, destruction of property, and transport of stolen property.
h
Includes flight to avoid prosecution, escape, parole and probation violation, and other court
offenses.
i
Includes liquor laws, national security laws, income tax, selective service acts, bribery, gambling,
traffic offenses, and other public-order offenses.
j
Includes offenses not classifiable or not a violation of the United States Code.
Table 1.17. Trends in State prison admissions and releases, 1990-97
Admissions to State prison Releases from State prison

Percent of all admissions
Conditional Percent of all releases
Admission New court release Release Parole Mandatory Other Expiration
Year Number ratea commitments violators Other Number rateb board release conditional of sentence Other
1990 460,739 72.7% 70.1% 29.1% 0.8% 405,374 37.0% 39.4% 28.8% 15.5% 12.7% 3.6%
1991 466,285 67.6 68.0 30.5 1.5 421,687 36.5 39.7 29.9 14.2 10.8 5.3
1992 480,676 65.6 69.5 29.5 1.0 430,198 35.5 39.5 29.5 14.1 11.4 5.5
1993 475,100 60.9 66.9 30.8 2.3 417,838 33.3 38.8 31.6 13.4 11.9 4.4
1994c 498,919 58.0 64.5 33.6 1.9 418,372 30.8 35.0 35.6 12.6 12.5 4.3
1995 521,970 55.7 64.7 33.7 1.6 455,140 31.2 32.3 39.0 10.1 14.5 4.0
1996 512,618 51.2 63.7 33.7 2.6 467,193 30.9 30.4 38.0 10.2 16.7 4.7
1997 538,375 51.3 62.1 34.7 3.2 489,914 30.9 28.2 39.7 10.4 16.8 4.9
Note: Releases exclude escapees, AWOL’s and transfers. All data are limited to prisoners with a sentence of more than 1 year.
a
The number of admissions per 100 State prisoners at the beginning of each year.
b
The number of releases per 100 State prisoners at the beginning of each year plus the number admitted during the year.
c
Releases in Alaska, by type, were estimated for 1994.

Table 1.18. New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by gender, 1990-97
New court admissions to prison New court admissions to State prisons New court admissions to Federal prisons
Year Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1990a 341,545 311,600 30,000 323,069 294,877 28,192 18,476 16,700 1,800
1991a 337,478 306,800 30,700 317,237 288,408 28,829 20,241 18,400 1,900
1992a 356,498 324,900 31,600 334,301 304,772 29,529 22,197 20,100 2,100
1993 341,722 310,493 29,209 318,069 288,883 27,166 23,653 21,610 2,043
1994b 346,097 314,788 29,290 322,141 292,972 27,150 23,956 21,816 2,140
1995 361,464 326,403 35,061 337,492 304,567 32,925 23,972 21,836 2,136
1996 353,893 317,989 35,904 326,547 293,151 33,396 27,346 24,838 2,508
1997 365,085 327,933 37,152 334,525 300,239 34,286 30,560 27,694 2,866
a
The total number of Federal admissions for 1990-92 is from the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP).
The breakdown by gender is calculated by taking the percentage reported for each year and applying
that to the total number of admissions.
b
The number of State admissions for Alaska was estimated.
Table 1.19. Percent of new court commitments to State and Federal prison, by gender, 1990-97
Total Percent of State Total number Percent of Total number Percent of

number of and Federal admissions of State State admissions of Federal Federal admissions
Year admissions Males Females admissions Males Females admissions Males Females
1990a 341,545 91.2% 8.8% 323,069 91.3% 8.7% 18,476 90.4% 9.7%
1991a 337,478 90.9 9.1 317,237 90.9 9.1 20,241 90.9 9.4
1992 356,498 91.1 8.9 334,301 91.2 8.8 22,197 90.6 9.5
1993 341,722 90.9 8.5 318,069 90.8 8.5 23,653 91.4 8.6
1994b 346,097 91.0 8.5 322,141 90.9 8.4 23,956 91.1 8.9
1995 361,464 90.3 9.7 337,492 90.2 9.8 23,972 91.1 8.9
1996 353,893 89.9 10.1 326,547 89.8 10.2 27,346 90.8 9.2
1997 365,085 89.8 10.2 334,525 89.8 10.2 30,560 90.6 9.4
Table 1.20. New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by race, 1990-97
Total Estimated number of Total number Estimated number of Total number Estimated number of
number of State and Federal admissions of State State admissions of Federal Federal admissions
Year admissions White Black Othera admissions White Black Othera admissionsb White Black Othera
1990 341,545 169,300 169,500 2,800 323,069 157,100 163,600 2,400 18,476 12,200 5,900 400
1991 337,478 163,200 170,700 3,600 317,237 149,900 164,300 3,100 20,241 13,300 6,400 500
1992 356,498 175,700 177,400 3,500 334,301 161,300 170,100 2,900 22,197 14,400 7,300 600
1993 341,722 168,700 169,500 3,600 318,069 153,700 161,400 3,000 23,653 15,000 8,100 600
1994 346,097 172,800 169,200 4,100 322,141 158,000 160,700 3,400 23,956 14,800 8,500 700
1995 361,464 186,700 170,800 4,000 337,492 170,800 163,500 3,200 23,972 15,900 7,300 800
1996 353,893 185,700 163,800 4,400 326,547 168,600 154,500 3,400 27,346 17,100 9,300 900
1997 365,085 193,300 167,100 4,700 334,525 173,500 157,300 3,700 30,560 19,800 9,800 1,000
Note: For Hispanic inmates of unknown racial origin, race was estimated using the racial distribution of Hispanics for whom race was known.
All data are based on prisoners with sentences of 1 year or more. Numbers by race are estimated from the NCRP (1990-97)
and the Federal Justice Statistics Program (1993-97).
a
Includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaska Natives.
b
Federal admissions data for 1990-93 are from the NCRP and for 1994-97 from the National Prisoners Statistics
with detail by race from the Federal Justice Statistics Program.

Table 1.21. New court commitments to State and Federal prison, by race, 1990-97
Total Percent of State Total number Total number

number of and Federal admissions of State Percent of State admissions of Federal Percent of Federal admissions
Year admissions Total White Black Othera admissions Total White Black Othera admissionsb Total White Black Othera
1990 341,545 100% 48.0% 51.1% 0.9% 323,069 100% 48.6% 50.6% 0.8% 18,476 100% 66.0% 31.7% 2.3%
1991 337,478 100 46.3 52.7 1.1 317,237 100 47.2 51.8 1.0 20,241 100 65.9 31.7 2.4
1992 356,498 100 45.9 53.0 1.1 334,301 100 48.3 50.9 0.9 22,197 100 64.7 32.7 2.6
1993 341,722 100 46.4 52.5 1.1 318,069 100 48.3 50.7 0.9 23,653 100 63.3 34.2 2.5
1994c 346,097 100 46.8 51.7 1.5 322,141 100 49.1 49.9 1.0 23,956 100 61.7 35.5 2.8
1995 361,464 100 51.7 47.3 1.1 337,492 100 50.6 48.4 1.0 23,972 100 66.5 30.4 3.1
1996 353,893 100 52.5 46.3 1.2 326,547 100 51.6 47.3 1.1 27,346 100 62.6 34.2 3.2
1997 365,085 100 52.9 45.8 1.3 334,525 100 51.9 47.0 1.1 30,560 100 64.6 32.1 3.2
Note: For Hispanic inmates of unknown racial origin, race was estimated using the racial distribution of Hispanics for whom race was known.
All data are based on prisoners with sentences of 1 year or more. Numbers by race are estimated from the National Corrections Reporting Program
(1990-97) and the Federal Justice Statistics Program (1993-96).
a
Includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaska Natives.
b
Federal admissions data for 1990-93 are from the National Corrections Reporting Program and for 1994-97 from the National
Prisoners Statistics with detail by race from the Federal Justice Statistics Program.
c
The number of State admissions for 1994 was estimated for Alaska.
Table 1.22. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons,

Most Number of new court commitments to State prisonsa

serious offense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
All offenses 323,069 317,237 334,301 318,069 322,141 337,492 326,547 334,525
Murderb 8,700 9,500 9,700 9,500 10,000 10,000 9,200 9,100
Negligent manslaughter 3,900 4,100 4,000 4,000 3,900 4,000 3,600 3,500
Sexual assaultc 17,800 17,800 19,100 19,200 19,700 19,800 19,700 20,700
Robbery 29,700 32,000 33,100 31,300 30,600 30,400 29,700 30,600
Aggravated assault 22,600 24,100 25,100 24,500 25,800 27,600 28,400 29,800
Other violent 4,200 4,400 4,300 4,600 5,200 5,400 5,700 6,400
Burglary 46,800 42,800 44,500 41,000 39,900 40,000 39,000 39,200
Larceny/theft 26,200 25,400 27,100 25,400 24,800 26,200 24,400 23,500
Fraud 12,600 12,100 12,700 12,200 12,600 13,800 13,200 13,400
Other property 10,300 10,800 12,000 10,900 10,300 11,400 11,400 11,600
Drug offenses 102,400 95,200 101,600 95,100 97,300 104,100 98,700 102,600
Public-order offenses 26,000 28,200 29,400 29,500 32,200 34,500 34,600 35,700
Other 3,600 3,500 3,700 3,400 2,900 2,300 2,100 1,400
Note: All data were estimated. For each year, the proportion of new court commitments in each offense category was
multiplied by the total number of new court commitments and rounded to the nearest hundred.
(See table 1.23 for percentages.) Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
a
Includes only those with sentences of more than 1 year.
b
c
Includes rape and other sexual assault.

Table 1.23. Percent of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons,
Most Percent of new court commitments to State prisonsa

serious offense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Murderb 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7
Negligent manslaughter 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0
Sexual assaultc 5.5 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.2
Robbery 9.2 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.5 9.0 9.1 9.2
Aggravated assault 7.0 7.6 7.5 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.7 8.9
Other violent 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.9
Burglary 14.5 13.5 13.3 12.9 12.4 11.9 12.0 11.7
Larceny/theft 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.8 7.5 7.0
Fraud 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0
Other property 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.5
Drug offenses 31.7% 30.0% 30.4% 29.9% 30.2% 30.8% 30.2% 30.7%
Other 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 0.4%
Note: Data are from the National Corrections Reporting Program and are based on the most serious
offense as reported by participating States. Data may not sum to total due to rounding.
a
b
c
Table 1.24. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners returned to State prisons

for a parole revocation, by the most serious offense, 1990-97
Most Number of parole violators returned to State prisonsa

serious offense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
All offenses 133,870 142,100 141,961 146,366 168,504 175,726 172,633 186,659
Murderb 2,300 2,600 2,300 2,200 2,600 2,700 2,400 2,600
Negligent manslaughter 700 700 700 700 900 900 700 700
Sexual assaultc 4,000 5,300 4,800 4,600 6,000 6,400 7,200 7,300
Robbery 18,100 16,800 17,700 18,700 20,400 19,800 19,000 19,800
Aggravated assault 7,200 8,000 8,100 8,700 10,500 11,100 11,700 12,900
Other violent 900 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,700 2,000 1,900 2,400
Burglary 31,300 30,100 29,100 28,100 30,500 30,500 26,400 28,400
Larceny/theft 16,600 16,900 15,700 15,700 17,500 17,700 17,300 17,500
Fraud 5,500 6,000 5,200 4,900 5,300 5,500 4,700 5,600
Other property 2,700 2,700 3,300 3,400 4,300 4,600 4,500 5,800
Drug offenses 30,900 36,900 38,400 41,500 49,500 53,900 54,300 59,400
Other 300 300 300 300 300 400 300 1,700
a
b
c

Table 1.25. Percent of sentenced prisoners returned to State prisons
for a parole revocation, by the most serious offense, 1990-97
Most Percent of parole violators returned to State prisonsa

serious offense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Murderb 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4
Sexual assaultc 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.9
Robbery 13.5 11.8 12.2 12.5 11.9 11.1 10.9 10.6
Aggravated assault 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.7 6.9
Other violent 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3
Burglary 23.4 21.2 20.0 18.8 17.8 17.1 15.1 15.2
Larceny/theft 12.4 11.9 10.8 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.9 9.4
Fraud 4.1 4.2 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.7 3.0
Other property 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.6 3.1
Drug offenses 23.1% 26.0% 26.4% 27.7% 28.9% 30.2% 31.1% 31.8%
Other 0.2% 0.2% 2.5% 2.4% 1.9% 1.7% 1.4% 0.9%
a
b
c
Figure 5. Percent of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons,

by offense type, 1980-97
Percent of new court commitments

to State prisons
50%
Property
40%
Violent
30%
Drug
20%
10%
Public-order
0%
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997

Table 1.26. Number of offenders sentenced to Federal prison in U.S. district court,
Most Number of offenders sentenced to Federal prisona

serious offense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Totalb 28,659 30,555 33,622 34,844 31,586 31,805 36,373 39,431
Homicidec 144 140 135 148 222 307 233 233
Sexual assaultd 226 254 271 227 215 242 326 422
Robbery 1,313 1,504 1,860 1,950 1,628 1,289 1,515 1,691
Assault 282 283 282 272 284 281 220 171
Other violent 67 79 70 82 94 90 125 102
Burglary 83 119 106 158 131 74 58 38
Larceny/theft 940 951 901 929 851 754 805 850
Motor vehicle theft 200 170 251 321 308 264 94 92
Fraude 4,464 4,542 5,039 5,378 4,967 5,258 5,751 6,282
Otherf 198 251 260 194 209 359 453 424
Drug offenses 14,092 15,012 16,401 17,343 14,835 14,067 16,492 17,964
Trafficking 13,640 14,558 15,987 16,667 14,272 13,133 15,248 16,718
Possession 452 454 414 676 563 934 1,244 1,246
Immigration 1,876 1,742 1,741 2,099 2,243 3,169 4,492 5,502
Weapons 1,894 2,632 3,426 2,910 2,812 2,803 2,773 2,662
Escape 545 470 475 438 448 485 435 410
Regulatory 799 884 856 912 876 572 540 603
Otherg 1,536 1,522 1,547 1,474 1,459 1,784 2,053 1,636
Note: Data are from the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program. Data for 1990-94 are based on persons sentenced
during each calendar year. Data for 1995-97 are based on the fiscal year ending September 30.
a
Includes all offenders sentenced to incarceration. Excludes offenders with suspended sentenced to time
already served, and those convicted of petty offenses.
b
Total may include offenders for whom the offense category could not be determined.
c
d
Includes rape and other sex offenses.
e
Includes forgery, fraud, embezzlement, and counterfeiting.
f
Includes arson, transportation of stolen property, and other property offenses.
g
Includes bribery, perjury, national defense, tax law violations (excluding tax fraud), racketeering extortion, gambling,
liquor offenses, mail or transport of obscene materials, and other public-order offenses.

Table 1.27. Percent of offenders sentenced to Federal prison in U.S. district court,
by the most serious offenses, 1990-97
Most Percent of offenders sentenced to Federal prisona

serious offense 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Totalb 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Homicidec 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.6
Sexual assaultd 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1
Robbery 4.6 4.9 5.5 5.6 5.2 4.1 4.2 4.3
Assault 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.4
Other violent 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Burglary 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1
Larceny/theft 3.3 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.2
Fraude 15.6 14.9 15.0 15.4 15.7 16.5 15.8 16.1
Otherf 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.1
Drug offenses 49.2% 49.1% 48.8% 49.8% 47.0% 44.2% 45.3% 46.0%
Trafficking 47.6 47.6 47.5 47.8 45.2 41.3 41.9 42.8
Possession 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.9 1.8 2.9 3.4 3.2
Immigration 6.5 5.7 5.2 6.0 7.1 10.0 12.3 14.1
Weapons 6.6 8.6 10.2 8.4 8.9 8.8 7.6 6.8
Escape 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.0
Regulatory 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.8 1.8 1.5 1.5
Otherg 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.2 4.6 5.6 5.6 4.2
Note: Data are from the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program. Data for 1990-94 are based on persons sentenced
during each calendar year. Data for 1995-97 are based on the fiscal year ending September 30.
a
Includes all offenders sentenced to incarceration. Excludes offenders with suspended
sentenced those sentenced to time already served, and those convicted of petty offenses.
b
Percents exclude offenders for whom the offense category could not be determined.
c
d
Includes rape and other sex offenses.
e
Includes forgery, fraud, embezzlement, and counterfeiting.
f
Includes arson, transportation of stolen property, and other property offenses.
g
Includes bribery, perjury, national defense, tax law violations (excluding tax fraud), racketeering, extortion, gambling,
liquor offenses, traffic offenses, mail or transport of obscene materials, and other public-order offenses.

Table 1.28. Number of persons held in State or Federal prison and local jails
per 100,000 residents, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1997
Number of persons in prison and jail per 100,000 residents in each groupa
Male Female
Age Total All Whiteb Blackb Hispanic All Whiteb Blackb Hispanic
Total 642 1,207 595 4,470 1,773 97 48 349 139
18-19 1,011 1,880 875 5,860 2,570 88 59 215 95

20-24 1,645 3,023 1,408 10,219 3,928 190 110 491 280
25-29 1,659 3,036 1,370 11,658 3,760 265 130 868 343
30-34 1,587 2,846 1,465 10,278 3,501 318 155 1,196 347
35-39 1,275 2,315 1,194 9,138 2,847 231 113 865 304
40-44 894 1,663 865 6,257 2,769 134 67 495 201
45-54 468 892 513 3,511 1,565 60 31 213 135
55 or older 86 187 125 599 465 7 5 26 11
Midyear population estimates in 1,000’s for the calculation of total incarceration rates, 1997
Adjusted male U.S. resident count Adjusted female U.S. resident count
Total All Whiteb Blackb Hispanic All Whiteb Blackb Hispanic
Total 271,686 133,416 95,980 15,996 15,741 138,269 99,854 17,655 14,787
18-19 7,675 3,951 2,608 572 593 3,724 2,474 577 507
20-24 18,150 9,322 6,088 1,261 1,495 8,828 5,822 1,324 1,241
25-29 19,522 9,824 6,571 1,231 1,493 9,698 6,553 1,379 1,235
30-34 21,125 10,604 7,320 1,307 1,496 10,520 7,275 1,436 1,284
35-39 22,908 11,478 8,341 1,340 1,322 11,431 8,250 1,486 1,178
40-44 21,526 10,730 8,045 1,197 1,052 10,846 8,019 1,351 986
45-54 33,679 16,516 12,969 1,583 1,328 17,162 13,203 1,896 1,343
55 or older 55,399 24,266 20,143 1,975 1,434 31,133 25,626 2,835 1,791
Estimated total custody population in prison and jail, 1997
Male inmates Female inmates

Total 1,744,022 1,610,489 571,182 715,051 279,018 133,533 47,863 61,697 20,531
18-19 77,566 74,289 22,818 33,495 15,251 3,277 1,466 1,241 479
20-24 298,559 281,825 85,699 128,854 58,735 16,734 6,385 6,497 3,468
25-29 323,904 298,243 90,017 143,498 56,147 25,661 8,523 11,967 4,234
30-34 335,332 301,844 107,253 134,371 52,390 33,487 11,262 17,174 4,459
35-39 292,072 265,695 99,612 122,413 37,649 26,377 9,319 12,859 3,578
40-44 192,959 178,431 69,563 74,869 29,132 14,528 5,393 6,684 1,985
45-54 157,690 147,409 66,519 55,602 20,783 10,281 4,107 4,044 1,808
55 or older 47,704 45,465 25,170 11,840 6,668 2,239 1,288 724 192
a
and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount.
b
Excludes Hispanics.

Table 1.29. Number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole
per 100,000 adult residents, by gender, race, Hispanic origin, and age, 1997
Number of adults under correctional supervision per 1000,000 residents in each groupa
Male Female
Age Total All Whiteb Blackb Hispanic All Whiteb Blackb Hispanic
Totalc 2,850 4,970 3,141 16,423 6,726 867 648 2,279 1,054
18-19 3,180 5,567 3,861 13,487 5,562 647 506 881 1,274
20-24 6,114 10,436 7,150 27,828 10,475 1,550 1,179 3,126 1,828
25-29 5,519 9,277 6,191 27,443 9,744 1,712 1,428 3,949 1,177
30-34 5,009 8,147 5,327 24,468 8,770 1,846 1,468 4,540 1,549
35-39 4,005 6,522 4,439 19,840 6,921 1,476 1,168 3,631 1,407
40-44 2,703 4,449 2,937 14,320 5,405 975 804 2,173 1,045
45-54 1,491 2,533 1,699 8,496 3,800 490 362 1,411 638
55 or older 314 656 467 2,180 1,144 47 40 114 60
Midyear population estimates in 1,000’s for the calculation of total incarceration rates, 1997
Adjusted male resident count, Adjusted female resident count, 1997

All Whiteb Blackb Hispanic All Whiteb Blackb Hispanic
Total 271,686 133,416 95,980 15,996 15,741 138,269 99,854 17,655 14,787
<18 71,653 36,726 23,896 5,531 5,526 34,927 22,632 5,370 5,220
18-19 7,675 3,951 2,608 572 593 3,724 2,474 577 507
20-24 18,150 9,322 6,088 1,261 1,495 8,828 5,822 1,324 1,241
25-29 19,522 9,824 6,571 1,231 1,493 9,698 6,553 1,379 1,235
30-34 21,125 10,604 7,320 1,307 1,496 10,520 7,275 1,436 1,284
35-39 22,908 11,478 8,341 1,340 1,322 11,431 8,250 1,486 1,178
40-44 21,576 10,730 8,045 1,197 1,052 10,846 8,019 1,351 986
45-54 33,679 16,516 12,969 1,583 1,328 17,162 13,203 1,896 1,343
55 or older 55,399 24,266 20,143 1,975 1,434 31,133 25,626 2,835 1,791
Total under correctional supervision, 1997
Adult males Adult females

Totalc 5,701,600 4,805,800 2,263,888 1,718,655 687,070 895,800 500,514 279,945 100,827
18-19 244,100 220,000 100,700 77,100 33,000 24,100 12,500 5,100 6,500
20-24 1,109,700 972,800 435,300 350,900 156,600 136,800 68,600 41,400 22,700
25-29 1,077,400 911,400 406,800 337,800 145,500 166,000 93,600 54,500 14,500
30-34 1,058,200 864,000 389,900 319,900 131,200 194,200 106,800 65,200 19,900
35-39 917,400 748,600 370,300 265,800 91,500 168,800 96,300 54,000 16,600
40-44 583,100 477,300 236,300 171,300 56,900 105,800 64,500 29,400 10,300
45-54 502,300 418,300 220,400 134,500 50,500 84,000 47,700 26,700 8,600
55 or older 173,800 159,100 94,100 43,100 16,400 14,700 10,300 3,200 1,100
Note: Populations are estimated and rounded to the nearest 100.

a
and adjusted for the 1990 census undercount.
b
Excludes Hispanics.
c
Includes persons under age 18 under adult correctional supervision.

Jail inmates in 1997
Tables
By Darrell Gilliard, BJS Statistician
2.1 Persons under jail supervision,

by confinement status and type
of program, midyear 1995-97 20
2.2 One-day count and average daily

population of jail inmates,
midyear 1990-97 20
2.3 Gender, race, and Hispanic origin

of jail inmates, midyear 1990-97 20
2.4 Number of jail inmates and rates

per 100,000 U.S. residents,
midyear 1985-97 21
2.5 Number of jail inmates and rates

per 100,000 U.S. residents,
by race, midyear 1985-97 21
2.6 Conviction status of adult jail

inmates, by gender, midyear
1990-97 22
2.7 Jail capacity and occupancy,

midyear 1990-93 and 1995-97 22
2.8 The 25 largest local jail

jurisdictions: Number of inmates
held, average daily population, and
rated capacity, midyear 1995-97 23
2.9 Standard error estimates for the

Annual Survey of Jails, 1997 23
2.10 Standard error estimates for the

number of inmates and rated
capacity for the Annual Survey
of Jails, midyear 1990-97 23
Figure
6. Number of jail inmates per

100,000 U.S. residents, by race,
1985-97 21
Methodology 24
Questionnaire 1997 Annual Survey

of Jails 25
Jail inmates in 1997 19

Explanatory notes 5. Because the 1991 and 1997 survey unknown race. The racial distribution of
estimates were based on custody counts, these inmates was then calculated using
Offense distributions are estimated the final estimates (which were based on the racial self-identification in the 1991 and
the sentenced jurisdictional counts) were 1997 prisoner surveys (and interpolated
The offense distributions of State prisoners then converted to custody counts. To for other years). The race of the remaining
at yearend were estimated for 1990-97 by estimate the number of inmates by offense, inmates (with an unknown race) was then
combining data from the 1991 and 1997 the total number of inmates in physical based on the combined distribution
State prison inmate surveys, counts by custody was multiplied by the proportion of of inmates for whom race was known.
offense of annual admissions and releases inmates in each offense category.
in the National Corrections Reporting 4. The racial distributions of new court
Program (NCRP, 1990-97), and NPS data Racial distributions of offenders commitments to State prison for 1990-97
for 1990-97. The following procedures are estimated were obtained from NCRP. For Hispanic
were used: inmates of unknown racial origin, race was
The following procedures were used to estimated using the racial distribution of
1. The total number of sentenced prisoners
estimate counts by race: Hispanics for whom race was known. By
under State jurisdiction in 1990 by offense
combining these estimates with the known
was estimated using the forward and
1. For the probation and parole populations totals from NCRP, the distributions were
backward stock-flow procedures, as
in 1995-97, estimates were obtained by recalculated and then multiplied by the total
outlined in Correctional Populations in the
summing the number of Hispanic proba- number of new court commitments with
United States, 1995 (NCJ 163916).
tioners and parolees in States that reported sentences of more than 1 year (from
Hispanics as having an unknown race. The NPS-1) to obtain estimates by race.
2. The offense distribution for 1991 was
race of these Hispanic offenders was then
obtained from the 1991 State prison inmate
calculated, using racial self-identifications Technical note
survey and then multiplied by the total
reported in BJS surveys. For probationers,
number of sentenced inmates under State
the racial identification of Hispanics in the To estimate the total correctional popula-
jurisdiction (from NPS-1) to obtain
1995 Survey of Adults on Probation was tions, the four correctional populations were
estimates by offense at yearend.
used; for parolees, the race of Hispanic assumed to contain individuals with only
inmates in the 1997 State prison inmate one status at a time. This assumption may
3. The offense distributions for 1992-96
survey. An estimate of the counts by race not be valid. Multiple correctional statuses
were derived from the NCRP. In each year
were then obtained by multiplying the total may occur because 
forward estimates of the number of inmates
by offense were calculated by adding all
number of Hispanics with unknown race by probation and parole agencies are
the proportions from each survey. The not always notified of new arrests, jail
admissions and subtracting all releases
racial distribution of the remaining proba- entries, or prison admissions;
from the base population of the previous
tioners and parolees (with an unknown absconders on agency caseloads
year. The estimated end-of-year distribu-
race) was then calculated using the in one jurisdiction may actually be incar-
tion was then used as the base for the next
combined distributions for whom data on cerated in another jurisdiction;
year. This procedure was repeated for
race were reported.
each year through 1996. Backward individuals may be admitted to jail or
estimates were obtained annually by prison before formal revocation hear-
2. The racial distributions of jail inmates
adding releases and subtracting admis- ings by a probation or parole agency.
in 1995-97 were estimated by combining
sions from the yearend base populations.
estimates from the Annual Survey of Jails
This procedure was repeated for each year By adding the number of persons on proba-
(ASJ) in each year and the 1996 Survey
until the 1991 survey year was reached. tion, on parole, in jail, and in prison,
of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ). Estimated
we may count some persons more than
proportions from SILJ by race and sex were
4. Final estimates were obtained by calcu- once; consequently, the sum will be an
multiplied by the national estimates by sex
lating a weighted sum of the forward and overestimate of the total number of persons
from the ASJ.
backward estimates. The forward and under correctional supervision at any one
backward estimates were weighted time. The magnitude of the overestimation
3. Estimates of State inmates at yearend
inversely to the elapsed number of years is not known; however, past estimates have
for 1990-97 were obtained by first summing
(up to 6 years) from the base population suggested the double counting may total
the numbers of Hispanic inmates among
and then summed. about 4%. (See Correctional Populations
States that reported Hispanics as having an
In the United States, 1995.)

Table 2.1. Persons under jail supervision,
by confinement status and type of program,
midyear 1995-97
Number of persons
under jail supervision
1995 1996 1997
Total 541,913 591,469 637,319
Held in jail 507,044 518,492 567,079
Supervised outside
a jail facilitya 34,869 72,977 70,239
Electronic monitoring 6,788 7,480 8,699

Home detentionb 1,376 907 1,164
Day reporting 1,283 3,298 2,768
Community service 10,253 17,410 15,918
Weekender program 1,909 16,336 17,656
Other pretrial supervision 3,229 2,135 7,368
Other work programsc 9,144 14,469 6,631
Treatment programsd -- 10,425 6,693
Other 887 517 3,342
--Not available.
a
Excludes persons supervised by a probation
or parole agency.
b
Includes only those without electronic monitoring.
c
Includes persons in work release programs,
work gangs/crews, and other work alternative
programs administered by the jail jurisdiction.
d
Includes persons under drug, alcohol, mental
health, and other medical treatment.
Table 2.2. One-day count and average daily population of jail inmates, midyear 1990-97
Number of jail inmates

Annual Survey of Jails Census Annual Survey of Jails
1990 1991 1992 of Jails, 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Average daily populationa 408,075 422,609 441,889 466,155 479,757 509,828 515,432 556,586
One-day countb 405,320 426,479 444,584 459,804 486,474 507,044 518,492 567,079
Adults 403,019 424,129 441,780 455,500 479,800 499,300 510,400 557,974

Male 365,821 384,628 401,106 411,500 431,300 448,000 454,700 498,678
Female 37,198 39,501 40,674 44,100 48,500 51,300 55,700 59,296
Juvenilesc 2,301 2,350 2,804 4,300 6,700 7,800 8,100 9,105
Held as adultsd -- -- -- 3,300 5,100 5,900 5,700 7,007
Held as juveniles 2,301 2,350 2,804 1,000 1,600 1,800 2,400 2,098
Note: Data are for June 30 in 1992-95 and 1997; for June 29, 1990; and for June 28, 1991 and 1996.
Detailed data for 1993-96 were estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. Previously published
numbers for 1994-95 have been revised to include only inmates physically held in jail facilities.
--Not available.
a
Inmate counts for 1990-93 include an unknown number of persons who were under jail supervision but not
confined.
b
The average daily population is the sum of the number of inmates in a jail each day for a year, divided by 365.
c
Juveniles are persons defined by State statute as being under a certain age, usually 18, and subject initially to
juvenile court authority even if tried as adults in criminal court. In 1994 the definition was changed to include
all persons under age 18.
d
Includes juveniles who were tried or awaiting trial as adults.
Table 2.3. Gender, race, and Hispanic origin of jail inmates, midyear 1990-97
Number of jail inmates Percent of jail inmates
Characteristic 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total 405,320 426,479 444,584 459,804 486,474 507,044 518,492 567,079 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Gender
Male 368,002 386,865 403,768 415,600 437,600 455,400 462,500 507,200 90.8% 90.7% 90.8% 90.4% 90.0% 89.8% 89.2% 89.4%
Female 37,318 39,614 40,816 44,200 48,800 51,600 55,800 59,900 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.6 10.0 10.2 10.8 10.6
Race and Hispanic origina

White non-Hispanic 169,600 175,100 178,200 180,900 190,100 203,300 215,900 230,300 41.8% 41.1% 40.1% 39.3% 39.1% 40.1% 41.6% 40.6%
Black non-Hispanic 172,300 185,300 195,900 203,500 213,400 220,600 213,100 237,900 42.5 43.4 44.1 44.2 43.9 43.5 41.1 42.0
Hispanic 58,100 60,700 64,500 69,200 74,900 74,400 80,900 88,900 14.3 14.2 14.5 15.1 15.4 14.7 15.6 15.7
Otherb 5,400 5,400 6,000 6,200 8,100 8,800 8,600 10,000 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8
Note: Data on race and Hispanic origin were reported for 89.7% of inmates in 1990, 91.1% in 1991, Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
a
97.6% in 1992, 85.1% in 1993, 95.8% in 1994, 97.1% in 1995, 99.3% in 1996, and 99.1% in 1997. Detailed data for race were rounded to the nearest 100.
b
Data for 1990-93 may include persons supervised outside of jail facilities. Data for 1994-95 were Includes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians,
estimated for only those persons held in custody. and Pacific Islanders.

Table 2.4. Number of jail inmates and rates Table 2.5. Number of jail inmates and rates per
per 100,000 U.S. residents, midyear 1985-97 100,000 U.S. residents, by race, midyear 1985-97
Inmates Adult inmates Number of jail inmates

All jail per 100,000 Adult jail per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per
Year inmatesa residents inmates adult white U.S. black U.S.
1997 567,079 212 557,974 282 Year White residents Black residents
1996b 518,492 196 510,400 260 1997 306,500 138 246,200 725
1995b 507,044 193 499,300 257 1996 285,200 130 220,600 658
1994b 486,474 187 479,800 249 1995 266,200 122 232,000 700
1993 459,804 178 455,500 239 1994 253,500 117 224,900 688
1992 444,584 174 441,781 234 1993 239,500 111 214,100 665
1991 426,479 169 424,129 277 1992 233,000 109 195,200 619
1991 229,900 109 188,300 604
1990 221,400 106 174,300 569
1990 405,320 163 403,019 218
1989 395,553 160 393,303 214
1989 220,700 106 171,300 568
1988 343,569 141 341,893 189
1988 197,700 96 142,000 478
1987 295,873 122 294,092 164
1987 176,700 86 115,000 392
1986 274,444 114 272,736 154
1986 160,000 79 108,600 375
1985 256,615 108 254,986 145
1985 147,600 73 105,200 368
Note: Inmate counts for 1985-87 and 1994-97 are survey estimates subject
Note: Categories for black and white inmates include Hispanics.
to sampling error. For estimates of the sampling error for each year,
Inmate counts for 1985-87, 1989-92, and 1994-97 are survey
see table 2.10.
a estimates subject to sampling error. Data are estimated
Inmate counts for 1985-93 may include an unknown number of persons who
and rounded to the nearest 100.
were under jail supervision but not confined.
b
The number of adult inmates was estimated and rounded to the nearest 100.
See Methodology.
Figure 6. Number of jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents,

by race, 1985-97
Number of inmates in local jails

per 100,000 U.S. residents in each group
800
Blacks
600
400
200
Whites
0
1985 1990 1995 1997

Table 2.6. Conviction status of adult jail inmates, by gender,
midyear 1990-93 and 1995-97
Percent of jail inmates

1990 1991 1992 1993* 1995* 1996* 1997*
Total 403,019 424,129 441,780 455,500 499,300 582,300 558,000
Convicted 195,661 206,458 217,940 226,600 219,600 284,200 235,200

Male 177,619 185,947 196,656 203,900 198,400 252,800 210,600
Female 18,042 20,511 21,284 22,700 21,200 31,400 24,700
Unconvicted 207,358 217,671 223,840 228,900 279,600 298,100 322,700

Male 188,202 198,681 204,450 207,600 250,000 266,000 288,200
Female 19,156 18,990 19,390 21,300 29,600 32,100 34,600
Note: The number of convicted inmates may be undercounted because some jail records
do not distinguish between inmates who are unconvicted and those who are convicted
but waiting to be sentenced. Data for 1994 are not available.
*Data on conviction status by gender were reported for 88.9% of all adult inmates in 1993,
96.3% in 1995, 98.5% in 1996, and 99.6% in 1997. Totals were estimated using known
data and rounded to the nearest 100. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
Table 2.7. Jail capacity and occupancy, midyear 1990-97
Census
Annual Survey of Jails of Jails Annual Survey of Jails
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Number of inmates helda 405,320 426,479 444,584 459,804 486,474 507,044 518,492 567,079
Rated capacity of jailsb 389,171 421,237 449,197 475,224 504,324 545,763 562,020 581,733
Percent of rated
capacity occupiedc 104% 101% 99% 97% 96% 93% 92% 97%
Amount of capacity addedd 21,402 32,066 27,960 26,027 29,100 41,439 16,257 19,713
Note: Data for 1-day counts are for June 30, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1997; June 29 in 1990;
and June 28 in 1991 and 1996.
a
Population counts for 1990-93 could include persons supervised outside of jail facilities.
Population counts for 1994 through 1996 are for custody only.
b
Rated capacity is the number of beds or inmates assigned to facilities within each jurisdiction.
c
Percent of rated capacity occupied is based on the 1-day count of inmates. This count for 1990-93 may
include some inmates not in physical custody but under the jurisdiction of a local jail, such as inmates on electronic
monitoring, under house arrest, or in day reporting or other community service supervision programs.
d
The amount of bedspace added during the 12 months before the survey or census in each year.

Table 2.8. The 25 largest local jail jurisdictions: Number of inmates held,
average daily population, and rated capacity, midyear 1995-97
Percent of capacity
Number of inmates helda Average daily populationb Rated capacityc occupied at midyeard
Jurisdiction 1995 1996 1997 1995 1996 1997 1995 1996 1997 1995 1996 1997
Los Angeles County, CA 18,236 18,627 21,962 19,896 18,167 19,931 20,049 20,099 21,416 91 93 103
New York City, NY 18,143 19,890 17,528 18,200 18,382 19,205 19,033 20,862 17,643 95 95 99
Cook County, IL 8,626 8,713 9,189 10,837 9,169 9,100 9,317 9,617 9,376 93 91 98
Harris County, TX 8,825 7,703 8,224 8,962 7,140 8,153 8,698 8,698 8,657 101 89 95
Dade County, FL 6,653 6,357 7,320 6,728 6,499 7,157 6,604 6,387 7,519 101 100 97
Dallas County, TX 5,721 6,380 6,439 7,151 5,862 6,528 8,629 8,374 8,182 66 76 79
Maricopa County, AZ 5,717 5,679 6,732 5,503 5,542 6,520 4,910 6,252 6,252 116 91 108
Orleans Parish, LA 5,558 5,368 6,537 5,549 5,433 6,270 7,174 7,174 7,174 77 75 91
Philadelphia City, PA 5,076 5,695 5,563 4,968 5,341 5,600 3,750 5,600 5,600 135 102 99
San Diego County, CA 6,006 5,549 5,709 5,820 5,522 5,588 5,670 4,653 5,539 106 119 103
Shelby County, TN 5,247 5,264 5,568 5,091 5,153 5,297 5,512 6,364 6,532 95 83 85
Orange County, CA 5,157 5,326 5,368 5,074 5,143 5,246 3,821 3,821 3,821 135 139 140
San Bernardino County, CA 4,025 3,958 4,156 4,100 4,119 4,500 4,930 4,957 5,000 82 80 83
Santa Clara County, CA 4,174 4,213 4,588 4,161 4,314 4,317 3,774 3,774 3,774 111 112 122
Broward County, FL 3,573 3,528 4,125 3,546 3,470 4,129 3,656 3,656 3,736 98 96 110
Alameda County, CA 3,838 3,994 4,098 3,903 3,954 4,109 4,063 4,264 4,218 94 94 97
Baltimore City, MD 3,777 3,309 3,598 3,380 3,300 3,636 2,933 2,933 2,933 129 113 123
Bexar County, TX 3,099 3,058 3,683 3,569 2,821 3,491 3,640 3,640 3,670 85 84 100
Fulton County, GA 2,546 2,489 3,982 2,353 2,489 3,401 2,353 2,320 2,987 108 107 133
Sacramento County, CA 3,125 3,093 3,505 3,094 3,093 3,329 2,749 2,749 2,749 114 113 128
Orange County, FL 3,405 3,120 3,411 3,441 3,120 3,321 3,329 3,329 3,234 102 94 105
Tarrant County, TX 3,865 2,881 3,366 4,468 2,881 3,291 4,369 4,193 4,193 88 69 80
Hillsborough County, FL 2,536 2,661 3,155 2,384 2,661 2,973 2,649 2,757 2,877 96 97 110
Milwaukee County, WI 2,491 2,653 2,876 2,501 2,653 2,757 2,274 2,274 2,274 110 117 126
Wayne County, MI 2,598 2,711 2,708 2,600 2,711 2,750 2,628 2,658 2,850 99 102 95
Note: Jurisdictions are ordered by their average daily population in 1997.
a
Number of inmates held in jail facilities.
b
Based on the average daily population for the year ending June 30. The average daily population is the sum of the number
of inmates in jail each day for a year, divided by the number of days in the year.
c
Rated capacity is the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official to facilities within each jurisdiction.
d
The number of inmates divided by the rated capacity multiplied by 100.
Table 2.9. Standard error estimates Table 2.10. Standard error estimates for the number of inmates
for the Annual Survey of Jails, 1997 and rated capacity for the Annual Survey of Jails, midyear 1990-97
Standard Relative Number of inmates Rated capacity of jail

Characteristic Estimate error standard error Relative Relative
Estimated standard Estimated standard
Total number standard error standard error
under supervision 637,319 5,508 0.86 % Year Number a error (percent)b Numbera error (percent)b
Held in jail 567,079 3,649 0.64
Supervised outside 1997 567,079 3,649 0.64 % 581,733 4,428 0.76 %
a jail facility 70,239 3,637 5.18
1996 518,492 3,065 0.59 % 562,020 3,932 0.70 %
Average daily population 556,586 3,532 0.64 % 1995 507,044 2,931 0.58 545,763 3,788 0.69
1994 486,474 2,485 0.51 504,324 3,221 0.64
Rated capacity 581,733 4,428 0.76 %
1992 444,584 2,076 0.47 % 449,197 2,693 0.60 %
Gender 1991 426,479 2,151 0.50 421,237 2,522 0.60
Male 507,195 3,324 0.66 % 1990 405,320 1,778 0.44 389,171 2,249 0.58
Female 59,884 506 0.85
a
Data for 1985-93 may include persons held outside of jail facilities.
Adults 557,974 3,626 0.65 % Data for 1994-97 are for custody only.
b
Relative standard error is the estimated standard error divided
Juveniles 9,105 245 2.69 % by the estimated number of inmates or rated capacity.
Held as adults 7,007 193 2.75
Held as juveniles 2,098 133 6.34
Race/Hispanic origina
White non-Hispanic 228,143 2,573 1.13 %
Black non-Hispanic 235,741 2,350 1.00
Hispanic 88,078 1,437 1.63
Otherb 9,874 357 3.62
Adult conviction status

Awaiting trial or in other
unconvicted category 321,484 2,784 0.87 %
Convicted 234,316 2,392 1.02
a
Excludes persons of unknown race and Hispanic origin.
b
Includes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians,
and Pacific Islanders.

Methodology Sampling error Juveniles
Annual Survey of Jails Survey estimates have an associated State statutes and judicial practices allow
sampling error because jurisdictions with juveniles to be incarcerated in adult jails
In each year between the full censuses, a smaller average daily populations were under a variety of circumstances. Because
survey of jails is conducted to estimate sampled for the survey. Estimates based of the differing statutes and practices,
baseline characteristics of the Nation's jails on the sample survey may differ somewhat however, accurate and comparable data on
and the inmates housed in these jails. The from the results of conducting a complete juveniles are difficult to collect. Beginning
1996 Annual Survey of Jails is the 13th census. Different samples could yield in 1994 the Annual Jail Survey provided
such survey in a series begun in 1982. somewhat different results. Standard error estimates of the total number of jail inmates
The reference date for the 1997 survey is a measure of the variation among the under age 18, the number held as adults,
was June 30, 1997. estimates from all possible samples, stating and the number held as juveniles. New
the precision with which an estimate from a sampling procedures were also introduced
Using information from the 1993 Census particular sample approximates the in 1994 to minimize the standard errors of
of Jails, a new sample of jail jurisdictions average of all possible samples. The these estimates. By stratifying jurisdictions
was selected in 1994. A jurisdiction is an estimated relative sampling error for the based on the authority to house juveniles,
administrative unit, such as a county total inmate population of 567,079 on June the precision of the juvenile counts was
(parish in Louisiana) or municipal govern- 30, 1997, was 0.64%. (See tables 2.9 and improved.
ment that administers one or more local 2.10.)
jails. The sample included all jails in 795
selected jail jurisdictions and 25 multijuris- Measures of population
diction jails. A multijurisdiction jail is one
in which two or more jurisdictions have a Two measures of inmate population are
formal agreement to operate the facility. used: the average daily population for the
year ending June 30 and the inmate count
In the drawing of the sample in 1994, jail on June 30 of each year. The average
jurisdictions were first stratified into two daily population balances out any extraordi-
groups: single-jurisdiction jails and multiju- nary events that may render atypical the
risdiction jails. All of the multijurisdiction inmate count on June 30. The June 30
jails were included in the survey. The count provides data on characteristics of
remaining jurisdictions were then further inmates, such as race, Hispanic origin, and
stratified into two groups: jurisdictions with age, that may not be available on an annual
jails authorized to hold juveniles and juris- basis.
dictions with jails holding adults only. Juris-
dictions were then selected based on the For the first time in 1995 the Annual Survey
average daily population in the 1993 of Jails obtained separate counts of the
census. All jails in 204 jurisdictions were total number of offenders under jail jurisdic-
automatically included if the jurisdiction tion, those held in jail facilities, and those
held juveniles and had an average daily supervised outside of jail facilities. Previ-
population of 250 or more inmates in 1993 ous surveys and censuses included a small
or if it held only adults and had an average but unknown number of offenders under
population of 500 or more. The other juris- community supervision.
dictions (591) were then selected based on
stratified probability sampling. Data were
obtained by mailed questionnaires. After
follow-up phone calls to nonrespondents,
the response rate for the survey was 100%.
National estimates for the inmate popula-

tion on June 30, 1997, were produced by
gender, race/Hispanic origin, and age
group and for the average daily population
during the year ending June 30, 1997.
National estimates were also produced for
rated capacity.

The Survey of Jails (CJ-5) questionnaire
for Jail inmates in 1997
is not available electronically
Probation in 1997
Tables
By Thomas P. Bonczar, BJS

Statistician
Assisted by Lauren E. Glaze,

BJS Statistician
Adults on probation, 1997
3.1 Characteristics 28
3.2 Counts, January 1

and December 31 29
3.3 Status of probation 30
3.4 Status of supervision 31
3.5 Adults entering probation,

by type of sentence 32
3.6 Adults leaving probation,

by type of exit 33
3.7 Gender and Hispanic origin 34
3.8 Race 35
3.9 Type of offense 36
3.10 Intensive supervision,

electronic monitoring, and
bootcamp 37
3.11 States with the largest probation

populations and growth 38
Explanatory notes by
jurisdiction 39
Questionnaire 1997 Probation

Data Survey 43
Probation in 1997 27
Table 3.1. Characteristics of adults on probation, 1997
Number of adults
on probation Percent of those
from State or persons with a
Characteristic Federal courts known status
Total number of adults on probation 3,266,837 100%
Status of probation 1,831,690 100%
Execution of sentence suspended 427,631 23

Imposition of sentence suspended 116,146 6
Direct imposition of probation 1,000,805 55
Split sentence (incarceration with probation) 163,759 9
Other 123,349 7
Status of supervision 3,062,894 100%
Active supervision 2,411,938 79

Inactive supervision 241,177 8
Absconded from supervision 299,920 10
Supervised out of State 59,573 2
Other 50,286 2
Adults entering probation 963,280 100%
Probation without incarceration 741,931 77

Probation with incarceration 161,013 17
Probation of other types 60,336 6
Adults leaving probation 1,161,223 100%
Successful completions 722,747 62

Returned to incarceration 217,455 19
With new sentence 60,238 5
With the same sentence 157,217 14
Other unsuccessful 136,952 12
Death 6,911 1
Other 77,158 7
Gender of adults on probation 2,560,046 100%
Male 2,023,069 79
Female 536,977 21
Race of adults on probation 2,258,217 100%
White 1,448,241 64
Black 777,974 34
American Indian/Alaska Native 21,257 1
Asian/Pacific Islander 10,745 --
Hispanic origin of adults on probation 1,900,912 100%
Hispanic 305,326 16
Non-Hispanic 1,595,586 84
Type of offense of adults on probation 2,752,775 100%
Felony 1,483,754 54
Misdemeanor 790,358 29
Driving while intoxicated 382,970 14
Other infractions 95,693 3
Note: Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. See the detailed tables, the
questionnaire, and the Explanatory notes for definitions, limitations, and exceptions.
For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type; their numbers
are in the detailed tables. Jurisdictions failed to report data for 44% of “status of probation,”
6% of “status of supervision,” 44% of “adults entering probation,” 29% of “adults leaving
probation,” 22% of “gender of adults on probation,” 30% of “race of adults on probation,”
42% of “Hispanic origin of adults on probation,” and 16% of “type of offense of adults on
probation.”
--Less than 0.5%.

Table 3.2. Adults on probation, 1997
Percent Number on
change probation on
Probation Probation in probation 12/31/97 per
Region and population 1997 population population 100,000 adult
jurisdiction 1/1/97 Entries Exits 12/31/97 during 1997 residents
U.S. total 3,164,996 1,725,431 1,627,142 3,266,837 3.2% 1,649
Federala,b 34,247 14,726 15,559 33,544 -2.1% 17

State 3,130,749 1,710,705 1,611,583 3,233,293 3.3 1,632
Northeast 551,727 249,991 229,955 572,594 3.8% 1,470

Connecticut 55,978 38,275 38,264 55,989 0.0 2,260
Mainea 7,753 : : 8,584 10.7 909
Massachusetts 44,858 39,021 37,449 46,430 3.5 995
New Hampshire 4,414 3,585 3,123 4,876 10.5 556
New Jerseyb 125,881 59,651 54,967 130,565 3.7 2,153
New York 174,406 47,634 36,159 185,881 6.6 1,369
Pennsylvania 110,532 47,366 45,405 112,493 1.8 1,229
Rhode Island 20,446 8,473 9,271 19,648 -3.9 2,607
Vermont 7,459 5,986 5,317 8,128 9.0 1,833
Midwest 708,886 490,901 465,189 734,037 3.5% 1,588

Illinoisb 115,503 63,296 59,318 119,481 3.4 1,370
Indiana 93,509 81,799 78,263 97,045 3.8 2,222
Iowab 15,386 15,428 13,980 16,834 9.4 791
Kansasb,c,d 15,732 19,502 19,029 16,205 3.0 850
Michigana,b,e 147,598 124,731 117,525 154,236 4.5 2,122
Minnesotaa 90,202 55,258 55,509 90,707 0.6 2,641
Missourie,f 42,368 20,718 16,785 46,301 9.3 1,159
Nebraska 14,363 14,696 14,534 14,525 1.1 1,198
North Dakota 2,599 1,498 1,440 2,657 2.2 559
Ohioa,b,e 116,321 64,512 61,957 118,212 1.6 1,416
South Dakotaa,g 3,548 4,768 4,764 3,467 -2.3 641
Wisconsin 51,757 24,695 22,085 54,367 5.0 1,422
South 1,272,488 667,472 651,235 1,292,339 1.6% 1,850

Alabamaa,b,e 37,865 2,153 1,669 35,723 -5.7 1,100
Arkansas 25,178 8,529 7,315 26,392 4.8 1,419
Delawarea,b,f 16,528 : : 17,872 8.1 3,225
District of Columbia 9,740 9,875 8,818 10,797 10.9 2,560
Floridaa,b,e 237,117 196,263 196,902 239,932 1.2 2,146
Georgiae 143,457 65,452 60,489 148,420 3.5 2,699
Kentuckyh 11,689 6,087 5,683 12,093 3.5 410
Louisiana 35,375 11,815 11,737 35,453 0.2 1,122
Maryland 70,553 39,163 35,104 74,612 5.8 1,950
Mississippia,b,c,d 10,376 3,547 3,926 10,997 6.0 556
North Carolina 102,483 59,327 56,394 105,416 2.9 1,899
Oklahomaa,b,e 28,090 13,812 13,131 28,733 2.3 1,178
South Carolina 42,417 15,046 15,059 42,404 0.0 1,512
Tennesseeb,e 37,002 20,305 19,056 38,251 3.4 946
Texasb,i 429,329 193,128 193,364 429,093 -0.1 3,095
Virginiaf 29,620 22,970 22,588 30,002 1.3 589
West Virginiaa,f 5,669 : : 6,149 8.5 438
West 597,648 302,341 265,204 634,323 6.1% 1,473

Alaska 3,999 2,038 1,659 4,378 9.5 1,040
Arizonae,f 40,607 29,604 25,398 44,813 10.4 1,368
California 286,526 164,882 146,877 304,531 6.3 1,306
Coloradoa,b,e 42,688 20,153 16,051 45,447 6.5 1,580
Hawaii 14,027 7,521 6,147 15,401 9.8 1,742
Idahoj 5,855 2,308 1,796 6,367 8.7 741
Montanab,k 4,473 1,257 1,052 4,678 4.6 720
Nevadaa 9,760 : : 10,902 11.7 884
New Mexicoe 8,903 7,470 7,478 8,895 -0.1 723
Oregon 42,292 16,210 14,522 43,980 4.0 1,808
Utah 9,306 4,107 3,952 9,461 1.7 690
Washingtona,b,e 125,780 44,511 38,016 132,014 5.0 3,177
Wyoming 3,432 2,280 2,256 3,456 0.7 993
: Not known.
a
Because of nonresponse or incomplete data, the population on December 31, 1997, does not equal the population
on January 1, 1997, plus entries, minus exits.
b
See Explanatory notes for more detail.
c
Data do not include absconders.
d
Data do not include out-of-State cases.
e
Multiple agencies reporting; see Explanatory notes for more detail.
f
All data are estimated.
g
Data are for year beginning July 1, 1996, and ending June 30, 1997.
h
Data do not include inactive cases.
I
Data are for year beginning September 1, 1996, and ending August 31, 1997.
j
Total entries are estimated.
k
Total exits are estimated.
Table 3.3. Adults on probation, by status of probation, 1997
Probation Execution Imposition Direct im- Split sentence Other,

Region and population of sentence of sentence position of (incarceration unknown, or
jurisdiction 12/31/97 suspendeda suspendedb probation with probation) not reported
U.S. total 3,266,837 427,631 116,146 1,000,805 163,759 1,558,496
c
Federal 33,544 0 0 32,918 559 67
State 3,233,293 427,631 116,146 967,887 163,200 1,558,429
Northeast 572,594 45,894 12,789 249,695 40,010 224,206

Connecticut 55,989 37,481 11,248 0 7,260 0
Maine 8,584 : : : : 8,584
Massachusetts 46,430 : : : : 46,430
New Hampshired 4,876 3,169 488 1,219 0 0
New Jersey 130,565 : : : : 130,565
New York 185,881 0 0 135,984 30,918 18,979
Pennsylvania 112,493 0 1 112,492 0 0
Rhode Island 19,648 : : : : 19,648
Vermont 8,128 5,244 1,052 0 1,832 0
Midwest 734,037 152,755 65,784 72,105 40,170 403,223

Illinois 119,481 : : : : 119,481
Indianac 97,045 61,095 0 0 19,578 16,372
Iowa 16,834 : : ... : 16,834
Kansasc 16,205 16,205 : : : 0
Michigan 154,236 4,256 3,458 47,489 12,375 86,658
Minnesota 90,707 : : : : 90,707
Missouric,d 46,301 18,681 22,516 0 74 5,030
Nebraska 14,525 0 0 12,347 2,178 0
North Dakota 2,657 2,033 624 0 : 0
Ohio 118,212 32,091 3,426 12,269 5,965 64,461
South Dakota 3,467 : : : : 3,467
Wisconsinc 54,367 18,394 35,760 0 0 213
South 1,292,339 174,104 30,706 440,065 53,122 594,342

Alabama 35,723 : : : : 35,723
Arkansasc 26,392 : : 25,962 430 0
Delawared 17,872 : : : : 17,872
District of Columbia 10,797 : : : : 10,797
Florida 239,932 809 9,154 196,045 10,929 22,995
Georgia 148,420 1,270 0 133,659 13,491 0
Kentucky 12,093 0 0 12,083 0 10
Louisiana 35,453 0 0 35,005 448 0
Maryland 74,612 58,190 8,875 ... 7,547 0
Mississippi 10,997 : : : : 10,997
North Carolina 105,416 96,510 0 0 8,906 0
Oklahomac 28,733 13,316 11,316 350 2,626 1,125
South Carolina 42,404 : : 36,067 6,337 0
Tennesseed 38,251 4,009 1,361 894 2,408 29,579
Texas 429,093 : : : : 429,093
Virginiad 30,002 : : : : 30,002
West Virginiad 6,149 : : : : 6,149
West 634,323 54,878 6,867 206,022 29,898 336,658

Alaska 4,378 : : : : 4,378
Arizonad 44,813 43,862 0 110 841 0
California 304,531 : : 164,882 : 139,649
Colorado 45,447 1,324 296 2,142 301 41,384
Hawaii 15,401 : : 15,093 : 308
Idaho 6,367 : : : : 6,367
Montana 4,678 : : : : 4,678
Nevada 10,902 : : : : 10,902
New Mexico 8,895 : : : : 8,895
Oregonc 43,980 3,790 3,790 9,454 25,876 1,070
Utah 9,461 0 0 9,461 0 0
Washington 132,014 4,442 2,380 3,575 2,590 119,027
Wyoming 3,456 1,460 401 1,305 290 0
: Not known.
...Not applicable.
a
Sentence to incarceration imposed, then suspended.
b
Persons not fully adjudicated.
c
d
Detailed data are estimated for status of probation.

Table 3.4. Adults on probation, by status of supervision, 1997
Probation Number on probation in Other,

Region and population each status of supervision unknown, or
jurisdiction 12/31/97 Active Inactive Absconded Out of State not reported
U.S. total 3,266,837 2,411,938 241,177 299,920 59,573 254,229
Federal 33,544 32,386 975 183 ... 0

State 3,233,293 2,379,552 240,202 299,737 59,573 254,229
Northeast 572,594 433,909 61,441 22,590 7,644 47,010

Connecticut 55,989 55,989 0 0 0 0
Maine 8,584 7,530 0 888 166 0
Massachusetts 46,430 : : : : 46,430
New Hampshirea 4,876 2,957 1,026 221 379 293
New Jersey 130,565 88,657 18,876 19,671 3,361 0
New York 185,881 183,671 ... : 2,210 0
Pennsylvania 112,493 76,717 35,155 153 181 287
Rhode Island 19,648 11,650 6,154 878 966 0
Vermont 8,128 6,738 230 779 381 0
Midwest 734,037 512,017 69,117 31,465 8,826 112,612

Illinois 119,481 81,968 37,513 0 0 0
Indiana 97,045 94,768 0 0 0 2,277
Iowaa 16,834 15,855 0 678 301 0
Kansasb 16,205 16,205 0 0 0 0
Michigan 154,236 111,055 9,614 15,290 35 18,242
Minnesota 90,707 : : : : 90,707
Missouric 46,301 42,177 489 143 3,480 12
Nebraska 14,525 13,070 0 1,096 359 0
North Dakota 2,657 2,324 0 0 333 0
Ohio 118,212 86,006 21,501 7,377 1,954 1,374
South Dakota 3,467 3,297 0 : 170 0
Wisconsin 54,367 45,292 0 6,881 2,194 0
South 1,292,339 929,291 74,801 197,368 33,771 57,108

Alabamaa 35,723 17,780 4,436 7,145 1,362 5,000
Arkansas 26,392 17,246 2,931 4,008 1,275 932
Delawarec 17,872 12,689 ... 3,928 1,255 0
District of Columbia 10,797 7,852 : 1,950 995 0
Florida 239,932 154,573 14,589 61,377 5,909 3,484
Georgia 148,420 144,131 68 4,221 0 0
Kentuckya 12,093 12,093 : : : 0
Louisiana 35,453 32,927 0 1,808 718 0
Marylanda 74,612 38,511 26,805 6,290 2,095 911
Mississippia,b 10,997 10,997 0 0 0 0
North Carolina 105,416 83,244 3,783 13,233 4,398 758
Oklahomaa 28,733 22,411 1,141 4,531 650 0
South Carolina 42,404 31,166 978 8,317 1,943 0
Tennessee 38,251 23,745 4,041 6,265 0 4,200
Texasa 429,093 292,927 16,005 74,226 10,261 35,674
Virginiac 30,002 26,999 24 69 2,910 0
West Virginiac 6,149 0 0 0 0 6,149
West 634,323 504,335 34,843 48,314 9,332 37,499

Alaska 4,378 3,420 0 523 435 0
Arizonaa,c 44,813 32,775 408 6,866 1,612 3,152
California 304,531 304,531 : : : 0
Colorado 45,447 25,139 12,337 105 1,436 6,430
Hawaii 15,401 : : : : 15,401
Idaho 6,367 5,567 0 0 800 0
Montana 4,678 4,678 0 0 0 0
Nevada 10,902 : : 1,870 2,223 6,809
New Mexico 8,895 8,026 0 0 869 0
Oregon 43,980 27,736 1,339 14,411 494 0
Utah 9,461 8,235 0 936 290 0
Washington 132,014 81,454 20,759 23,292 802 5,707
Wyoming 3,456 2,774 0 311 371 0
: Not known.
... Not applicable.
a
b
Excludes absconders and out-of-State cases.
c
Detailed data are estimated for status of supervision.
Table 3.5. Adults entering probation, by type of sentence, 1997
Number of adults entering probation

Probation Probation Other,
Region and without with unknown, or
jurisdiction Total incarceration incarceration not reported
U.S. total 1,725,431 741,931 161,013 822,487
Federala 14,726 14,602 94 30

State 1,710,705 727,329 160,919 822,457
Northeast 249,991 118,502 8,729 122,760

Connecticut 38,275 : : 38,275
Maine : : : 0
Massachusetts 39,021 : : 39,021
New Hampshire 3,585 : : 3,585
New Jerseya 59,651 32,431 0 27,220
New Yorka 47,634 34,033 7,676 5,925
Pennsylvania 47,366 47,105 0 261
Rhode Island 8,473 : : 8,473
Vermont 5,986 4,933 1,053 0
Midwest 490,901 210,615 41,954 238,332

Illinois 63,296 : : 63,296
Indiana 81,799 69,765 12,034 0
Iowa 15,428 : : 15,428
Kansasa 19,502 12,491 5,556 1,455
Michigan 124,731 41,186 14,184 69,361
Minnesota 55,258 : : 55,258
Missourib 20,718 19,208 1,510 0
Nebraska 14,696 11,022 3,674 0
North Dakota 1,498 1,498 0 0
Ohioa 64,512 30,750 4,996 28,766
South Dakota 4,768 : : 4,768
Wisconsin 24,695 24,695 0 0
South 667,472 357,282 64,360 245,830

Alabama 2,153 : : 2,153
Arkansas 8,529 8,146 383 0
Delawareb : : : 0
District of Columbia 9,875 : : 9,875
Florida 196,263 158,758 11,462 26,043
Georgia 65,452 59,733 5,719 0
Kentucky 6,087 6,087 ... 0
Louisianaa 11,815 11,324 448 43
Maryland 39,163 6,477 32,686 0
Mississippi 3,547 2,084 1,463 0
North Carolina 59,327 55,060 4,267 0
Oklahoma 13,812 7,743 3,196 2,873
South Carolina 15,046 13,919 1,127 0
Tennessee 20,305 16,696 3,609 0
Texas 193,128 : : 193,128
Virginiaa,b 22,970 11,255 0 11,715
West Virginiab : : : 0
West 302,341 40,930 45,876 215,535

Alaska 2,038 649 1,389 0
Arizonab 29,604 14,823 14,781 0
California 164,882 : : 164,882
Colorado 20,153 3,746 229 16,178
Hawaii 7,521 : : 7,521
Idahoa 2,308 2,308 0 0
Montana 1,257 : : 1,257
Nevada : : : 0
New Mexicoa 7,470 : : 7,470
Oregon 16,210 6,435 9,775 0
Utaha 4,107 1,711 2,360 36
Washington 44,511 11,258 17,342 15,911
Wyoming 2,280 : : 2,280
: Not known.
... Not applicable.
a
b
Detailed data are estimated for entries.

Table 3.6. Adults leaving probation, by type of exit, 1997
Number of adults leaving probation

Incarcerated
With Under Other,
Region and Successful new current Other unknown, or
jurisdiction Total completion sentence sentence unsuccessfula Death not reported
U.S. total 1,627,142 722,747 60,238 157,217 136,952 6,911 543,077
b
Federal 15,559 13,257 1,803 : 0 169 330
State 1,611,583 709,490 58,435 157,217 136,952 6,742 542,747
Northeast 229,955 102,277 10,077 11,651 6,544 1,227 98,179

Connecticut 38,264 : : : 0 : 38,264
Maine : : : : 0 : 0
Massachusetts 37,449 : : : 0 : 37,449
New Hampshire 3,123 2,582 389 0 0 15 137
New Jerseyb 54,967 29,191 1,595 : 6,544 375 17,262
New Yorkb 36,159 22,280 4,307 6,679 0 534 2,359
Pennsylvaniab 45,405 36,188 2,376 3,845 0 288 2,708
Rhode Island 9,271 8,649 622 : 0 : 0
Vermont 5,317 3,387 788 1,127 0 15 0
Midwest 465,189 199,528 21,291 20,785 31,954 903 190,728

Illinois 59,318 : : : 0 : 59,318
Indianab 78,263 54,919 11,551 0 11,793 0 0
Iowab 13,980 7,515 978 1,139 0 0 4,348
Kansasb 19,029 7,993 185 1,923 7,414 9 1,505
Michigan 117,525 43,201 3,648 5,819 3,876 298 60,683
Minnesota 55,509 : : : 0 : 55,509
Missourib,c 16,785 9,939 1,261 2,544 2,795 206 40
Nebraska 14,534 13,196 1,338 0 0 0 0
North Dakota 1,440 955 226 253 0 6 0
Ohiob 61,957 42,889 1,152 4,356 5,865 254 7,441
South Dakota 4,764 4,595 : : 169 : 0
Wisconsinb 22,085 14,326 952 4,751 42 130 1,884
South 651,235 349,700 24,392 113,373 79,338 4,072 80,360

Alabama 1,669 1,379 0 290 0 0 0
Arkansasb 7,315 3,617 755 682 0 79 2,182
Delawarec : : : : 0 : 0
District of Columbiac 8,818 4,674 : : 3,936 30 178
Florida 196,902 79,505 13,555 28,686 46,155 450 28,551
Georgia 60,489 39,907 2,263 2,853 6,725 338 8,403
Kentuckyb 5,683 3,308 124 2,032 0 54 165
Louisianab 11,737 6,823 436 2,730 0 206 1,542
Maryland 35,104 16,591 3,308 4,923 3,801 338 6,143
Mississippi 3,926 2,076 9 1,437 0 23 381
North Carolina 56,394 36,110 1,075 17,992 0 462 755
Oklahoma 13,131 9,968 1,168 819 1,072 104 0
South Carolina 15,059 10,472 731 3,648 0 208 0
Tennesseeb,c 19,056 10,578 968 2,309 3,412 105 1,684
Texasb 193,364 116,497 : 44,972 0 1,519 30,376
Virginiab,c 22,588 8,195 0 0 14,237 156 0
West Virginiac : : : : 0 : 0
West 265,204 57,985 2,675 11,408 19,116 540 173,480

Alaska 1,659 746 340 571 0 2 0
Arizonab,c 25,398 8,136 0 3,378 10,938 49 2,897
California 146,877 : : : 0 : 146,877
Colorado 16,051 13,135 912 1,408 0 1 595
Hawaii 6,147 : : : 0 : 6,147
Idaho 1,796 1,385 : 411 0 : 0
Montanab 1,052 719 48 262 0 23 0
Nevada : : : : 0 : 0
New Mexicob 7,478 3,826 0 864 2,744 44 0
Oregonb 14,522 10,432 502 3,158 271 156 3
Utahb 3,952 2,087 243 354 1,215 35 18
Washington 38,016 16,211 630 484 3,532 216 16,943
Wyomingb 2,256 1,308 0 518 416 14 0
: Not known
a
Other unsuccessful exits include violations of probation, probation revocations,
warrants issued, and some absconders.
b
c
Detailed data are estimated for type of exit.
Table 3.7. Adults on probation, by gender and Hispanic origin, 1997
Number of adults on probation

Probation Gender Hispanic origin
Region and population Not Non- Not
jurisdiction 12/31/97 Male Female reported Hispanic Hispanic reported
U.S. total 3,266,837 2,023,069 536,977 706,791 305,326 1,595,586 1,365,925
Federal 33,544 24,009 9,466 69 4,373 28,886 285

State 3,233,293 1,999,060 527,511 706,722 300,953 1,566,700 1,365,640
Northeast 572,594 416,123 90,393 66,078 63,495 366,740 142,359

Connecticuta,b 55,989 46,919 9,070 0 8,277 47,712 0
Maine 8,584 7,546 1,038 0 : : 8,584
Massachusetts 46,430 : : 46,430 : : 46,430
New Hampshirea,b 4,876 3,657 1,219 0 975 3,901 0
New Jerseya,b 130,565 107,194 23,371 0 15,453 115,112 0
New York 185,881 155,421 30,460 0 33,234 84,950 67,697
Pennsylvania 112,493 88,783 23,710 0 5,556 106,937 0
Rhode Island 19,648 : : 19,648 : : 19,648
Vermont 8,128 6,603 1,525 0 : 8,128 0
Midwest 734,037 408,049 118,580 207,408 26,532 391,610 315,895

Illinoisa,b 119,481 94,748 24,733 0 11,709 107,772 0
Indiana 97,045 : : 97,045 : : 97,045
Iowa 16,834 13,147 3,687 0 647 16,187 0
Kansas 16,205 13,288 2,917 0 : : 16,205
Michigan 154,236 58,130 18,651 77,455 4,068 51,443 98,725
Minnesota 90,707 71,448 19,259 0 3,780 86,927 0
Missouria,b 46,301 36,449 9,852 0 : 761 45,540
Nebraska 14,525 11,332 3,193 0 1,689 12,836 0
North Dakota 2,657 2,043 614 0 86 2,571 0
Ohio 118,212 65,711 23,060 29,441 1,353 61,946 54,913
South Dakota 3,467 : : 3,467 : : 3,467
Wisconsin 54,367 41,753 12,614 0 3,200 51,167 0
South 1,292,339 939,936 258,217 94,186 167,665 614,761 509,913

Alabama 35,723 1,691 460 33,572 : : 35,723
Arkansas 26,392 19,620 6,772 0 370 26,022 0
Delawarea,b 17,872 14,208 3,664 0 703 17,169 0
District of Columbiaa,b 10,797 9,178 1,619 0 972 9,825 0
Florida 239,932 162,185 44,484 33,263 18,043 187,963 33,926
Georgia 148,420 117,975 30,445 0 10 8,856 139,554
Kentucky 12,093 : : 12,093 : : 12,093
Louisiana 35,453 27,512 7,941 0 : : 35,453
Maryland 74,612 61,283 13,329 0 : : 74,612
Mississippi 10,997 8,853 2,144 0 : : 10,997
North Carolina 105,416 83,123 22,293 0 : : 105,416
Oklahoma 28,733 20,544 6,782 1,407 1,107 26,219 1,407
South Carolina 42,404 35,721 6,683 0 : : 42,404
Tennessee 38,251 30,060 8,190 1 401 33,372 4,478
Texasa,b 429,093 324,809 96,583 7,701 145,675 275,717 7,701
Virginiaa,b 30,002 23,174 6,828 0 384 29,618 0
West Virginiaa,b 6,149 0 0 6,149 : : 6,149
West 634,323 234,952 60,321 339,050 43,261 193,589 397,473

Alaska 4,378 3,548 830 0 96 4,282 0
Arizonaa,b 44,813 37,009 7,804 0 12,022 32,791 0
California 304,531 : : 304,531 : : 304,531
Colorado 45,447 28,251 8,292 8,904 6,201 28,025 11,221
Hawaiia 15,401 12,013 3,388 0 : : 15,401
Idaho 6,367 4,882 1,485 0 690 5,677 0
Montana 4,678 3,181 1,497 0 : : 4,678
Nevada 10,902 8,287 2,615 0 1,562 9,340 0
New Mexico 8,895 7,210 1,682 3 4,375 3,600 920
Oregon 43,980 35,515 8,465 0 3,255 40,725 0
Utah 9,461 7,428 2,033 0 975 8,060 426
Washington 132,014 85,043 21,359 25,612 13,793 57,925 60,296
Wyoming 3,456 2,585 871 0 292 3,164 0
: Not known.
a
Detailed data are estimated for gender.
b
Detailed data are estimated for Hispanic origin.

Table 3.8. Adults on probation, by race, 1997
Number of adults on probation

Probation American Asian/ Other,
Region and population Indian/ Pacific unknown, or
jurisdiction 12/31/97 White Black Alaska Native Islander not reported
U.S. total 3,266,837 1,448,241 777,974 21,257 10,745 1,008,620
Federal 33,544 22,794 8,469 642 1,201 438

State 3,233,293 1,425,447 769,505 20,615 9,544 1,008,182
Northeast 572,594 267,873 169,737 840 1,493 132,651

Connecticuta,b 55,989 33,453 13,986 113 157 8,280
Maine 8,584 : : : : 8,584
Massachusetts 46,430 : : : : 46,430
New Hampshirea 4,876 3,413 975 0 488 0
New Jerseya,b 130,565 57,951 56,665 201 295 15,453
New York 185,881 92,082 64,134 477 515 28,673
Pennsylvaniab 112,493 73,047 33,853 1 9 5,583
Rhode Island 19,648 : : : : 19,648
Vermont 8,128 7,927 124 48 29 0
Midwest 734,037 350,264 138,167 7,113 3,256 235,237

Illinoisa 119,481 72,893 45,401 245 942 0
Indiana 97,045 : : : : 97,045
Iowab 16,834 14,017 1,754 164 116 783
Kansasc 16,205 11,829 4,052 : : 324
Michiganb 154,236 46,588 14,673 1,362 521 91,092
Minnesotac 90,707 70,188 10,950 3,032 994 5,543
Missouria 46,301 32,326 13,816 68 73 18
Nebraskab 14,525 10,932 2,119 368 75 1,031
North Dakota 2,657 2,306 68 267 16 0
Ohiob 118,212 54,433 32,364 27 59 31,329
South Dakota 3,467 : : : : 3,467
Wisconsin 54,367 34,752 12,970 1,580 460 4,605
South 1,292,339 594,517 435,499 4,435 1,878 256,010

Alabama 35,723 1,213 911 : : 33,599
Arkansasb 26,392 16,638 9,295 53 36 370
Delawarea,b 17,872 9,059 8,041 15 30 727
District of Columbiaa,b 10,797 216 9,501 0 108 972
Florida 239,932 134,718 66,732 147 578 37,757
Georgiac 148,420 69,292 79,128 0 0 0
Kentucky 12,093 : : : : 12,093
Louisianab 35,453 14,700 20,560 13 3 177
Maryland 74,612 30,758 43,172 63 335 284
Mississippi 10,997 4,256 6,433 : : 308
North Carolina 105,416 48,617 51,458 2,049 219 3,073
Oklahomab 28,733 18,010 6,053 1,995 90 2,585
South Carolina 42,404 18,880 23,195 22 9 298
Tennesseeb 38,251 21,508 16,064 63 293 323
Texasa,b 429,093 192,155 79,685 : : 157,253
Virginiaa 30,002 14,497 15,271 15 177 42
West Virginiaa 6,149 : : : : 6,149
West 634,323 212,793 26,102 8,227 2,917 384,284

Alaska 4,378 2,411 562 1,293 98 14
Arizonaa 44,813 38,308 3,827 2,496 182 0
California 304,531 : : : : 304,531
Colorado 45,447 28,022 3,735 : : 13,690
Hawaii 15,401 : : : : 15,401
Idahoa,b 6,367 5,357 91 194 35 690
Montana 4,678 : : : : 4,678
Nevada 10,902 6,930 2,020 98 118 1,736
New Mexico 8,895 6,700 573 650 : 972
Oregonb 43,980 37,097 2,405 631 341 3,506
Utah 9,461 8,236 313 288 198 426
Washingtonb 132,014 76,759 12,479 2,507 1,936 38,333
Wyomingb 3,456 2,973 97 70 9 307
: Not known.
a
Detailed data are estimated for race.
b
“Other” includes Hispanic probationers of unknown race.
c
Table 3.9. Adults on probation, by type of offense, 1997
Probation Number of adults on probation

Region and population Driving while Unknown or
jurisdiction 12/31/97 Felony Misdemeanor intoxicated Other not reported
U.S. total 3,266,837 1,483,754 790,358 382,970 95,693 514,062
a
Federal 33,544 22,623 7,015 2,094 1,812 0
State 3,233,293 1,461,131 783,343 380,876 93,881 514,062
Northeast 572,594 256,079 171,669 105,659 27,719 11,468

Connecticuta 55,989 30,136 25,853 : 0 0
Maine 8,584 : : : 0 8,584
Massachusetts 46,430 : : 18,767 27,663 0
New Hampshireb 4,876 2,926 975 975 0 0
New Jersey 130,565 96,798 24,425 9,342 0 0
New York 185,881 85,760 67,288 29,949 0 2,884
Pennsylvania 112,493 25,111 42,124 45,202 56 0
Rhode Island 19,648 13,556 6,092 : 0 0
Vermont 8,128 1,792 4,912 1,424 0 0
Midwest 734,037 255,984 252,673 101,477 44,614 79,289

Illinoisa 119,481 48,707 18,995 11,619 40,160 0
Indianaa 97,045 33,930 63,115 0 0 0
Iowaa 16,834 7,424 9,410 0 0 0
Kansasa 16,205 6,024 7,979 1,986 216 0
Michigan 154,236 1,667 39,474 32,277 3,582 77,236
Minnesota 90,707 36,901 21,176 32,630 0 0
Missouria,b 46,301 39,475 6,065 107 654 0
Nebraska 14,525 3,264 5,251 6,010 0 0
North Dakota 2,657 2,153 410 94 0 0
Ohio 118,212 51,341 48,377 16,688 2 1,804
South Dakotaa 3,467 2,447 1,020 : 0 0
Wisconsin 54,367 22,651 31,401 66 0 249
South 1,292,339 751,549 309,479 142,391 7,459 81,461

Alabama 35,723 : 2,151 : : 33,572
Arkansas 26,392 25,111 1,104 24 0 153
Delawareb 17,872 : : : 0 17,872
District of Columbiaa 10,797 3,541 5,950 577 729 0
Florida 239,932 171,640 42,206 13,109 4,458 8,519
Georgiaa 148,420 103,554 42,694 870 0 1,302
Kentucky 12,093 10,247 1,846 : 0 0
Louisiana 35,453 33,227 2,009 217 0 0
Maryland 74,612 20,077 54,014 521 0 0
Mississippi 10,997 10,997 0 0 0 0
North Carolina 105,416 34,526 49,440 20,984 466 0
Oklahomaa 28,733 24,460 1,140 3,133 0 0
South Carolina 42,404 17,525 5,860 6,292 0 12,727
Tennessee 38,251 28,326 7,517 2,408 0 0
Texasb 429,093 243,185 91,727 94,181 0 0
Virginiaa,b 30,002 25,133 1,821 75 1,806 1,167
West Virginiab 6,149 : : : : 6,149
West 634,323 197,519 49,522 31,349 14,089 341,844

Alaska 4,378 4,178 50 150 0 0
Arizonab 44,813 37,544 1,918 5,351 0 0
California 304,531 : : : 0 304,531
Colorado 45,447 23,087 5,565 2,358 13,713 724
Hawaii 15,401 8,704 6,697 : 0 0
Idaho 6,367 5,611 0 756 0 0
Montana 4,678 : : : 0 4,678
Nevada 10,902 : : : 0 10,902
New Mexico 8,895 6,149 1,075 1,656 0 15
Oregon 43,980 27,060 10,085 6,078 0 757
Utah 9,461 6,491 2,582 348 0 40
Washington 132,014 76,377 20,709 14,355 376 20,197
Wyoming 3,456 2,318 841 297 0 0
: Not known.
a
b
Detailed data are estimated for type of offense.

Table 3.10. Adults on probation under intensive supervision,
being electronically monitored, or in a bootcamp, 1997
Region and Intensive Electronic

jurisdiction supervision monitoring Bootcamp
U.S. total 104,028 15,095 2,128
a,b
Federal : 3,053 ...
State 104,028 12,042 2,128
Northeast 23,692 254 0

Connecticutc 1,549 250 ...
Maine ... ... ...
Massachusetts : : ...
New Hampshire 37 4 ...
New Jerseyd 1,373 ... ...
New York 6,945 ... ...
Pennsylvania 13,564 : ...
Rhode Island 224 ... ...
Vermont ... ... ...
Midwest 14,666 6,127 468

Illinoisd 1,270 : ...
Indiana : : ...
Iowa 757 18 ...
Kansas ... 46 89
Michigan 1,944 2,972 379
Minnesota ... ... ...
Missouric,e 943 197 ...
Nebraska 652 220 ...
North Dakotac,e 20 10 ...
Ohio 9,030 2,664 ...
South Dakota 50 ... ...
Wisconsin : : :
South 56,041 4,586 1,561

Alabama 920 75 ...
Arkansas 0 0 ...
Delawarec,e 4,265 531 19
District of Columbiab 78 : 199
Floridad 25,919 1,338 ...
Georgia 5,355 ... 410
Kentucky 294 ... ...
Louisiana ... ... ...
Maryland 1,416 ... ...
Mississippi ... ... ...
North Carolina 9,536 887 283
Oklahoma 343 : ...
South Carolina 2,384 : ...
Tennesseed 1,775 596 ...
Texas 2,991 1,127 595
Virginiae 765 32 55
West Virginia ... ... ...
West 9,629 1,075 99

Alaska 51 ... ...
Arizonac,e 3,174 200 ...
California : : ...
Colorado 3,778 : ...
Hawaii 81 10 ...
Idaho 126 57 ...
Montanad 25 100 ...
Nevadac,e 374 250 ...
New Mexicod 414 23 ...
Oregonc,e 502 315 ...
Utah 241 23 ...
Washington 814 77 ...
Wyoming 49 20 99
: Not known.
...Not applicable.
a
Reported data include both probationers and parolees.
b
Intensive supervision probationers could not be separated from electronic
monitoring probationers and were, therefore, reported together.
c
Detailed data are estimated for electronic monitoring.
d
e
Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision.
Table 3.11. States with the largest probation populations and growth, 1997
10 States with Persons 10 States with

the largest 10 States with the 10 States with the supervised the lowest rates Persons supervised
probation Number largest percent Percent highest rates per 100,000 adult of supervision, per 100,000 adult
populations supervised increase, 1996-97 increase of supervision U.S. residents* 1996-97 U.S. residents*
Texas 429,093 Nevada 11.7% Delaware 3,225 Kentucky 410
California 304,531 Maine 10.7 Washington 3,177 West Virginia 438
Florida 239,932 New Hampshire 10.5 Texas 3,095 Mississippi 556
New York 185,881 Arizona 10.4 Georgia 2,699 New Hampshire 556
Michigan 154,236 Hawaii 9.8 Minnesota 2,641 North Dakota 559
Georgia 148,420 Alaska 9.5 Rhode Island 2,607 Virginia 589
Washington 132,014 Iowa 9.4 Connecticut 2,260 South Dakota 641
New Jersey 130,565 Missouri 9.3 Indiana 2,222 Utah 690
Illinois 119,481 Vermont 9.0 New Jersey 2,153 Montana 720
Ohio 118,212 Idaho 8.7 Florida 2,146 New Mexico 723
Note: The District of Columbia as a wholly urban jurisdiction is excluded.

For more information, see table 3.2.
*Rates are computed using the U.S. adult resident population on July 1, 1997.

Explanatory notes by jurisdiction Arizona Delaware
Because many States update their Arizona has 2 reporting agencies: 1 State All data are estimated.
population counts, the January 1, 1997, and 1 local. All data are estimated.
numbers may differ from those previously Quality control has removed more than
published for December 31, 1996. “Other” supervision status includes inactive 2,000 duplicate records from the database
probationers serving a prison commitment since January 1, 1997, making it
Federal and probationers deported to Mexico difficult to compare these data with those
(table 3.4). from previous years.
Data for the Federal system are from the
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts as “Other” exits include 2,893 transfers to Data do not include 259 persons on pre-trial
provided to the BJS Federal Justice various locations (table 3.6). supervision on December 31, 1997.
Statistics Program. Definitional differences
exist between probation data reported here Arkansas “Other” race includes 731 Hispanic
and in other BJS data series. probationers of unknown race (table 3.8).
“Split sentence” refers to probationers
Data do not include 344 corporations on incarcerated in a substance abuse District of Columbia
probation on December 31, 1997. Between treatment program as a condition of
January 1, 1997, and December 31, 1997, probation (table 3.3). “Other” race includes 972 Hispanic
130 corporations entered probation probationers of unknown race (table 3.8).
supervision and 101 corporations exited “Other” exits include early discharges,
probation supervision. administrative closures, and discharged “Other” offense type includes domestic
absconders (table 3.6). violence intervention program cases and
“Other” probation status includes civil protection orders (table 3.9).
probationers with concurrent or consecutive “Other” race includes 370 Hispanics
sentences to state/local incarceration, probationers of unknown race (table 3.8). Intensive supervision and electronic
direct probation from court following monitoring are a combined program
revocation in the same case, and cases Colorado (table 3.10).
reopened statistically (table 3.3).
Colorado has 9 reporting agencies: 1 State Florida
“Other” entries include cases reopened and 8 local. All data were estimated by the
statistically (table 3.5). State and one local agency. Florida has 14 reporting agencies: 1 State
and 13 local. Totals for Florida are
“Other” exits include administrative case Two local agencies estimated one or more inconsistent with those reported for
closings (table 3.6). characteristics of the population on previous years. One office with 15,085
December 31, 1997. probationers on December 31, 1996, has
“Other” offense type includes petty offenses been eliminated because of duplicate
(table 3.9). Connecticut counting. Also, a local probation authority
reported data for offices in two counties that
Alabama “Other” race includes 8,277 Hispanic were previously not reported. Data for the
probationers of unknown race (table 3.8). same local agency do not include 2,393
Alabama has 3 reporting agencies: 1 State ‘non-DUI absconders’ (records held open 5
and 2 local. “Misdemeanor” includes an unspecified years) and ‘2,930 DUI absconders’ (records
number of “driving while intoxicated or held open indefinitely) in files up to 21 years
Both local jurisdictions in Alabama under the influence of alcohol” cases old (table 3.2).
estimated all of the data they reported. (table 3.9).
Approximately 8% of the local agencies in
“Absconder” supervision status includes Florida estimated all of the data they
those that are located in jail for Alabama’s reported. In addition, approximately 54% of
State agency (table 3.4). the local agencies in Florida estimated one
or more characteristics of the total
population on December 31, 1997.
One locality did not include 200

probationers involved in an electronic
monitoring program with the total
population, December 31, 1997
(table 3.10).
Georgia Iowa Maryland
Georgia has 2 reporting agencies: 1 State “Active” and “inactive” probationers could “Other” supervision status includes 911
and 1 local. not be separated. Active counts include an “delinquent in custody,” probationers.
unspecified number of inactive probationers (table 3.4).
“Black” race includes “nonwhite” (table 3.8). (table 3.4).
Michigan
“Felony” and “misdemeanor” includes an “Other” exits include terminations and
unspecified number of “driving while transfers out of State/district (table 3.6). Michigan has 114 reporting agencies: 1
intoxicated or under the influence of State and 113 local.
alcohol” cases that could not be separately “Other” race includes 647 Hispanic
reported by the State agency (table 3.9). probationers of unknown race (table 3.8). Michigan’s State agency, which represents
31% of all Michigan’s probationers, did not
Idaho Data do not include approximately 1,500 report any detailed data. The data that the
misdemeanor cases from two districts State agency provided are from January 1,
“Total” entries are estimated (table 3.5). whose records for inactive misdemeanor 1997, to September 30, 1997.
cases are maintained on paper only
“Other” race includes 690 Hispanic (table 3.9). Two local agencies in Michigan did not
probationers of unknown race (table 3.8). provide data. For these agencies, the
Kansas December 31, 1996, population count was
Illinois used as an estimate of the January 1, 1997,
Data do not include 7,029 absconders, 692 and December 31, 1997, counts.
Total population on December 31, 1997, probationers supervised out of State, and
does not include 1,270 probationers in a 315 persons under diversion supervision Approximately 38% of Michigan’s local
intensive supervision program and 4,825 (table 3.3). agencies estimated all of their data. In
probationers in a specialized driving under addition, approximately 22% of Michigan’s
the influence of alcohol program. “Other” entries include transfers from other local agencies estimated one or more
jurisdictions (table 3.5). characteristics of the total population on
“Other” offense types includes 37,513 December 31, 1997.
administrative cases and 2,647 traffic cases “Other” exits include 301 interstate compact
(table 3.9). cases transferred out and 1,204 transfers to “Other” race includes 151 Hispanic
other jurisdictions (table 3.6). probationers of unknown race (table 3.8).
Indiana
“Other” race includes American Indian and Minnesota
“Other” probation status includes Asian probationers (table 3.8).
absconders, “shock” probation cases, “Other” race includes Asian probationers,
inter/intra State cases, supervision in lieu of “Other” offense type includes driving with a others, and unknowns (table 3.8).
prosecution cases, and others (table 3.3). suspended driver’s license and other traffic
offenses (table 3.9). Mississippi
“Other unsuccessful” exits include an
unknown number of transfers and others Kentucky
Data do not include 7,053 probationers
(table 3.6). who have outstanding warrants, or whose
Data do not include an unspecified number discharges are being withheld; 964
“Misdemeanor” includes an unknown of persons on inactive probation (table 3.4). probationers supervised out -of -State;
number of “driving while intoxicated or and 46 absconders (table 3.4).
under the influence of alcohol” cases “Other” exits include court orders (table
(table 3.9). 3.6). Missouri
Louisiana
Missouri has 2 reporting agencies: 1 State
and 1 local.
“Other” entries include reinstatements
(table 3.5).
The State agency estimated all data.
“Other” exits include pardons,
administrative errors, transfers, “Execution of sentence to incarceration
unsuccessful completions, revocations suspended” includes 4,319 shock
(non-DOC), and overturned convictions incarceration cases. “Imposition of
(table 3.6). sentence suspended” includes 87 shock
incarceration cases. “Other” probation
“Other” race includes Hispanic probationers status includes diversion cases (table 3.3).
of unknown race and others (table 3.8).

“Other” exits include probationers relieved New York Oregon
of supervision, absconders, and cases
returned to the court. (table 3.6). “Other” entries include local conditional “Other” probation supervision includes 551
releases from incarceration and others diversion cases and 519 conditional
“Felony” and “misdemeanor” includes 3,914 (table 3.5). releases (table 3.3).
“driving while intoxicated or under the
influence of alcohol” cases (table 3.9). “Other” exits include records that were “Other” exits include 2 administrative errors
removed in a maintenance purge and and 1 transfer (table 3.6).
Montana others (table 3.6).
“Other” race includes 3,255 Hispanic
“Total” exits are estimated (table 3.6). Ohio probationers of unknown race (table 3.8).
Total population on December 31, 1997, Ohio has 52 reporting agencies: 1 State Pennsylvania
does not include 25 probationers in an and 51 local.
intensive supervision program (table 3.10). “Other” exits include commuted sentences,
Ohio’s State agency estimated sex, race, transfers, and absconders at the county
Nebraska and Hispanic origin characteristics of the level (table 3.6).
total population on December 31, 1997.
“Other” race includes 1,031 Hispanic “Other” race includes 5,556 Hispanic
probationers of unknown race (table 3.8). Approximately 8% of Ohio’s local agencies probationers of unknown race (table 3.8).
estimated all of their data. Additionally,
New Hampshire approximately 18% of Ohio’s local agencies South Dakota
estimated one or more characteristics of
“Other” supervision status includes the total population on December 31, 1997. The data provided are from July 1, 1996, to
probationers on bail supervision (table 3.4). June 30, 1997.
Ohio’s State agency reported 1,614 “other”
New Jersey entries as county transfers that were “Misdemeanor” includes “driving while
restored (table 3.5) and 682 “other” exits as intoxicated or under the influence of
Total population on December 31, 1997, county and interstate transfers (table 3.6). alcohol” cases (table 3.9).
does not include 1,373 probationers in an
intensive supervision program. “Other” race includes 470 Hispanic Tennessee
probationers of unknown race (table 3.8).
“Other” entries include 12,651 pretrial Tennessee has 3 reporting agencies: 1
intervention and conditional discharge Oklahoma State and 2 local.
cases, 8,558 community service cases, and
6,011 supervised collections (table 3.5). Oklahoma has 3 reporting agencies: 1 “Other” exits include 899 internal transfers,
State and 2 local. 574 interstate compact cases, 206 court
“Other” exits include 7,803 community orders, and an unspecified number of
service cases and 9,459 unknown cases. “Other” probation status includes 68 appeals (table 3.6).
“Other unsuccessful” exits include 3,331 probationers who have not been sentenced
probation violation cases and 3,213 (table 3.3). “Other” race includes 317 Hispanic
absconders (table 3.6). probationers of unknown race (table 3.8).
“Other” race includes 1,107 Hispanic
“Other” race includes 15,453 Hispanics probationers of unknown race (table 3.8). Total population on December 31, 1997,
probationers of unknown race (table 3.8). excludes 40 probationers in an electronic
One of Oklahoma’s local agencies reported monitoring at one local agency (table 3.10).
New Mexico that data do not include an unknown
number of absconders. The same agency
New Mexico has 2 reporting agencies: 1 reported “misdemeanor” includes an
State and 1 local. unspecified number of “driving while
intoxicated or under the influence of
The local agency estimated “total” entries alcohol” cases (table 3.9).
and exits (table 3.5 and table 3.6).
Total population on December 31, 1997,

does not include 33 probationers in an
intensive supervision program (table 3.10).
Texas Virginia Wisconsin
Data are for year beginning September 1, All data are estimated. “Other” probation status includes 213
1996, and ending August 31, 1997. Data “deferred” cases in which there was no
do not include 614 persons on civil “Other” entries include post release, conviction (table 3.3).
probation. restored, transferred, and other cases
(table 3.5). “Other” exits include 927 early release
“Active” includes interstate transfers to cases, 757 court orders, and 200 closed
Texas (table 3.4). “Other unsuccessful” exits include cases (table 3.6)
“incarcerated with new sentence,” transfers,
“Other” exits include 18,535 administrative out-of-State terminations, and other cases Wyoming
closures and 11,841 pretrial terminations (table 3.6).
(table 3.6). “Other unsuccessful” exits include an
“Other” offense status includes 1,806 unknown number of bench warrants and
Of the 44,972 parolees discharged to special penalties (table 3.9). interstate transfers (table 3.6).
incarceration, the number incarcerated with
a new sentence or under a current Washington “Other” race includes 292 Hispanic
sentence is unknown. probationers of unknown race (table 3.8).
Washington has 24 reporting agencies:
“Other” race includes 79,685 Hispanic 1 State and 23 local.
Washington’s State agency, which
Utah represents 60% of all Washington’s
probationers, estimated all the data
“Other” entries include reinstatements reported.
(table 3.5).
Approximately 22% of the local agencies in
“Other” exits include 18 probationers Washington estimated all the data they
released on court orders (table 3.6). reported. Additionally, approximately 35%
of the local agencies in Washington
estimated one or more characteristics of
the total population on December 31, 1997.
“Other” race includes 327 Hispanic


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Surveys of State and Federal inmates, 1997
Tables 4.15 Drug use, by type of drug,

1991 and 1997 61
By Caroline Wolf Harlow, Ph.D.
Tracy L. Snell 4.16 Levels of prior drug and alcohol
BJS Statisticians abuse, by selected characteristics
of State and Federal prisoners,
Christopher J. Mumola 1997 62
BJS Policy Analyst 4.17 Substance abuse treatment history
of State prisoners, by gender,
State and Federal prison inmates race/Hispanic origin, and offense
4.1 Selected characteristics, type, 1997 63
1997 and 1991 48
4.18 Substance abuse treatment history
4.2 Selected characteristics, of Federal prisoners, by gender,
by gender, 1997 and 1991 49 race/Hispanic origin, and offense
type, 1997 63
4.3 Current offense,
1991 and 1997 50 State and Federal prisoners’ participation
since admission
4.4 Current offense, by gender 4.19 Types of drug treatment,
and race/Hispanic origin, 1997 51 by prior drug use,
1991 and 1997 64
4.5 Current offense, by age, 1997 52
4.20 Drug treatment or abuse
4.6 Current offense, by gender programs, by time to expected
and by race/Hispanic origin, 1997 53 release and type of drug used
regularly in the month before
4.7 Current offense, by gender the offense, 1997 64
and age, 1997 54
4.21 Drug treatment, by time to
4.8 Sentence length, time served to expected release and type of
interview, and total time to be drug used regularly in the month
served, by current offense for before the offense, 1997 65
State prison inmates, 1997 55
4.22 Drug abuse programs,
4.9 Sentence length, time served to by time to expected release
interview, and total time to be and type of drug used regularly
served, by current offense for in the month before the
Federal prison inmates, 1997 56 offense, 1997 65
4.10 Criminal history, 1997 and 1991 57 4.23 Type of alcohol treatment,
by prior alcohol use, 1997 66
4.11 Criminal history, by gender
and race/Hispanic origin, 1997 58 Appendix tables
4.12 Criminal history, by age, 1997 59 4.A1. Standard errors of the estimated
percentages, State prison
4.13 Physical or sexual abuse before inmates, by gender, 1997 67
admission to prison, by gender
and race/Hispanic origin, 1997 60 4.A2. Standard errors of the estimated
percentages, Federal prison
4.14 Alcohol or drug use at time inmates, by gender, 1997 68
of offense, by type of offense,
1997 61 Methodology 69
Surveys of State and Federal inmates, 1997 47

Table 4.1. Selected characteristics of State and Federal
prison inmates, 1997 and 1991

State inmates Federal inmates
Characteristic 1997 1991 1997 1991
Gender
Male 93.7% 94.6% 92.8% 92.2%
Female 6.3 5.4 7.2 7.8
Race/Hispanic origin
White non-Hispanic 33.3% 35.4% 29.9% 38.4%
Black non-Hispanic 46.5 45.6 37.8 29.9
Hispanic 17.0 16.6 27.3 28.0
Other* 3.2 2.4 5.0 3.8
Age
17 or younger 0.5% 0.6% 0% 0%
18-24 19.3 21.3 8.9 9.3
25-34 38.1 45.7 36.6 36.0
35-44 29.4 22.7 30.6 32.9
45-54 9.8 6.5 16.3 15.0
55-64 2.2 2.4 6.2 5.7
65 or older 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.1
Median age 32 yrs 30 yrs 36 yrs 36 yrs
Marital status
Married 16.6% 18.2% 30.4% 37.9%
Widowed 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8
Separated 5.8 6.2 5.8 6.7
Divorced 18.6 18.5 20.5 21.0
Never married 57.1 55.3 41.6 32.6
Educational attainment
8th grade or less 14.2% 14.3% 12.0% 11.0%
Some high school 28.9 26.9 17.4 12.3
GED 25.1 24.6 19.8 22.6
High school graduate 18.5 19.4 24.3 22.4
Some college 10.7 12.2 17.5 21.3
College graduate or more 2.7 2.7 9.1 10.4
Median education 12 yrs 12 yrs 12 yrs 12 yrs
Military service
Veterans 12.5% 16.3% 14.5% 19.9%
Non-veterans 87.5 83.7 85.5 80.1
U.S. citizenship
Citizen 95.0% 95.6% 81.7% 81.6%
Other countries 5.0 4.4 18.3 18.4
Mexico 2.9 2.1 9.0 4.1
Central or South America 1.6 0.6 7.7 6.3
Other 0.5 1.7 1.5 8.0
Number of prison inmates 1,059,607 704,203 89,072 54,006
Note: In 1997 State inmate data were missing for marital status on 0.2%
of the inmates; for education, 0.4%; for military service, 0.1%;
and for citizenship, 0.1%. In 1997 Federal inmate data were missing
for marital status on 0.2% of the inmates; for education, 0.4%;
for military service, 0.1%; and for citizenship, 0.2%. State inmate data
for 1991 and Federal inmate data for both 1991 and 1997 include
sentenced inmates only.
*
Includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives,

Table 4.2. Selected characteristics of State and Federal prison inmates,
by gender, 1997 and 1991

1997 1991
State inmates Federal inmates State inmates Federal inmates
Characteristic Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
White non-Hispanic 33.3% 33.2% 29.9% 29.1% 35.4% 36.2% 39.2% 29.0%
Black non-Hispanic 46.4 47.7 38.1 34.5 45.5 46.0 29.2 38.6
Hispanic 17.1 15.4 27.0 32.2 16.8 14.2 27.8 29.5
Other* 3.2 3.7 5.0 4.2 2.3 3.6 3.8 2.9
Age
17 or younger 0.6% 0.6% 0% 0% 0.7% 0.1% 0% 0%
18-24 19.8 10.9 8.9 8.6 21.6 16.3 9.1 11.3
25-29 18.8 17.8 18.5 15.6 24.1 26.1 16.2 19.5
30-34 19.0 25.7 18.2 19.8 21.3 24.2 19.5 20.7
35-39 17.3 22.4 15.7 16.5 14.0 16.6 17.5 19.4
40-44 11.8 11.8 14.8 15.5 8.6 8.9 15.5 11.9
45-49 6.2 6.5 9.8 12.5 4.4 4.0 9.4 8.4
50-54 3.6 2.5 6.3 5.7 2.2 2.1 5.9 3.8
55-59 1.5 1.2 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.9 3.8 3.2
60-64 0.7 0.4 1.7 1.6 1.0 0.4 2.0 1.1
65 or older 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.4 1.1 0.7
Marital status
Married 16.6% 17.3% 30.4% 29.5% 18.1% 17.3% 38.7% 28.8%
Widowed 1.6 5.8 1.4 6.0 1.6 5.9 1.4 5.7
Separated 18.5 19.9 20.4 21.1 18.4 19.1 20.9 22.5
Divorced 5.6 9.8 5.5 10.0 5.9 12.5 6.3 10.6
Never married 57.8 47.1 42.2 33.5 55.9 45.1 32.6 32.3
Educational attainment
8th grade or less 14.0% 13.2% 11.7% 11.1% 14.4% 12.1% 11.0% 12.0%
Some high school 25.4 28.3 14.6 13.8 26.7 29.5 12.0 15.3
GED 29.0 22.4 24.3 26.3 24.7 20.2 22.6 19.6
High school graduate 18.5 19.3 22.9 20.0 19.5 20.2 22.6 23.0
Any college 13.2 16.8 26.5 28.9 14.7 18.0 31.8 30.1
Military service
Veterans 13.3% 1.6% 15.5% 2.2% 17.2% 1.9% 21.7% 1.4%
Non-veterans 86.7 98.4 84.5 97.8 82.8 98.1 78.3 98.6
Number of prison inmates 993,364 66,242 82,646 6,426 672,847 38,796 49,784 4,222
*Includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and other racial groups.

Table 4.3. Current offense of State and Federal prison inmates,
1997 and 1991

State inmates Federal inmates
Current offense 1997 1991 1997 1991
Violent offenses 47.2% 46.6% 14.8% 17.3%
Murdera 11.7 10.6 1.5 1.9
Negligent manslaughter 1.6 1.8 0.1 0.3
Kidnaping 1.2 1.2 0.6 1.0
Rape 2.6 3.5 0.2 0.3
Other sexual assault 6.0 5.9 0.6 0.4
Robbery 14.1 14.8 10.0 11.2
Assault 9.4 8.2 1.3 1.5
Other violentb 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6
Property offenses 22.0% 24.8% 6.8% 10.2%

Burglary 10.7 12.4 0.3 0.7
Larceny/theft 4.2 4.9 0.5 0.9
Motor vehicle theft 1.8 2.2 0.2 0.5
Arson 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.3
Fraudc 2.7 2.8 4.9 6.9
Stolen property 1.6 1.4 0.5 0.8
Other propertyd 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1
Drug offenses 20.7% 21.3% 62.6% 57.9%

Possession 8.8 7.6 11.5 13.6
Trafficking 11.3 13.3 45.5 42.9
Other/unspecified 0.6 0.5 5.6 1.4
Public-order offense 9.9% 6.9% 14.8% 12.4%

Weaponse 2.4 1.8 6.8 5.7
Violation of probation/parolef 3.1 1.6 0.8 0.8
Other public-orderg 4.3 3.4 7.2 5.9
Otherh 0.2% 0.4% 1.1% 2.2%
Number of prison inmates 1,046,705 704,181 88,018 53,689

Note: Current offense data were available for 98.8% of State prison inmates
and 98.8% of Federal prison inmates. Detail may not add to totals because
of rounding. Data for Federal prison inmates include sentenced only.
a
Includes murder and nonnegligent manslaughter.
b
Includes blackmail, extortion, hit-and-run driving with bodily injury,
child abuse, and criminal endangerment.
c
Includes Federal offenses of embezzlement, fraud, forgery, and counterfeiting.
d
Includes destruction of property, vandalism, hit-and-run driving without
bodily injury, trespassing, and possession of burglary tools.
e
Includes Federal firearm and explosives violations.
f
Includes escape, AWOL, flight to avoid prosecution.
g
Includes obstruction of justice, traffic, driving while intoxicated, driving under the
influence of drugs or alcohol, drunkenness, vagrancy, disorderly conduct,
unlawful assembly, morals, commercialized vice, rioting, abandonment,
nonsupport, immigration violations, invasion of privacy, liquor law
violations, tax evasion, bribery, and Federal regulatory and common criminal
enterprise offenses, tax law violations, racketeering, and extortion.
h
Includes juvenile offenses and unspecified offenses.

by gender and race/Hispanic origin, 1997
Percent of State prison inmates Percent of Federal prison inmates

Current offense Male Female White Black Hispanic Other Male Female White Black Hispanic Other
Violent offenses 48.5% 28.2% 47.0% 48.3% 43.5% 54.2% 15.4% 6.7% 18.6% 15.3% 6.8% 32.8%
Murder 11.9 8.5 11.2 12.5 10.7 10.4 1.5 0.8 1.2 1.3 0.9 7.1
Negligent manslaughter 1.5 2.6 1.7 1.4 1.8 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0 0.5
Kidnaping 1.2 0.6 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.5
Rape 2.7 0.4 3.5 2.3 1.2 4.4 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.1 2.0
Other sexual assault 6.3 0.9 10.6 3.1 4.4 7.7 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 0 9.5
Robbery 14.6 7.2 8.8 18.5 12.9 13.4 10.5 3.4 13.7 11.7 4.5 4.5
Assault 9.5 6.8 8.7 9.0 10.8 13.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.8 6.4
Other violent 0.7 1.3 1.1 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.8 1.2 0.3 0.2 2.3
Property offenses 21.7% 26.6% 28.3% 19.1% 18.4% 18.2% 6.4% 12.2% 13.0% 4.3% 2.6% 11.4%
Burglary 11.1 5.0 13.6 9.4 8.9 8.7 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0
Larceny/theft 3.9 8.6 4.8 4.1 3.4 4.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.7
Motor vehicle theft 1.9 1.1 2.1 1.4 2.5 1.3 0.3 0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3
Arson 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7
Fraud 2.2 10.1 4.2 2.1 1.5 1.6 4.4 10.4 10.0 2.7 1.5 8.9
Stolen property 1.6 1.1 2.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3
Other property 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0.4
Drug offenses 19.7% 34.4% 11.8% 25.0% 27.4% 13.8% 61.9% 71.7% 49.4% 67.2% 74.0% 42.7%
Possession 8.4 14.6 5.6 10.3 11.4 6.1 11.6 10.1 6.1 10.5 19.5 6.8
Trafficking 10.8 18.5 5.7 13.9 15.6 7.4 44.5 58.1 39.7 50.3 47.8 30.7
Other/unspecified 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 5.8 3.5 3.6 6.4 6.8 5.1
Public-order offense 9.8% 10.5% 12.8% 7.4% 10.3% 13.2% 15.4% 7.8% 18.0% 12.2% 15.5% 10.8%
Weapons 2.5 1.0 2.0 2.7 2.6 3.7 7.3 1.3 8.8 8.1 3.0 6.8
Violation of probation/parole 3.0 4.8 3.3 2.8 3.3 4.2 0.8 0.5 8.6 3.3 11.7 3.2
Other public-order 4.3 4.7 7.5 2.0 4.5 5.3 7.3 5.9 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8
Other 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% 1.0% 1.7% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 2.3%
Number of prison inmates 980,971 65,735 346,733 488,210 178,657 33,106 81,623 6,396 26,345 33,264 24,153 4,256
Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

Table 4.5. Current offense of State and Federal prison inmates, by age, 1997

24 or 55 or 24 or 55 or
Current offense younger 25-34 35-44 45-54 older younger 25-34 35-44 45-54 younger
Violent offenses 53.1% 42.8% 45.3% 54.1% 61.4% 17.8% 13.3% 15.0% 15.9% 15.0%
Murder 11.1 9.6 11.5 17.9 23.8 1.9 1.6 0.9 1.9 1.5
Negligent manslaughter 1.8 1.6 1.2 2.2 2.4 0.3 0.1 0 0.0 0
Kidnaping 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.5 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.9
Rape 1.0 2.0 3.5 4.7 3.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5
Other sexual assault 2.5 4.9 7.3 9.5 18.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.3
Robbery 21.2 14.0 12.2 9.1 4.2 12.2 9.1 10.6 10.2 8.3
Assault 13.5 9.1 7.6 8.3 6.3 1.7 1.1 1.5 1.5 0.6
Other violent 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.5 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.9
Property offenses 20.8% 24.4% 22.6% 16.1% 12.6% 3.8% 5.4% 6.6% 10.2% 10.0%
Burglary 11.2 12.0 10.8 6.2 3.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2
Larceny/theft 2.9 4.5 4.7 4.3 3.6 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.2
Motor vehicle theft 2.9 2.0 1.4 0.9 0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6 0
Arson 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.3 0
Fraud 1.7 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.3 1.5 3.1 5.0 8.4 9.2
Stolen property 1.2 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4
Other property 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0
Drug offenses 17.9% 22.2% 21.2% 19.9% 16.3% 62.6% 65.1% 62.8% 57.2% 60.8%
Possession 7.8 9.5 9.1 8.3 6.7 10.7 12.1 12.1 8.2 14.1
Trafficking 9.8 12.1 11.6 10.6 9.4 49.5 47.8 43.8 42.8 42.1
Other/unspecified 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.3 2.4 5.2 6.8 6.3 4.6
Public-order offense 7.9% 10.3% 10.7% 10.0% 9.3% 14.7% 15.1% 14.4% 15.7% 13.1%
Weapons 3.6 2.7 2.0 1.2 0.8 8.6 7.1 6.7 6.8 4.1
Violation of probation/parole 2.7 3.5 3.3 2.4 1.1 0.0 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.3
Other public-order 1.6 4.2 5.4 6.4 7.4 6.1 7.1 6.9 7.8 8.7
Other 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.3% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 1.1%
Number of prison inmates 207,639 399,543 307,874 101,348 30,301 7,831 32,207 26,921 14,377 6,682


Male Female Male Female
Current offense White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic
Violent offenses 48.2% 49.6% 44.7% 29.6% 28.5% 23.4% 19.2% 15.9% 7.3% 10.9% 6.5% 2.1%
Murder 11.3 12.8 11.0 10.8 7.4 6.0 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.2
Negligent manslaughter 1.6 1.3 1.8 3.3 2.6 0.9 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.5 0
Kidnaping 1.5 0.9 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0
Rape 3.7 2.4 1.2 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0 0 0
Other sexual assault 11.2 3.3 4.6 1.7 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 0 0.2 0 0
Robbery 9.0 19.1 13.2 5.6 8.5 7.3 14.3 12.3 4.7 5.8 3.1 1.7
Assault 8.9 9.1 11.1 4.8 8.1 6.8 1.0 1.3 0.9 1.3 1.0 0
Other violent 1.0 0.5 0.7 1.9 1.1 0.4 1.1 0.3 0.2 2.2 0.4 0.2
Property offenses 27.9% 18.7% 18.3% 34.1% 23.9% 20.2% 12.2% 3.9% 2.6% 23.1% 10.1% 3.0%
Burglary 14.1 9.7 9.2 6.2 4.6 4.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 0 0
Larceny/theft 4.6 3.7 3.2 8.0 9.6 8.0 0.9 0.4 0.1 1.3 0.2 0.4
Motor vehicle theft 2.2 1.5 2.6 1.6 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 0
Arson 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.5 0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0.3
Fraud 3.4 1.7 1.3 15.9 7.5 5.7 9.2 2.3 1.4 19.9 8.4 2.1
Stolen property 2.1 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 1.2 1.2 0.3
Other property 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0.3 0.3 0
Drug offenses 11.0% 24.0% 26.4% 23.3% 39.3% 44.0% 49.1% 66.7% 72.7% 54.1% 73.5% 88.3%
Possession 5.2 10.0 11.2 11.4 15.9 16.3 6.4 10.6 19.6 2.2 9.6 17.7
Trafficking 5.3 13.4 14.8 10.4 22.0 27.5 39.0 49.6 46.1 49.7 60.6 65.8
Other/unspecified 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.5 1.5 0.2 3.7 6.6 7.0 2.1 3.4 4.8
Public-order offense 12.8 7.4 10.2 12.7 8.0 12.4 18.7 12.4 16.5 9.4 9.1 5.0
Weapons 2.0 2.8 2.7 1.1 0.8 1.1 9.4 8.5 3.3 1.1 2.6 0.4
Violation of probation/parole 3.2 2.6 3.1 4.6 4.5 6.2 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.6
Other public-order 7.5 2.0 4.4 7.0 2.7 5.1 8.7 3.1 12.4 7.6 6.2 4.1
Other 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0% 0.9% 1.1% 0.9% 2.5% 0.8% 1.6%
Number of prison inmates 324,801 457,010 168,477 21,932 31,200 10,180 24,479 31,058 22,100 1,866 2,206 2,052

by gender and by age, 1997
Percent of inmates
Male Female
24 or 45 or 24 or 45 or
Current offense younger 25-34 35-44 older younger 25-34 35-44 older
Percent of State prison inmates

Murder 11.1 9.9 11.8 19.4 9.9 6.9 7.8 15.9
Kidnaping 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.5 1.3 0.5 0.2 1.0
Rape 1.1 2.1 3.8 4.7 0 0.4 0.6 0.3
Other sexual assault 2.6 5.2 7.8 12.1 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2
Robbery 21.6 14.5 12.6 8.3 10.5 7.8 6.8 2.5
Assault 13.7 9.2 7.8 7.8 8.8 7.5 5.0 7.5
Other violent 1.1 0.7 0.4 1.0 2.2 0.9 1.4 1.1
Burglary 11.3 12.6 11.2 5.8 8.9 4.8 4.8 2.6
Larceny/theft 2.8 4.2 4.3 3.8 4.8 8.4 9.6 10.3
Motor vehicle theft 3.0 2.0 1.5 0.7 1.4 1.7 0.7 0
Arson 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6
Fraud 1.2 2.4 2.5 2.3 12.2 10.1 9.7 8.9
Stolen property 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.0 0.4 1.5 0.9 1.5
Other property 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.3 0
Drug offenses 17.4% 21.3% 20.0% 18.4% 29.1% 34.4% 37.5% 30.5%
Possession 7.7 9.0 8.6 7.6 10.3 15.6 15.4 12.8
Trafficking 9.4 11.6 11.0 10.0 18.8 17.6 20.2 16.8
Other/unspecified 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.8 0 1.1 2.0 0.9
Public-order offense 7.9% 10.3% 10.6% 9.8% 7.4% 11.1% 10.7% 10.5%
Weapons 3.7 2.8 2.0 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.3
Violation of probation/parole 2.7 3.3 3.1 1.9 2.0 5.4 5.1 4.7
Other public-order 1.5 4.1 5.5 6.7 4.1 4.7 4.6 5.5
Other 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.6%
Number of State prison inmates 200,008 370,994 285,454 124,515 7,631 28,549 22,420 7,135
Percent of Federal prison inmates
Murder 2.1 1.6 0.9 1.9 0 1.2 0.8 0.7
Negligent manslaughter 0.2 0.1 0 0 1.7 0.2 0 0.4
Kidnaping 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.8 0 0 0.8
Rape 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0 0 0 0
Other sexual assault 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.1 0 0 0.2 0
Robbery 12.6 9.5 11.3 10.2 6.9 4.3 2.4 2.1
Assault 1.8 1.1 1.6 1.2 0 1.7 0.5 1.1
Other violent 0.9 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.8 1.0 0.9 0.3
Burglary 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0 0 0.2 0
Larcenty/theft 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.4 0 0.5 0.8 0.5
Motor vehicle theft 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0 0 0 0
Arson 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0 0 0.3 0.3
Fraud 1.3 2.7 4.5 8.1 4.2 7.9 11.1 15.3
Stolen property 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.3 0 0.9 1.1 0.6
Other property 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.3 0
Drug offenses 61.5% 64.5% 61.9% 57.8% 76.7% 73.0% 73.3% 65.6%
Possession 10.5 12.3 12.2 10.1 12.6 8.8 11.5 9.1
Trafficking 48.6 46.9 42.7 41.8 60.4 60.9 57.8 53.3
Other/unspecified 2.3 5.4 7.1 5.9 3.7 3.3 3.9 3.3
Public-order offense 15.4% 15.6% 15.1% 15.3% 6.2% 8.3% 6.4% 9.4%
Weapons 9.2 7.6 7.2 6.3 0.7 1.3 1.5 1.4
Violation of probation/parole 0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4
Other public-order 6.2 7.1 7.1 8.2 4.9 6.1 4.6 7.6
Other 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 0.8% 1.1% 0.9% 1.9% 2.9%
Number of Federal prison inmates 7,277 29,954 24,868 19,524 553 2,253 2,053 1,536

Table 4.8. Sentence length, time served to interview, and total time to be served,
by current offense for State prison inmates, 1997
Time from sentence

Maximum sentence To date of interview To date of expected release
Current offense Number Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean
Total 1,013,708 120 mo 160.4 mo 33 mo 50.2 mo 58 mo 90.5 mo
Violent offenses 484,463 180 mo 226.1 mo 51 mo 70.1 mo 97 mo 132.8 mo

Murder 121,510 744 376.5 89 107.4 195 221.7
Negligent manslaughter 16,438 180 199.9 52 57.3 89 102.0
Rape 26,508 300 314.0 77 92.0 149 174.7
Sexual assault 60,956 180 207.3 43 55.1 87 117.4
Robbery 145,548 144 206.2 46 61.2 81 109.7
Assault 94,200 108 146.7 32 44.7 63 88.6
Other violent 19,303 148 196.9 39 60.3 77 121.3
Property offenses 222,294 72 mo 119.0 mo 27 mo 37.0 mo 44 mo 64.4 mo

Burglary 108,746 108 146.1 32 42.4 54 75.1
Larceny 42119 54 85.2 21 30.0 32 49.9
Motor vehicle theft 18,187 60 87.9 23 35.4 39 60.7
Fraud 27,160 60 104.1 19 27.1 32 46.4
Stolen property 16,189 60 89.9 22 34.4 38 60.6
Other property 9,893 66 117.0 28 40.2 43 71.3
Drug offenses 208,900 60 mo 109.7 mo 21 mo 28.8 mo 37 mo 49.5 mo

Possession 89,152 48 90.5 17 25.1 30 43.6
Trafficking 114,145 84 124.4 23 31.6 42 54.3
Other drug 5,602 84 115.2 22 31.5 33 45.6
Public-order offenses 95,514 48 mo 81.9 mo 18 mo 28.1 mo 30 mo 48.0 mo

Weapons 24,465 54 81.8 22 31.1 38 51.7
Violation of probation/parole 28,572 42 75.7 19 28.5 28 48.3
Other public-order 42,476 48 86.1 14 26.2 26 45.6
Other offenses 2,538 96 mo 104.3 mo 35 mo 47.3 mo 62 mo 79.9 mo
Note: Because data on sentence length and time served are restricted to persons serving sentences
at the time of the survey, they overstate sentences of those entering prison. Persons with shorter sentences
leave prison more quickly, resulting in a longer average sentence among persons in the inmate sample.
Time served to date of interview and to date of expected release include any jail time applied
to their sentence.

Table 4.9. Sentence length, time served to interview, and total time to be served,
by current offense for Federal prison inmates, 1997
Time from sentence

Sentence length To date of interview To date of expected release
Current offense Number Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean
Total 86,631 96 mo 126.5 mo 38 mo 48.5 mo 84 mo 105.6 mo
Violent offenses 12,798 125 mo 165.3 mo 55 mo 72.4 mo 107 mo 137.4 mo

Homicide 1,326 396 251.8 101 122.2 243 250.3
Sexual assault 678 135 192.3 60 67.9 125 116.1
Robbery 8,685 120 157.9 54 67.0 103 127.5
Assault 1,114 96 157.8 56 61.8 102 128.8
Other violent 994 108 152.8 38 68.8 79 133.9
Property offenses 5,838 36 mo 59.0 mo 18 mo 27.3 mo 32 mo 47.8 mo

Burglary 265 72 86.0 50 60.2 88 116.1
Larceny 400 24 53.9 19 39.6 37 55.0
Fraud 4,231 33 53.7 15 21.2 28 38.3
Other property 943 36 77.8 32 39.5 45 68.9
Drug offenses 54,314 114 mo 129.4 mo 40 mo 47.7 mo 91 mo 109.0 mo

Possession 9,764 90 109.7 44 48.0 84 97.8
Trafficking 39,628 111 131.3 37 46.5 90 108.0
Other drug 4,922 135 155.5 50 56.4 121 141.8
Public-order offenses 12,771 69 mo 107.2 mo 28 mo 38.0 mo 60 mo 86.4 mo

Weapons 5,981 95 137.7 38 44.1 84 113.0
Other public-order 6,791 53 79.7 22 32.7 45 62.5
Other offenses 910 97 mo 142.9 mo 33 mo 41.5 mo 91 mo 104.6 mo

Note: Because data on sentence length and time served are restricted to persons serving sentences
at the time of the survey, they overstate sentences of those entering prison. Persons with shorter sentences
leave prison more quickly, resulting in a longer average sentence among persons in the inmate sample.
Time served to date of interview and to date of expected release include any jail time applied to their sentence.

Table 4.10. Criminal history of State and Federal prison inmates, 1997 and 1991

State Federal
Criminal history 1997 1991 1997 1991
Total 100% 100% 100.0% 100.0%
No previous sentence 24.1% 19.3% 39.1% 43.3%

Current violent offense 15.2 12.7 4.7 4.6
Current other offense 8.9 6.5 34.3 38.7
Violent recidivistsa 46.8% 48.8% 23.2% 22.6%

Current and prior violent 16.6 17.3 7.2 7.4
Current violent only 18.2 18.8 4.2 6.1
Prior violent only 12.0 12.7 11.8 9.1
Nonviolent recidivistsb 29.1% 31.9% 37.8% 34.1%

Prior minor public-order offenses onlyc 0.6 1.2 0.4 2.3
Other prior offenses 28.4 30.7 37.4 31.8
Number of prior sentences to

probation or incarceration
0 24.5% 20.2% 39.4% 43.9%
1 16.7 19.3 17.2 19.4
2 16.2 16.2 14.1 13.0
3-5 24.7 25.8 18.9 15.8
6-10 12.0 12.5 7.6 5.6
11 or more 6.0 6.0 2.7 2.3
Criminal justice status

at time of current arrest
None 52.7% 53.5% 72.8% 75.8%
Probation 22.2 23.0 13.4 11.7
Parole 24.4 22.4 13.5 11.7
Escape 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.9
Number of inmates 1,054,587 693,373 88,535 53,164

Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
a
Violent recidivists were convicted in the past, and at least the current or a previous
conviction was for a violent offense.
b
Nonviolent recidivists were convicted of only nonviolent offenses in the past, and
their current conviction was for nonviolent offenses.
c
Includes drunkenness, vagrancy, loitering, disorderly conduct, minor traffic offenses,
commercialized vice, invasion of privacy, contributing to the delinquency of a minor,
liquor law violations, and juvenile-status offenses.

Table 4.11. Criminal history of State and Federal prison inmates,

Criminal history Male Female White Black Hispanic Other Male Female White Black Hispanic Other
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
No previous sentence 23.4% 34.9% 23.8% 22.0% 29.9% 26.4% 36.9% 67.2% 37.8% 28.2% 52.5% 54.3%
Current violent offense 15.2 15.3 16.3 13.8 16.2 17.8 4.8 4.5 6.1 3.9 2.0 18.0
Current other offense 8.2 19.6 7.5 8.2 13.7 8.6 32.1 62.7 31.7 24.3 50.0 36.3
Violent recidivistsa 48.4% 23.2% 44.7% 50.2% 41.0% 50.2% 24.5% 6.5% 25.5% 29.1% 11.7% 28.1%
Current and prior violent 17.3 5.7 14.2 19.5 13.0 18.7 7.7 1.3 9.0 8.6 3.0 9.4
Current violent only 18.9 8.9 19.6 17.7 16.7 20.6 4.4 1.9 5.3 4.1 2.3 9.2
Prior violent only 12.2 8.6 10.9 13.0 11.3 10.9 12.4 3.4 11.2 16.4 6.4 9.5
Nonviolent recidivistsb 28.2% 41.8% 31.5% 27.7% 29.1% 23.4% 38.7% 26.3% 36.7% 42.1% 35.8% 17.6%
Prior minor public-order offenses onlyc 0.6 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0
Other prior offenses 27.6 40.7 30.6 27.3 28.3 22.4 38.3 25.7 36.2 42.3 35.4 17.6
Number of prior sentences to

probation or incarceration
0 23.7% 35.6% 24.2% 22.3% 30.3% 26.7% 37.2% 67.4% 38.3% 28.4% 53.1% 55.1%
1 16.6 17.2 15.4 17.7 16.4 16.6 17.5 13.6 16.4 18.7 16.7 13.4
2 16.3 15.5 13.4 18.2 16.8 13.1 14.7 7.4 13.0 16.7 12.8 8.7
3-5 25.0 19.1 23.7 27.1 20.6 20.7 19.8 7.9 17.8 25.8 11.7 12.6
6-10 12.3 7.7 15.1 10.5 9.0 12.6 8.0 2.5 10.4 8.2 4.3 5.7
11 or more 6.1 4.9 8.1 4.1 6.3 10 2.8 1.2 4.1 2.2 1.5 4.6

None 53.1% 46.8% 55.6% 50.5% 52.3% 58.3% 71.9% 84.8% 75.1% 68.2% 74.6% 84.0%
Probation 21.4 34.1 23.2 21.9 21.0 21.5 13.6 10.6 9.6 16.8 13.7 8.4
Parole 24.8 18.3 20.1 27.1 26.3 19.0 14.3 3.9 14.8 14.9 11.3 7.3
Escape 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.4
Number of inmates 988,572 66,015 350,764 487,787 178,487 33,522 82,125 6,409 26,448 33,438 24,272 4,377
a
b
Nonviolent recidivists were convicted for only nonviolent offenses in the past, and
c

Table 4.12. Criminal history of State and Federal prison inmates, by age, 1997

24 or 45 or 24 or 45 or
Criminal history younger 25-34 35-44 older younger 25-34 35-44 older
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
No previous sentence 30.6% 21.2% 21.5% 28.8% 30.9% 37.6% 39.0% 42.1%
Current violent offense 20 12.4 13.3 20.4 8.4 4.3 3.6 5.5
Current other offense 10.6 8.8 8.2 8.4 28.5 33.2 35.5 36.6
Violent recidivistsa 45.2% 46.1% 48.3% 48.1% 26.9% 22.5% 22.6% 23.6%
Current and prior violent 16.3 15.2 16.9 20.6 5.7 5.9 8.4 8.2
Current violent only 19.8 18.5 17.7 16.3 7.7 4.7 3.5 3.1
Prior violent only 9.1 12.4 13.7 11.2 35.4 11.9 10.6 12.4
Nonviolent recidivistsb 24.2% 32.7% 30.2% 23.0% 36.2% 39.9% 38.4% 34.2%
Prior minor public-order offenses onlyc 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.4
Other prior offenses 23.5 32.1 29.6 22.4 35.4 39.6 38.1 33.8
Number of prior sentences

to probation or incarceration
0 30.8% 21.5% 21.9% 29.5% 37.4% 37.9% 39.4% 42.6%
1 18.1 16.9 15.7 16.1 19.3 18.7 17.0 14.5
2 17.9 16.4 16.2 13.0 12.6 14.5 13.7 14.8
3-5 21.9 26.3 25.2 22.8 22.9 18.5 19.9 16.8
6-10 7.5 12.9 13.8 11.9 6.0 7.4 7.6 8.7
11 or more 3.7 6.0 7.2 6.7 1.8 3.1 2.5 2.7

None 53.1% 47.5% 53.9% 65.3% 69.2% 70.5% 72.7% 77.7%
Probation 34.4 23.0 17.1 12.5 21.3 17.9 10.8 6.9
Parole 11.8 28.8 28.2 21.9 9.3 11.3 16.2 15.2
Escape 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3
Number of inmates 208,892 402,356 310,417 132,922 7,845 32,473 27,067 21,149
a
b
Nonviolent recidivists were convicted for only nonviolent offenses in the past, and
c

Table 4.13. Physical or sexual abuse before admission to prison,
by gender and race/Hispanic origin of State and Federal inmates, 1997
Male inmates Female inmates

Characteristic of prior abuse Total Total White Black Hispanic Total White Black Hispanic
State prison inmates
Ever abused 18.7% 16.1% 24.0% 11.7% 11.9% 57.2% 71.2% 48.9% 52.3%
Physically only 10.8 10.3 14.7 7.4 8.8 18.3 20.6 16.7 17.1
Sexually only 3.3 2.8 3.7 2.6 1.5 10.8 9.5 13.3 6.9
Both 4.6 3.0 5.6 1.7 1.6 28.0 41.1 18.9 28.4
Age of victim
at time of abuse
17 or younger only 11.8% 11.8% 18.8% 8.0% 8.1% 12.0% 14.4% 10.6% 11.0%
18 or older only 2.9 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.7 20.3 21.4 20.6 17.5
Both 3.9 2.5 3.7 1.8 2.1 24.7 35.2 17.4 23.8
Age of abuser
Adult 17.6% 15.0% 22.4% 10.8% 11.3% 55.8% 68.9% 47.6% 52.3%
Juvenile only 0.9 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.9 0.8 0
Rape before admission 6.0% 4.0% 6.4% 2.8% 2.4% 37.3% 48.9% 30.9% 33.8%
Completed 4.9 3.1 5.1 2.1 1.9 32.8 43.9 26.7 29.1
Attempted 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.6 0.4 4.3 4.7 3.9 4.8
Number of State inmates 1,049,745 984,320 328,536 456,37 167,969 65,425 21,811 31,069 10,102
Federal prison inmates
Ever abused 9.5% 7.2% 11.8% 4.9% 3.7% 39.9% 54.2% 35.7% 32.5%
Physically only 5.8 5.0 8.3 3.2 2.5 17.2 22.5 17.5 12.5
Sexually only 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.0 7.6 8.4 7.4 7.3
Both 2.1 1.1 2.3 0.7 0.1 15.1 23.3 10.9 12.7
Age of victim
at time of abuse
17 or younger only 4.8% 4.5% 7.7% 2.7% 2.7% 8.9% 8.5% 9.4% 8.7%
18 or older only 2.4 1.3 2.0 1.2 0.8 16.8 22.4 15.3 14.1
Both 2.3 1.3 2.1 1.0 0.3 14.2 23.3 11.0 9.7
Age of abuser
Adult 9.2% 6.9% 11.6% 4.8% 3.4% 39.0% 54.1% 33.8 31.8%
Juvenile only 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.2
Rape before admission 2.9% 1.4% 2.5% 1.2% 0.6% 21.4% 28.0% 17.8% 20.0%
Completed 2.3 1.0 1.6 1.1 0.2 17.9 24.5 15.9 14.9
Attempted 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.1 3.2 3.5 0.8 5.1
Number of Federal inmates 87,953 81,607 24,241 31,221 22,005 6,347 1,866 2,187 2,022

Table 4.14. Alcohol or drug use at time of offense of State and Federal inmates, by type of offense, 1997
Estimated number Percent of inmates who reported being under the influence at the time of the offense
of inmatesa Alcohol Drugs Alcohol or drugs
Type of offense State Federal State Federal State Federal State Federal
Total 1,046,705 88,018 37.2 % 20.4 % 32.6 % 22.4 % 52.5 % 34.0 %
Violent offenses 494,349 13,021 41.7 % 24.5 % 29.0 % 24.5 % 51.9 % 39.8 %
Murder 122,435 1,288 44.6 38.7 26.8 29.4 52.4 52.4
Negligent manslaughter 16,592 53 52.0 ... 17.4 ... 56.0 ...
Sexual assaultb 89,328 713 40.0 32.3 21.5 7.9 45.2 32.3
Robbery 148,001 8,770 37.4 18.0 39.9 27.8 55.6 37.6
Assault 97,897 1,151 45.1 46.0 24.2 13.8 51.8 50.5
Other violent 20,096 1,046 39.6 32.2 29.0 15.9 48.2 37.2
Property offenses 230,177 5,964 34.5 % 15.6 % 36.6 % 10.8 % 53.2 % 22.6 %
Burglary 111,884 294 37.2 ... 38.4 ... 55.7 ...
Larceny/theft 43,936 414 33.7 ... 38.4 ... 54.2 ...
Motor vehicle theft 19,279 216 32.2 ... 39.0 ... 51.2 ...
Fraud 28,102 4,283 25.2 10.4 30.5 6.5 42.8 14.5
Other property 26,976 757 36.0 22.8 30.6 16.4 53.2 34.6
Drug offenses 216,254 55,069 27.4 % 19.8 % 41.9 % 25.0 % 52.4 % 34.6 %
Possession 92,373 10,094 29.6 21.3 42.6 25.1 53.9 36.0
Trafficking 117,926 40,053 25.5 19.4 41.0 25.9 50.9 35.0
Other drug 5,955 4,922 29.9 19.7 47.1 17.1 59.2 29.0
Public-order offenses 103,344 13,026 43.2 % 20.6 % 23.1 % 15.6 % 56.2 % 30.2 %
Weapons 25,642 6,025 28.3 23.0 22.4 24.4 41.8 37.1
Other public-order 77,702 7,001 48.1 18.5 23.3 8.1 60.9 24.1
...Too few cases to permit calculation.
a
Based on cases with valid offense data.
b
Table 4.15. Drug use of State and Federal inmates, by type of drug, 1991 and 1997
Percent of inmates who reported

Using drugs in the Using drugs at the
Ever using drugs Ever using drugs regularlya month before time of the offense
Type of drug 1997 1991 1997 1991 1997 1991 1997 1991
State inmates
Any drugb 83.0 % 79.4 % 69.6 % 62.2 % 56.5 % 49.9 % 32.6 % 31.0%
Marijuana/hashish 77.0 73.8 58.3 51.9 39.2 32.2 15.1 11.4

Cocaine/crack 49.2 49.4 33.6 31.9 25.0 25.2 14.8 14.5
Heroin/opiates 24.5 25.2 15.0 15.3 9.2 9.6 5.6 5.8
Depressantsc 23.7 24.0 11.3 10.8 5.1 3.8 1.8 1.0
Stimulantsd 28.3 29.7 16.3 16.6 9.0 7.4 4.2 2.9
Hallucinogense 28.7 26.9 11.3 11.5 4.0 3.7 1.8 1.6
Inhalants 14.4 -- 5.4 -- 1.0 -- -- --
Federal inmates
Any drugb 72.9 % 60.1 % 57.3 % 42.1 % 44.8 % 31.8 % 22.4 % 16.8%
Marijuana/hashish 65.2 52.8 46.6 32.2 30.4 19.2 10.8 5.9

Cocaine/crack 44.8 37.3 28.2 20.6 20.0 15.4 9.3 7.7
Heroin/opiates 16.1 14.1 8.9 9.3 5.4 5.5 3.0 3.7
Depressantsc 16.5 13.1 8.0 5.3 3.2 1.4 1.0 0.3
Stimulantsd 20.9 16.8 12.9 8.3 7.6 3.9 4.1 1.8
Hallucinogense 19.0 14.8 6.4 4.8 1.7 1.2 0.8 0.5
Inhalants 7.7 -- 2.6 -- 0.5 -- -- --
Note: Detail adds to more than total because inmates may have used more than one type of drug.
--Not reported.
a
Used drugs at least once a week for at least a month.
b
Other unspecified drugs are included in the totals.
c
Includes barbiturates, tranquilizers, and Quaalude.
d
Includes amphetamine and methamphetamine.
e
Includes LSD and PCP.

Table 4.16. Levels of prior drug and alcohol abuse, by selected characteristics
of State and Federal inmates, 1997
Percent of inmates reporting the use of drugs Percent of inmates reporting prior alcohol abuse
In the Ever had Under the Had three or
Estimated month At the a “binge influence of more positive
number of Ever in prior to time of drinking” alcohol at the CAGE
Characteristic prisonersa the past offense offense experience b
time of offense responsec
All State inmates 1,059,607 83.0 % 56.5 % 32.6 % 41.0 % 37.2 % 24.4 %
Gender
Male 993,365 82.9 % 56.1 % 32.1 % 41.8 % 37.7 % 24.5 %
Female 66,242 84.0 62.4 40.4 29.9 29.1 23.4
White non-Hispanic 352,864 83.6 % 55.2 % 33.9 % 53.5 % 42.7 % 33.5 %
Black non-Hispanic 492,676 83.7 58.3 31.9 31.9 33.0 18.6
Hispanic 179,998 80.7 55.0 33.0 39.9 36.7 22.0
Other 34,069 79.0 52.7 27.8 49.6 41.7 27.7
Age
24 or younger 209,343 84.1 % 63.2 % 33.3 % 40.2 % 30.7 % 15.8 %
25-34 404,034 86.4 60.0 35.0 42.3 37.7 24.8
35-44 311,999 86.3 56.5 34.5 42.3 41.3 28.6
45-54 103,470 70.5 40.4 22.7 37.4 37.7 28.5
55 or older 30,761 39.0 18.4 9.7 29.3 30.2 22.5
All Federal inmates 89,072 72.9 % 44.8 % 22.4 % 30.3 % 20.4 % 16.2 %
Gender
Male 82,646 73.7 % 45.4 % 22.7 % 31.2 % 20.9 % 16.6 %
Female 6,426 62.8 36.7 19.3 18.8 15.1 11.6
White non-Hispanic 26,616 77.2 % 49.4 % 28.6 % 38.3 % 22.1 % 19.3 %
Black non-Hispanic 33,697 77.5 47.2 22.2 25.0 21.1 12.5
Hispanic 24,349 63.5 37.5 16.9 28.2 16.8 17.8
Other 4,411 64.2 38.5 18.1 34.9 26.0 17.6
Age
24 or younger 7,933 80.4 % 57.2 % 28.1 % 31.8 % 18.4 % 12.0 %
25-34 32,634 76.0 48.5 23.0 32.1 22.5 15.3
35-44 27,259 77.2 46.8 24.7 30.8 20.5 17.2
45-54 14,501 67.6 35.2 18.8 29.1 20.2 19.7
55 or older 6,746 43.6 24.3 11.8 20.8 13.4 14.5
a
Based on probability of selection in the sample and adjusted to June 30, 1997, custody counts.
b
Binge drinking is defined as having consumed as much as a fifth of liquor in a single day, equivalent to 20 drinks,
3 bottles of wine, or as many as 3 six-packs of beer.
c
The CAGE questionnaire is a diagnostic instrument for detecting a person's history of alcohol abuse or dependence.
In clinical tests, the presence of 3 or more positive responses was predictive of a history of alcohol abuse.
See Explanatory notes.

Table 4.17. Substance abuse treatment history of State inmates, by gender, race/Hispanic origin,
and offense type, 1997
Percent of State inmates

Gender Race/Hispanic origin Current offense
Type of treatment Total Male Female White* Black* Hispanic Other Violent Property Drug Public-order
Ever any treatment or programs 56.4 % 56.2 % 60.7 % 63.9 % 54.0 % 48.4 % 57.1 % 50.3 % 62.4 % 61.7 % 63.9 %
Ever any treatment 34.5 33.7 47.1 42.8 30.5 28.6 37.2 27.0 41.9 39.6 44.7
Ever other alcohol/drug programs 43.1 43.1 42.9 50.2 40.8 34.9 44.2 39.4 47.6 44.5 49.0
Participated while under

correctional supervision 47.8 % 47.6 % 50.6 % 53.8 % 45.9 % 40.9 % 48.2 % 42.0 % 53.9 % 52.1 % 55.6 %
Any treatment 26.2 % 25.6 34.8 32.0 23.3 22.4 26.6 19.4 32.5 31.0 35.7
In prison/jail 19.7 19.3 25.0 23.7 17.7 16.9 21.0 15.6 23.4 22.8 25.5
On probation/parole 15.0 14.4 23.1 19.3 12.8 12.7 15.0 8.9 21.1 18.3 24.3
Other alcohol/drug programs 37.5 % 37.5 % 37.6 % 43.5 % 35.8 % 30.2 % 38.8 % 33.9 % 42.0 % 39.0 % 43.7 %
In prison/jail 33.3 33.3 32.7 38.2 32.5 25.3 36.1 31.2 36.7 33.7 36.8
Participated since admission 32.5 % 32.3 % 34.7 % 36.5 % 31.6 % 26.7 % 33.8 % 30.8 % 34.2 % 34.8 % 33.6 %
Any treatment 12.0 % 11.7 % 16.3 % 14.0 % 11.0 % 10.6 % 12.2 % 9.9 % 13.5 % 14.5 % 14.3 %
Residential facility or unit 6.9 6.7 10.2 8.4 6.3 5.3 7.4 5.4 8.3 8.8 7.7
Counseling by a professional 5.1 5.0 6.5 6.0 4.7 4.4 5.4 4.4 5.7 5.4 7.1
Detoxification unit 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.6 1.1 1.2 0.5
Maintenance drug 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3
Self-help group/peer counseling 22.7 22.6 24.8 26.1 22.3 17.2 23.9 22.0 23.9 23.3 24.2
Education program 12.6 12.7 11.8 14.7 12.5 9.2 12.5 12.2 13.2 13.5 12.7
Number of inmates 1,047,933 982,597 65,336 349,780 486,269 178,139 33,745 488,390 228,368 214,476 101,925
Note: Detail adds to more than total because inmates may have participated in more than one type of treatment program.
*Includes non-Hispanic inmates only.
Table 4.18. Substance abuse treatment history of Federal inmates, by gender, race/Hispanic origin,
and offense type, 1997
Percent of Federal inmates

Gender Race/Hispanic origin Current offense
Type of treatment Total Male Female White* Black* Hispanic Other Violent Property Drug Public-order
Ever any treatment or programs 46.4 % 46.9 % 40.4 % 53.7 % 48.4 % 36.4 % 43.0 % 51.1 % 33.2 % 47.1 % 45.0 %
Ever any treatment 24.6 24.6 24.7 32.0 23.6 17.6 26.7 31.1 19.6 23.8 23.3
Ever other alcohol/drug programs 35.4 35.9 30.0 42.8 36.7 26.4 31.8 40.5 25.7 35.6 35.0
Participated while under

correctional supervision 39.2 % 39.6 % 33.5 % 45.8 % 41.6 % 29.5 % 34.4 % 42.2 % 27.7 % 40.3 % 37.5 %
Any treatment 18.9 % 18.9 18.3 24.2 19.1 13.0 18.0 22.5 14.9 18.7 17.8
In prison/jail 15.0 15.0 15.0 17.8 15.8 11.0 15.0 17.7 10.6 15.1 14.2
In prison/jail 27.4 27.6 24.6 33.6 27.7 20.5 26.9 32.2 17.7 27.5 26.8
Participated since admission 28.2 % 28.3 % 26.7 % 34.2 % 28.5 % 21.2 % 27.9 % 31.6 % 17.4 % 29.3 % 24.9 %
Any treatment 10.4 % 10.3 % 11.3 % 13.2 % 10.7 % 7.4 % 8.4 % 12.6 % 7.9 % 10.4 % 9.0 %
Residential facility or unit 7.3 7.2 7.5 9.5 6.6 6.0 6.4 7.5 5.3 7.6 6.4
Counseling by a professional 3.8 3.7 4.6 4.9 4.4 2.0 2.4 7.1 3.5 3.3 2.7
Detoxification unit 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.5
Maintenance drug 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.4
Self-help group/peer counseling 11.2 11.0 12.9 13.6 11.4 7.5 14.8 15.1 8.0 10.9 10.4
Education program 16.8 16.9 15.1 21.7 16.8 12.0 13.0 18.9 8.8 17.6 15.1
Number of inmates 87,839 81,501 6,338 26,020 33,327 24,081 4,411 12,835 5,890 54,346 12,792
Note: Detail adds to more than total because inmates may have participated in more than one type of treatment.
*Includes non-Hispanic inmates only.

Table 4.19. Types of drug treatment received by State and Federal inmates
since admission, by prior drug use, 1991 and 1997
Percent of inmates who Number of inmates who
participated since admission participated since admission
Type of drug treatment State Federal State Federal
or program since admission 1991 1997 1991 1997 1991 1997 1991 1997
Any drug treatment/program 29.6 % 24.4 % 19.4 % 24.5 % 204,400 255,600 10,300 21,500
Any treatment since admission 24.5 % 9.7 % 15.7 % 9.2 % 169,700 101,200 8,300 8,100
Residential facility or unit 7.3 5.7 4.6 6.4 50,500 59,400 2,500 5,700
Counseling by a professional 20.5 4.1 13.4 3.3 142,100 42,600 7,100 2,900
Detoxification unit ... 0.6 ... 0.2 ... 6,400 ... 100
Maintenance drug ... 0.2 ... 0.2 ... 2,200 ... 200
Other drug abuse programs 15.5 % 20.3 % 10.1 % 20.0 % 107,200 212,900 5,300 17,500
Self-help group/peer counseling 13.3 16.1 7.8 8.9 91,900 168,700 4,200 7,800
Education program 4.7 10.2 3.8 15.2 32,700 107,300 2,000 13,300
Note: Inmates may have participated in more than one type of drug treatment or programs since admission.
Data on treatment participation was missing for 1.8% of Federal and 1.8% of State inmates in 1991, and for
1.4% of Federal and 1.1% of State inmates in 1997. Data have been rounded to the nearest 100.
...Data on these specific types of programs are not available for 1991.
Table 4.20. State and Federal inmates’ participation in drug treatment or abuse programs since admission,
by time to expected release and type of drug used regularly in the month before the offense, 1997
Percent of inmates participating in drug treatment or abuse programs since admission

Estimated Type of drug used regularly in the month before the offensea
Time to expected number of Drugs other Cocaine Heroin and
release date inmates Any drugs than marijuanab Marijuana or crack other opiates Stimulantsc
State inmates 990,624 35.0 % 39.7 % 32.5 % 43.5 % 40.0 % 32.1 %
Less than 6 months 229,308 38.6 43.0 36.3 47.0 48.1 34.3
6-12 months 158,011 37.5 40.3 35.5 45.5 38.2 24.8
Greater than 1 year 603,305 33.2 38.2 30.8 41.5 36.8 32.9
Number of inmates 548,546 350,440 373,884 231,776 86,706 81,400
Federal inmates 85,928 40.0 % 45.5 % 36.6 % 47.5 % 45.1 % 51.0 %
Less than 6 months 12,042 55.1 60.9 54.5 59.0 63.3 74.0
6-12 months 9,714 46.0 49.5 44.7 53.7 51.7 41.9
Greater than 1 year 64,172 36.8 42.4 32.4 45.2 41.2 47.5
Number of inmates 35,352 21,585 24,163 14,420 4,217 5,641
Note: Treatment for drug abuse includes time in a residential facility, professional counseling, detoxification,
and use of a maintenance drug. Drug abuse programs include self-help groups, peer counseling, and
education/awareness programs.
a
Regular use is defined as once a week for at least a month.
b
Includes depressants, hallucinogens, and stimulants, as well as cocaine-based and opiate-based drugs.
c
Includes amphetamines and methamphetamines.

Table 4.21. State and Federal inmates’ participation in drug treatment since admission, by time
to expected release and type of drug used regularly in the month before the offense, 1997
Percent of inmates reporting drug treatment since admission
Type of drug used regularly in the month before the offensea
Time to expected Drugs other Cocaine Heroin and
release date Any than marijuanab Marijuana or crack other opiates Stimulantsc
State inmates 14.9 % 18.4 % 12.6 % 20.7 % 21.0 % 14.6 %
Less than 6 months 19.7 23.1 17.6 26.1 28.5 16.9

6-12 months 17.5 20.0 15.6 22.2 20.9 13.1
Greater than 1 year 12.7 16.3 10.4 18.4 18.1 13.9
Federal inmates 15.8 % 18.9 % 13.3 % 19.7 % 24.3 % 19.1 %
Less than 6 months 26.3 30.7 26.2 30.9 37.5 27.3

6-12 months 21.4 23.6 21.2 26.9 32.9 11.7
Note: Treatment for drug abuse includes time in a residential facility, professional counseling,
detoxification, and use of a maintenance drug.
a
b
c
Includes amphetamine and methamphetamine.
Table 4.22. State and Federal inmates’ participation in drug abuse programs since admission,
by time to expected release and type of drug used regularly in the month before the offense, 1997
Percent of inmates participating in drug abuse programs since admission
Type of drug used regularly in the month before the offensea
Time to expected Drugs other Cocaine Heroin and
release date Any drugs than marijuanab Marijuana or crack other opiates Stimulantsc
State inmates 28.9 % 32.4 % 27.2 % 35.2 % 30.2 % 27.2 %
Less than 6 months 30.6 33.9 29.4 36.5 36.9 28.1

6-12 months 30.4 32.0 29.6 35.8 26.7 22.7
Federal inmates 32.8 % 36.8 % 31.1 % 37.6 % 34.3 % 43.5 %
Less than 6 months 46.7 52.6 45.8 49.0 60.1 65.1

6-12 months 35.4 35.8 36.0 37.2 35.2 33.8
Note: Drug abuse programs include self-help groups, peer counseling, and education/awareness programs.
a
b
c
Includes amphetamines and methamphetamines.

Table 4.23. Types of alcohol treatment received by State and Federal inmates
since admission, by prior alcohol use, 1997
Percent of inmates
Prisoners’ prior reported alcohol abuse
Ever had a Ever gotten into Under the in- Had three or
Type of alcohol treatment “binge drinking” physical fights fluence of alcohol more positive
a
or program since admission Total experience because of drinking at time of offense CAGE responsesb
State inmates
Any alcohol treatment/programs 24.0 % 36.1 % 36.6 % 38.8 % 43.6 %
Any treatment since admission 8.4 % 13.9 % 14.4 % 14.4 % 17.9 %

Residential facility or unit 5.0 8.4 8.5 8.7 11.0
Counseling by a professional 3.5 5.9 6.6 6.3 7.9
Detoxification unit 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.6
Maintenance drug 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
Other alcohol abuse programs 20.6 % 30.9 % 31.7 % 33.7 % 37.7 %

Self-help group/peer counseling 16.9 26.3 26.7 28.8 32.6
Education program 9.7 14.3 15.1 15.6 17.5
Estimated number of State inmates 1,047,701 429,222 401,262 387,137 255,746
Federal inmates
Any alcohol treatment/programs 20.3 % 36.1 % 36.4 % 36.0 % 41.0 %
Any treatment since admission 7.0 % 13.8 % 14.6 % 13.8 % 17.5 %

Residential facility or unit 5.0 10.4 11.0 9.6 12.8
Counseling by a professional 2.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 6.7
Detoxification unit 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
Maintenance drug 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.7
Other alcohol abuse programs 16.8 % 29.8 % 30.1 % 30.5 % 33.9 %

Self-help group/peer counseling 7.9 16.8 17.6 17.8 19.8
Education program 12.0 19.9 20.1 19.3 22.3
Estimated number of Federal inmates 87,790 26,517 19,937 17,829 14,241

a
Binge drinking is defined as having consumed as much as a fifth of liquor in a single day, equivalent to 20 drinks,
3 bottles of wine, or as many as 3 six-packs of beer.
b
The CAGE questionnaire is a diagnostic instrument for detecting a person’s history of alcohol abuse or dependence.
In clinical tests, the presence of 3 or more positive responses was predictive of a history of alcohol abuse.
See Explanatory notes.

Table 4.A1. Standard errors of the estimated percentages,
State prison inmates, by gender, 1997
Base of the Estimated percentages

estimate and gender 98 or 2 90 or 10 80 or 20 70 or 30 60 or 40 50
1,000
All inmates 4.94 10.58 14.11 16.16 17.28 17.64
Male 5.07 10.86 14.48 16.59 17.74 18.11
Female 2.56 5.48 7.31 8.38 8.96 9.14
5,000
All inmates 2.21 4.73 6.31 7.23 7.73 7.89
Male 2.27 4.86 6.48 7.42 7.93 8.10
Female 1.14 2.45 3.27 3.75 4.01 4.09
10,000
All inmates 1.56 3.35 4.46 5.11 5.46 5.58
Male 1.60 3.44 4.58 5.25 5.61 5.73
Female 0.81 1.73 2.31 2.65 2.83 2.89
20,000
All inmates 1.10 2.37 3.15 3.61 3.86 3.94
Male 1.13 2.43 3.24 3.71 3.97 4.05
Female 0.57 1.23 1.64 1.87 2.00 2.04
30,000
All inmates 0.90 1.93 2.58 2.95 3.15 3.22
Male 0.93 1.98 2.64 3.03 3.24 3.31
Female 0.47 1.00 1.34 1.53 1.64 1.67
50,000
All inmates 0.70 1.50 2.00 2.29 2.44 2.49
Male 0.72 1.54 2.05 2.35 2.51 2.56
Female 0.36 0.78 1.03 1.18 1.27 1.29
66,200
All inmates 0.61 1.30 1.73 1.99 2.12 2.17
Male 0.62 1.34 1.78 2.04 2.18 2.23
Female* 0.31 0.67 0.90 1.03 1.1 1.12
100,000
All inmates 0.49 1.06 1.41 1.62 1.73 1.76
Male 0.51 1.09 1.45 1.66 1.77 1.81
200,000
All inmates 0.35 0.75 1.00 1.14 1.22 1.25
Male 0.36 0.77 1.02 1.17 1.25 1.28
400,000
All inmates 0.25 0.53 0.71 0.81 0.86 0.88
Male 0.25 0.54 0.72 0.83 0.89 0.91
600,000
All inmates 0.20 0.43 0.58 0.66 0.71 0.72
Male 0.21 0.44 0.59 0.68 0.72 0.74
800,000
All inmates 0.17 0.37 0.50 0.57 0.61 0.62
Male 0.18 0.38 0.51 0.59 0.63 0.64
993,400
All inmates 0.16 0.34 0.45 0.51 0.55 0.56
Male* 0.16 0.34 0.46 0.53 0.56 0.57
1,060,000
All inmates* 0.15 0.33 0.43 0.50 0.53 0.54
Note: The reliability of an estimated percentage depends on the size and its base. Each standard
error when multiplied by 1.96 provides a 95-percent confidence interval around an estimated
percentage. To calculate the difference between two estimated percentages, take the
square root of the sum of each squared standard error for the percentages being compared.
*The total number of male, female, and all State prisoners in 1997.

Table 4.A2. Standard errors of the estimated percentages,
Federal prison inmates, by gender, 1997
Base of the Estimated percentages

estimate and gender 98 or 2 90 or 10 80 or 20 70 or 30 60 or 40 50
50
All inmates 12.33 26.42 35.23 40.36 43.14 44.03
Male 12.69 27.20 36.26 41.55 44.41 45.33
Female 6.44 13.81 18.41 21.09 22.55 23.02
400
All inmates 4.36 9.34 12.45 14.27 15.25 15.57
Male 4.49 9.62 12.82 14.69 15.7 16.03
Female 2.28 4.88 6.51 7.46 7.97 8.14
2,000
All inmates 1.95 4.18 5.57 6.38 6.82 6.96
Male 2.01 4.3 5.73 6.57 7.02 7.17
Female 1.02 2.18 2.91 3.34 3.57 3.64
5,000
All inmates 1.23 2.64 3.52 4.04 4.31 4.40
Male 1.27 2.72 3.63 4.15 4.44 4.53
Female 0.64 1.38 1.84 2.11 2.26 2.30
6,400
All inmates 1.09 2.34 3.11 3.57 3.81 3.89
Male 1.12 2.4 3.21 3.67 3.93 4.01
Female 0.57 1.22 1.63 1.86 1.99 2.03
10,000
All inmates 0.87 1.87 2.49 2.85 3.05 3.11
Male 0.9 1.92 2.56 2.94 3.14 3.21
1.29
20,000
All inmates 0.62 1.32 1.76 2.02 2.16 2.20
Male 0.63 1.36 1.81 2.08 2.22 2.27
40,000
All inmates 0.44 0.93 1.25 1.43 1.53 1.56
Male 0.45 0.96 1.28 1.47 1.57 1.60
50,000
All inmates 0.39 0.84 1.11 1.28 1.36 1.39
Male 0.4 0.86 1.15 1.31 1.4 1.43
75,000
All inmates 0.32 0.68 0.91 1.04 1.11 1.14
Male 0.33 0.7 0.94 1.07 1.15 1.17
82,600
All inmates 0.30 0.65 0.87 0.99 1.06 1.08
Male 0.31 0.67 0.89 1.02 1.09 1.12
89,000
All inmates* 0.29 0.63 0.83 0.96 1.02 1.04
Note: The reliability of an estimated percentage depends on the size and its base. Each standard
error when multiplied by 1.96 provides a 95-percent confidence interval around an estimated
percentage. To calculate the difference between two estimated percentages, take the
square root of the sum of each squared standard error for the percentages being compared.
*The total number of male, female, and all Federal prisoners in 1997.

Methodology with probabilities proportionate to the writing that participation was voluntary
size of each prison. and that all information provided would
The U.S. Census Bureau conducted the be held in confidence. Participants
1997 Survey of Inmates in State For the sample of Federal prisons, one were assured that the survey was
Correctional Facilities (SISCF) for the male prison and two female prisons solely for statistical purposes and that
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and were selected with certainty. The no individual who participated could be
the 1997 Survey of Inmates in Federal remaining 112 male facilities were identified through use of survey results.
Correctional Facilities (SIFCF) for BJS classified into 5 strata defined by
and the Bureau of Prisons. From June security level (high, medium, low, Estimates of prisoner counts
through October, 1997, inmates were minimum, and administrative). The 20
interviewed about their current offense remaining female facilities were strati- Based on the completed interviews,
and sentences, criminal histories, family fied into 2 strata by security level estimates for the entire population were
and personal backgrounds, gun (minimum and not minimum). Within developed using weighting factors
possession and use, prior drug and security level, facilities were ordered by derived from the original probability of
alcohol use and treatment, educational size of population and then selected selection in the sample. These factors
programs, and other services provided with probability proportionate to size. were adjusted for variable rates of
while in prison. Similar surveys of State nonresponse across strata and
prison inmates were conducted in 1974, For the State survey 280 prisons were inmates’ characteristics and offenses.
1979, 1986, and 1991. Federal inmates selected, 220 male facilities and 60 The sample for the State survey was
were surveyed for the first time in 1991. female facilities. Of the 280 facilities 3 adjusted to midyear custody counts for
refused to allow interviewing and 2 June 30, 1997, from data obtained in
Sample design closed before the survey could be the National Prisoner Statistics series
conducted. Overall, 32 male facilities (NPS-1A). The sample from the
The samples for the SISCF and SIFCF and 8 female facilities were selected for Federal facilities was weighted to the
were taken from a universe of 1,409 the Federal survey, and all participated. total known sentenced custody popula-
State prisons and 127 Federal prisons tion at midyear 1997.
enumerated in the 1995 Census of In the second stage, inmates were
State and Federal Adult Correctional selected for interviewing. For State Excluded from the estimate of Federal
Facilities or opened between comple- facilities interviewers selected the inmates were unsentenced inmates and
tion of the census and June 30, 1996. sample systematically using a random those prisoners under Federal jurisdic-
The sample design for both surveys start and a total number of interviews tion but housed in State and private
was a stratified two-stage selection; based on the gender of the inmates and contract facilities. Those prisoners who
first, selecting prisons, and second, the size of the facility. For Federal were under State jurisdiction, yet held
selecting inmates in those prisons. facilities, a sample of inmates was in local jails or private facilities, were
selected for each facility from the excluded from the estimated number
In the first stage correctional facilities Bureau of Prisons central list, using a of State prisoners. As a result, the
were separated into two sampling random start and predetermined estimated prisoner counts do not match
frames: one for prisons with male sampling interval. All selected drug those in other BJS data series.
inmates and one for prisons with female offenders were then subsampled so
inmates. Prisons holding both genders that only a third were eligible for inter- The estimated prisoner counts vary
were included on both lists. view. As a result, approximately 1 in according to the particular data items
every 75 men and 1 in 17 women were analyzed. Estimates are based on the
In the sampling of State facilities, the 13 selected for the State survey, and 1 in number of prisoners who provided infor-
largest male prisons and 17 largest every 13 men and 1 in every 3 women mation on selected items.
female prisons were selected with were selected for the Federal survey.
certainty. The remaining 1,265 male A total of 14,285 interviews were Accuracy of the estimates
facilities and 261 female facilities were completed for the State survey and
stratified into 14 strata defined by 4,041 for the Federal survey, for overall The accuracy of the estimates
census region (Northeast except New response rates of 92.5% in the State presented in this report depends on
York, New York, Midwest, South except survey and 90.2% in the Federal two types of error: sampling and
Texas, Texas, West except California, survey. nonsampling. Sampling error is the
and California). Within each stratum variation that may occur by chance
facilities were ordered by facility type The interviews, about an hour in length, because a sample rather than a
(confinement and community-based), used computer-assisted personal inter- complete enumeration of the population
security level (maximum, medium, viewing (CAPI). With CAPI, computers was conducted. Nonsampling error can
minimum, and none), and size of provide questions for the interviewer, be attributed to many sources, such as
population. A systematic sample of including follow-up questions tailored to nonresponses, differences in the inter-
prisons was then selected within strata preceding answers. Before the interpretation of questions among inmates,
view, inmates were told verbally and in recall difficulties, and processing errors.

In any survey the full extent of the the sum of the squared standard errors All comparisons discussed in this report
nonsampling error is never known. for each group). The 95-percent confi- were statistically significant at the
The sampling error, as measured by an dence interval around the difference 95-percent confidence level. To test
estimated standard error, varies by the would be 1.96 times 1.2% (or 2.4%). the significance of comparisons not
size of the estimate and the size of the Since the difference of 21.6% (53.5% mentioned in this report, use percent-
base population. minus 31.9%) is greater than 2.4%, the ages in text or tables and numbers of
difference would be considered statisti- inmates. These standard errors should
Estimates of the standard errors have cally significant. be used only for tests on all inmates.
been calculated for the 1997 surveys. Comparisons of male and female
(See appendix tables 2 and 3.) For The same procedure can be used to inmates require different standard
example, the 95-percent confidence test the significance of the difference errors.
interval around the percentage of State between estimates from the two
inmates who ever used drugs is surveys. For example, the standard
approximately 83.0% plus or minus error of the difference between Federal
1.96 times 0.4% (or 82.2.% to 83.8%). and State prison inmates for the
percent reporting prior drug use would
These standard errors may also be be 1.1%. The 95-percent confidence
used to test the significance of the interval around the difference would be
difference between two sample statis- 1.96 times 1.1% (or 2.1%). Since the
tics by pooling the standard errors of difference of 10.1% (83.0% minus
the two sample estimates. For 72.9%) is greater than 2.1%, the differ-
example, the standard error of the ence would be considered statistically
difference between black and white significant.
State prison inmates for the percent
reporting a binge drinking experience
would be 1.2% (or the square root of

Prisoners in 1997
Tables
Sentenced prisoners released
By Paula M. Ditton, BJS Statistician conditionally or unconditionally
from State or Federal jurisdiction,
Prisoners under State or Federal by type of release, 1997
jurisdiction, by sentence length,
1996 and 1997 5.13 All prisoners 87
5.14 Male prisoners 88
5.1 All prisoners 72 5.15 Female prisoners 89
5.3 Female prisoners 74 Sentenced prisoners admitted to
5.4 Incarceration rates for prisoners State or Federal jurisdiction for
under State or Federal violation of parole or other
jurisdiction or in State or conditional release
Federal custody, by sentence
length, 1997 75 5.16 All prisoners, by gender
5.5 Prisoners housed in jails and status of sentence 90
because of crowded State
facilities, by gender, Sentenced prisoners under State
1996 and 1997 76 or Federal jurisdiction
Prisoners under State or Federal 5.17 Deaths, by gender and cause

jurisdiction, 1997 of death 91
5.6 All prisoners, by race 77 Prisoners in custody of State or

5.7 Male prisoners, by race 78 Federal correctional authorities,
5.8 Female prisoners, by race 79 by sentence length, 1996 and 1997
5.9 All prisoners, by gender and
Hispanic origin 80 5.18 All prisoners 92
Sentenced prisoners admitted to 5.20 Female prisoners 94
or released from State or Federal
jurisdiction, by type of admission Explanatory notes
or release, 1997 by jurisdiction 95
5.10a All prisoners admitted 81 Questionnaire Summary of Sentenced

5.10b All prisoners released 82 Population Movement: National
5.11a Male prisoners admitted 83 Prisoner Statistics, 1997 105
5.11b Male prisoners released 84
5.12a Female prisoners admitted 85
5.12b Female prisoners released 86
Prisoners in 1997 71
Table 5.1 Prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1996 and 1997
Maximum sentence length

Year or less/unsentenced
Total More than a year Total
Region and Percent Percent Percent Year or less Unsentenced
jurisdiction 12/31/97 12/31/96 change 12/31/97 12/31/96 change 12/31/97 12/31/96 change 12/31/9712/31/96 12/31/97 12/31/96
U.S. total 1,240,962 1,181,920 5.0% 1,194,581 1,137,722 5.0% 46,381 44,198 4.9% 21,280 20,050 25,101 24,148
Federala 112,973 105,544 7.0% 94,987 88,815 6.9% 17,986 16,729 7.5% 4,676 4,222 13,310 12,507
State 1,127,989 1,076,376 4.8 1,099,594 1,048,907 4.8 28,395 27,469 3.4 16,604 15,828 11,791 11,641
Northeast 170,046 167,981 1.2% 161,827 160,230 1.0% 8,219 7,751 6.0% 3,504 3,162 4,715 4,589
Connecticutb 17,241 16,571 4.0 11,920 11,371 4.8 5,321 5,200 2.3 2,212 2,061 3,109 3,139
Maine 1,620 1,426 13.6 1,542 1,351 14.1 78 75 4.0 78 75 ... ...
Massachusetts 11,947 11,796 1.3 10,847 10,880 -0.3 1,100 916 20.1 297 216 803 700
New Hampshire 2,164 2,062 4.9 2,164 2,062 4.9 ... ... ... ... ... ...
New Jerseyc 28,361 27,490 3.2 28,361 27,490 3.2 / / / / ... ...
New York 69,108 69,709 -0.9 69,108 69,709 -0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 34,964 34,537 1.2 34,957 34,535 1.2 7 2 250.0 6 0 1 2
Rhode Islandb 3,371 3,271 3.1 2,100 2,031 3.4 1,271 1,240 2.5 639 674 632 566
Vermont b,d 1,270 1,119 13.5 828 801 3.4 442 318 39.0 272 136 170 182
Midwest 218,369 204,657 6.7% 217,383 203,701 6.7% 986 956 3.1% 347 323 639 633
Illinoisc,d 40,788 38,852 5.0 40,788 38,852 5.0 0 0 / / 0 0
Indiana 17,903 16,960 5.6 17,730 16,791 5.6 173 169 2.4 165 159 8 10
Iowad 6,938 6,342 9.4 6,938 6,342 9.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kansas 7,911 7,756 2.0 7,911 7,756 2.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Michigand 44,771 42,349 5.7 44,771 42,349 5.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Minnesota 5,326 5,158 3.3 5,306 5,158 2.9 20 ... ... ... 20 ...
Missourid 23,998 22,003 9.1 23,998 22,003 9.1 0 / / / 0 ...
Nebraska 3,402 3,287 3.5 3,329 3,223 3.3 73 64 14.1 73 64 ... ...
North Dakota 797 722 10.4 715 650 10.0 82 72 13.9 82 72 ... ...
Ohiod 48,016 46,174 4.0 48,016 46,174 4.0 / / / / ... ...
South Dakotac 2,242 2,063 8.7 2,242 2,063 8.7 / / / / ... ...
Wisconsina,e 16,277 12,991 ... 15,639 12,340 ... 638 651 -2.0 27 28 611 623
South 490,493 469,252 4.5% 479,278 458,671 4.5% 11,215 10,581 6.0% 10,225 9,237 990 1,344
Alabama 22,290 21,760 2.4 21,680 21,108 2.7 610 652 -6.4 610 652 0 0
Arkansasa 10,021 9,407 6.5 9,936 8,992 10.5 85 415 -79.5 85 415 ... ...
Delawareb 5,435 5,110 6.4 3,264 3,119 4.6 2,171 1,991 9.0 1,181 1,092 990 899
District of Col. b,c,f 9,353 9,376 -0.2 9,353 8,668 7.9 / 708 -6.6 / 291 / 417
Floridad 64,626 63,763 1.4 64,574 63,746 1.3 52 17 205.9 52 17 ... ...
Georgiad 36,505 35,139 3.9 35,787 34,328 4.3 718 811 -11.5 718 811 ... ...
Kentucky 14,600 12,910 13.1 14,600 12,910 13.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Louisiana 29,265 26,779 9.3 29,265 26,779 9.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Marylandg 22,232 22,050 0.8 21,088 20,980 0.5 1,144 1,070 6.9 1,144 1,070 ... ...
Mississippi 14,296 13,859 3.2 13,676 13,143 4.1 620 716 -13.4 620 716 ... ...
North Carolinag,h 31,612 30,647 3.1 27,567 27,751 -0.7 4,045 2,896 39.7 4,045 2,896 ... ...
Oklahomac 20,542 19,593 4.8 20,542 19,593 4.8 / / / / ... ...
South Carolina 21,173 20,446 3.6 20,264 19,758 2.6 909 688 32.1 909 684 0 4
Tennesseed 16,659 15,626 6.6 16,659 15,626 6.6 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Texasc 140,351 132,383 6.0 140,351 132,383 6.0 / / / / ... ...
Virginia 28,385 27,655 2.6 27,524 27,062 1.7 861 593 45.2 861 593 ... ...
West Virginiaf 3,148 2,749 14.5 3,148 2,725 15.5 / 24 -17.2 ... ... / 24
West 249,081 234,486 6.2% 241,106 226,305 6.5% 7,975 8,181 -2.5% 2,528 3,106 5,447 5,075
Alaskab 4,165 3,716 12.1 2,571 2,335 10.1 1,594 1,381 15.4 528 428 1,066 953
Arizonad 23,484 22,493 4.4 22,353 21,523 3.9 1,131 970 16.6 1,131 970 0 0
Californiac 155,790 146,049 6.7 152,739 142,865 6.9 3,051 3,184 -4.2 / / 3,051 3,184
Coloradoc 13,461 12,438 8.2 13,461 12,438 8.2 / / / / ... ...
Hawaiib 4,978 4,011 24.1 3,448 2,954 16.7 1,530 1,057 44.7 200 119 1,330 938
Idaho 3,911 3,832 2.1 3,911 3,832 2.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Montanac 2,517 2,230 12.9 2,517 2,230 12.9 / / / / ... ...
Nevadad 9,024 8,325 8.4 9,024 8,325 8.4 0 0 / / 0 0
New Mexico 4,688 4,724 -0.8 4,450 4,506 -1.2 238 218 9.2 238 218 0 0
Oregon 7,999 8,661 -7.6 7,589 7,316 3.7 410 1,345 -69.5 410 1,345 ... ...
Utah 4,301 4,002 7.5 4,280 3,976 7.6 21 26 -19.2 21 26 ... ...
Washingtond 13,214 12,527 5.5 13,214 12,527 5.5 / / / / ... ...
Wyoming 1,549 1,478 4.9 1,549 1,478 4.8 0 0 0 0 0 0
c
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year may include
Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. some inmates sentenced to a year or less; see Explanatory notes.
d
...Not applicable. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
e
/Not reported. 1996 and 1997 data are not comparable; see Explanatory notes.
a f
Data for unsentenced inmates or inmates sentenced to 1 year or less Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year may include some
may include some inmates for whom sentence length is unknown. unsentenced inmates.
b g
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year are estimated.
h
combined in one system. Data for inmates sentenced to 1 year or less are estimated.

Table 5.2. Male prisoners under State and Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1996 and 1997

jurisdiction 12/31/97 12/31/96 change 12/31/97 12/31/96 change 12/31/97 12/31/96 change 12/31/97 12/31/96 12/31/97 12/31/96
U.S. total 1,161,766 1,107,109 4.9% 1,120,787 1,068,123 4.9% 40,979 38,986 5.1% 18,398 17,300 22,581 21,686
Federala 104,667 97,844 7.0% 88,448 82,708 6.9% 16,219 15,136 7.2% 3,964 3,627 12,255 11,509
State 1,057,099 1,009,265 4.7 1,032,339 985,415 4.8 24,760 23,850 3.8 14,434 13,673 10,326 10,177
Northeast 161,078 158,951 1.3% 153,922 152,283 1.1% 7,156 6,668 7.3% 2,898 2,520 4,258 4,148
Connecticutb 15,840 15,191 4.3 11,128 10,614 4.8 4,712 4,577 2.9 1,875 1,705 2,837 2,872
Maine 1,558 1,378 13.1 1,484 1,308 13.5 74 70 5.7 74 70 ... ...
Massachusetts 11,214 11,046 1.5 10,406 10,419 -0.1 808 627 28.9 114 57 694 570
New Hampshire 2,055 1,957 5.0 2,055 1,957 5.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
New Jerseyc 26,957 26,209 2.9 26,957 26,209 2.9 / / / / ... ...
New York 65,539 65,981 -0.7 65,539 65,981 -0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 33,540 33,060 1.5 33,534 33,058 1.4 6 2 200.0 5 0 1 2
Rhode Islandb 3,158 3,042 3.8 2,025 1,957 3.5 1,133 1,085 4.4 566 556 567 529
Vermontb,d 1,217 1,087 12.0 794 780 1.8 423 307 37.8 264 132 159 175
Midwest 205,575 192,975 6.5% 204,698 192,067 6.6% 877 908 -3.4% 315 293 562 615
Illinoisc,d 38,358 36,603 4.8 38,358 36,603 4.8 0 0 / / 0 0
Indiana 16,832 15,952 5.5 16,673 15,797 5.5 159 155 2.6 153 150 6 5
Iowad 6,410 5,872 9.2 6,410 5,872 9.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kansas 7,435 7,280 2.1 7,435 7,280 2.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Michigand 42,715 40,429 5.7 42,715 40,429 5.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Minnesota 5,068 4,924 2.9 5,050 4,924 2.6 18 ... ... ... 18 ...
Missourid 22,305 20,539 8.6 22,305 20,539 8.6 0 / / / 0 ...
Nebraska 3,180 3,062 3.9 3,118 3,009 3.6 62 53 17.0 62 53 ... ...
North Dakota 735 677 8.6 660 611 8.0 75 66 13.6 75 66 ... ...
Ohiod 45,174 43,369 4.2 45,174 43,369 4.2 / / / / ... ...
South Dakotac 2,073 1,922 7.9 2,073 1,922 7.9 / / / / ... ...
Wisconsina,e 15,290 12,346 ... 14,727 11,712 ... 563 634 ... 25 24 538 610
South 458,832 439,172 4.5% 448,927 429,828 4.4% 9,905 9,344 6.0% 9,011 8,159 894 1,185
Alabama 20,930 20,403 2.6 20,368 19,816 2.8 562 587 -4.3 562 587 0 0
Arkansasa 9,410 8,859 6.2 9,335 8,454 10.4 75 405 -81.5 75 405 ... ...
Delawareb 5,052 4,731 6.8 3,105 2,955 5.1 1,947 1,776 9.6 1,053 966 894 810
District of Col.b,c,f 8,946 8,915 0.3 8,946 8,305 7.7 / 610 -6.4 / 259 / 351
Floridad 61,207 60,461 1.2 61,162 60,447 1.2 45 14 221.4 45 14 ... ...
Georgiad 34,223 32,900 4.0 33,586 32,193 4.3 637 707 -9.9 637 707 ... ...
Kentucky 13,548 12,090 12.1 13,548 12,090 12.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Louisiana 27,397 25,218 8.6 27,397 25,218 8.6 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Marylandg 21,124 20,995 0.6 20,098 20,011 0.4 1,026 984 4.3 1,026 984 ... ...
Mississippi 13,334 12,968 2.8 12,792 12,338 3.7 542 630 -14.0 542 630 ... ...
North Carolinag,h 29,752 28,779 3.4 26,191 26,267 -0.3 3,561 2,512 41.8 3,561 2,512 ... ...
Oklahomac 18,489 17,653 4.7 18,489 17,653 4.7 / / / / ... ...
South Carolina 19,871 19,244 3.3 19,100 18,655 2.4 771 589 30.9 771 585 0 4
Tennesseed 15,861 14,938 6.2 15,861 14,938 6.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Texasc 130,051 122,450 6.2 130,051 122,450 6.2 / / / / ... ...
Virginia 26,675 25,968 2.7 25,936 25,458 1.9 739 510 44.9 739 510 ... ...
West Virginiaf 2,962 2,600 13.9 2,962 2,580 14.8 / 20 -23.1 ... ... / 20
West 231,614 218,167 6.2% 224,792 211,237 6.4% 6,822 6,930 -1.6% 2,210 2,701 4,612 4,229
Alaskab 3,861 3,446 12.0 2,415 2,196 10.0 1,446 1,250 15.7 483 386 963 864
Arizonad 21,924 20,978 4.5 20,938 20,108 4.1 986 870 13.3 986 870 0 0
Californiac 144,876 135,942 6.6 142,428 133,447 6.7 2,448 2,495 -1.9 / / 2,448 2,495
Coloradoc 12,512 11,593 7.9 12,512 11,593 7.9 / / / / ... ...
Hawaiib 4,460 3,626 23.0 3,080 2,651 16.2 1,380 975 41.5 179 105 1,201 870
Idaho 3,648 3,561 2.4 3,648 3,561 2.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Montanac 2,350 2,109 11.4 2,350 2,109 11.4 / / / / ... ...
Nevadad 8,329 7,713 8.0 8,329 7,713 8.0 0 0 / / 0 0
New Mexico 4,314 4,346 -0.7 4,129 4,167 -0.9 185 179 3.4 185 179 0 0
Oregon 7,549 8,090 -6.7 7,190 6,954 3.4 359 1,136 -68.4 359 1,136 ... ...
Utah 4,088 3,791 7.8 4,070 3,766 8.1 18 25 -28.0 18 25 ... ...
Washingtond 12,290 11,607 5.9 12,290 11,607 5.9 / / / / ... ...
Wyoming 1,413 1,365 3.5 1,413 1,365 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
c
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year may include some
Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. inmates sentenced to a year or less; see Explanatory notes.
d
e
/Not reported. 1996 and 1997 data are not comparable; see Explanatory notes.
a f
Data for unsentenced inmates or inmates sentenced to 1 year or less Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year include some unsentenced
may include some inmates for whom sentence length is unknown. inmates.
b g
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year are estimated.
h
combined in one system. Data for inmates sentenced to 1 year or less are estimated.
Table 5.3. Female prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1996 and 1997

U.S. total 79,196 74,811 5.9% 73,794 69,599 6.0% 5,402 5,212 3.6% 2,882 2,750 2,520 2,462
Federala 8,306 7,700 7.9% 6,539 6,107 7.1% 1,767 1,593 10.9% 712 595 1,055 998
State 70,890 67,111 5.6 67,255 63,492 5.9 3,635 3,619 0.4 2,170 2,155 1,465 1,464
Northeast 8,968 9,030 -0.7% 7,905 7,947 -0.5% 1,063 1,083 -1.8% 606 642 457 441
Connecticutb 1,401 1,380 1.5 792 757 4.6 609 623 -2.2 337 356 272 267
Maine 62 48 29.2 58 43 34.9 4 5 -20.0 4 5 ... ...
Massachusetts 733 750 -2.3 441 461 -4.3 292 289 1.0 183 159 109 130
New Hampshire 109 105 3.8 109 105 3.8 ... ... ... ... ... ...
New Jerseyc 1,404 1,281 9.6 1,404 1,281 9.6 / / / / ... ...
New York 3,569 3,728 -4.3 3,569 3,728 -4.3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 1,424 1,477 -3.6 1,423 1,477 -3.7 1 0 1 0 0 0
Rhode Islandb 213 229 -7.0 75 74 1.4 138 155 -11 73 118 65 37
Vermontb,d 53 32 65.6 34 21 61.9 19 11 72.7 8 4 11 7
Midwest 12,794 11,682 9.5% 12,685 11,634 9.0% 109 48 127.1% 32 30 77 18

Illinoisc,d 2,430 2,249 8.0 2,430 2,249 8.0 0 0 / / 0 0
Indiana 1,071 1,008 6.3 1,057 994 6.3 14 14 75.0 12 9 2 5
Iowad 528 470 12.3 528 470 12.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kansas 476 476 6.0 476 476 6.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Michigand 2,056 1,920 7.1 2,056 1,920 7.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Minnesota 258 234 10.3 256 234 9.4 2 ... ... ... 2 ...
Missourid 1,693 1,464 15.6 1,693 1,464 15.6 0 / / / 0 ...
Nebraska 222 225 -1.3 211 214 -1.4 11 11 -15.4 11 11 ... ...
North Dakota 62 45 37.8 55 39 41.0 7 6 16.7 7 6 ... ...
Ohiod 2,842 2,805 1.3 2,842 2,805 1.3 / / / / ... ...
South Dakotac 169 141 19.9 169 141 19.9 / / / / ... ...
Wisconsina,e 987 645 ... 912 628 ... 75 17 -54.1 2 4 73 13
South 31,661 30,080 5.3% 30,351 28,843 5.2% 1,310 1,237 5.9% 1,214 1,078 96 159
Alabama 1,360 1,357 0.2 1,312 1,292 1.5 48 65 -26.2 48 65 0 0
Arkansasa 611 548 11.5 601 538 11.7 10 10 233.3 10 10 ... ...
Delawareb 383 379 1.1 159 164 -3.0 224 215 4.2 128 126 96 89
District of Col.b,c,f 407 461 -11.7 407 363 12.1 / 98 -7.5 / 32 / 66
Floridad 3,419 3,302 3.5 3,412 3,299 3.4 7 3 133.3 7 3 ... ...
Georgiad 2,282 2,239 1.9 2,201 2,135 3.1 81 104 -22.1 81 104 ... ...
Kentucky 1,052 820 28.3 1,052 820 28.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Louisiana 1,868 1,561 19.7 1,868 1,561 19.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Marylandg 1,108 1,055 5.0 990 969 2.2 118 86 37.2 118 86 ... ...
Mississippi 962 891 8.0 884 805 9.8 78 86 -9.3 78 86 ... ...
North Carolinag,h 1,860 1,868 -0.4 1,376 1,484 -7.3 484 384 26.0 484 384 ... ...
Oklahomac 2,053 1,940 5.8 2,053 1,940 5.8 / / / / ... ...
South Carolina 1,302 1,202 8.3 1,164 1,103 5.5 138 99 39.4 138 99 0 0
Tennesseed 798 688 16.0 798 688 16.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Texasc 10,300 9,933 3.7 10,300 9,933 3.7 / / / / ... ...
Virginia 1,710 1,687 1.4 1,588 1,604 -1.0 122 83 47.0 122 83 ... ...
West Virginiaf 186 149 24.8 186 145 28.3 / 4 33.3 ... ... / 4
West 17,467 16,319 7.0% 16,314 15,068 8.3% 1,153 1,251 -7.8% 318 405 835 846
Alaskab 304 270 12.6 156 139 12.2 148 131 13.0 45 42 103 89
Arizonad 1,560 1,515 3.0 1,415 1,415 6.6 145 100 45.0 145 100 0 0
Californiac 10,914 10,107 8.0 10,311 9,418 9.5 603 689 -12.5 / / 603 689
Coloradoc 949 845 12.3 949 845 12.3 / / / / ... ...
Hawaiib 518 385 34.5 368 303 21.5 150 82 82.9 21 14 129 68
Idaho 263 271 -3.0 263 271 -3.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Montanac 167 121 38.0 167 121 38.0 / / / / ... ...
Nevadad 695 612 13.6 695 612 13.6 0 0 / / 0 0
New Mexico 374 378 -1.1 321 339 -5.3 53 39 35.9 53 39 0 0
Oregon 450 571 -21.2 399 362 10.2 51 209 -75.6 51 209 ... ...
Utah 213 211 0.9 210 210 30.4 3 1 200.0 3 1 ... ...
Washingtond 924 920 0.4 924 920 0.4 / / / / ... ...
Wyoming 136 113 20.4 136 113 20.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
b
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the Figures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are
Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. combined in one system.
c
...Not applicable. Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year may include
/Not reported. some inmates sentenced to a year or less; see Explanatory notes.
a d
Data for inmates sentenced to 1 year or less may include some Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
e
inmates for whom sentence length is unknown. Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year are estimated.

Table 5.4. Incarceration rates for prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction
or in State or Federal custody, by sentence length, 1997
Number of prisoners per 100,000 resident population

Total More than a year Year or less/unsentenced
Region and Under Federal or In Federal or Under Federal or In Federal or Under Federal or In Federal or
jurisdiction State jurisdiction State custody State jurisdiction State custody State jurisdiction State custody
U.S. total 461 438 444 420 17 17
Federala 42 38 35 33 7 5
State 419 400 409 388 11 12
Northeast 329 319 313 304 16 15

Connecticutb 527 475 364 329 163 146
Maine 130 129 124 124 6 5
Massachusetts 195 178 177 162 18 16
New Hampshire 184 178 184 176 ... 2
New Jerseyc 351 316 351 316 / /
New York 381 382 381 381 0 2
Pennsylvania 291 291 291 291 0 0
Rhode Islandb 342 335 213 211 129 124
Vermontb,d 215 215 140 140 75 75
Midwest 349 342 347 341 2 1

Illinoisc,d 342 342 342 342 0 0
Indiana 304 281 301 278 3 3
Iowad 243 243 243 243 ... ...
Kansas 304 304 304 304 ... ...
Michigand 457 457 457 457 ... ...
Minnesota 113 113 113 113 0 0
Missourid 443 443 443 442 0 0
Nebraska 205 202 200 196 4 6
North Dakota 125 129 112 116 13 13
Ohiod 429 427 429 427 / /
South Dakotac 304 303 304 303 / /
Wisconsina,e 314 264 302 259 12 5
South 517 480 506 464 12 16

Alabama 514 507 500 493 14 14
Arkansasa 396 355 392 353 3 2
Delawareb 738 738 443 443 295 295
District of Col.b,c,f 1,785 1,345 1,785 1,242 / 103
Floridad 437 437 437 437 0 0
Georgiad 483 483 473 473 9 9
Kentucky 372 277 372 277 ... ...
Louisiana 672 424 672 424 ... ...
Marylandg 435 428 413 406 22 22
Mississippi 522 377 499 365 23 12
North Carolinag,h 422 414 368 361 54 53
Oklahomac 617 447 617 447 / /
South Carolina 560 545 536 521 24 24
Tennesseed 309 280 309 280 ... ...
Texasc 715 715 715 691 / 24
Virginia 419 364 407 359 13 5
West Virginiaf 174 132 174 131 / 1
West 416 403 403 390 13 14

Alaskab 681 524 420 313 260 210
Arizonad 509 509 484 484 25 25
Californiac 480 478 470 469 9 9
Coloradoc 342 269 342 269 / /
Hawaiib 419 343 290 218 129 125
Idaho 320 271 320 271 ... ...
Montanac 286 212 286 212 / /
Nevadad 526 503 526 498 0 5
New Mexico 270 209 256 194 14 15
Oregon 245 238 232 217 13 21
Utah 207 234 206 230 1 4
Washingtond 234 234 234 233 / 1
Wyoming 323 295 323 295 0 0
b
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions Figures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons
and the Explanatory notes for State-by-State are combined in one system.
c
variations from definitions. Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year may include
...Not applicable. some inmates sentenced to a year or less; see Explanatory notes.
d
/Not reported. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
a e
Data for inmates sentenced to 1 year or less may Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year are estimated.
include some inmates for whom sentence length
is unknown.
Table 5.5. Prisoners housed in jails because of crowded State facilities,
by gender, 1996 and 1997
Prisoners in jails
Number of prisoners housed in jails as a percent of
Region and Total Male Female all prisoners
jurisdiction 12/31/97 12/31/96 12/31/97 12/31/96 12/31/97 12/31/96 12/31/97
U.S. total 36,318 30,741 33,839 28,573 2,479 2,168 2.9%
Northeast 4,357 4,986 4,181 4,720 176 266 2.5%

Massachusetts 484 554 466 554 18 0 4.1
New Hampshire 66 65 66 65 0 0 3.0
New Jersey 2,864 4,367 2,746 4,101 118 266 10.1
New York 918 0 903 0 15 0 1.3
Pennsylvania 25 0 0 0 25 0 0.1
Midwest 1,952 2,161 1,898 2,074 54 87 0.9%

Indiana 1,323 1,194 1,293 1,124 30 70 7.4
Michigan* 151 330 151 330 / / 0.3
Minnesota 50 208 50 208 0 0 0.9
Missouri 55 0 55 0 0 0 0.2
North Dakota 79 91 73 86 6 5 9.9
Wisconsin 294 338 276 326 18 12 1.8
South 26,669 21,500 24,634 19,795 2,035 1,705 5.4%

Alabama 1,965 1,168 1,873 1,092 92 76 8.8
Arkansas 1,376 1,201 1,376 1,201 0 0 13.7
Kentucky 1,144 778 1,076 721 68 57 7.8
Louisiana 10,795 9,147 9,868 8,373 927 774 36.9
Mississippi 3,951 3,242 3,882 3,126 69 116 27.6
North Carolina 280 516 280 516 0 0 0.9
Oklahoma 802 285 693 227 109 58 3.9
South Carolina 400 413 371 390 29 23 1.9
Tennessee 1,428 1,958 1,242 1,711 186 247 8.6
Virginia 3,753 2,506 3,265 2,163 488 343 13.2
West Virginia 775 286 708 275 67 11 24.6
West 3,340 2,094 3,126 1,984 214 110 1.3%

Alaska 55 0 55 0 / 0 1.3
Arizona 211 124 211 124 0 0 0.9
Colorado 1,886 1,163 1,759 1,147 127 16 14.0
Idaho 31 0 31 0 0 0 0.8
Montana 213 85 193 80 20 5 8.5
New Mexico 557 307 557 307 0 0 11.9
Oregon 9 91 9 65 0 26 0.1
Utah 349 308 282 245 67 63 8.1
Wyoming 29 16 29 16 0 0 1.9
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the however, the percentage of jurisdiction population was calculated
Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. for all persons serving sentences to incarceration whether in State
Unlisted jurisdictions either had combined jail-prison systems or prison or in jail.
did not report prisoners held in local jails. Alaska, Arizona, /Not reported.
Michigan, and New York did not include inmates housed in local *Michigan is unable to distinguish the gender of prison inmates
jails because of crowding in their jurisdiction count; housed in jails; therefore, all inmates are reported under males.

Table 5.6. Prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1997
Number of prisoners
Native Hawaiian
Prisoner or other
Region and population American Indian/ Pacific Not
jurisdiction 12/31/97 White Black Alaska Native Asian Islandera known
U.S. total 1,240,962 505,513 590,454 12,373 6,284 2,121 124,217
Federal 112,973 65,539 43,786 1,817 1,831 / 0

State 1,127,989 439,974 546,668 10,556 4,453 2,121 124,217
Northeast 170,046 65,661 88,803 369 801 0 14,412

Connecticutb,c 17,241 4,630 8,059 26 55 0 4,471
Mained 1,620 1,469 58 14 0 / 79
Massachusettsc,e 11,947 5,590 3,448 35 118 0 2,756
New Hampshire 2,164 2,019 120 1 21 0 3
New Jerseyc 28,361 7,316 18,572 5 75 / 2,393
New York 69,108 29,655 37,488 204 391 / 1,370
Pennsylvaniac 34,964 11,632 19,847 71 102 / 3,312
Rhode Islandb 3,371 2,157 1,175 5 34 0 0
Vermontb,f 1,270 1,193 36 8 5 / 28
Midwest 218,369 97,802 111,674 2,208 426 0 6,259

Illinoisc,f 40,788 9,995 26,522 56 64 / 4,151
Indiana 17,903 10,132 7,707 45 19 0 0
Iowac,f 6,938 4,800 1,696 110 46 / 286
Kansas 7,911 4,608 3,028 149 66 / 60
Michiganc,f 44,771 18,482 24,936 223 57 / 1,073
Minnesotac 5,326 2,559 1,964 383 / / 420
Missouri 23,998 12,917 10,968 81 30 / 2
Nebraskad 3,402 2,237 1,008 135 18 / 4
North Dakota 797 611 20 159 7 / 0
Ohiod 48,016 21,846 25,938 48 48 / 136
South Dakota 2,242 1,705 99 438 / / 0
Wisconsin 16,277 7,910 7,788 381 71 / 127
South 490,493 164,099 282,751 2,273 276 0 41,094

Alabama 22,290 7,615 14,594 3 1 / 77
Arkansas 10,021 4,448 5,543 8 15 0 7
Delawareb 5,435 1,942 3,481 1 6 / 5
Dist. of Col.b 9,353 91 9,096 0 0 / 166
Floridac,f 64,626 27,445 35,771 48 3 / 1,359
Georgiaf 36,505 11,983 24,392 57 39 / 34
Kentucky 14,600 8,976 5,586 6 7 / 25
Louisianac 29,265 6,852 22,360 7 0 / 46
Maryland 22,232 4,998 17,196 3 8 / 27
Mississippic 14,296 3,560 10,663 14 14 / 45
North Carolina 31,612 10,044 20,418 666 43 / 441
Oklahomac 20,542 11,188 7,097 1,418 33 / 806
South Carolinac 21,173 6,282 14,762 18 3 / 108
Tennesseec 16,659 8,114 8,437 17 16 / 75
Texasc 140,351 38,697 63,883 / / / 37,771
Virginiac,g 28,385 9,221 18,970 5 87 / 102
West Virginia 3,148 2,643 502 2 1 0 0
West 249,081 112,412 63,440 5,706 2,950 2,121 62,452

Alaskab,c 4,165 1,895 600 1,451 77 / 142
Arizonaf 23,484 18,686 3,523 984 60 / 231
Californiac 155,790 46,957 48,331 1,197 1,311 80 57,914
Coloradod 13,461 9,562 3,320 268 79 / 232
Hawaiib,d 4,978 1,034 232 38 754 2,041 879
Idahod 3,911 3,165 65 162 18 / 501
Montanac 2,517 2,058 35 376 0 0 48
Nevadac,d 9,024 5,049 2,407 159 113 / 1,296
New Mexico 4,688 3,892 545 238 13 / 0
Oregon 7,999 5,839 1,010 181 101 / 868
Utah 4,301 3,709 328 135 99 / 30
Washington 13,214 9,376 2,962 427 320 / 129
Wyomingc 1,549 1,190 82 90 5 0 182
c
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the Explanatory Some or all Hispanic prisoners are reported under "Not known."
d
Notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. The numbers in racial categories were estimated.
e
/Not reported. Massachusetts' American Indian prisoners are reported combined
a
See the Explanatory notes for details on State-by-State reporting under "Not known."
f
of Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
b g
Counts include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are Virginia's Chinese prisoners are reported under "Not known."
in one system.
Table 5.7. Male prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1997
Number of prisoners
Native Hawaiian
Prisoner or other
U.S. total 1,161,766 470,946 553,370 11,367 5,975 1,889 118,219
Federal 104,667 60,659 40,614 1,714 1,680 / 0

State 1,057,099 410,287 512,756 9,653 4,295 1,889 118,219
Northeast 161,078 62,019 84,228 356 784 0 13,691

Connecticut,b,c 15,840 4,138 7,456 25 52 / 4,169
Mained 1,558 1,412 56 13 0 / 77
Massachusettsc,e 11,214 5,187 3,290 34 114 0 2,589
New Hampshire 2,055 1,916 117 0 21 0 1
New Jerseyc 26,957 6,881 17,653 5 73 / 2,345
New York 65,539 28,274 35,394 199 386 / 1,286
Pennsylvaniac 33,540 11,063 19,108 67 101 / 3,201
Rhode Islandb 3,158 2,002 1,119 5 32 0 0
Vermont b,f 1,217 1,146 35 8 5 / 23
Midwest 205,575 92,077 105,028 2,017 407 0 6,046

Illinoisc,f 38,358 9,412 24,841 43 59 / 4,003
Indiana 16,832 9,509 7,262 42 19 0 0
Iowac,f 6,410 4,428 1,569 91 45 / 277
Kansas 7,435 4,339 2,830 141 66 / 59
Michiganc,f 42,715 17,645 23,763 212 55 / 1,040
Minnesotac 5,068 2,435 1,858 366 / / 409
Missouri 22,305 11,981 10,225 71 26 / 2
Nebraskad 3,180 2,105 932 124 16 / 3
North Dakota 735 567 19 143 6 / 0
Ohiod 45,174 20,599 24,344 48 47 / 136
South Dakota 2,073 1,599 93 381 / / 0
Wisconsin 15,290 7,458 7,292 355 68 / 117
South 458,832 152,299 264,925 2,071 262 0 39,275

Alabama 20,930 7,070 13,784 3 1 / 72
Arkansas 9,410 4,160 5,222 7 14 0 7
Delawareb 5,052 1,806 3,237 0 5 / 4
District of Col.b 8,946 76 8,704 0 0 / 166
Floridac,f 61,207 25,968 33,958 39 3 / 1,239
Georgiaf 34,223 11,103 22,996 53 37 / 34
Kentucky 13,548 8,334 5,176 6 7 / 25
Louisianac 27,397 6,262 21,085 7 0 / 43
Maryland 21,124 4,665 16,423 2 7 / 27
Mississippic 13,334 3,320 9,946 13 13 / 42
North Carolina 29,752 9,318 19,346 626 40 / 422
Oklahomac 18,489 10,102 6,310 1,277 30 / 770
South Carolinac 19,871 5,858 13,893 17 3 / 100
Tennesseec 15,861 7,639 8,121 15 16 / 70
Texasc 130,051 35,504 58,393 / / / 36,154
Virginiac,g 26,675 8,627 17,859 4 85 / 100
West Virginia 2,962 2,487 472 2 1 0 0
West 231,614 103,892 58,575 5,209 2,842 1,889 59,207

Alaskab,c 3,861 1,743 538 1,370 75 / 135
Arizonaf 21,924 17,490 3,255 900 57 / 222
Californiac 144,876 42,866 44,682 1,058 1,280 77 54,913
Coloradod 12,512 8,978 3,030 249 77 / 178
Hawaiib,d 4,460 890 208 32 710 1,812 808
Idahod 3,648 2,927 59 150 18 / 494
Montanac 2,350 1,935 33 335 0 0 47
Nevadac,d 8,329 4,620 2,208 141 110 / 1,250
New Mexico 4,314 3,595 488 218 13 / 0
Oregon 7,549 5,495 940 155 98 / 861
Utah 4,088 3,519 318 131 93 / 27
Washington 12,290 8,757 2,742 382 306 / 103
Wyomingc 1,413 1,077 74 88 5 / 169
c
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the Some or all Hispanic prisoners are reported under “Not known.”
d
Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. The numbers in racial categories were estimated.
e
/Not reported. Massachusetts’ American Indian prisoners are reported under “Not
a
See the Explanatory notes for details on State-by-State reporting known.”
f
of Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
b g
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are Virginia’s Chinese prisoners are reported under “Not known.”
combined in one system.

Table 5.8. Female prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1997
Number of prisoners
Native Hawaiian
Prisoner or other
U.S. total 79,196 34,567 37,084 1,006 309 232 5,998
Federal 8,306 4,880 3,172 103 151 / 0

State 70,890 29,687 33,912 903 158 232 5,998
Northeast 8,968 3,642 4,575 13 17 0 721

Connecticutb,c 1,401 492 603 1 3 / 302
Mained 62 57 2 1 0 / 2
Massachusettsc,e 733 403 158 1 4 0 167
New Hampshire 109 103 3 1 0 0 2
New Jerseyc 1,404 435 919 0 2 / 48
New York 3,569 1,381 2,094 5 5 / 84
Pennsylvaniac 1,424 569 739 4 1 / 111
Rhode Islandb 213 155 56 0 2 0 0
Vermontb,f 53 47 1 0 0 / 5
Midwest 12,794 5,725 6,646 191 19 0 213

Illinoisc,f 2,430 583 1,681 13 5 / 148
Indiana 1,071 623 445 3 0 0 0
Iowac,f 528 372 127 19 1 / 9
Kansas 476 269 198 8 0 / 1
Michiganc,f 2,056 837 1,173 11 2 / 33
Minnesotac 258 124 106 17 / / 11
Missouri 1,693 936 743 10 4 / 0
Nebraskad 222 132 76 11 2 / 1
North Dakota 62 44 1 16 1 / 0
Ohiod 2,842 1,247 1,594 0 1 / 0
South Dakota 169 106 6 57 / / 0
Wisconsin 987 452 496 26 3 / 10
South 31,661 11,800 17,826 202 14 0 1,819

Alabama 1,360 545 810 0 0 / 5
Arkansas 611 288 321 1 1 0 0
Delawareb 383 136 244 1 1 / 1
District of Col.b 407 15 392 0 0 / 0
Floridac,f 3,419 1,477 1,813 9 0 / 120
Georgiaf 2,282 880 1,396 4 2 / 0
Kentucky 1,052 642 410 0 0 / 0
Louisianac 1,868 590 1,275 0 0 / 3
Maryland 1,108 333 773 1 1 / 0
Mississippic 962 240 717 1 1 / 3
North Carolina 1,860 726 1,072 40 3 / 19
Oklahomac 2,053 1,086 787 141 3 / 36
South Carolinac 1,302 424 869 1 0 / 8
Tennesseec 798 475 316 2 0 / 5
Texasc 10,300 3,193 5,490 / / / 1,617
Virginiac,g 1,710 594 1,111 1 2 / 2
West Virginia 186 156 30 0 0 0 0
West 17,467 8,520 4,865 497 108 232 3,245

Alaskab,c 304 152 62 81 2 / 7
Arizonaf 1,560 1,196 268 84 3 / 9
Californiac 10,914 4,091 3,649 139 31 3 3,001
Coloradod 949 584 290 19 2 / 54
Hawaiib,d 518 144 24 6 44 229 71
Idahod 263 238 6 12 0 / 7
Montanac 167 123 2 41 0 0 1
Nevadac,d 695 429 199 18 3 / 46
New Mexico 374 297 57 20 0 / 0
Oregon 450 344 70 26 3 / 7
Utah 213 190 10 4 6 / 3
Washington 924 619 220 45 14 / 26
Wyomingc 136 113 8 2 0 / 13
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions prisons are combined in one system.
c
and the Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations Some or all Hispanic prisoners are reported under "Not known."
d
from definitions. The numbers in racial categories were estimated.
e
/Not reported. Massachusetts' American Indian prisoners are reported under "Not known."
a f
See the Explanatory notes for details on State-by-State Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
g
reporting of Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders. Virginia's Chinese prisoners are reported under "Not known."
b
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and
Table 5.9. Prisoners under State and Federal jurisdiction, by gender and Hispanic origin, 1997
Number of prisoners
Total Male Female
Prisoner
Region and population Non- Not Non- Not Non- Not
jurisdiction 12/31/97 Hispanic Hispanic known Total Hispanic Hispanic known Total Hispanic Hispanic known
U.S. total 1,240,962 198,673 884,571 157,718 1,161,766 188,827 825,211 147,728 79,196 9,846 59,360 9,990
Federal 112,973 33,110 79,863 0 104,667 30,909 73,758 0 8,306 2,201 6,105 0
State 1,127,989 165,563 804,708 157,718 1,057,099 157,918 751,453 147,728 70,890 7,645 53,255 9,990
Northeast 170,046 38,470 130,448 1,128 161,078 36,570 123,434 1,074 8,968 1,900 7,014 54
Connecticuta 17,241 4,471 12,770 0 15,840 4,169 11,671 0 1,401 302 1,099 0
Maine 1,620 0 1,546 74 1,558 0 1,486 72 62 0 60 2
Massachusetts 11,947 2,634 9,116 197 11,214 2,467 8,552 195 733 167 564 2
New Hampshire 2,164 98 1,497 569 2,055 92 1,409 554 109 6 88 15
New Jersey 28,361 5,029 23,332 0 26,957 4,844 22,113 0 1,404 185 1,219 0
New York 69,108 22,421 46,443 244 65,539 21,307 44,014 218 3,569 1,114 2,429 26
Pennsylvania 34,964 3,291 31,652 21 33,540 3,184 30,339 17 1,424 107 1,313 4
Rhode Islanda 3,371 504 2,867 0 3,158 485 2,673 0 213 19 194 0
Vermonta,b 1,270 22 1,225 23 1,217 22 1,177 18 53 0 48 5
Midwest 218,369 9,024 206,635 2,710 205,575 8,665 194,390 2,520 12,794 359 12,245 190
Illinoisb 40,788 4,149 36,637 2 38,358 4,001 34,355 2 2,430 148 2,282 0
Indiana 17,903 413 17,490 0 16,832 394 16,438 0 1,071 19 1,052 0
Iowab 6,938 283 6,652 3 6,410 275 6,133 2 528 8 519 1
Kansas 7,911 525 7,326 60 7,435 507 6,869 59 476 18 457 1
Michiganb,c 44,771 953 43,816 2 42,715 925 41,788 2 2,056 28 2,028 0
Minnesota 5,326 330 4,996 0 5,068 320 4,748 0 258 10 248 0
Missouri 23,998 296 23,673 29 22,305 278 22,003 24 1,693 18 1,670 5
Nebraskad 3,402 197 3,205 0 3,180 184 2,996 0 222 13 209 0
North Dakota 797 40 757 0 735 37 698 0 62 3 59 0
Ohiod 48,016 864 47,016 136 45,174 816 44,222 136 2,842 48 2,794 0
South Dakotae 2,242 / / 2,242 2,073 / / 2,073 169 / / 169
Wisconsin 16,277 974 15,067 236 15,290 928 14,140 222 987 46 927 14
South 490,493 44,438 297,746 148,309 458,832 42,605 277,075 139,152 31,661 1,833 20,671 9,157
Alabama 22,290 1 22,289 0 20,930 1 20,929 0 1,360 0 1,360 0
Arkansas 10,021 74 9,947 0 9,410 71 9,339 0 611 3 608 0
Delawarea 5,435 212 5,131 92 5,052 199 4,767 86 383 13 364 6
District of Col.a 9,353 4 9,183 166 8,946 4 8,776 166 407 0 407 0
Floridab 64,626 5,542 59,018 66 61,207 5,354 55,802 51 3,419 188 3,216 15
Georgiab 36,505 300 0 36,205 34,223 290 0 33,933 2,282 10 0 2,272
Kentucky 14,600 64 14,536 0 13,548 62 13,486 0 1,052 2 1,050 0
Louisianae 29,265 / / 29,265 27,397 / / 27,397 1,868 / / 1,868
Marylande 22,232 / / 22,232 21,124 / / 21,124 1,108 / / 1,108
Mississippi 14,296 54 14,240 2 13,334 53 13,279 2 962 1 961 0
North Carolinae 31,612 / / 31,612 29,752 / / 29,752 1,860 / / 1,860
Oklahoma 20,542 762 19,780 0 18,489 726 17,763 0 2,053 36 2,017 0
South Carolina 21,173 119 20,679 375 19,871 116 19,700 55 1,302 3 979 320
Tennessee 16,659 75 16,584 0 15,861 70 15,791 0 798 5 793 0
Texas 140,351 37,137 103,214 0 130,051 35,567 94,484 0 10,300 1,570 8,730 0
Virginia 28,385 91 0 28,294 26,675 89 0 26,586 1,710 2 0 1,708
West Virginia 3,148 3 3,145 0 2,962 3 2,959 0 186 0 186 0
West 249,081 73,631 169,879 5,571 231,614 70,078 156,554 4,982 17,467 3,553 13,325 589
Alaskaa 4,165 138 4,023 4 3,861 131 3,726 4 304 7 297 0
Arizonab 23,484 7,732 15,752 0 21,924 7,365 14,559 0 1,560 367 1,193 0
California 155,790 53,580 97,876 4,334 144,876 50,995 89,963 3,918 10,914 2,585 7,913 416
Coloradod 13,461 3,731 9,498 232 12,512 3,550 8,784 178 949 181 714 54
Hawaiia,d 4,978 238 4,625 115 4,460 221 4,132 107 518 17 493 8
Idahod 3,911 513 2,716 682 3,648 476 2,561 611 263 37 155 71
Montana 2,517 48 2,469 0 2,350 47 2,303 0 167 1 166 0
Nevadad 9,024 1,268 7,753 3 8,329 1,224 7,102 3 695 44 651 0
New Mexico 4,688 2,640 2,048 0 4,314 2,465 1,849 0 374 175 199 0
Oregon 7,999 867 7,131 1 7,549 860 6,688 1 450 7 443 0
Utah 4,301 836 3,435 30 4,088 800 3,261 27 213 36 174 3
Washington 13,214 1,858 11,186 170 12,290 1,775 10,382 133 924 83 804 37
Wyoming 1,549 182 1,367 0 1,413 169 1,244 0 136 13 123 0
b
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
c
Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. Michigan reported only Mexican-Americans as Hispanic prisoners
/Not reported. and reported other Hispanic inmates as non-Hispanic.
a d
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; Data for Hispanic prisoners are estimated.
e
jails and prisons are combined in one system. State does not distinguish ethnicity of prisoners.

Table 5.10a. Sentenced prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1997
Number of sentenced prisoners admitted during 1996

Prisoner Parole or other Escapees Returns Transfers
Region and population New court conditional release and AWOL’s from appeal from other Other
jurisdiction 1/1/97 Total commitments violators returned returned or bond jurisdictions admissions
U.S. total 1,140,353 584,177 365,085 189,765 8,809 925 3,087 16,506
Federal 88,815 34,444 30,560 3,106 / / 538 240

State 1,051,538 549,733 334,525 186,659 8,809 925 2,549 16,266
Northeast 160,238 65,169 42,264 18,622 1,918 96 1,118 1,151

Connecticuta 11,371 2,140 886 752 115 5 1 381
Maine 1,351 850 630 104 0 0 32 84
Massachusetts 10,880 3,435 2,232 805 14 / 384 0
New Hampshire 2,071 1,039 677 347 15 / 0 0
New Jerseyb,c 27,490 16,212 10,147 6,064 1 / / 0
New Yorkc 69,709 29,868 20,804 6,834 1,568 70 563 29
Pennsylvania 34,534 9,584 5,975 3,207 97 19 128 158
Rhode Islanda,b 2,031 984 703 264 8 2 5 2
Vermonta,d,e 801 1,057 210 245 100 / 5 497
Midwest 205,557 107,233 76,510 23,471 3,662 163 150 3,277

Illinoisb,d 38,852 26,683 19,495 6,145 1,028 14 / 1
Indianac 16,791 9,874 8,989 837 18 / 30 0
Iowad 6,342 4,441 2,870 751 622 52 90 56
Kansasc 7,756 4,173 2,778 1,323 6 / / 66
Michigand 42,349 13,960 8,230 3,956 1,053 67 15 639
Minnesota 5,158 3,597 2,540 1,057 / / / 0
Missouri 22,003 13,484 8,241 3,262 908 11 0 1,062
Nebraska 3,223 1,647 1,322 310 15 / 0 0
North Dakota 650 591 475 109 7 0 0 0
Ohiob 46,174 20,151 16,150 3,964 4 19 14 0
South Dakotab 2,064 1,161 950 168 1 0 1 41
Wisconsin 14,195 7,471 4,470 1,589 / ... 0 1,412
South 459,439 199,081 136,568 47,425 2,255 609 896 11,328

Alabama 21,108 9,603 7,796 1,370 265 78 37 57
Arkansasb 8,992 5,727 3,262 1,663 9 20 13 760
Delawarea 3,119 1,762 1,063 407 41 0 1 250
District of Col.a,b 9,349 7,026 3,429 2,134 816 0 623 24
Floridad 63,746 25,688 21,580 3,141 202 13 99 653
Georgiad 34,415 15,379 11,717 3,552 82 5 22 1
Kentucky 12,910 8,234 6,004 2,085 111 ... 0 34
Louisiana 26,779 15,709 6,411 8,471 95 480 22 230
Marylandc,f 20,980 10,405 7,263 2,985 95 / 31 31
Mississippic,g 13,143 5,684 5,204 353 72 / 0 55
North Carolinab 27,751 12,316 9,078 2,912 144 0 0 182
Oklahomab,c 19,593 7,604 7,211 182 211 0 0 0
South Carolina 19,758 8,210 5,817 2,218 37 7 / 131
Tennesseeb 15,626 9,312 5,001 4,200 71 / 40 0
Texasb 132,383 44,417 25,408 10,089 0 0 / 8,920
Virginia 27,062 10,928 9,451 1,477 / / / 0
West Virginiab 2,725 1,077 873 186 4 6 8 0
West 226,304 178,250 79,183 97,141 974 57 385 510

Alaskaa 2,335 2,685 1,861 782 38 3 1 0
Arizonad 21,523 9,222 6,940 2,232 10 0 40 0
Californiab 142,865 132,523 46,766 85,196 276 / 285 0
Coloradob,h 12,438 6,333 4,368 1,613 340 6 6 0
Hawaiia,f 2,954 2,839 1,735 1,079 25 0 0 0
Idaho 3,831 2,326 1,787 529 10 0 / 0
Montanab 2,230 1,203 826 338 35 / 4 0
Nevadab,c,i 8,325 4,533 3,295 728 / / / 510
New Mexico 4,506 3,033 1,839 1,137 9 0 48 0
Oregonj 7,316 3,264 2,097 1,075 62 30 / 0
Utah 3,976 2,835 1,385 1,444 4 2 0 0
Washingtonb 12,527 6,761 5,804 785 156 16 0 0
Wyomingc 1,478 693 480 203 9 0 1 0
c f
Note: See the questionnaire for category New court commitments may include a small Some or all data for the admission
definitions and the Explanatory notes for number of other admissions. See Explanatory categories are estimated.
g
State-by-State variations from definitions. notes. Other admissions may include returns from
d
...Not applicable. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction appeal/bond. See Explanatory notes.
h
/Not reported. counts. Escape and AWOL data are estimated.
a e i
Counts include both jail and prison inmates; Vermont's Escape and AWOL data may include Nevada's escapee returns may be included
jails and prisons are combined in one system. an undetermined number of returns from in any other admission category.
b j
Data by sentence length may be slightly appeal/bond. Oregon's transfers may be included in any
incorrect. See Explanatory notes. other admission category.
Table 5.10b. Sentenced prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1997
Number of sentenced prisoners released during 1997

Out on Transfers Prisoner
Region and Conditional Unconditional Escapees appeal to other Other population
jurisdiction Total releases releases and AWOL’s or bond jurisdictions Deaths releases 12/31/96
U.S. total 528,848 386,076 109,896 8,110 752 3,306 3,110 17,598 1,194,581
Federal 27,697 2,445 22,294 / / 179 238 2,541 94,987

State 501,151 383,631 87,602 8,110 752 3,127 2,872 15,057 1,099,594
Northeast 63,580 49,892 9,972 1,818 217 1,150 501 30 161,827

Connecticuta 1,591 1,182 226 88 1 60 33 1 11,920
Maine 659 212 441 5 0 0 1 0 1,542
Massachusettsb 3,468 994 2,062 17 0 371 24 0 10,847
New Hampshire 946 729 197 15 0 0 5 0 2,164
New Jerseyc 15,341 11,519 3,645 1 75 0 101 0 28,361
New York 30,469 26,262 1,616 1,605 105 634 221 26 69,108
Pennsylvania 9,161 7,195 1,683 79 25 70 109 0 34,957
Rhode Islanda,c 915 863 12 8 11 12 6 3 2,100
Vermonta,d 1,030 936 90 0 0 3 1 0 828
Midwest 94,521 72,344 17,540 3,380 140 42 488 587 217,383

Illinoisc,d 24,747 22,473 1,031 1,060 19 / 101 63 40,788
Indiana 8,935 8,324 554 12 / 0 45 0 17,730
Iowad 3,845 3,033 686 6 61 1 9 49 6,938
Kansas 4,018 3,692 283 11 8 / 24 0 7,911
Michigand 11,538 8,758 1,052 1,307 0 15 99 307 44,771
Minnesota 3,449 2,990 453 / / / 6 0 5,306
Missouri 11,489 9,520 947 941 17 10 48 6 23,998
Nebraska 1,541 763 743 25 / 0 10 0 3,329
North Dakota 526 354 164 7 0 0 1 0 715
Ohioc 18,309 6,989 11,145 8 34 16 117 0 48,016
South Dakotac 983 610 363 3 1 0 6 0 2,242
Wisconsinc 5,141 4,838 119 / ... 0 22 162 15,639
South 179,602 116,211 49,700 1,811 160 1,812 1,415 8,493 479,278
Alabama 9,031 5,318 3,185 266 84 83 91 4 21,680
Arkansasc 4,783 3,980 645 9 30 55 31 33 9,936
Delawarea,b 1,617 500 783 0 0 33 12 289 3,264
District of Col.a,b,c 7,382 3,667 2,550 483 1 648 25 8 9,353
Floridad 24,860 9,018 14,836 186 28 157 242 393 64,574
Georgiad 14,007 9,865 3,297 69 / 661 114 1 35,787
Kentucky 6,544 3,247 3,079 109 / 4 28 77 14,600
Louisiana 13,223 12,440 565 97 / 35 80 6 29,265
Marylandb,e 10,297 9,119 998 88 / 7 54 31 21,088
Mississippif 5,151 2,374 2,160 66 / 0 47 504 13,676
North Carolinac 12,500 8,401 3,908 135 0 0 56 0 27,567
Oklahomac 6,655 3,638 2,769 180 0 0 68 0 20,542
South Carolina 7,704 4,326 3,092 39 15 0 55 177 20,264
Tennesseec 8,279 6,268 1,734 78 / 129 70 0 16,659
Texasc 36,449 27,242 1,896 0 / / 341 6,970 140,351
Virginia 10,466 6,418 3,954 2 / / 92 0 27,524
West Virginiac 654 390 249 4 2 0 9 0 3,148
West 163,448 145,184 10,390 1,101 235 123 468 5,947 241,106
Alaskaa 2,449 1,765 622 41 2 15 4 0 2,571
Arizonad 8,392 7,023 864 3 2 3 61 436 22,353
Californiac,f 122,649 115,050 1,874 407 / 33 268 5,017 152,739
Coloradoc,g 5,310 3,782 1,021 343 3 0 34 127 13,461
Hawaiia,e 2,345 1,689 140 37 143 5 8 323 3,448
Idaho 2,246 1,946 280 10 0 0 10 0 3,911
Montanac 916 665 205 36 2 4 4 0 2,517
Nevadac,h 3,834 1,843 1,939 / 0 / 25 27 9,024
New Mexico 3,089 1,900 1,139 9 1 33 7 0 4,450
Oregoni 2,991 2,863 8 54 30 / 19 17 7,589
Utah 2,531 2,310 192 3 23 0 3 0 4,280
Washingtonc 6,074 4,017 1,850 158 26 0 23 0 13,214
Wyoming 622 331 256 0 3 30 2 0 1,549
c
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the Data for inmates by sentence length may be slightly incorrect.
Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. See Explanatory notes.
d
e
/Not reported. Some or all data for release categories are estimated.
a f
Counts include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are Other releases may include some releases to appeal/bond. See Explanatory
combined in one system. notes.
b g
Unconditional releases may include some releases to probation or Escape and AWOL data are estimated.
h
appeal/bond. See Explanatory notes. Nevada’s escapees may be included in any other release category.
i
Oregon’s transfers may be included in any other release category.

Table 5.11a. Sentenced male prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1997
Number Number of sentenced male prisoners admitted during 1997

of male Parole or other Escapees Returns Transfers
Region and prisoners New court conditional release and AWOL’s from appeal from other Other
jurisdiction 1/1/97 Total commitments violators returned returned or bond jurisdictions admissions
U.S. total 1,070,440 528,124 327,933 174,369 7,883 788 2,840 14,311
Federal 82,708 31,190 27,694 2,851 / / 416 229

State 987,732 496,934 300,239 171,518 7,883 788 2,424 14,082
Northeast 152,291 60,168 38,842 17,411 1,750 87 1,066 1,012

Connecticuta 10,614 1,898 813 657 105 5 1 317
Maine 1,308 810 606 100 0 0 31 73
Massachusetts 10,419 3,138 1,994 750 14 / 380 0
New Hampshire 1,965 965 620 330 15 / 0 0
New Jerseyb,c 26,209 14,796 9,262 5,533 1 / / 0
New Yorkc 65,981 27,639 19,129 6,480 1,416 64 522 28
Pennsylvania 33,058 9,002 5,547 3,083 95 17 122 138
Rhode Islanda,b 1,957 929 671 244 6 1 5 2
Vermonta,d,e 780 991 200 234 98 / 5 454
Midwest 193,721 96,827 68,461 21,893 3,217 113 138 3,005

Illinoisb,d 36,603 24,202 17,495 5,796 897 14 / 0
Indianac 15,797 8,983 8,163 779 14 / 27 0
Iowad 5,872 3,889 2,538 653 522 45 81 50
Kansasc 7,280 3,717 2,433 1,220 6 / / 58
Michigand 40,429 12,892 7,603 3,717 934 30 15 593
Minnesota 4,924 3,298 2,308 990 / / / 0
Miissouri 20,539 11,994 7,252 2,953 820 11 0 958
Nebraska 3,009 1,470 1,191 267 12 / 0 0
North Dakota 611 535 427 101 7 0 0 0
Ohiob 43,369 17,948 14,154 3,763 4 13 14 0
South Dakotab 1,922 1,022 831 151 1 0 1 38
Wisconsin 13,366 6,877 4,066 1,503 / ... 0 1,308
South 430,489 179,075 122,517 43,513 2,063 533 857 9,592

Alabama 19,816 8,650 7,004 1,251 236 71 33 55
Arkansasb 8,454 5,236 2,955 1,535 9 18 11 708
Delawarea 2,955 1,597 951 369 36 0 1 240
District of Col.a,b 8,919 6,455 3,097 1,988 746 0 600 24
Floridad 60,447 23,667 19,789 2,965 188 11 97 617
Georgiad 32,240 13,940 10,506 3,332 74 5 22 1
Kentucky 12,090 7,319 5,297 1,890 102 ... 0 30
Louisiana 25,218 14,165 5,830 7,590 95 416 22 212
Marylandc,f 20,011 9,503 6,541 2,813 87 / 31 31
Mississippic,g 12,338 5,107 4,664 325 65 / 0 53
North Carolinab 26,267 11,238 8,284 2,651 140 0 0 163
Oklahomab,c 17,653 6,491 6,164 150 177 0 0 0
South Carolina 18,655 7,521 5,269 2,082 36 6 / 128
Tennesseeb 14,938 8,446 4,493 3,851 68 / 34 0
Texasb 122,450 38,961 22,401 9,230 0 0 / 7,330
Virginia 25,458 9,792 8,471 1,321 / / / 0
West Virginiab 2,580 987 801 170 4 6 6 0
West 211,231 160,864 70,419 88,701 853 55 363 473

Alaskaa 2,196 2,346 1,611 705 26 3 1 0
Arizonad 20,108 8,408 6,376 1,988 5 0 39 0
Californiab 133,447 119,919 41,563 77,834 256 / 266 0
Coloradob,h 11,593 5,710 3,931 1,487 281 6 5 0
Hawaiia,f 2,651 2,445 1,478 944 23 0 0 0
Idaho 3,555 2,026 1,540 476 10 0 / 0
Montanab 2,109 1,081 707 335 35 / 4 0
Nevadab,c,i 7,713 4,069 2,913 683 / / / 473
New Mexico 4,167 2,699 1,587 1,056 9 0 47 0
Oregonj 6,954 2,997 1,909 1,000 58 30 / 0
Utah 3,766 2,573 1,240 1,327 4 2 0 0
Washingtonb 11,607 5,990 5,174 665 137 14 0 0
Wyomingc 1,365 601 390 201 9 0 1 0
c
Note: See the questionnaire for category New court commitments may include a small appeal/bond. See Explanatory notes.
h
definitions and the Explanatory notes for number of other admissions. See Explanatory notes. Escape and AWOL data are estimated.
d i
State-by-State variations from definitions. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts. Nevada's escapee returns may be included in
e
...Not applicable. Vermont's escape and AWOL data may include any other admission category.
j
/Not reported. an undetermined number of returns from Oregon's transfers may be included in any
a
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; appeal/bond. other admission category.
f
jails and prisons are combined in one system. Some or all data for the admission categories
b
Data by sentence length may be slightly are estimated.
g
incorrect. See Explanatory notes. Other admissions may include returns from
Table 5.11b. Sentenced male prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1997
Number of sentenced male prisoners released during 1997 Number

Out on Transfers of male
Region and Conditional Unconditional Escapees appeal to other Other prisoners
U.S. total 477,042 348,158 99,806 7,361 657 3,093 2,980 14,987 1,120,787
Federal 25,140 2,361 20,173 / / 179 229 2,198 88,448

State 451,902 345,797 79,633 7,361 657 2,914 2,751 12,789 1,032,339
Northeast 58,537 45,780 9,303 1,681 203 1,071 477 22 153,922

Connecticuta 1,384 1,005 211 80 1 56 30 1 11,128
Maine 634 204 424 5 0 0 1 0 1,484
Massachusettsb 3,151 874 1,879 17 0 357 24 0 10,406
New Hampshire 875 669 186 15 0 0 5 0 2,055
New Jerseyc 14,048 10,502 3,379 1 71 0 95 0 26,957
New York 28,081 24,171 1,523 1,481 98 579 211 18 65,539
Pennsylvania 8,526 6,650 1,609 76 22 65 104 0 33,534
Rhode Islanda,c 861 812 12 6 11 11 6 3 2,025
Vermonta,d 977 893 80 0 0 3 1 0 794
Midwest 85,027 65,110 15,751 3,033 120 41 473 499 204,698

Illinoisc,d 22,447 20,359 988 924 17 / 96 63 38,358
Indiana 8,107 7,555 496 12 / 0 44 0 16,673
Iowad 3,351 2,607 633 5 54 0 9 43 6,410
Kansas 3,562 3,268 255 11 4 / 24 0 7,435
Michigand 10,606 8,054 1,003 1,193 0 15 95 246 42,715
Minnesota 3,172 2,744 422 / / / 6 0 5,050
Missouri 10,228 8,413 890 848 16 10 46 5 22,305
Nebraska 1,361 644 685 22 / 0 10 0 3,118
North Dakota 486 324 154 7 0 0 1 0 660
Ohioc 16,143 6,184 9,793 8 28 16 114 0 45,174
South Dakotac 871 538 323 3 1 0 6 0 2,073
Wisconsinc 4,693 4,420 109 / ... 0 22 142 14,727
South 161,035 104,215 45,157 1,671 135 1,688 1,355 6,814 448,927
Alabama 8,098 4,751 2,886 229 69 71 88 4 20,368
Arkansac 4,355 3,598 616 9 26 55 30 21 9,335
Delawarea,b 1,447 454 692 0 0 33 11 257 3,105
District of Col.a,b,c,e 6,826 3,447 2,281 452 1 612 25 8 8,946
Floridad 22,952 8,516 13,514 180 26 147 231 338 61,162
Georgiad 12,594 8,733 3,080 64 / 607 109 1 33,586
Kentucky 5,861 2,852 2,813 97 / 4 27 68 13,548
Louisiana 11,986 11,256 515 97 / 33 79 6 27,397
Marylandb,f 9,416 8,348 900 79 / 7 54 28 20,098
Mississippig 4,653 2,137 1,982 60 / 0 45 429 12,792
North Carolinac 11,314 7,542 3,593 129 0 0 50 0 26,191
Oklahomac 5,655 3,019 2,412 159 0 0 65 0 18,489
South Carolina 7,076 4,019 2,787 35 11 0 53 171 19,100
Tennesseec 7,523 5,632 1,630 75 / 119 67 0 15,861
Texasc 31,360 23,779 1,776 0 / / 322 5,483 130,051
Virginia 9,314 5,763 3,459 2 / / 90 0 25,936
West Virginiac 605 369 221 4 2 0 9 0 2,962
West 147,303 130,692 9,422 976 199 114 446 5,454 224,792
Alaskaa 2,127 1,559 523 29 2 11 3 0 2,415
Arizonad 7,578 6,310 811 0 1 3 60 393 20,938
Californiac,g 110,938 103,921 1,731 375 / 31 252 4,628 142,428
Coloradoc,h 4,791 3,418 937 286 3 0 34 113 12,512
Hawaiia,f 2,016 1,461 120 35 112 2 8 278 3,080
Idaho 1,933 1,656 258 10 0 0 9 0 3,648
Montanac 840 600 194 36 2 4 4 0 2,350
Nevadac,i 3,453 1,634 1,769 / 0 / 23 27 8,329
New Mexico 2,737 1,689 998 9 1 33 7 0 4,129
Oregonj 2,761 2,638 7 52 30 / 19 15 7,190
Utah 2,269 2,063 179 3 21 0 3 0 4,070
Washingtonc 5,307 3,456 1,664 141 24 0 22 0 12,290
Wyoming 553 287 231 0 3 30 2 0 1,413
g
Note: See the questionnaire for category releases to probation or appeal/bond. Other releases may include some releases
definitions and the Explanatory notes for See Explanatory notes. to appeal/bond. See Explanatory notes.
c h
State-by-State variations from definitions. Data for inmates by sentence length may be slightly Escape and AWOL data are estimated.
i
...Not applicable. incorrect. See Explanatory notes. Nevada's escapees may be included in
d
/Not reported. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts. any other release category.
a e j
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; The District of Columbia was unable to report deaths by Oregon's transfers may be included in any
jails and prisons are combined in one system. gender; therefore, all deaths are reported under males. other release category.
b f
Unconditional releases may include some Some or all data for release categories are estimated.

Table 5.12a. Sentenced female prisoners admitted from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1997
Number Number of sentenced female prisoners admitted during 1997

of female Parole or other Escapees Returns Transfers
Region and prisoners New court conditional release and AWOL’s from appeal from other Other
jurisdiction 12/31/97 Total commitments violators returned returned or bond jurisdictions releases
U.S. total 69,913 56,053 37,152 15,396 926 137 247 2,195
Federal 6,107 3,254 2,866 255 / / 122 11

State 63,806 52,799 34,286 15,141 926 137 125 2,184
Northeast 7,947 5,001 3,422 1,211 168 9 52 139

Connecticuta 757 242 73 95 10 0 0 64
Maine 43 40 24 4 0 0 1 11
Massachusetts 461 297 238 55 0 / 4 0
New Hampshire 106 74 57 17 0 / 0 0
New Jerseyb,c 1,281 1,416 885 531 0 / / 0
New Yorkc 3,728 2,229 1,675 354 152 6 41 1
Pennsylvania 1,476 582 428 124 2 2 6 20
Rhode Islanda,b 74 55 32 20 2 1 0 0
Vermont a,d,e 21 66 10 11 2 / 0 43
Midwest 11,836 10,406 8,049 1,578 445 50 12 272

Illinoisb,d 2,249 2,481 2,000 349 131 0 / 1
Indianac 994 891 826 58 4 / 3 0
Iowad 470 552 332 98 100 7 9 6
Kansasc 476 456 345 103 0 / / 8
Michigand 1,920 1,068 627 239 119 37 0 46
Minnesota 234 299 232 67 / / / 0
Missouri 1,464 1,490 989 309 88 0 0 104
Nebraska 214 177 131 43 3 / 0 0
North Dakota 39 56 48 8 0 0 0 0
Ohiob 2,805 2,203 1,996 201 0 6 0 0
South Dakotab 142 139 119 17 0 0 0 3
Wisconsin 829 594 404 86 / ... 0 104
South 28,950 20,006 14,051 3,912 192 76 39 1,736

Alabama 1,292 953 792 119 29 7 4 2
Arkansasb 538 491 307 128 0 2 2 52
Delawarea 164 165 112 38 5 0 0 10
District of Col.a,b 430 571 332 146 70 0 23 0
Floridad 3,299 2,021 1,791 176 14 2 2 36
Georgiad 2,175 1,439 1,211 220 8 0 0 0
Kentucky 820 915 707 195 9 ... 0 4
Louisiana 1,561 1,544 581 881 0 64 0 18
Marylandc,f 969 902 722 172 8 / 0 0
Mississippic,g 805 577 540 28 7 / 0 2
North Carolinab 1,484 1,078 794 261 4 0 0 19
Oklahomab,c 1,940 1,113 1,047 32 34 0 0 0
South Carolina 1,103 689 548 136 1 1 / 3
Tennesseeb 688 866 508 349 3 / 6 0
Texasb 9,933 5,456 3,007 859 0 0 / 1,590
Virginia 1,604 1,136 980 156 / / / 0
West Virginiab 145 90 72 16 0 0 2 0
West 15,073 17,386 8,764 8,440 121 2 22 37

Alaskaa 139 339 250 77 12 0 0 0
Arizonad 1,415 814 564 244 5 0 1 0
Californiab 9,418 12,604 5,203 7,362 20 / 19 0
Coloradob,h 845 623 437 126 59 0 1 0
Hawaiia,f 303 394 257 135 2 0 0 0
Idaho 276 300 247 53 0 0 / 0
Montanab 121 122 119 3 0 / 0 0
Nevadab,c,i 612 464 382 45 / / / 37
New Mexico 339 334 252 81 0 0 1 0
Oregonj 362 267 188 75 4 0 / 0
Utah 210 262 145 117 0 0 0 0
Washingtonb 920 771 630 120 19 2 0 0
Wyomingc 113 92 90 2 0 0 0 0
c
Note: See the questionnaire for category New court commitments may include a small number appeal/bond. See Explanatory notes.
h
definitions and the Explanatory notes for of other admissions. See Explanatory notes. Escape and AWOL data are estimated.
d i
State-by-State variations from definitions. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts. Nevada’s escapee returns may be included in any
e
...Not applicable. Vermont’s escape and AWOL data may include an other admission category.
j
/Not reported. undetermined number of returns from appeal/bond. Oregon’s transfers may be included in any other
a f
Counts include both jail and prison inmates; Some or all data for the admission categories are admission category.
jails and prisons are combined in one system. estimated.
b g
Data by sentence length may be slightly Other admissions may include returns from
incorrect. See Explanatory notes.
Table 5.12b. Sentenced female prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1997
Number of sentenced female prisoners released during 1997 Number

Out on Transfers of female
Region and Conditional Unconditional Escapees appeal to other Other prisoners
U.S. total 51,806 37,918 10,090 749 95 213 130 2,611 73,794
Federal 2,557 84 2,121 / / 0 9 343 6,539

State 49,249 37,834 7,969 749 95 213 121 2,268 67,255
Northeast 5,043 4,112 669 137 14 79 24 8 7,905

Connecticuta 207 177 15 8 0 4 3 0 792
Maine 25 8 17 0 0 0 0 0 58
Massachusettsb 317 120 183 0 0 14 0 0 441
New Hampshire 71 60 11 0 0 0 0 0 109
New Jerseyc 1,293 1,017 266 0 4 0 6 0 1,404
New York 2,388 2,091 93 124 7 55 10 8 3,569
Pennsylvania 635 545 74 3 3 5 5 0 1,423
Rhode Islanda,c 54 51 0 2 0 1 0 0 75
Vermont a,d 53 43 10 0 0 0 0 0 34
Midwest 9,494 7,234 1,789 347 20 1 15 88 12,685

Illinoisc,d 2,300 2,114 43 136 2 / 5 0 2,430
Indiana 828 769 58 0 / 0 1 0 1,057
Iowad 494 426 53 1 7 1 0 6 528
Kansas 456 424 28 0 4 / 0 0 476
Michigand 932 704 49 114 0 0 4 61 2,056
Minnesota 277 246 31 / / / 0 0 256
Missouri 1,261 1,107 57 93 1 0 2 1 1,693
Nebraska 180 119 58 3 / 0 0 0 211
North Dakota 40 30 10 0 0 0 0 0 55
Ohioc 2,166 805 1,352 0 6 0 3 0 2,842
South Dakotac 112 72 40 0 0 0 0 0 169
Wisconsinc 448 418 10 / ... 0 0 20 912
South 18,567 11,996 4,543 140 25 124 60 1,679 30,351

Alabama 933 567 299 37 15 12 3 0 1,312
Arkansasc 428 382 29 0 4 0 1 12 601
Delawarea,b 170 46 91 0 0 0 1 32 159
District of Col.a,b,c,e 556 220 269 31 0 36 / 0 407
Floridad 1,908 502 1,322 6 2 10 11 55 3,412
Georgiad 1,413 1,132 217 5 / 54 5 0 2,201
Kentucky 683 395 266 12 / 0 1 9 1,052
Louisiana 1,237 1,184 50 0 / 2 1 0 1,868
Marylandb,f 881 771 98 9 / 0 0 3 990
Mississippig 498 237 178 6 / 0 2 75 884
North Carolinac 1,186 859 315 6 0 0 6 0 1,376
Oklahomac 1,000 619 357 21 0 0 3 0 2,053
South Carolina 628 307 305 4 4 0 2 6 1,164
Tennesseec 756 636 104 3 / 10 3 0 798
Texasc 5,089 3,463 120 0 / / 19 1,487 10,300
Virginia 1,152 655 495 0 / / 2 0 1,588
West Virginiac 49 21 28 0 0 0 0 0 186
West 16,145 14,492 968 125 36 9 22 493 16,314

Alaskaa 322 206 99 12 0 4 1 0 156
Arizonad 814 713 53 3 1 0 1 43 1,415
Californiac,g 11,711 11,129 143 32 / 2 16 389 10,311
Coloradoc,h 519 364 84 57 0 0 0 14 949
Hawaiia,f 329 228 20 2 31 3 0 45 368
Idaho 313 290 22 0 0 0 1 0 263
Montanac 76 65 11 0 0 0 0 0 167
Nevadac,i 381 209 170 / 0 / 2 0 695
New Mexico 352 211 141 0 0 0 0 0 321
Oregonj 230 225 1 2 0 / 0 2 399
Utah 262 247 13 0 2 0 0 0 210
Washingtonc 767 561 186 17 2 0 1 0 924
Wyoming 69 44 25 0 0 0 0 0 136
g
Note: See the questionnaire for category Explanatory notes. Other releases may include some
c
definitions and the Explanatory notes for Data for inmates by sentence length may be releases to appeal/bond. See
State-by-State variations from definitions. slightly incorrect. See Explanatory notes. Explanatory notes.
d h
...Not applicable. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts. Escape and AWOL data are estimated.
e i
/Not reported. The District of Columbia was unable to Nevada's escapees may be included in
a
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; report deaths by gender; therefore, all deaths any other release category.
j
jails and prisons are combined in one system. are reported under males. Oregon's transfers may be included in
b f
Unconditional releases may include some Some or all data for release categories are estimated. any other release category.
releases to probation or appeal/bond. See

Table 5.13. Sentenced prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction,
by type of release, 1997
Conditional release Unconditional release

Supervised
Region and mandatory Expiration
jurisdiction Total Parole Probation release Other Total of sentence Commutation Other
U.S. total 386,076 139,544 31,029 195,279 20,224 109,896 104,361 343 5,192
Federal 2,445 1,450 71 924 / 22,294 22,048 246 /

State 383,631 138,094 30,958 194,355 20,224 87,602 82,313 97 5,192
Northeast 49,892 41,674 740 5,298 2,180 9,972 9,729 4 239

Connecticuta 1,182 170 ... ... 1,012 226 219 0 7
Maine 212 2 210 0 0 441 441 0 0
Massachusettsb,c 994 994 / / 0 2,062 1,981 1 80
New Hampshire 729 633 80 / 16 197 176 0 21
New Jerseyd 11,519 10,982 ... ... 537 3,645 3,645 0 0
New York 26,262 20,964 0 5,298 0 1,616 1,616 0 0
Pennsylvania 7,195 7,195 ... ... 0 1,683 1,552 0 131
Rhode Island a,d 863 449 408 ... 6 12 9 3 0
Vermont a,e 936 285 42 ... 609 90 90 0 0
Midwest 72,344 26,914 10,522 31,831 3,077 17,540 16,746 2 792

Illinoisd,e 22,473 44 ... 22,429 0 1,031 1,006 2 23
Indiana 8,324 0 4,117 4,207 0 554 0 0 554
Iowae 3,033 1,526 599 ... 908 686 572 0 114
Kansas 3,692 3,504 43 ... 145 283 283 0 0
Michigane 8,758 8,758 ... ... 0 1,052 1,052 0 0
Minnesotaf 2,990 2 ... 2,585 403 453 439 / 14
Missouri 9,520 4,582 3,418 0 1,520 947 903 0 44
Nebraska 763 763 ... ... 0 743 743 0 0
North Dakota 354 187 158 ... 9 164 164 0 0
Ohiod 6,989 3,438 2,166 1,293 92 11,145 11,129 0 16
South Dakotad,g 610 519 21 70 ... 363 363 0 ...
Wisconsind 4,838 3,591 ... 1,247 0 119 92 0 27
South 116,211 54,729 15,979 37,108 8,395 49,700 46,318 87 3,295

Alabama 5,318 2,556 2,762 ... 0 3,185 3,095 0 90
Arkansasd 3,980 3,678 ... ... 302 645 643 0 2
Delawarea,b,c 500 31 / 469 0 783 259 0 524
District of Col.a,b,c,d 3,667 2,854 / 63 750 2,550 2,440 0 110
Floridae 9,018 134 4,181 ... 4,703 14,836 14,462 53 321
Georgiae 9,865 8,502 51 ... 1,312 3,297 3,262 34 1
Kentucky 3,247 2,271 976 ... / 3,079 3,079 0 /
Louisiana 12,440 946 460 11,034 0 565 468 0 97
Marylandc,h 9,119 4,045 ... 5,048 26 998 538 0 460
Mississippi 2,374 1,222 1,152 ... 0 2,160 1,797 0 363
North Carolinad,i 8,401 8,401 0 / 0 3,908 3,873 0 35
Oklahomad 3,638 442 2,925 0 271 2,769 1,920 0 849
South Carolina 4,326 2,978 1,348 0 0 3,092 2,973 0 119
Tennesseed,i 6,268 3,433 1,804 / 1,031 1,734 1,734 0 0
Texasd 27,242 9,798 303 17,141 0 1,896 1,896 ... ...
Virginiaf 6,418 3,065 ... 3,353 0 3,954 3,630 / 324
West Virginiad 390 373 17 ... 0 249 249 0 0
West 145,184 14,777 3,717 120,118 6,572 10,390 9,520 4 866

Alaskaa 1,765 57 1,116 299 293 622 562 2 58
Arizonae 7,023 997 42 79 5,905 864 761 2 101
Californiaa,d,j 115,050 / ... 115,050 ... 1,874 1,874 / /
Coloradod 3,782 2,828 221 733 0 1,021 1,021 0 0
Hawaiia,h 1,689 739 940 0 10 140 134 0 6
Idaho 1,946 744 1,060 ... 142 280 280 0 0
Montanad 665 438 214 0 13 205 205 0 0
Nevadad,k 1,843 1,843 ... ... 0 1,939 1,395 0 544
New Mexico 1,900 1,900 ... ... 0 1,139 1,139 0 0
Oregonl 2,863 2,654 ... ... 209 8 0 0 8
Utah 2,310 2,310 0 0 0 192 57 0 135
Washingtond 4,017 60 ... 3,957 0 1,850 1,836 0 14
Wyoming 331 207 124 0 0 256 256 0 0
h
Note: See the questionnaire for category releases to probation or appeal/bond. See Some or all data for release categories
definitions and the Explanatory notes for Explanatory notes. are estimated.
d i
State-by-State variations from definitions. Data for inmates by sentence length may be Paroles may include supervised
...Not applicable. slightly incorrect. See Explanatory notes. mandatory
e
/Not reported. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction releases. See Explanatory notes.
a j
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; counts. Supervised mandatory release includes
f
jails and prisons are combined in one system. Other unconditional releases may include some releases to parole.
b k
Expirations of sentence may include releases some commutations. See Explanatory notes. Nevada's escapees may be included in
g
to probation. See Explanatory notes. Expiration of sentence may include commutation any other release category.
c l
Unconditional releases may include some and pardon. See Explanatory notes. Oregon's transfers may be included in
any other release category.
Table 5.14. Sentenced male prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally
from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1997

Supervised Expiration
Region and mandatory of
jurisdiction Total Parole Probation release Other Total sentence Commutation Other
U.S. total 348,158 125,493 27,219 177,128 18,318 99,806 94,925 303 4,578
Federal 2,361 1,397 65 899 / 20,173 19,959 214 /

State 345,797 124,096 27,154 176,229 18,318 79,633 74,966 89 4,578
Northeast 45,780 38,070 709 5,084 1,917 9,303 9,090 4 209

Connecticuta 1,005 156 ... ... 849 211 205 0 6
Maine 204 2 202 0 0 424 424 0 0
Massachusettsb,c 874 874 / / 0 1,879 1,811 1 67
New Hampshire 669 582 72 / 15 186 171 0 15
New Jerseyd 10,502 10,024 ... ... 478 3,379 3,379 0 0
New York 24,171 19,087 0 5,084 0 1,523 1,523 0 0
Pennsylvania 6,650 6,650 ... ... 0 1,609 1,488 0 121
Rhode Islanda,d 812 411 395 ... 6 12 9 3 0
Vermonta,e 893 284 40 ... 569 80 80 0 0
Midwest 65,110 24,239 9,051 29,022 2,798 15,751 15,057 1 693

Illinoisd,e 20,359 44 ... 20,315 0 988 970 1 17
Indiana 7,555 0 3,674 3,881 0 496 0 0 496
Iowae 2,607 1,307 461 ... 839 633 541 0 92
Kansas 3,268 3,088 37 ... 143 255 255 0 0
Michigane 8,054 8,054 ... ... 0 1,003 1,003 0 0
Minnesotaf 2,744 2 ... 2,389 353 422 409 / 13
Missouri 8,413 4,009 2,959 0 1,445 890 850 0 40
Nebraska 644 644 ... ... 0 685 685 0 0
North Dakota 324 169 147 ... 8 154 154 0 0
Ohiod 6,184 3,225 1,754 1,195 10 9,793 9,780 0 13
South Dakotad,g 538 459 19 60 ... 323 323 0 ...
Wisconsind 4,420 3,238 ... 1,182 0 109 87 0 22
South 104,215 48,524 14,231 33,758 7,702 45,157 42,211 80 2,866

Alabama 4,751 2,266 2,485 ... 0 2,886 2,805 0 81
Arkansasd 3,598 3,331 ... ... 267 616 615 0 1
Delawarea,b,c 454 31 / 423 0 692 243 0 449
District of Col.a,b,c,d 3,447 2,649 / 60 738 2,281 2,171 0 110
Floridae 8,516 131 3,885 ... 4,500 13,514 13,167 46 301
Georgiae 8,733 7,615 46 ... 1,072 3,080 3,045 34 1
Kentucky 2,852 2,041 811 ... / 2,813 2,813 0 /
Louisiana 11,256 827 418 10,011 0 515 426 0 89
Maryland c,h 8,348 3,566 ... 4,756 26 900 499 0 401
Mississippi 2,137 1,102 1,035 ... 0 1,982 1,673 0 309
North Carolinad,i 7,542 7,542 0 / 0 3,593 3,566 0 27
Oklahomad 3,019 351 2,430 0 238 2,412 1,690 0 722
South Carolina 4,019 2,795 1,224 0 0 2,787 2,685 0 102
Tennesseed,i 5,632 3,154 1,617 / 861 1,630 1,630 0 0
Texasd 23,779 8,092 264 15,423 0 1,776 1,776 ... ...
Virginiaf 5,763 2,678 ... 3,085 0 3,459 3,186 / 273
West Virginiad 369 353 16 ... 0 221 221 0 0
West 130,692 13,263 3,163 108,365 5,901 9,422 8,608 4 810

Alaskaa 1,559 47 969 282 261 523 473 2 48
Arizonae 6,310 893 39 77 5,301 811 715 2 94
Californiad,j 103,921 / ... 103,921 ... 1,731 1,731 / /
Coloradod 3,418 2,537 194 687 0 937 937 0 0
Hawaiia,h 1,461 658 797 0 6 120 114 0 6
Idaho 1,656 680 850 ... 126 258 258 0 0
Montanad 600 385 202 0 13 194 194 0 0
Nevadad,k 1,634 1,634 ... ... 0 1,769 1,249 0 520
New Mexico 1,689 1,689 ... ... 0 998 998 0 0
Oregonl 2,638 2,444 ... ... 194 7 0 0 7
Utah 2,063 2,063 0 0 0 179 57 0 122
Washingtond 3,456 58 ... 3,398 0 1,664 1,651 0 13
Wyoming 287 175 112 0 0 231 231 0 0
h
Note: See the questionnaire for category releases to probation or appeal/bond. See Some or all data for release categories are
definitions and the Explanatory notes for Explanatory notes. estimated.
d i
State-by-State variations from definitions. Data for inmates by sentence length may be Paroles may include supervised mandatory
...Not applicable. slightly incorrect. See Explanatory notes. releases. See Explanatory notes.
e j
/Not reported. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction Supervised mandatory release includes
a
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; counts. some releases to parole.
f k
jails and prisons are combined in one system. Other unconditional releases may include Nevada's escapees may be included in
b
Expirations of sentence may include releases some commutations. See Explanatory Notes. any other release category.
g l
to probation. See Explanatory notes. Expirations of sentence may include Oregon's transfers may be included in any
c
Unconditional releases may include some commutations and pardons. See Explanatory notes. other release category.

Table 5.15. Sentenced female prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally
from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1997

Supervised
Region and mandatory Expiration
jurisdiction Total Parole Probation release Other Total of sentence Commutation Other
U.S. total 37,918 14,051 3,810 18,151 1,906 10,090 9,436 40 614
Federal 84 53 6 25 / 2,121 2,089 32 /

State 37,834 13,998 3,804 18,126 1,906 7,969 7,347 8 614
Northeast 4,112 3,604 31 214 263 669 639 0 30

Connecticuta 177 14 ... ... 163 15 14 0 1
Maine 8 0 8 0 0 17 17 0 0
Massachusettsb,c 120 120 / / 0 183 170 0 13
New Hampshire 60 51 8 / 1 11 5 0 6
New Jerseyd 1,017 958 ... ... 59 266 266 0 0
New York 2,091 1,877 0 214 0 93 93 0 0
Pennsylvania 545 545 ... ... 0 74 64 0 10
Rhode Islanda,d 51 38 13 ... 0 0 0 0 0
Vermonta,e 43 1 2 ... 40 10 10 0 0
Midwest 7,234 2,675 1,471 2,809 279 1,789 1,689 1 99

Illinoisd,e 2,114 0 ... 2,114 0 43 36 1 6
Indiana 769 0 443 326 0 58 0 0 58
Iowae 426 219 138 ... 69 53 31 0 22
Kansas 424 416 6 ... 2 28 28 0 0
Michigane 704 704 ... ... 0 49 49 0 0
Minnesotaf 246 0 ... 196 50 31 30 / 1
Missouri 1,107 573 459 0 75 57 53 0 4
Nebraska 119 119 ... ... 0 58 58 0 0
North Dakota 30 18 11 ... 1 10 10 0 0
Ohiod 805 213 412 98 82 1,352 1,349 0 3
South Dakotad,g 72 60 2 10 ... 40 40 0 ...
Wisconsind 418 353 ... 65 0 10 5 0 5
South 11,996 6,205 1,748 3,350 693 4,543 4,107 7 429

Alabama 567 290 277 ... 0 299 290 0 9
Arkansasd 382 347 ... ... 35 29 28 0 1
Delawarea,b,c 46 0 / 46 0 91 16 0 75
District of Col.a,b,c,d 220 205 / 3 12 269 269 0 0
Floridae 502 3 296 ... 203 1,322 1,295 7 20
Georgiae 1,132 887 5 ... 240 217 217 0 0
Kentucky 395 230 165 ... / 266 266 0 /
Louisiana 1,184 119 42 1,023 0 50 42 0 8
Marylandc,h 771 479 ... 292 0 98 39 0 59
Mississippi 237 120 117 ... 0 178 124 0 54
North Carolinad,i 859 859 0 / 0 315 307 0 8
Oklahomad 619 91 495 0 33 357 230 0 127
South Carolina 307 183 124 0 0 305 288 0 17
Tennesseed,i 636 279 187 / 170 104 104 0 0
Texasd 3,463 1,706 39 1,718 0 120 120 ... ...
Virginiaf 655 387 ... 268 0 495 444 / 51
West Virginiad 21 20 1 ... 0 28 28 0 0
West 14,492 1,514 554 11,753 671 968 912 0 56

Alaskaa 206 10 147 17 32 99 89 0 10
Arizonae 713 104 3 2 604 53 46 0 7
Californiad,j 11,129 / ... 11,129 ... 143 143 / /
Coloradod 364 291 27 46 0 84 84 0 0
Hawaiia,h 228 81 143 0 4 20 20 0 0
Idaho 290 64 210 ... 16 22 22 0 0
Montanad 65 53 12 0 0 11 11 0 0
Nevadad,k 209 209 ... ... 0 170 146 0 24
New Mexico 211 211 ... ... 0 141 141 0 0
Oregonl 225 210 ... ... 15 1 0 0 1
Utah 247 247 0 0 0 13 0 0 13
Washingtond 561 2 ... 559 0 186 185 0 1
Wyoming 44 32 12 0 0 25 25 0 0
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions releases to probation or appeal/bond. See Explanatory notes.
h
and the Explanatory notes for State-by-State Explanatory notes. Some or all data for release categories are
d
variations from definitions. Data for inmates by sentence length may be estimated.
i
...Not applicable. slightly incorrect. See Explanatory notes. Paroles may include supervised mandatory
e
/Not reported. Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction releases. See Explanatory notes.
a j
Counts include both jail and prison inmates; counts. Supervised mandatory release includes
f
jails and prisons are combined in one system. Other unconditional releases may include some some releases to parole.
b k
Expiration of sentence may include releases commutations. See Explanatory notes. Nevada's escapees may be included in any
g
to probation. See Explanatory notes. Expirations of sentence may include other release category.
c l
Unconditional releases may include some commutations and pardons. See Oregon's transfers may be included in any
other release category.
Table 5.16. Sentenced prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction for violation of parole
or other conditional release, by gender and status of sentence, 1997
Parole violators Other conditional release violators

Region and New sentence No new sentence New sentence No new sentence
jurisdiction Total Total Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female
U.S. total 189,765 64,100 24,534 1,885 34,851 2,830 125,665 30,614 2,564 84,370 8,117
Federal 3,106 1,261 / / 1,137 124 1,845 / / 1,714 131

State 186,659 62,839 24,534 1,885 33,714 2,706 123,820 30,614 2,564 82,656 7,986
Northeast 18,622 14,635 1,156 58 12,474 947 3,987 258 14 3,523 192
Connecticuta 752 234 9 0 205 20 518 8 1 435 74
Maine 104 8 8 0 0 0 96 42 2 50 2
Massachusettsb 805 644 / / 598 46 161 152 9 / /
New Hampshireb 347 347 / / 330 17 / / / / /
New Jerseyc,d 6,064 5,758 484 33 4,772 469 306 / / 277 29
New York 6,834 5,814 / / 5,481 333 1,020 / / 999 21
Pennsylvaniae 3,207 1,406 445 21 902 38 1,801 / / 1,736 65
Rhode Islanda,c 264 179 60 3 102 14 85 56 2 26 1
Vermonta,b,e,f 245 245 150 1 84 10 / / / / /
Midwest 23,471 12,845 4,056 206 7,992 591 10,626 4,632 342 5,213 439
Illinoisc,d,f,g 6,145 / / / / / 6,145 4,188 306 1,608 43
Indiana 837 837 232 13 547 45 / / / / /
Iowaf 751 477 217 40 192 28 274 137 19 107 11
Kansas 1,323 1,232 163 11 967 91 91 13 0 77 1
Michiganf 3,956 3,956 1,225 63 2,492 176 0 0 0 0 0
Minnesota 1,057 0 0 0 0 0 1,057 131 9 859 58
Missouri 3,262 1,582 367 31 1,090 94 1,680 35 0 1,461 184
Nebraskab 310 310 / / 267 43 0 0 0 0 0
North Dakotab,d 109 47 / / 41 6 62 / / 60 2
Ohioc 3,964 3,033 1,435 15 1,527 56 931 / / 801 130
South Dakotac 168 122 8 0 102 12 46 1 0 40 5
Wisconsin 1,589 1,249 409 33 767 40 340 127 8 200 5
South 47,425 28,253 17,770 1,493 8,227 763 19,172 8,739 726 8,777 930
Alabamag 1,370 783 56 5 648 74 587 547 40 / /
Arkansasc 1,663 1,494 659 10 726 99 169 49 0 101 19
Delawarea,e,g 407 45 43 2 / / 362 326 36 / /
District of Col.a,c 2,134 2,066 1,928 138 / / 68 / / 60 8
Floridaf 3,141 119 6 0 107 6 3,022 439 9 2,413 161
Georgiae,f 3,552 3,552 2,723 145 609 75 / / / / /
Kentucky 2,085 1,713 144 6 1,430 133 372 32 8 284 48
Louisiana 8,471 785 170 9 539 67 7,686 1,510 162 5,371 643
Marylandh 2,985 2,982 949 58 1,861 114 3 0 0 3 0
Mississippi 353 118 41 1 72 4 235 212 23 0 0
North Carolinac,e 2,912 2,912 2,651 261 / / / / / / /
Oklahomac 182 182 103 20 47 12 / / / / /
South Carolina 2,218 1,333 149 9 1,111 64 885 277 14 545 49
Tennesseec,e,g 4,200 2,515 2,331 184 / / 1,685 1,520 165 / /
Texasc,e,g 10,089 5,995 5,403 592 / / 4,094 3,827 267 / /
Virginia 1,477 1,477 384 47 937 109 0 / / 0 0
West Virginiac 186 182 30 6 140 6 4 0 2 0 2
West 97,141 7,106 1,552 128 5,021 405 90,035 16,985 1,482 65,143 6,425
Alaskaa 782 217 26 3 183 5 565 108 2 388 67
Arizonaf 2,232 483 70 2 358 53 1,749 268 9 1,292 180
Californiac,d,g 85,196 / / / / / 85,196 16,185 1,406 61,649 5,956
Coloradoc 1,613 1,433 322 24 1,008 79 180 61 3 96 20
Hawaiia,h 1,079 443 34 27 382 0 636 280 53 248 55
Idaho 529 297 39 3 238 17 232 44 7 155 26
Montanac 338 125 5 1 118 1 213 / / 212 1
Nevadac 728 728 67 4 616 41 ... ... ... ... ...
New Mexicob,d 1,137 789 / / 711 78 348 / / 345 3
Oregon 1,075 1,075 615 37 385 38 0 0 0 0 0
Utah 1,444 1,444 371 27 956 90 0 0 0 0 0
Washingtonc 785 43 3 0 39 1 742 39 2 584 117
Wyomingb 203 29 / / 27 2 174 0 0 174 0
Note: See the questionnaire for category include inmates from other admission categories. inmates from other admission categories. See
definitions and the Explanatory notes for See Explanatory notes. Explanatory notes.
c f
State-by-State variations from definitions. Data for inmates by sentence length may be slightly Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
g
...Not applicable. incorrect. See Explanatory notes. Other conditional release violators with new
d
/Not reported. Other conditional release violators with no new sentences sentences include inmates from other admission
a
Figures include both jail and prison inmates; include inmates from other admission categories. See categories. See Explanatory notes.
h
jails and prisons are combined in one system. Explanatory notes. Some or all data for the admission categories are
b e
Parole violators with no new sentences may Parole violators with new sentences may include estimated.

Table 5.17. Deaths among sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by gender and cause of death, 1997
Number of deaths among sentenced prisoners

Illness or Accidental Execu- Caused by Unspecified
Region and Total natural cause AIDS Suicide self-injury tiona anotherb cause
jurisdiction Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Male Male Female
U.S. total 2,980 130 1,781 78 511 27 153 6 32 5 74 75 354 14
Federal 229 9 / / / / / / / / 0 / 229 9

State 2,751 121 1,781 78 511 27 153 6 32 5 74 75 125 5
Northeast 477 24 278 18 131 5 32 0 11 0 0 15 10 1

Connecticutc 30 3 15 2 12 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Maine 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
Massachusetts 24 0 18 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
New Hampshire 5 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
New Jersey 95 6 39 4 40 1 1 0 4 0 0 5 6 1
New York 211 10 132 8 58 2 14 0 3 0 0 4 0 0
Pennsylvania 104 5 67 4 18 1 8 0 3 0 0 4 4 0
Rhode Islandc 6 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ... 1 0 0
Vermontc,d 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
Midwest 473 15 360 7 45 5 32 2 7 1 10 12 7 0

Illinoisd 96 5 66 1 14 2 10 1 2 1 2 2 0 0
Indiana 44 1 40 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Iowad 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
Kansas 24 0 21 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Michigand 95 4 67 1 15 3 5 0 2 0 ... 3 3 0
Minnesota 6 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ... 1 0 0
Missouri 46 2 32 2 6 0 1 0 1 0 6 0 0 0
Nebraska 10 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
North Dakota 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
Ohio 114 3 93 2 6 0 9 1 2 0 0 4 0 0
South Dakota 6 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Wisconsin 22 0 15 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 ... 0 4 0
South 1,355 60 811 38 296 13 53 3 9 3 60 29 97 3

Alabama 88 3 / / 14 0 / / / / 3 / 71 3
Arkansas 30 1 20 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 3 0 0
Delawarec 11 1 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
District of Col.c,e 25 / 21 / / / 1 / 0 / ... 3 / /
Floridad 231 11 117 4 104 4 4 0 2 3 1 3 0 0
Georgiad 109 5 59 2 38 3 6 0 1 0 0 0 5 0
Kentucky 27 1 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Louisiana 79 1 57 1 17 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0
Maryland 54 0 24 0 12 0 8 0 0 0 1 4 5 0
Mississippi 45 2 38 2 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
North Carolina 50 6 40 6 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oklahoma 65 3 55 3 3 0 2 0 1 0 1 3 0 0
South Carolina 53 2 32 1 18 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Tennessee 67 3 49 2 13 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0
Texas 322 19 201 13 51 5 16 1 3 0 37 9 5 0
Virginia 90 2 52 1 14 0 3 1 0 0 9 1 11 0
West Virginia 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
West 446 22 332 15 39 4 36 1 5 1 4 19 11 1

Alaskac 3 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
Arizonad 60 1 51 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 2 1 0
California 252 16 180 11 33 3 18 0 4 1 0 14 3 1
Colorado 34 0 25 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 3 0 0
Hawaiic 8 0 4 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
Idaho 9 1 7 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Montana 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nevada 23 2 17 1 2 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
New Mexicof 7 0 / / 0 0 / / / / 0 / 7 0
Oregon 19 0 16 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Utah 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Washington 22 1 21 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wyoming 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the b

Counts include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are
Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. combined in one system.
...Not applicable. d
Data are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
/Not reported. e
The District of Columbia was unable to report deaths by gender;
a
No female deaths due to execution occurred during 1997. therefore, all deaths are reported under males.
No female deaths were reported as caused by another during 1997. f
Unable to distinguish cause of death except by execution.
Table 5.18. Prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1996 and 1997

U.S. total 1,176,922 1,127,764 4.4% 1,130,465 1,083,996 4.3% 46,457 43,768 6.1% 23,427 21,585 23,030 22,183
Federala 101,755 95,088 7.0% 87,538 81,900 6.9% 14,217 13,188 7.8% 3,207 2,926 11,010 10,262
State 1,075,167 1,032,676 4.1 1,042,927 1,002,096 4.1 32,240 30,580 5.4 20,220 18,659 12,020 11,921
Northeast 164,570 161,209 2.1% 156,761 153,879 1.9% 7,809 7,330 6.5% 3,173 2,726 4,636 4,604
Connecticutb 15,558 15,233 2.1 10,765 10,413 3.4 4,793 4,820 -0.6 1,681 1,680 3,112 3,140
Maine 1,601 1,476 8.5 1,537 1,421 8.2 64 55 16.4 64 55 ... ...
Massachusetts 10,918 10,803 1.1 9,942 9,941 976 862 13.2 292 176 684 686
New Hampshire 2,104 2,037 3.3 2,079 1,988 4.6 25 49 -49.0 19 38 6 11
New Jerseyc 25,497 23,123 10.3 25,497 23,123 10.3 / / / / ... ...
New York 69,383 69,709 -0.5 69,108 69,709 -0.9 275 0 275 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 34,929 34,476 1.3 34,922 34,474 1.3 7 2 250.0 6 0 1 2
Rhode Islandb 3,310 3,233 2.4 2,083 2,009 3.7 1,227 1,224 0.2 564 641 663 583
Vermontb 1,270 1,119 13.5 828 801 3.4 442 318 39.0 272 136 170 182
Midwest 214,177 202,428 5.8% 213,505 201,500 6.0% 672 928 -27.6% 361 327 311 601
Illinoisc 40,788 38,852 5.0 40,788 38,852 5.0 0 0 / / 0 0
Indiana 16,511 15,766 4.7 16,338 15,597 4.8 173 169 2.4 165 159 8 10
Iowa 6,938 6,342 9.4 6,938 6,342 9.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kansas 7,914 7,755 2.1 7,914 7,755 2.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Michigan 44,771 42,349 5.7 44,771 42,349 5.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Minnesota 5,327 4,804 10.9 5,307 4,799 10.6 20 5 300.0 ... 0 20 5
Missouric 24,010 22,018 9.0 23,992 22,014 9.0 18 4 350.0 18 4 0 ...
Nebraska 3,348 3,216 4.1 3,253 3,129 4.0 95 87 9.2 73 62 22 25
North Dakota 823 765 7.6 741 690 7.4 82 75 9.3 82 75 ... ...
Ohioc 47,808 45,968 4.0 47,808 45,968 4.0 / / / / ... ...
South Dakotac 2,239 2,063 8.5 2,239 2,063 8.5 / / / / ... ...
Wisconsind 13,700 12,530 9.3 13,416 11,942 12.3 284 588 -51.7 23 27 261 561
South 455,097 439,809 3.5% 439,463 425,707 3.2% 15,634 14,102 10.9% 14,034 12,485 1,600 1,617
Alabama 21,974 21,424 2.6 21,364 20,772 2.8 610 652 -6.4 610 652 0 0
Arkansasa 8,979 8,675 3.5 8,926 8,597 3.8 53 78 -32.1 53 78 0 0
Delawareb 5,432 5,107 6.4 3,261 3,116 4.7 2,171 1,991 9.0 1,181 1,092 990 899
District of Col.b,d 7,048 8,819 -20.1 6,509 8,111 -19.8 539 708 -23.9 221 291 318 417
Florida 64,626 63,763 1.4 64,574 63,746 1.3 52 17 205.9 52 17 ... ...
Georgia 36,505 35,139 3.9 35,787 34,328 4.3 718 811 -11.5 718 811 ... ...
Kentucky 10,875 10,148 7.2 10,875 10,148 7.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Louisiana 18,470 17,664 4.6 18,470 17,664 4.6 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Maryland 21,870 21,729 0.6 20,743 20,674 0.3 1,127 1,055 6.8 1,127 1,055 ... ...
Mississippi 10,347 10,030 3.2 10,010 9,711 3.1 337 319 5.6 337 319 0 0
North Carolina 30,990 28,756 7.8 26,998 25,669 5.2 3,992 3,087 29.3 3,712 2,810 280 277
Oklahomac 14,893 15,130 -1.6 14,893 15,130 -1.6 / / / / ... ...
South Carolina 20,613 19,860 3.8 19,706 19,197 2.7 907 663 36.8 907 663 ... ...
Tennesseec 15,095 13,565 11.3 15,095 13,565 11.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Texas 140,351 132,383 6.0 135,565 128,038 5.9 4,786 4,345 10.1 4,786 4,345 ... ...
Virginia 24,632 25,149 -2.1 24,302 24,797 -2.0 330 352 -6.3 330 352 ... ...
West Virginia 2,397 2,468 -2.9 2,385 2,444 -2.4 12 24 -50.0 ... ... 12 24
West 241,323 229,230 5.3% 233,198 221,010 5.5% 8,125 8,220 -1.2% 2,652 3,121 5,473 5,099
Alaskab 3,204 2,968 8.0 1,918 1,828 4.9 1,286 1,140 12.8 270 230 1,016 910
Arizona 23,484 22,493 4.4 22,353 21,523 3.9 1,131 970 16.6 1,131 970 0 0
Californiac 155,276 145,565 6.7 152,225 142,381 6.9 3,051 3,184 -4.2 / / 3,051 3,184
Coloradoc 10,566 10,302 2.6 10,566 10,302 2.6 / / / / ... ...
Hawaiib 4,078 3,309 23.2 2,592 2,324 11.5 1,486 985 50.9 172 96 1,314 889
Idaho 3,312 3,257 1.7 3,312 3,257 1.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Montanac 1,862 1,590 17.1 1,862 1,590 17.1 / ... / ... ... ...
Nevada 8,623 8,081 6.7 8,541 7,944 7.5 82 137 -40.1 82 137 0 0
New Mexicoe 3,639 4,733 ... 3,373 4,454 ... 266 279 ... 266 279 0 0
Oregon 7,774 8,457 -8.1 7,090 7,130 -0.6 684 1,327 -48.5 684 1,327 ... 0
Utah 4,861 4,560 6.6 4,775 4,449 7.3 86 111 -22.5 27 29 59 82
Washington 13,226 12,588 5.1 13,173 12,501 5.4 53 87 -39.1 20 53 33 34
Wyoming 1,418 1,327 6.9 1,418 1,327 6.9 0 0 0 0 0 0
d
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions is unknown. Unsentenced includes inmates for whom sentence
b
and the Explanatory notes for State-by-State Figures include both jail and prison inmates; jails length is unknown.
e
variations from definitions. and prisons are combined in one system. New Mexico's 1996 and 1997 custody data are not
c
...Not applicable. Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year may comparable because New Mexico included inmates
/Not reported. include some inmates sentenced to a year or less; in local jails or out of State because of crowding in
a
Data for inmates sentenced to 1 year or less may see Explanatory notes. their custody figures prior to 1997.
include some inmates for whom sentence length

Table 5.19. Male prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1996 and 1997

U.S. total 1,103,289 1,057,755 4.3% 1,062,803 1,019,387 4.3% 40,486 38,368 5.5% 19,634 18,301 20,852 20,067
Federala 94,691 88,539 6.9% 81,662 76,348 7.0% 13,029 12,191 6.9% 2,702 2,541 10,327 9,650
State 1,008,598 969,216 4.1 981,141 943,039 4.0 27,457 26,177 4.9 16,932 15,760 10,525 10,417
Northeast 156,062 152,703 2.2% 149,230 146,362 2.0% 6,832 6,341 7.7% 2,654 2,187 4,178 4,154
Connecticutb 14,499 14,093 2.9 10,195 9,800 4.0 4,304 4,293 0.3 1,464 1,420 2,840 2,873
Maine 1,546 1,437 7.6 1,486 1,388 7.1 60 49 22.4 60 49 ... ...
Massachusetts 10,208 10,080 1.3 9,519 9,479 0.4 689 601 14.6 114 45 575 556
New Hampshire 1,973 1,896 4.1 1,969 1,883 4.6 4 13 -69.2 4 11 0 2
New Jerseyc 24,211 22,108 9.5 24,211 22,108 9.5 / / / / ... ...
New York 65,783 65,981 -0.3 65,539 65,981 -0.7 244 0 244 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 33,512 33,001 1.5 33,506 32,999 1.5 6 2 200.0 5 0 1 2
Rhode Islandb 3,113 3,020 3.1 2,011 1,944 3.4 1,102 1,076 2.4 499 530 603 546
Vermontb 1,217 1,087 12.0 794 780 1.8 423 307 37.8 264 132 159 175
Midwest 201,689 190,850 5.7% 201,064 189,972 5.8% 625 878 -28.8% 322 293 303 585
Illinoisc 38,358 36,603 4.8 38,358 36,603 4.8 0 0 / / 0 0
Indiana 15,470 14,828 4.3 15,311 14,673 4.3 159 155 2.6 153 150 6 5
Iowa 6,410 5,872 9.2 6,410 5,872 9.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kansas 7,435 7,277 2.2 7,435 7,277 2.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Michigan 42,715 40,429 5.7 42,715 40,429 5.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Minnesota 5,074 4,581 10.8 5,056 4,576 10.5 18 5 260.0 ... 0 18 5
Missouric 22,317 20,554 8.6 22,302 20,550 8.5 15 4 275 15 4 0 ...
Nebraska 3,126 2,989 4.6 3,046 2,917 4.4 80 72 11.1 58 50 22 22
North Dakota 757 708 6.9 682 642 6.2 75 66 13.6 75 66 ... ...
Ohioc 44,997 43,190 4.2 44,997 43,190 4.2 / / / / ... ...
South Dakotac 2,070 1,922 7.7 2,070 1,922 7.7 / / / / ... ...
Wisconsind 12,960 11,897 8.9 12,682 11,321 12.0 278 576 -51.7 21 23 257 553
South 426,464 412,398 3.4% 413,421 400,423 3.2% 13,043 11,975 8.9% 11,631 10,547 1,412 1,428
Alabama 20,627 20,077 2.7 20,065 19,490 3.0 562 587 -4.3 562 587 0 0
Arkansasa 8,373 8,133 3.0 8,331 8,065 3.3 42 68 -38.2 42 68 0 0
Delawareb 5,049 4,728 6.8 3,102 2,952 5.1 1,947 1,776 9.6 1,053 966 894 810
District of Col.b,d 6,651 8,365 -20.5 6,197 7,755 -20.1 454 610 -25.6 193 259 261 351
Florida 61,207 60,461 1.2 61,162 60,447 1.2 45 14 221.4 45 14 ... ...
Georgia 34,223 32,900 4.0 33,586 32,193 4.3 637 707 -9.9 637 707 ... ...
Kentucky 10,209 9,640 5.9 10,209 9,640 5.9 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Louisiana 17,529 16,882 3.8 17,529 16,882 3.8 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Maryland 20,769 20,679 0.4 19,760 19,710 0.3 1,009 969 4.1 1,009 969 ... ...
Mississippi 9,454 9,348 1.1 9,181 9,065 1.3 273 283 -3.5 273 283 0 0
North Carolina 29,212 26,961 8.3 25,725 24,281 5.9 3,487 2,680 30.1 3,240 2,433 247 247
Oklahomac 13,578 13,808 -1.7 13,578 13,808 -1.7 / / / / ... ...
South Carolina 19,358 18,700 3.5 18,589 18,134 2.5 769 566 35.9 769 566 ... ...
Tennesseec 14,490 13,130 10.4 14,490 13,130 10.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Texas 130,051 122,450 6.2 126,539 119,064 6.3 3,512 3,386 3.7 3,512 3,386 ... ...
Virginia 23,410 23,805 -1.7 23,114 23,496 -1.6 296 309 -4.2 296 309 ... ...
West Virginia 2,274 2,331 -2.4 2,264 2,311 -2.0 10 20 -50.0 ... ... 10 20
West 224,383 213,265 5.2% 217,426 206,282 5.4% 6,957 6,983 -0.4% 2,325 2,733 4,632 4,250
Alaskab 2,993 2,781 7.6 1,818 1,739 4.5 1,175 1,042 12.8 249 211 926 831
Arizona 21,924 20,978 4.5 20,938 20,108 4.1 986 870 13.3 986 870 0 0
Californiac 144,392 135,481 6.6 141,944 132,986 6.7 2,448 2,495 -1.9 / / 2,448 2,495
Coloradoc 9,744 9,473 2.9 9,744 9,473 2.9 / / / / ... ...
Hawaiib 3,685 3,031 21.6 2,360 2,123 11.2 1,325 908 45.9 152 83 1,173 825
Idaho 3,082 3,028 1.8 3,082 3,028 1.8 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Montanac 1,776 1,516 17.2 1,776 1,516 17.2 / ... / ... ... ...
Nevada 7,992 7,506 6.5 7,916 7,373 7.4 76 133 -42.9 76 133 0 0
New Mexicoe 3,265 4,352 ... 3,055 4,118 ... 210 234 ... 210 234 0 0
Oregon 7,342 7,922 -7.3 6,731 6,798 -1.0 611 1,124 -45.6 611 1,124 ... 0
Utah 4,598 4,297 7.0 4,521 4,203 7.6 77 94 -18.1 23 28 54 66
Washington 12,303 11,667 5.5 12,254 11,584 5.8 49 83 -41.0 18 50 31 33
Wyoming 1,287 1,233 4.4 1,287 1,233 4.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
d
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions length is unknown. Unsentenced includes inmates for whom sentence
b
and the Explanatory notes for State-by-State Counts include both jail and prison inmates; jails length is unknown.
e
variations from definitions. and prisons are combined in one system. New Mexico's 1996 and 1997 custody data are not
c
...Not applicable. Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year comparable because New Mexico included inmates
/Not reported. may include some inmates sentenced to a year or in local jails or out of State because of crowding in their
a
Data for inmates sentenced to 1 year or less may less; see Explanatory notes. custody figures prior to 1997.
include some inmates for whom sentence
Table 5.20. Female prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1996 and 1997

U.S. total 73,633 70,009 5.2% 67,662 64,609 4.7% 5,971 5,400 10.6% 3,793 3,284 2,178 2,116
a
Federal 7,064 6,549 7.9% 5,876 5,552 5.8% 1,188 997 19.2% 505 385 683 612
State 66,569 63,460 4.9 61,786 59,057 4.6 4,783 4,403 8.6 3,288 2,899 1,495 1,504
Northeast 8,508 8,506 7,531 7,517 0.2% 977 989 -1.2% 519 539 458 450
Connecticutb 1,059 1,140 -7.1% 570 613 -7.0 489 527 -7.2 217 260 272 267
Maine 55 39 41.0 51 33 54.5 4 6 -33.3 4 6 ... ...
Massachusetts 710 723 -1.8 423 462 -8.4 287 261 10.0 178 131 109 130
New Hampshire 131 141 -7.1 110 105 4.8 21 36 -41.7 15 27 6 9
New Jerseyc 1,286 1,015 26.7 1,286 1,015 26.7 / / / / ... ...
New York 3,600 3,728 -3.4 3,569 3,728 -4.3 31 0 31 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 1,417 1,475 -3.9 1,416 1,475 -4.0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Rhode Islandb 197 213 -7.5 72 65 10.8 125 148 -15.5 65 111 60 37
Vermontb 53 32 65.6 34 21 61.9 19 11 72.7 8 4 11 7
Midwest 12,488 11,578 7.9% 12,441 11,528 7.9% 47 50 -6.0% 39 34 8 16

Illinoisc 2,430 2,249 8.0 2,430 2,249 8.0 0 0 / / 0 0
Indiana 1,041 938 11.0 1,027 924 11.1 14 14 12 9 2 5
Iowa 528 470 12.3 528 470 12.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kansas 479 478 0.2 479 478 0.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Michigan 2,056 1,920 7.1 2,056 1,920 7.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Minnesota 253 223 13.5 251 223 12.6 2 0 ... 0 2 0
Missouric 1,693 1,464 15.6 1,690 1,464 15.4 3 0 3 0 0 ...
Nebraska 222 227 -2.2 207 212 -2.4 15 15 15 12 0 3
North Dakota 66 57 15.8 59 48 22.9 7 9 -22.2 7 9 ... ...
Ohioc 2,811 2,778 1.2 2,811 2,778 1.2 / / / / ... ...
South Dakotac 169 141 19.9 169 141 19.9 / / / / ... ...
Wisconsind 740 633 16.9 734 621 18.2 6 12 -50.0 2 4 4 8
South 28,633 27,411 4.5% 26,042 25,284 3.0% 2,591 2,127 21.8% 2,403 1,938 188 189
Alabama 1,347 1,347 1,299 1,282 1.3 48 65 -26.2 48 65 0 0
Arkansasa 606 542 11.8 595 532 11.8 11 10 10.0 11 10 0 0
Delawareb 383 379 1.1 159 164 -3.0 224 215 4.2 128 126 96 89
District of Col.b,d 397 454 -12.6 312 356 -12.4 85 98 -13.3 28 32 57 66
Florida 3,419 3,302 3.5 3,412 3,299 3.4 7 3 133.3 7 3 ... ...
Georgia 2,282 2,239 1.9 2,201 2,135 3.1 81 104 -22.1 81 104 ... ...
Kentucky 666 508 31.1 666 508 31.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Louisiana 941 782 20.3 941 782 20.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Maryland 1,101 1,050 4.9 983 964 2.0 118 86 37.2 118 86 ... ...
Mississippi 893 682 30.9 829 646 28.3 64 36 77.8 64 36 0 0
North Carolina 1,778 1,795 -0.9 1,273 1,388 -8.3 505 407 24.1 472 377 33 30
Oklahomac 1,315 1,322 -0.5 1,315 1,322 -0.5 / / / / ... ...
South Carolina 1,255 1,160 8.2 1,117 1,063 5.1 138 97 42.3 138 97 ... ...
Tennesseec 605 435 39.1 605 435 39.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Texas 10,300 9,933 3.7 9,026 8,974 0.6 1,274 959 32.8 1,274 959 ... ...
Virginia 1,222 1,344 -9.1 1,188 1,301 -8.7 34 43 -20.9 34 43 ... ...
West Virginia 123 137 -10.2 121 133 -9.0 2 4 -50.0 ... ... 2 4
West 16,940 15,965 6.1% 15,772 14,728 7.1% 1,168 1,237 -5.6% 327 388 841 849
Alaskab 211 187 12.8 100 89 12.4 111 98 13.3 21 19 90 79
Arizona 1,560 1,515 3.0 1,415 1,415 145 100 45.0 145 100 0 0
Californiac 10,884 10,084 7.9 10,281 9,395 9.4 603 689 -12.5 / / 603 689
Coloradoc 822 829 -0.8 822 829 -0.8 / / / / ... ...
Hawaiib 393 278 41.4 232 201 15.4 161 77 109.1 20 13 141 64
Idaho 230 229 0.4 230 229 0.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Montanac 86 74 16.2 86 74 16.2 / ... / ... ... ...
Nevada 631 575 9.7 625 571 9.5 6 4 50.0 6 4 0 0
New Mexicoe 374 381 ... 318 336 ... 56 45 ... 56 45 0 0
Oregon 432 535 -19.3 359 332 8.1 73 203 -64.0 73 203 ... 0
Utah 263 263 254 246 3.3 9 17 -47.1 4 1 5 16
Washington 923 921 0.2 919 917 0.2 4 4 2 3 2 1
Wyoming 131 94 39.4 131 94 39.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
d
Note: See the questionnaire for category length is unknown. Unsentenced includes inmates for whom sentence
b
definitions and the Explanatory notes for Counts include both jail and prison inmates; length is unknown.
e
State-by-State variations from definitions. jails and prisons are combined in one system. New Mexico's 1996 and 1997 custody data are not
c
...Not applicable. Data for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year comparable because New Mexico included inmates
/Not reported. may include some inmates sentenced to a year in local jails or out of State because of crowding in
a
Data for inmates sentenced to 1 year or less or less; see Explanatory notes. their custody figures prior to 1997.
may include some inmates for whom sentence

Explanatory notes by jurisdiction movement data for these inmates. If there Other conditional releases: Persons
were female inmates, they are reported as released under the provisions of Arkansas’
Federal prisons males. Acts 378 and 814 and Boot Camp to some
form of supervision.
Population, admissions, and releases: Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and
Movement data were provided; however, custody counts include inmates in prisons Other releases: Releases to the
when admissions are added to the January and jails, which form an integrated system Department of Community Punishment,
1 population and releases are subtracted, in Alaska. a separate agency.
the total does not equal the December 31,
1997, population. Other releases, unconditional and Jurisdiction population, inmates with a year
conditional: Court-ordered releases and or less sentence: Includes 75 men and 10
Other releases and admissions: Include other releases. women being held in the county jail for
miscellaneous and unknown admission and whom the sentence is unknown.
release types. Other race: Alaska’s “Hispanic” race
category. Custody population, inmates with a year or
Inmates with a year or less sentence: less sentence: Includes 42 men and 11
Jurisdiction and custody counts include Arizona women transferred from the county jail
inmates whose sentence length is awaiting transfer to the Department of
unknown. Population, admissions and releases: Correction for whom the sentence is
Based on custody data. unknown.
Cause of death: Unknown at the time of
data collection. Other unconditional releases: Court- Other race: Includes Arkansas’ “Cuban”
ordered releases. race category.
Race, whites and Asians and Pacific
Islanders: Include an undetermined number Other conditional releases: Include California
of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific supervised early releases, provisional
Islanders. releases, supervised work furloughs, Sentencing information: Reported
earned credit releases, and releases to the population with sentence of more than
Alabama home arrest program. 1 year include an undetermined number
of inmates with a maximum sentence of
Other conditional release violators with new Cause of death: Pending investigation 1 year or less.
sentences: Include inmates returned from at time of data collection.
supervised release under Alabama Act 754 Other conditional release violators with new
and split sentence/probation with and Other releases: Include early releases to sentences: May include some parole
without new sentences. detainer, persons returned to prison violators and returns from supervised
pending revocation hearing where no mandatory releases with new sentences.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted revocation occurred, and persons who were
as a single category. returned to supervision. Other conditional release violators only, no
new sentences: May include some parole
Other admissions: Unspecified in the Total jurisdiction population: Excludes 211 violators without new sentences and some
Alabama data system, but include other men housed in local jails solely to ease supervised mandatory or parole releases
conditional release violators with no new prison crowding. returned pending a revocation hearing.
sentence.
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include Escapee returns: Include AWOL returns
Cause of death: Can specify only an undetermined number of Native with or without new sentences.
executions and AIDS-related deaths. Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.
Unconditional releases, expirations of
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include Other race: Arizona’s “Other” race sentence: Include some court-ordered
an undetermined number of Native category. releases.
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.
Arkansas Conditional releases, supervised
Alaska mandatory releases: Include some
Other admissions: Consists of 11 returns court-ordered and parole releases.
Admissions and releases: Alaska is unable from the Department of Community
to determine if movements are longer than Punishment, a separate agency. Also Cause of death: Not specified, or drug
30 days. includes an adjustment residual to balance overdose.
the movement data with the December 31,
Admissions, releases, jurisdiction 1997, jurisdiction population. Other releases, escapes from confinement:
population: Excludes 55 inmates housed Include inmates that are AWOL.
in community jails solely to ease prison Other unconditional releases: Court-
crowding. Alaska does not maintain ordered releases.
Other releases: Contains the net difference Other conditional releases: Releases to total does not equal the December 31,
between total admissions and the home jurisdiction, community releases, and 1997, population.
December 31, 1997, jurisdiction population. discharges from Connecticut supervision.
These are most likely temporary releases to Sentencing information, partially suspended
courts, jail, and hospitals, who have not Other releases: Type of release unknown. sentences: Prisoners with partially
been returned to prison as of December 31, Include adjustment residuals to balance the suspended sentences (part served in
1997. Also includes releases to movement data with the December 31, prison, part served under probation) are
appeal/bond. 1997, jurisdiction population. included with the “Inmates with over 1 year
maximum sentence” only when the prison
Jurisdiction population, unsentenced Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and portion of the sentence exceeded 12
inmates: Include civil narcotic addict custody counts include inmates in prisons months. As a result, the population and
commitments and county diagnostic cases. and jails, which form an integrated system. movement counts of “Inmates with over 1
year maximum sentence” are understated,
Other race and not known Hispanic origin: Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include and the counts of “Inmates with 1 year or
Include some Asian, Pacific Islander, and an undetermined number of Native less maximum sentence” are overstated.
Hispanic inmates admitted to California Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.
prisons prior to January 1990 (when these Sentencing information, short sentences:
categories were added to the California Other race: Connecticut’s “Hispanic” An undetermined number of inmates
computer system). Also includes category. housed in neither the District of Columbia
California’s “Hispanic/Mexican” category. jail nor the Detention Center and having
Delaware either no sentence or a minimum sentence
Colorado of 1 year or less are included in the
Parole and other conditional release movement and population counts of
Sentencing information: Reported violators with new sentences: Include inmates with more than 1 year maximum
populations with sentences of more than 1 violators with and without new sentences. sentences. As a result, the population and
year include a small number of inmates movement counts of inmates with maximum
with a maximum sentence of 1 year or less. Other admissions: Include inmates who sentences of more than 1 year are
were changed from jail sentences of less overstated, and the counts of inmates with
Transfers from other jurisdictions: Include than 1 year to prison sentences of more 1 year or less maximum sentence are
admissions of inmates through interstate than a year. Also included are adjustment understated.
compacts. residuals to balance the movement data
with the December 31, 1997, jurisdiction Transfers from and to other jurisdictions:
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Numbers population. Include transfers from and to mental
are estimates. hospitals and other State and Federal
Other releases: Include releases to State facilities.
Other releases: Court-ordered releases not and local hospitals, inmates serving
classified as conditional or unconditional. weekend sentences. Unconditional releases, expirations of
sentence: Include some inmates with
Race and Hispanic origin: Numbers are Unconditional releases, expirations of partially suspended sentences and
estimates. sentence: Include some releases to releases to probation.
probation.
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include Other unconditional releases: Inmates
an undetermined number of Native Other unconditional releases: Court- released to mental health facilities.
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. ordered releases.
Other conditional releases: Emergency
Connecticut Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and Power Act releases.
custody counts include inmates in prisons
Jurisdiction population: Includes community and jails, which form an integrated system. Number of deaths: All deaths are reported
program (transitional supervision) and under “males.” As a result, total male
some interstate compact custody Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include releases are slightly overcounted and
population data. an undetermined number of Native female releases are slightly undercounted.
Other admissions: Type of admission Other releases: Inmates eligible for parole.
unknown. Includes adjustment residuals District of Columbia
to balance the movement data with the Total jurisdiction population: Include male
December 31, 1997, jurisdiction population. Population, admissions, and releases: The and female District code violators housed in
January 1, 1997, counts differ from the Federal Bureau of Prisons facilities and
Other unconditional releases: Court- December 31, 1996, counts. Movement male inmates housed in other State
ordered discharges. data were provided; however, when facilities. An undetermined number of these
admissions are added to the January 1 inmates are being housed solely to ease
population and releases are subtracted, the prison overcrowding.

Unsentenced inmate populations: Race: Racial categories may Include an administrative releases, releases to other
Jurisdiction and custody counts include undetermined number of Native Hawaiians individuals/agencies, and other releases.
unsentenced inmates held in the District of and other Pacific Islanders. An adjustment of 195 men and 32 women
Columbia Detention Center. also are included to balance the movement
Other race: Includes 980 male and 96 data with the December 31, 1997,
Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and female inmates from Florida’s Latino population.
custody counts include inmates in prisons category.
and jails, which form an integrated system Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and
in the District of Columbia. Georgia custody counts include inmates in prisons
and jails, which form an integrated system
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include The January 1, 1997, jurisdiction count in Hawaii.
an undetermined number of Native differs from the December 31, 1996, count
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. due to delayed data entry. Other race: Includes inmates who identified
more than one race category, except for
Florida Population, admissions, and releases: individuals who are part-Hawaiian.
Based on custody data. Prisoners of part-Hawaiian ancestry are
Population, admissions, and releases counted as “Asians/Pacific Islanders.”
counts: Based on custody data. Other admissions: Unknown.
Hispanic origin: Hawaii’s “Puerto Rican”
Other conditional release violators with new Parole violators with new sentences: May category.
sentences: Include control release violators include a small number of other conditional
with new sentences. release violators with new sentences. Idaho
Other conditional release violators without Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted
new sentences: Include conditional medical as a single category. as a single category.
returns, conditional medical violators,
provisional release violators, conditional Other unconditional releases: Consists of Other conditional releases: Include inmates
release violators, and supervised an inmate who paid a fine. for whom the Department of Corrections
community release violators without new previously had jurisdiction, which was later
sentences. Other conditional releases: Consists of revoked.
special and supervised conditional
Transfers from other jurisdictions: Include reprieves controlled by the Georgia Parole Race and Hispanic origin: Numbers are
admissions through interstate compact Board. estimates.
agreements with and without new
sentences and inmates returning from Other deaths: Cause of death unknown. Illinois
concurrent sentences served elsewhere.
Jurisdiction population: Excludes inmates Population, admissions, and releases:
Other admissions: Consists of returns from awaiting transfer from local jails. Based on custody data.
court with new sentences and adjustment
residuals to balance the movement data Other race: Includes inmates who identify Sentencing information: Inmates with
with the December 31, 1997, custody race categories other than those specified. sentences of more than 1 year include
population. some inmates with a 1 year maximum
Hawaii sentence.
Other unconditional releases: Include
sentences vacated by the court. Category estimates: Jurisdiction and Other conditional release violators with new
custody counts are actual counts. sentences: Include some parole violators
Other conditional releases: Include Admissions, releases, race, and Hispanic with new sentences.
provisional releases, conditional pardons, origin are estimates based on information
control releases with supervision, from Hawaii’s Correctional Information Other conditional release violators only, no
conditional medical releases, conditional System (CIS). new sentences: Include some parole
releases, reinstatements, supervised violators without new sentences.
community releases, mandatory conditional Other unconditional releases: Dismissals
releases, and releases by Florida Parole and suspended sentences. Escapees: Illinois reports the movement of
Commission order. escapees using the Offender Tracking
Other conditional releases: Include System. All inmates in Community
Transfers to other jurisdictions: Include out- conditional releases and conditional Correctional Centers and Electronic
of-State and interstate transfers (inmates discharges. Detention Centers are now included in the
who have been sentenced under Florida’s counts, which in part accounts for the
jurisdiction but serve their sentence in Other releases: Include emergency increase in the number of escapes and
another State or Federal prison). releases, supervised releases, releases to returns from escape.
own recognizance (ROR), temporary ROR,
Other unconditional releases: Court- Includes all probation violators, both with Other race: Includes Latinos, Native
ordered releases. and without new sentences, who may have Hawaiians, other Pacific Islanders, and all
previously spent time in prison. “Other” race categories.
Other releases: Contains the net difference
between long-term admissions and release Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted Hispanic origin: Not included in Louisiana’s
movements not reported in other categories as a single category. data system.
(for example, transfers, writs, and medical
furloughs) to balance the December 31 Other admissions: Type unknown at time of Maine
population. The category also includes an data collection.
undetermined number of transfers to other Other conditional release violators with new
jurisdictions. Paroles: Include post-release supervision. sentences: Include probation violators with
new sentences.
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include Other conditional releases: Conditional
an undetermined number of Native releases to supervision, similar to that for Other conditional release violators only, no
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. parole. new sentences: Include probation violators
with no new sentences.
Other race: Illinois’ “Hispanic” category. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include
an undetermined number of Native Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted
Indiana Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. as a single category.
New court commitments: Include probation Kentucky Other admissions: Consists of an

violators with and without new sentences. adjustment to balance the movement data
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted with the December 31, 1997, jurisdiction
Other unconditional releases: Sentences as a single category. population.
terminated based on Parole Board
decisions. Other admissions: Court-ordered returns to Race: Numbers by gender are estimates.
prison. Categories may include Native Hawaiians
Iowa and other Pacific Islanders.
Other releases: Include court-ordered
Population, admissions, and releases: releases not identifiable as conditional or Maryland
Based on custody data. unconditional.
Category estimates: The movement and
Parole violators only, no new sentences: Other race: Includes an undetermined population totals are actual counts.
Include parolees remanded to prison prior number of Native Hawaiians and other Categories for admissions and releases are
to a formal revocation hearing. Pacific Islanders and inmates whose race estimated by applying percentages from
cannot be classified in the specified automated data to the totals that are made
Other unconditional releases: Court- categories. manually. The automated data system
ordered releases. counts only inmates with maximum
Louisiana sentences of more than 1 year, while the
Conditional releases, paroles: Include detailed categories in the manual data
persons returned to parole following Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted include inmates with maximum sentences
revocation hearings and persons released as a single category. of 1 year or less.
to parole by Conditional Commutation
Orders. Other admissions: Admissions to treatment New court commitments: May include a
programs from Probation and Parole small number of returns from appeal/bond.
Other admissions and releases: Inmates Districts.
held for safekeeping. Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted
Expiration of sentence: Includes good-time as a single category.
Other conditional releases: Releases to releases.
work release programs. Other admissions: Interstate compact
Other unconditional releases: Court- admissions.
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include ordered releases.
an undetermined number of Native Other unconditional releases: Court-
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Other releases: Include inmates released ordered releases. May also include a small
in error. number of releases to appeal/bond.
Other race: Iowa’s “Hispanic” category.
American Indians or Alaska Natives: Other conditional releases: Inmates paroled
Kansas American Indians only. from the Patuxent Institution to work
release.
New court commitments: May include a
small number of returns from appeal/bond.

Other releases: Include a small number of Connecticut, Maine, New Mexico, Ohio, Minnesota
interstate compact releases as well as and Vermont.
releases of new admissions that had been Other conditional release violators with new
double counted with admissions data. Other race: Includes Massachusetts sentences: Include supervised mandatory
“Hispanic” and “Asian Indian” race release violators with new sentences.
Other deaths: Include 5 deaths for which categories.
the cause is unknown. Other conditional release violators only, no
Michigan new sentences: Include supervised
Race, Asian and Pacific Islanders: Include mandatory release violators with no new
an undetermined number of Native Admissions and releases: Unable to sentences.
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. determine if movements are longer than 30
days. Transfers, escapes, AWOL prisoners, and
Hispanic origin: Unknown. admissions/returns from appeal/bond:
Population, admissions, and releases: Categories are not considered releases and
Massachusetts Based on custody data plus 38 inmates therefore these returns are not counted as
housed in Federal facilities. admissions.
Sentencing information: Sentence length is
estimated for approximately 111 cases. Transfers from and to other jurisdictions: Other unconditional releases: Include
Transfers from and to mental hospitals and inmates discharged by court or executive
Parole violators only, no new sentence: Federal and other State facilities. orders. May include some commutations
Include an undetermined number of parole and overturned convictions.
violators with new sentences, other Escapes: Consist mainly of zero tolerance
conditional release violators -- both with walkaways from community residential Other conditional releases: Consists of
and without new sentences -- and a small programs. intensive community supervision.
number of returns from appeal/bond.
Other admissions: Returns from county jail State prison crowding: Consists of 50 men
Unconditional releases, expirations of and from parole status. in an in-State private correctional facility.
sentence: Include some releases to
probation. Returns from and releases to appeal/bond: Other race: Includes 320 Hispanic men and
Contains the net difference of all 10 Hispanic women because Minnesota
Other unconditional releases: Include movements from and to the courts. classifies "Hispanic" as a race. Also
court-ordered releases. includes an undetermined number of Native
Other deaths: Consists of 1 death caused Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, and
Releases and Jurisdiction population: by a car accident and 2 deaths for which inmates reported in Minnesota's "Other"
Population counts may include a small, the cause is unknown because of an race category.
undetermined number of inmates who were outstanding death certificate.
remanded to court; transferred to the Mississippi
custody of another State-, Federal-, or Other releases: Include inmates temporarily
locally operated system; and subsequently housed at a county jail and returns to New court commitments: Include some
released. parole status. probation violators with and without new
sentences.
Jurisdiction population: By law, offenders in Total jurisdiction population: Excludes 151
Massachusetts may be sentenced to terms men housed in local jails solely to ease Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted
of up to 2½ years in locally operated jails overcrowding. as a single category.
and correctional institutions. Such
populations are excluded from the State Population housed in jails: All inmates are Other admissions: Include inmates
jurisdiction count, but are included in reported as males. awaiting revocation hearing and returns
published population counts and rates for from appeal/bond, as well as inmates
local jails and correctional institutions. Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: May whose admission category was unavailable
There are approximately 6,200 male include a small undetermined number of at the time of data collection.
inmates in the county system serving a Native Hawaiians and other Pacific
sentence of over 1 year. Islanders. Other unconditional releases:
Court-ordered releases.
Jurisdiction population, unsentenced Other race: Mexican Americans and
inmates: Include inmates housed in State Michigan’s “Other “ race category. Other releases: Inmates returned to
facilities awaiting trial and civil community supervision following a
commitments as well as 119 men awaiting Hispanic origin: Mexican Americans only. revocation hearing where no revocation
trial for the State housed in county facilities. occurred. Also includes releases to
appeal/bond.
State prison overcrowding: Other States
housing Massachusetts inmates include
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include Nebraska Ethnic origin: Includes Nevada’s “Hispanic”
an undetermined number of Native and “Cuban” race categories.
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Parole violators only, no new sentences:
Include some parole violators with new New Hampshire
Other race: Mississippi’s “Hispanic” sentences.
category. Parole violators only, no new sentences:
Race and ethnicity: Numbers are estimates. Include parole violators with a new
Missouri sentence.
Race, Asian and Pacific Islanders: Include
Admissions releases and population data: an undetermined number of Native Other conditional releases: Include parole
Includes 15 men and 3 women with a 1- Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. violators who were not revoked and were
year maximum sentence. re-released.
Other race: Nebraska’s “Other” race
Total admissions: Include four inmates with category. Other unconditional releases: Court-
a 1- year sentence. ordered releases.
Nevada
Other admissions: Include inmates returned New Jersey
from erroneous releases, persons whose Nevada revised its December 31, 1996,
commitment was reinstated, and parole jurisdiction population count. Sentencing information: Inmates with
board holdovers (offenders arrested by sentences of more than 1 year include
local authorities and returned to prison, Total admissions and releases: Include some inmates with a 1-year sentence.
instead of to the local jail as customary). some inmates with a 1 year or less
sentence. New court commitments: May include some
Other conditional releases: Conditional transfers from other jurisdictions and
release to custody/detainer, administrative New court commitments: Include a very returns from appeal/bond.
parole, credit time releases, and parole small number of returns from appeal/bond.
board hold-over releases. Other conditional release violators only, no
AWOL returns and AWOL releases: new sentences: Prisoners returned (some
Other unconditional releases: Court- Categories are not considered valid with new sentences) from the Intensive
ordered releases and cases with reversed releases or returns in Nevada’s data Supervision Program, an experimental
or remanded sentences. system. program operated by the Administrative
Office of Courts.
Other releases: Erroneous releases. Other admissions: Include inmates in boot
camp, county safekeeping, and the 120-day Other conditional releases: Prisoners
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include evaluation program. Also include released to the Intensive Supervision
an undetermined number of Native adjustment residuals to balance the Program.
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. movement data with the December 31,
1997, population. AWOL returns and releases: Due to an
Montana incomplete new data system, New Jersey
Other unconditional releases: is unable to report AWOL’s/walkaways.
Montana revised its December 31, 1996, Court-ordered releases and releases from
jurisdiction population count. boot camp and the 120-day evaluation Other deaths: Unknown at time of data
program. collection.
Population, movement and releases:
Include a small undetermined number of Other releases: Consists of adjustment Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include
inmates with a maximum sentence of 1 residuals to balance movement data with an undetermined number of Native
year or less. the December 31, 1997, population. Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.
Admissions and releases: Include Custody population, inmates with 1 year or Other race: “Hispanic” inmates who are not
admissions and releases to and from the less sentence: Include inmates in boot classified as “White” or “Black.”
Intensive Supervision Program. camp and the 120 day evaluation program.
New Mexico
Other unconditional releases: Race and ethnicity: Numbers are estimates.
Court-ordered releases. Parole violators only, no new sentences:
Race, Asian and Pacific Islanders: Include Include parole violators with and without
Other race: Montana’s “Spanish-American” an undetermined number of Native additional sentences.
category. Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.
Other conditional release violators only, no
Other race: Nevada’s “Hispanic,” “Cuban,” new sentences: Include violators with and
and “Other” race categories. without new sentences. Also includes

returns from community corrections year or less maximum sentence” count. As year or less. As a result “Inmates with over
programs. a result, the population and movement 1-year maximum sentence” counts are
counts of “Inmates with over 1-year overstated.
Cause of death: Can specify only maximum sentence” are understated, and
executions. the counts of “Inmates with 1-year or less Escapees and AWOL prisoners: All
maximum sentence” are overstated. unauthorized absences are classified as
Custody population: Inmates housed in escapes.
local jails or out of State because of Category estimates, sentencing: Population
crowding are excluded. These inmates totals are actual; populations by sentence Other unconditional releases: Sentences
were incorrectly included in the December length are estimates. vacated by courts.
31, 1996, custody counts.
Parole violators with new sentences: Paroles: Include an undetermined number
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include Include some parole violators without new of releases to boot camp and intensive
an undetermined number of Native sentences and some conditional release supervision due to a reporting error.
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. violators with and without new sentences.
Other conditional releases: Releases to
New York Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted boot camp and intensive supervision.
as a single category.
Admissions, releases and population data: Racial and ethnic composition: Numbers
Excludes 903 men and 15 women housed Other admissions: Consists of an are estimates.
in local jails solely to ease prison crowding adjustment residual to balance movement
because New York does not maintain data with the December 31 population. Race, Asian and Pacific Islanders: Include
movement data for these inmates. an undetermined number of Native
Other unconditional releases: Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.
New court commitments: Include parole Court-ordered releases.
and other conditional release violators with Oklahoma
new sentences. Paroles: Include some supervised
mandatory releases. Sentencing information: Inmates with
Transfers from other jurisdictions: Consists maximum sentences of more than 1 year
of transfers to and from the jurisdiction of Race, Asian and Pacific Islanders: Include includes a small number of inmates with
the Department of Mental Hygiene for an undetermined number of Native sentences of 1 year.
psychiatric treatment. Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.
New court commitments: Include some
Other admissions: Consists of inmates Other race: North Carolina’s “Other” race probation violators with and without new
returned following erroneous discharge category. sentences.
from drug treatment.
Hispanic origin: Not included in North Other unconditional releases: Legislative
Transfers to other jurisdictions: Include 515 Carolina’s data system. CAP releases (Senate Bill 445).
men and 38 women transferred to the
jurisdiction of the Department of Mental North Dakota Other conditional releases: CAP releases
Hygiene for psychiatric treatment. to probation supervision.
Parole violators only, no new sentences:
Other releases: Consists of inmates Include some parole violators with new Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include
classified as erroneous releases. sentences. an undetermined number of Native
Unknown race: Includes an undetermined Other conditional release violators only, no
number of Native Hawaiians and other new sentences: Include some conditional Other race: Includes “Other” races not
Pacific Islanders. release violators with new sentences. specified.
North Carolina Other conditional releases: Court-ordered Unknown race: Includes Hispanic inmates.
releases.
Sentencing information, partially suspended Oregon
sentences: Prisoners with partially Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include
suspended sentences (part served in an undetermined number of Native Transfers from and to other jurisdictions:
prison, part served under probation) are Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Oregon cannot distinguish transfers from
included with the “Inmates with over 1-year other admissions or release categories.
maximum sentence” only when the prison Ohio Transfers may be included in any
portion of the sentence exceeded 12 admissions or release category.
months. Virtually all inmates with a Sentencing information: Inmates with
partially suspended sentence are included maximum sentences of more than 1 year
in the December 31, 1997, “Inmates with a include some inmates with sentences of 1

Escapees and AWOL prisoners: All and the counts of “Inmates with 1 year or Unconditional releases, Expirations of
unauthorized absences are classified as less maximum sentence” are overstated. sentences: Include commutations and
escapes. pardons.
Other admissions: Consists of returns from
Other unconditional releases: unknown at erroneous release. Ethnicity: South Dakota’s data system
time of data collection. does not include ethnicity.
Other conditional releases: Court-ordered
Other conditional releases: 183 men and 14 releases to drug/alcohol treatment Tennessee
women released to local control status and programs.
11 men and 1 woman recorded as Sentencing information: Inmates with
“unspecified other” releases. Other releases: Consists of 1 release to maximum sentences of 1 year are included
Immigration, 1 to Federal home with inmates with maximum sentences of
Other releases: Consists of 3 men admitted confinement and 1 erroneous release. more than 1 year. As a result, the
in error, and 12 men and 2 women whose population and movement counts of
type of release was unknown at time of Jurisdiction and custody population, inmates with maximum sentences of more
data collection. unsentenced inmates: Includes 16 men and than 1 year are overstated.
1 woman held on civil contempt of court for
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include nonpayment of child support. Parole violators with new sentences:
an undetermined number of Native Include some parole violators with no new
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and sentences.
custody counts include inmates in prisons
Pennsylvania and jails, which form an integrated system Other conditional release violators with new
in Rhode Island. sentences: Include some probation and
Parole violators with new sentences: community correction program violators
Include other conditional release violators South Carolina with no new sentences.
with new sentences.
Other admissions and releases: Include Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted
Other admissions: Type of admission re-sentenced inmates who are released as a single category.
unknown at time of data collection. from a Youthful Offender Act sentence and
readmitted to begin serving the adult Conditional releases, paroles: May include
Other unconditional releases: portion of their sentence. a small number of supervised mandatory
Court-ordered releases. releases.
Other unconditional releases: Releases by
Other deaths: Unknown cause of death court order or by payment of fines and Paroles: May include a small number of
at time of data collection. releases remanded to the county jail to supervised mandatory releases.
await retrial.
Escapee: Excludes prisoners who Other conditional releases: Releases to
absconded while residents of Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include community correction programs.
community-based facilities. an undetermined number of Native
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Total jurisdiction population: Includes 1,242
Other race: Pennsylvania’s “Hispanic” men and 186 women housed in local
category. Also includes an undetermined Other race: South Carolina’s “other” race facilities solely to ease prison crowding.
number of Native Hawaiians and other category that includes Hispanic inmates Excludes 3,461 felons sentenced to serve
Pacific Islanders. and other races. their time in local facilities (the State pays
to house these felons, but the local court
Rhode Island South Dakota maintains jurisdiction).
Rhode Island revised its December 31, Jurisdiction and custody population, Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include
1996, female jurisdiction population count. sentencing: Inmates with over 1 year an undetermined number of Native
maximum sentence includes some with a Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.
Sentencing information, partially suspended maximum sentence of less than 1 year.
sentences: Prisoners with partially Other race: Includes Hispanic inmates.
suspended sentences (part served in Other admissions: Consists of 24 men and
prison, part served under probation) are 3 women with suspended sentences, 13 Texas
included with the “Inmates with over 1-year men from a relapse group (a program for
maximum sentence” only when the prison parole violators who voluntarily recommit Jurisdiction population, sentencing
portion of the sentence exceeded 12 themselves for substance abuse treatment information: Includes 3,512 men and 1,274
months. As a result, the population and after a violation), and 1 man whose women with maximum sentences of 1 year
movement counts of “Inmates with over 1- admission type is unknown. or less who cannot be removed from the
year maximum sentence” are understated, appropriate admissions and release
categories.

Parole violators with and without new Other admissions: Consists of 313 male West Virginia
sentences: Texas’ data system does not and 43 female furlough violators and
distinguish parole violators with new adjustment residuals to balance the Admissions, releases and jurisdiction
sentences from those without new movement data with the December 31, population: Include 10 unsentenced men
sentences. 1997, population. and 2 unsentenced women held for
diagnostic purposes. Inmates held for
Other conditional release violators with and Other releases: Include releases to diagnostic evaluation.
without new sentences: Texas’ data system furlough.
does not distinguish other conditional Wisconsin
release violators with new sentences from Total inmate population: Jurisdiction and
those without new sentences. custody counts include inmates in prisons Admissions, releases and jurisdiction
and jails, which form an integrated system population: Data for 1996 and 1997 are not
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted in Vermont. Excludes 700 inmates on comparable because of a change in
as a single category. intermediate sanctions. reporting method.
Other admissions and releases: Include Race, Asian and Pacific Islanders: Include Releases and jurisdiction population: The
“State jail” felons not counted in other an undetermined number of Native number of releases is understated because
admission and release categories, as well Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. when sentence length is unknown,
as inmates with unclear or incomplete Wisconsin substitutes time served for
admission or release information. Virginia sentence length. Inmates whose time
served is equal to 1 year or less (the
Other deaths: Cause unknown. Other unconditional releases: Include majority of whom are releases of alternative
unconditional administrative releases, to revocation admissions) are excluded
Custody population, Inmates with a year or commutations, and releases by court order. from the release categories. Therefore, the
less sentence: Consists of inmates in a admissions when added to the populations
substance abuse program. Conditional releases, supervised for January 1, minus the releases, do not
mandatory releases and paroles: Releases equal the December 31, 1997, jurisdiction
Other race: Includes Texas’ “Hispanic” to detainer and transfers to other population.
category and all persons not specified as jurisdictions.
“white” or “black.” Other admissions: Include 727 men and 85
Other deaths: Cause of death not available women temporarily returned to prison
Utah at time of data collection. without a formal revocation; 554 men and 9
women returned pending revocation
Utah revised its December 31, 1996, male Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include hearings; 11 men and 9 woman returned
jurisdiction count. an undetermined number of Native from special placements on probation and
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. parole; 11 men and 1 woman with no
Other unconditional releases: Inmates Wisconsin sentence; and 5 men and 1
whose sentences were terminated prior to Other race: Virginia’s “Hispanic,” “Chinese,” woman erroneously admitted.
expiration. and “Other” race categories.
Other unconditional releases: Court-
Custody population, sentencing: Include ordered releases.
parole violators whose parole has not Washington
officially been revoked. Other releases: Include 104 men and 20
Total population, admissions and releases, women returned to the community after
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include sentencing: Include 14 men and 2 women being held without formal revocations; 3
an undetermined number of Native with a year or less maximum sentence. men released from probation and parole
Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. special placement; 5 men with no
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Counted Wisconsin sentence; 19 men who were
Vermont as a single category. held pending revocation hearing; 1 man
from an erroneous admission, and 10 men
Population, admissions and releases: Other unconditional releases: Vacated released to mental health facilities under
Based on custody counts. sentences. Wisconsin’s predator law.
Parole violators with and without new Race, Asian and Pacific Islanders: Include Unsentenced inmates, jurisdiction and
sentences: May include other conditional an undetermined number of Native custody counts: Include inmates whose
release violators with or without new Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. sentence was unknown at time of data
sentences. collection.
Other race: Inmates of mixed racial origin.
AWOL: May include some returns from Other deaths: Cause of death unknown.
appeal/bond.

Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include
an undetermined number of Native
Other race: Wisconsin’s “Other” race

category.
Wyoming
Wyoming revised its December 31, 1996,

jurisdiction population count.
New court commitments and unconditional

releases, expirations of sentence: May
include a small number of administrative
turnovers (starts and expirations of
consecutive sentences).
Parole violators only, no new sentence:

Include some parole violators with new
sentences.
Race, Asians and Pacific Islanders: Include

an undetermined number of Native
Other race: Wyoming’s “Hispanic” category.

NPS-1 OMB No. 1121-0102: Approval Expires 01/31/2001
FORM NPS-1 National Prisoner Statistics U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
DSD-Crime Surveys Branch (1-16-98) BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
RETURN Bureau of the Census Summary of Sentenced ACTING AS COLLECTING AGENT FOR
BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS
TO 4700 Silver Hill Rd. – Stop 8400 Population Movement U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Washington, DC 20233-8400
1997
(Please correct any error in name, mailing address, and ZIP Code)
GENERAL INFORMATION
• Please mail your completed questionnaire to the Bureau of the Census in

the enclosed envelope or FAX (all pages) to 1–301–457–3929 before
March 28, 1998.
• If you have any questions about completing this form, call Elizabeth Griffin
toll-free at 1–800–221–1829.
REPORTING THE DATA
The NPS-1 is an effort to collect comparable data from all jurisdictions for
December 31, 1997. Please review the instructions and definitions on pages 5
and 6 before completing this report. If you are not able to report an item using the
standard definitions and reporting criteria, explain the differences in the "Notes"
sections.
• Enter "NA" (Not Applicable) in the space provided if your jurisdiction, by

law or regulation, cannot have the type of inmates described by the item.
• Enter "NR" (Not Reported) if your jurisdiction had the type of inmates described
by the item, but you cannot determine the number of such inmates you had in
1997. If you cannot determine the number of inmates separately by item, report
the combined count in one of the items, enter "NR" in the remaining items, and
specify in the "Notes" section all of the items represented by the combined
count.
• Enter "0" (Zero) in the space provided if your state can have the type of inmate
described by the item but did not have any during 1997.
• Describe the types of inmates reported in all "Other" categories in the "Notes"
sections.
BURDEN STATEMENT
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average

6.5 hours per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching
existing data sources, gathering and maintaining data needed, and completing
and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this
burden estimate or any aspect of this collection of information, including
suggestions for reducing this burden, to the Director, Bureau of Justice Statistics,
810 Seventh Street, NW; Washington, DC 20531; and to the Public Use Reports
Project, OMB number 1121-0102, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs,
Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC 20503.
DATA SUPPLIED BY
Respondent name Title
Telephone No. FAX No. E-mail address
( ) ( )
YEAR STATE
NPS-1
Inmates with over 1 year maximum sentence
Item description MALE FEMALE
1996 1997 1996 1997
1. Jurisdiction population on January 1

2. Admissions
a. New court commitments
b. Parole violators with new sentences

c. Other conditional release
violators with new sentences
d. Parole violators only, no new sentences

e. Other conditional release violators only,
no new sentences
f. Transfers from other jurisdictions

g. AWOL returns, with or without new
sentences
h. Escapee returns, with or without
new sentences
i. Returns from appeal/bond

j. Other admissions – Specify in
"NOTES"
k. TOTAL ADMISSIONS
Sum of items 2a–2j
3. Total inmates handled – Sum of item 1 and 2k

4. Releases Uncondi-
tional a. Expirations of sentence
b. Commutations
c. Other unconditional releases –
Specify in "NOTES"
Conditional
d. Probations
e. Supervised mandatory releases
f. Paroles
g. Other conditional releases
Specify in "NOTES"
Death
h. Executions
i. Illnesses/natural causes
(Exclude AIDS, report in 4j)
j. Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
The immediate cause of death
in AIDS mortalities may be
Pneumocystis Carinii
Pneumonia, Kaposi’s
Sarcoma, or other diseases
related to HIV infection
k. Suicides
l. Accidental injury to self
m. Death caused by another person

n. Other deaths – Specify in
"NOTES"
Other
o. AWOLS
p. Escapes from confinement
q. Transfers to other jurisdictions
r. Releases to appeal/bond
s. Other releases
Specify in "NOTES"
t. TOTAL RELEASES
Sum of items 4a–4s
FORM NPS-1 (1-16-98) Page 2
YEAR STATE
NPS-1
MALE FEMALE
Item description
1996 1997 1996 1997
5. Jurisdiction a. Inmates with over 1 year maximum

population sentence – Item 3 minus item 4t
Dec. 31 b. Inmates with a year or less
maximum sentence
c. Unsentenced inmates – Enumerate only
those in your State’s correctional
jurisdiction. Otherwise, report in item 6c.
d. TOTAL inmate population –
Sum of items 5a, b, and c
6. Custody a. Inmates with over 1 year
population maximum sentence
Dec. 31 b. Inmates with a year or less
maximum sentence
c. Unsentenced inmates
d. TOTAL inmate population
Sum of items 6a, b, and c
7. State a. Number of state inmates housed in
prison facilities operated by a county or
crowding other local authority on December 31
Dec. 31 solely to ease prison crowding
If any entry in item 7a for 1997 is not
"0" or "NA," please answer item 7b.
b. Are these inmates included in item
5d, jurisdiction total? YES YES YES YES
NO NO NO NO
If "NO," explain in the "NOTES."
c. Number of your State’s

inmates housed in other
states or federal facilities on
December 31 solely to ease

prison crowding.
Specify State(s) or Federal.

d. Are these inmates included in item 5d, YES YES YES YES
jurisdiction total?
NO NO NO NO
If "NO," explain in the "NOTES."
NOTES

YEAR STATE
NPS-1

Of those enumerated in item 5d, jurisdiction, please
specify race counts. 1996 1997 1996 1997
8. Racial
composition a. TOTAL – Transcribe from item 5d
Dec. 31 b. Race (1) White
(2) Black or African American
(3) American Indian or
Alaska Native
(4) Asian
(5) Native Hawaiian or other
Pacific Islander
(6) Other – Specify in
"NOTES"
(7) Not known

Of those enumerated in item 5d, jurisdiction, please
specify ethnic counts. 1996 1997 1996 1997
9. Ethnic
composition a. TOTAL – Transcribe from item 5d
Dec. 31 b. Ethnicity (1) Hispanic or Latino
(2) Not Hispanic or Latino
(3) Not known
10. HIV testing, a. During 1997 were any inmates tested for
Jan. 1– Dec. the antibody to the Human Immuno 1 Yes
31, 1997 Deficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS? 2 No – Skip to item 11
b. Which inmates were tested during 1997?

Mark (X) all that apply. 1 All incoming inmates
2 All inmates currently in custody
3 All inmates at time of release
4 Certain inmates (Complete item 10c)
c. Who were the certain inmates tested?
Mark (X) all that apply. 1 High-risk groups – Specify
2 Upon inmate request
3 Upon clinical indication of need
4 Upon involvement in incident
5 Random sample
6 Other – Specify
Item description
Of those enumerated in item 6d, custody, specify TOTAL MALE FEMALE
number of HIV infection/AIDS cases.
11. HIV a. Inmates who were asymptomatic HIV
infection/ positive
AIDS cases
in custody b. Inmates with lesser forms of symptomatic
on Dec. 31, HIV disease
1997
c. Inmates with confirmed AIDS
d. Total number of inmates who were HIV
positive or confirmed AIDS cases (Sum of
items 11a, b, and c)
NOTES

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. JURISDICTION POPULATION ON JANUARY 1 j. Other admissions – Include all other admissions

not covered by the above categories. Please specify
The jurisdiction population on January 1, 1997 (Item the nature of these admissions in the "NOTES."
1) should equal the number of inmates with over 1
year maximum sentence on December 31, 1996 (item
5a). Revise item 5a for 1996 only if you must. 3. TOTAL INMATES HANDLED
POPULATION MOVEMENT, ITEMS 2–4 This entry should equal the jurisdiction population on
January 1 (Item 1) plus all admissions (Items 2a-2k).
In items 2–4, you are asked to summarize by category,
the movements of all adults and youthful offenders
adjudicated through the adult court and sentenced to 4. RELEASES
a maximum of at least one year and one day and
admitted to or released from the jurisdiction of your Do not report short-term movements (less than 30
State prison system. That is, report the movement of days) where the State has retained jurisdiction, such
all inmates for whom your State government had the as to court, to work, study or mercy furloughs.
legal authority and responsibility for enforcing their Unconditional – An unconditional release occurs
prison sentence in 1997 even though they were only if the released inmate cannot be reimprisoned
housed in other states, county or city jails, halfway for any sentence for which he was in prison.
houses, or federal facilities. Do not report the
admission or release of inmates your State was a. Expirations of sentence – Include all inmates
merely housing for other states. Do not report the whose maximum court sentences minus credits have
admission or release of inmates with a sentence of a been served.
year or less. Do not report the admission or release
of any unsentenced inmates, such as pretrial b. Commutations – Include all inmates whose
detainees, inmates under the legal jurisdiction of the maximum sentences have been changed (lowered) to
county, those being held in protective custody, and time served to allow immediate unconditional release.
pre-sentence and diagnostic evaluators.
c. Other unconditional releases – Include all other
unconditional releases not covered by the above
categories. Please specify the nature of these
2. ADMISSIONS releases in the "NOTES."
Do not report returns from short-term movements Conditional – A conditional release occurs if the
(less than 30 days) where the State has retained released inmate, upon violating the conditions of his
jurisdiction, such as from a court session, work study, release can be imprisoned again for any of the
or mercy furlough. sentences for which he was in prison.
a. New court commitments – Include all inmates d. Probations – Include all inmates who have been
who were admitted with all new sentences, that is, placed under probation supervision and conditionally
these inmates were not readmitted for any sentences. released. Include all shock probation releases.
This category includes probation violators entering
prison for the first time on the probated offenses. Do e. Supervised mandatory releases – Include all
not include parole violators with new sentences as inmates who must, by law, be conditionally released.
new court commitments. This type of release may also be called mandatory
conditional release.
b. Parole violators with new sentences – Include
all parolees returned with new sentences. f. Paroles – Include all inmates conditionally
released to parole. Enter only releases officially
c. Other conditional release violators with new entitled "parole."
sentences – Include all conditional release violators
(other than parole violators) returned with new g. Other conditional releases – Include all other
sentences, for example, returns from shock probation, conditional releases not covered by the above
supervised mandatory release, etc. categories. Please specify the nature of these
releases in the "NOTES."
d. Parole violators only, no new sentences –
Include all parolees returned only for formal Death
revocations of parole which were not accompanied by h. Executions – Self-explanatory.
new sentences. If the parole was not formally
revoked, that is, the parolee was held only i. Illnesses/natural causes – Do not include death
temporarily pending a hearing, no admission from AIDS in this category. Report in 4j.
occurred for NPS purposes.
j. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
e. Other conditional release violators only, no (AIDS) – the immediate cause of death in AIDS
new sentences – Include all conditional release mortalities may be Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia,
violators (other than parole violators) returned only Kaposi’s Sarcoma, or other diseases related to HIV
for formal revocations of conditional release which infection.
were not accompanied by new sentences. If the
conditional release was not formally revoked, that is, k. Suicides – Self-explanatory
the conditional release violator was held only
temporarily pending a hearing, no admission l. Accidental injury to self – Include all inmates
occurred for NPS purposes. who accidentally caused their own deaths (for
example, a fall from a ladder, mishandling electrical
f. Transfers from other jurisdictions – Include all equipment).
inmates transferred from another jurisdiction to the
jurisdiction of your State to continue sentences m. Death caused by another person – Include all
already in force. Do not report the admission if your inmates whose death was caused accidentally or
State does not acquire jurisdiction. Do not report intentionally by another inmate or prison personnel.
movements from prison to prison within your State. n. Other deaths – Include all other deaths not
covered by the above categories. Please specify the
g. AWOL returns, with or without new nature of these deaths in the "NOTES."
sentences – Include all returns from AWOL. AWOL is
defined as failure to return from authorized temporary o. AWOLS – Include all failures to return from an
absences such as work furlough, study release, mercy authorized temporary absence such as work furlough,
furlough, or other authorized temporary absence. study release, mercy furlough, or other authorized
temporary absence.
h. Escapee returns, with or without new
sentences – Include all returns from escape. Escape p. Escapes from confinement – Include all
is defined as unlawful departure from a state unlawful departures from a state correctional facility
correctional facility or from the custody of state or from the custody of state correctional personnel.
correctional personnel.
q. Transfers to other jurisdictions – Include all
i. Returns from appeal/bond – Include all inmates inmates who were transferred from your State’s
reinstated to correctional jurisdiction from long-term jurisdiction to another jurisdiction to continue
jurisdictional absences on appeal or bond. Do not sentences already in force. Do not report the release
report returns from short-term movements (that is, if your State does not relinquish jurisdiction. Do not
less than 30 days) to court (that is, where the state report movements from prison to prison within your
retained jurisdiction). State.

INSTRUCTIONS – Continued
4. RELEASES – Continued (5) Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander – A

person having origins in any of the original peoples of
r. Releases to appeal/bond – Include all inmates Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.
released from correctional jurisdiction to long-term
jurisdictional absences on appeal or bond. Do not (6) Other – Any other races not covered by the above
report short-term movements (that is, less than 30 categories. Please specify the other races in the
days) to court where the state correctional system "NOTES."
retains jurisdiction.
(7) Not known – Any inmate whose race is unknown
s. Other releases – Include all other releases not should be included here.
covered by the above categories. Please specify the
nature of these releases in the "NOTES." 9. ETHNIC ORIGIN
5. JURISDICTION POPULATION DECEMBER 31 (1) Hispanic or Latino – A person of Mexican,

Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American or
Include all inmates under your State’s jurisdiction on other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.
December 31, regardless of the location of the
inmates. Do not include other jurisdictions’ inmates (2) Not Hispanic or Latino – A person not covered
(for example, other states’ inmates, pre-trial by the above category.
detainees) merely housed in your prisons.
(3) Not known – Any one whose ethnic origin is
6. CUSTODY POPULATION DECEMBER 31 unknown should be included here.
Include all inmates in your State’s custody, that is, 10. HIV TESTING
include inmates your State is housing for other states,
or federal or local authorities as well as your own
inmates who are physically located in your State a. Mark "Yes" if any inmates in your custody during
facilities on December 31. Do not include your State calendar year 1997 were tested for the antibody to the
inmates housed outside your State prison facilities. Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) that causes
AIDS.
7. PRISON CROWDING DECEMBER 31 b. If "Yes" marked in item 10a, mark one, all or any
combination of the categories in item 10b to specify
a. Provide a count of all inmates that are under the the type(s) of inmates who were tested. For example,
jurisdiction of your State but were housed in facilities all incoming inmates and all inmates who requested it
operated by county or local authorities on December may have been tested in 1997. You would mark
31 specifically because there was no room for them in categories 1 and 4. If category 4, "certain inmates," is
state correctional facilities. marked, complete item 10c.
b. The inmates counted in 7a should be included in
the jurisdiction population, Item 5d. Mark Item 7b to c. Mark as many categories as necessary to describe
indicate whether they were included. If you mark the particular kinds of inmates who were tested in
"No", explain in the "NOTES." 1997. If some of the inmates tested are not described
by the listed categories, mark category 6 and write a
c. Provide a count of all inmates under the description of these inmates.
jurisdiction of your State who were housed in another
State or in a Federal prison on December 31 11. HIV INFECTION/AIDS CASES in custody
specifically because there was no room for them in population
state correctional facilities. Enter the name of each
state in which the inmates were housed and the
number held in each state or by the Federal system. HIV infection – A person is identified as infected
with HIV when a sequence of tests, starting with
d. The inmates counted in Item 7c should be repeated enzyme immuno assays (EIA) and
included in the jurisdiction population, Item 5d. Mark including a Western blot or similar, more specific
Item 7d to indicate whether they were included. If you assay, are repeatedly reactive.
mark "No", explain in the "NOTES."
a. Asymptomatic HIV positive – Include all
inmates who have tested positive for the HIV
8. RACE antibody but who have no HIV-related symptoms.
(1) White – A person having origins in any of the b. Lesser forms of symptomatic HIV disease –
original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Include all inmates who have symptoms associated
Middle East. with HIV infection but are not confirmed AIDS cases.
(2) Black or African American – A person having
origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. c. Confirmed AIDS cases – In the presence of
laboratory evidence of HIV infection, regardless of
(3) American Indian or Alaska Native – A person the presence of other causes of immuno deficiency,
having origins in any of the original peoples of North a person diagnosed with an indicator disease, such
America, and who maintains cultural identification as Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia, Kaposi’s
through tribal affiliation or community recognition. Sarcoma, or other diseases related to HIV infection,
should be classified as a confirmed AIDS case.
(4) Asian – A person having origins in any of the Include all inmates who are immune suppressed and
original peoples of the Far East, including Southeast have life threatening infections, due to AIDS
Asia, or the Indian Subcontinent, including Cambodia, indicator diseases.
China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the
Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. d. Total HIV Infection/AIDS Cases – This is the
sum of 11a, 11b, and 11c.

Parole in 1997
Tables
By Thomas P. Bonczar,
BJS Statistician
Assisted by Lauren E. Glaze, BJS

Statistical Assistant
Adults on parole, 1997
6.1 Characteristics 112
6.2 Counts, January 1 and

December 31 113
6.3 Status of supervision 114
6.4 Adults entering parole,

by type of sentence 115
6.5 Adults leaving parole

by type of exit 116
6.6 Gender and Hispanic origin 117
6.7 Race 118
6.8 Sentence length 119
6.9 Intensive supervision,

electronic monitoring, and
bootcamp 120
6.10 States with the largest parole

populations and growth 121
Explanatory notes by
jurisdiction 122
Questionnaire 1997 Parole

Data Survey 125
Parole in 1997 111

Table 6.1. Characteristics of adults on parole, 1997
Number of adults Percent of those
on parole from State persons with a
Characteristic or Federal courts known status
Total number of adults on parole 690,752 100 %
Status of supervision 688,006 100 %
Active supervision 553,766 80

Inactive supervision 48,531 7
Absconded from supervision 46,540 7
Supervised out of State 33,277 5
Other 5,892 1
Adults entering parole 420,400 100 %
Discretionary parole 189,061 45

Mandatory parole 209,626 50
Reinstatement 15,905 4
Other 5,808 1
Adults leaving parole 409,440 100 %
Successful completions 182,625 45

Returned to incarceration 169,456 41
With new sentence 53,074 13
With revocation pending 114,182 28
Other 2,200 1
Transferred to another State 5,960 1
Death 4,024 1
Other 47,375 12
Gender of adults on parole 677,657 100 %
Male 601,300 89
Female 76,357 11
Race of adults on parole 638,565 100 %
White 344,223 54
Black 285,798 45
American Indian/Alaska Native 3,867 1
Asian/Pacific Islander 4,677 1
Hispanic origin of adults on parole 581,332 100 %
Hispanic 119,970 21
Non-Hispanic 461,362 79
Length of sentence 573,481 100 %
Less than 1 year 23,978 4

One year or more 549,503 96
Note: Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. See the detailed tables,
the questionnaire, and the Explanatory notes for definitions, limitations, and exceptions.
For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type; their numbers
are in the detailed tables.
Jurisdictions failed to report data for less than 1% of "status of supervision,"
"adults entering parole," and "adults exiting parole"; 2% of "gender of adults on parole,"
7% of "race of adults on parole," 16% "Hispanic origin of adults on parole," and
17% of "length of sentence" of parolees.

Table 6.2. Adults on parole, 1997
Percent Number
change on parole on
Parole Parole in parole 12/31/97 per
Region and population 1997 population population 100,000 adult
jurisdiction 1/1/97 Entries Exits 12/31/97 during 1997 residents
U.S. total 679,733 420,681 409,471 690,752 1.6 % 349
a,b
Federal 59,235 24,030 20,397 63,406 7.0 % 32
State 620,498 396,651 389,074 627,346 1.1 317
Northeast 154,959 78,667 72,493 160,737 3.7 % 413

Connecticut 1,083 1,058 1,145 996 -8.0 40
Maine 57 4 2 59 3.5 6
Massachusettsa 4,836 3,809 3,653 4,596 -5.0 98
New Hampshire 1,066 872 855 1,083 1.6 124
New Jerseyb 14,545 14,608 12,250 16,903 16.2 279
New York 57,137 27,096 24,563 59,670 4.4 439
Pennsylvania 75,013 30,211 28,992 76,232 1.6 833
Rhode Island 573 587 629 531 -7.3 70
Vermont 649 422 404 667 2.8 150
Midwest 89,090 62,524 61,805 89,823 0.8 % 194

Illinois 30,064 23,595 23,311 30,348 0.9 348
Indianab,c,d 3,580 4,549 4,085 4,044 13.0 93
Iowaa 2,200 2,343 2,506 2,051 -6.8 96
Kansasb,c 6,004 4,650 4,504 6,150 2.4 323
Michigan 14,609 8,758 9,016 14,351 -1.8 197
Minnesota 2,377 2,632 2,563 2,446 2.9 71
Missourie 13,087 4,720 5,293 12,514 -4.4 313
Nebraskab 688 770 770 688 0.0 57
North Dakota 100 212 193 119 19.0 25
Ohio 6,331 5,258 4,786 6,803 7.5 81
South Dakota 725 675 540 860 18.6 159
Wisconsinb 9,325 4,362 4,238 9,449 1.3 247
South 241,668 98,173 104,626 234,780 -2.9 % 336

Alabamaa,f 4,966 : : 4,742 -4.5 146
Arkansasb,e 5,459 3,225 2,817 5,867 7.5 315
Delawaree,g 591 196 196 591 -- 107
District of Columbiab 7,120 2,310 2,363 7,067 -0.7 1,676
Florida 9,243 3,596 4,362 8,477 -8.3 76
Georgiaa 21,146 11,567 10,587 21,915 3.6 399
Kentucky 4,621 2,853 3,241 4,233 -8.4 144
Louisiana 19,082 10,819 9,974 19,927 4.4 630
Maryland 16,246 9,732 10,215 15,763 -3.0 412
Mississippic,d,h 1,326 1,233 1,181 1,378 3.9 70
North Carolinab 12,358 8,774 12,984 8,148 -34.1 147
Oklahoma 2,159 442 673 1,928 -10.7 79
South Carolina 5,036 1,343 1,369 5,010 -0.5 179
Tennesseed 8,934 4,294 4,535 8,693 -2.7 215
Texase 112,594 27,682 30,839 109,437 -2.8 789
Virginiab,e 9,918 9,538 8,746 10,710 8.0 210
West Virginia 869 569 544 894 2.9 64
West 134,781 157,287 150,150 142,006 5.4 % 330

Alaska 642 466 356 752 17.1 179
Arizona 3,785 6,141 6,548 3,378 -10.8 103
Californiac,f 99,578 134,345 129,514 104,409 4.9 448
Coloradob 3,294 3,744 2,899 4,139 25.7 144
Hawaii 1,733 699 639 1,793 3.5 203
Idaho 692 600 472 820 18.5 95
Montanac,d,i 771 444 409 806 4.5 124
Nevadaa 3,216 : : 3,304 2.7 268
New Mexico 1,426 1,617 1,417 1,626 14.0 132
Oregon 15,800 6,649 5,634 16,815 6.4 691
Utah 2,920 2,329 1,930 3,319 13.7 242
Washingtone 560 32 112 480 -14.3 12
Wyoming 364 221 220 365 0.3 105
: Not known.
-- Not calculated.
a
Because of nonresponse or incomplete data, the population on December 31, 1997, does not equal the
population on January 1, 1997, plus entries, minus exits.
b
c
Data do not include absconders.
d
Data do not include out-of-State cases.
e
f
Multiple agencies reporting; see Explanatory notes for more detail.
g
Data are for year ending March 30, 1998.
h
Data do not include inactive cases.
i
Total exits are estimated.
Parole in 1997 113

Table 6.3. Adults on parole, by status of supervision, 1997
Number of adults on parole
Parole Other,
Region and population unknown, or
jurisdiction 12/31/97 Active Inactive Absconded Out of State not reported
U.S. total 690,752 553,766 48,531 46,540 33,277 8,638
Federal 63,406 60,004 2,893 509 ... 0

State 627,346 493,762 45,638 46,031 33,277 8,638
Northeast 160,737 116,988 20,822 9,946 9,990 2,991

Connecticut 996 798 0 95 : 103
Maine 59 29 0 12 18 0
Massachusetts 4,596 3,771 0 169 656 0
New Hampshirea,b 1,083 782 223 0 61 17
New Jerseya 16,903 13,211 0 3,099 593 0
New York 59,670 41,942 5,966 5,345 6,417 0
Pennsylvaniab 76,232 55,447 14,628 1,218 2,156 2,783
Rhode Islandb 531 383 0 0 60 88
Vermont 667 625 5 8 29 0
Midwest 89,823 75,756 0 4,276 7,450 2,341

Illinois 30,348 28,392 ... ... 1,956 0
Indianac 4,044 4,044 0 0 0 0
Iowa 2,051 1,726 0 101 224 0
Kansasd 6,150 4,442 0 0 1,708 0
Michigan 14,351 11,869 0 1,794 688 0
Minnesotab 2,446 1,994 0 247 135 70
Missouria,b 12,514 8,406 0 852 1,026 2,230
Nebraskab 688 508 ... 73 66 41
North Dakota 119 106 0 0 13 0
Ohio 6,803 5,647 0 280 876 0
South Dakota 860 632 0 29 199 0
Wisconsin 9,449 7,990 0 900 559 0
South 234,780 176,577 21,430 26,093 9,857 823

Alabamab 4,742 2,749 934 563 485 11
Arkansasa 5,867 5,272 89 344 141 21
Delawarea 591 426 0 109 56 0
District of Columbia 7,067 4,418 604 1,763 282 0
Florida 8,477 5,215 1,066 1,389 807 0
Georgia 21,915 20,371 : : 1,544 0
Kentucky 4,233 4,233 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 19,927 17,986 ... 1,305 636 0
Marylandb 15,763 10,121 1,624 2,927 661 430
Mississippie 1,378 1,378 0 0 0 0
North Carolina 8,148 5,830 367 1,439 163 349
Oklahomab 1,928 1,388 360 68 100 12
South Carolina 5,010 3,547 105 654 704 0
Tennesseef 8,693 6,913 930 850 0 0
Texasa 109,437 75,406 15,254 14,649 4,128 0
Virginiaa 10,710 10,710 0 0 0 0
West Virginia 894 614 97 33 150 0
West 142,006 124,441 3,386 5,716 5,980 2,483

Alaska 752 622 ... 118 12 0
Arizona 3,378 3,081 0 0 297 0
Californiad 104,409 101,987 0 54 2,368 0
Colorado 4,139 2,851 0 208 1,080 0
Hawaiib 1,793 1,202 129 234 131 97
Idaho 820 820 0 0 0 0
Montanac 806 806 0 0 0 0
Nevada 3,304 : : 374 544 2,386
New Mexico 1,626 1,357 0 0 269 0
Oregon 16,815 8,432 3,082 4,346 955 0
Utah 3,319 2,939 0 169 211 0
Washingtona 480 140 175 133 32 0
Wyoming 365 204 0 80 81 0
: Not known.
... Not applicable.
a
Detailed data are estimated for supervision status.
b
c
Excludes absconders and out-of-State cases.
d
Excludes absconders.
e
Excludes absconders, inactive, and out-of-State cases.
f
Excludes out-of-State cases.

Table 6.4. Adults entering parole, by type of sentence, 1997
Number of adults entering parole
Other,
Region and unknown, or
a b c
jurisdiction Total Discretionary Mandatory Reinstatement not reported
U.S. total 420,681 189,061 209,626 15,905 6,089
Federal 24,030 23,482 548 0 0

State 396,651 165,579 209,078 15,905 6,089
Northeast 78,667 71,444 6,038 524 661

Connecticut 1,058 1,057 0 1 0
Maine 4 4 0 0 0
Massachusetts 3,809 3,582 0 227 0
New Hampshired 872 0 617 238 17
New Jersey 14,608 14,608 0 0 0
New Yorkd 27,096 21,031 5,421 0 644
Pennsylvania 30,211 30,211 0 0 0
Rhode Islandd 587 529 ... 58 0
Vermont 422 422 0 0 0
Midwest 62,524 30,968 28,672 1,105 1,779

Illinoisd 23,595 44 22,429 83 1,039
Indiana 4,549 4,549 0 0 0
Iowa 2,343 2,343 0 0 0
Kansasd 4,650 4,156 171 97 226
Michigan 8,758 7,678 528 552 0
Minnesotad 2,632 2 2,477 0 153
Missourie 4,720 4,112 608 : 0
Nebraska 770 770 0 ... 0
North Dakota 212 212 0 0 0
Ohiod 5,258 3,406 1,194 365 293
South Dakota 675 490 178 7 0
Wisconsind 4,362 3,206 1,087 1 68
South 98,173 54,742 40,152 671 2,608

Alabama : : : : :
Arkansasd,e 3,225 1,767 1,146 215 97
Delawaree 196 48 148 : 0
District of Columbiad 2,310 1,525 476 124 185
Florida 3,596 3,406 0 190 0
Georgia 11,567 11,567 ... ... 0
Kentucky 2,853 2,803 ... 50 0
Louisiana 10,819 916 9,876 27 0
Maryland 9,732 3,504 6,228 0 0
Mississippi 1,233 1,217 ... 9 7
North Carolina 8,774 8,774 : : 0
Oklahoma 442 442 ... ... 0
South Carolina 1,343 1,343 0 0 0
Tennessee 4,294 4,224 14 56 0
Texase 27,682 9,908 17,774 0 0
Virginiad,e 9,538 2,729 4,490 0 2,319
West Virginia 569 569 0 0 0
West 157,287 8,425 134,216 13,605 1,041

Alaska 466 86 365 15 0
Arizonad 6,141 757 4,915 172 297
California 134,345 172 120,884 13,289 0
Coloradod 3,744 2,828 733 0 183
Hawaii 699 699 0 0 0
Idaho 600 600 0 0 0
Montana 444 444 0 0 0
Nevada : : : : 0
New Mexico 1,617 : 1,617 : 0
Oregond 6,649 478 5,702 129 340
Utah 2,329 2,329 0 0 0
Washingtone 32 32 0 0 0
Wyoming 221 : : : 221
... Not applicable.
: Not known.
a
Discretionary parole entries are persons entering because of a parole board decision.
b
Mandatory parole entries are persons whose releases from prison were not decided
by a parole board. Includes those entering because of determinate sentencing statutes,
good-time provisions, or emergency releases.
c
Reinstatement entries are persons returned to parole after serving time in a prison
because of a parole violation.
d
e
Detailed data are estimated for entries.
Parole in 1997 115

Table 6.5. Adults leaving parole, by type of exit, 1997
Number of adults leaving parole
Returned to prison or jail
With Transferred Other,
Region and Successful new With to another unknown, or
jurisdiction Total completion sentence revocation Other jurisdiction Death not reported
U.S. total 409,471 182,625 53,074 114,182 2,200 5,960 4,024 47,406
Federal 20,397 13,724 : 5,705 0 : 378 590

State 389,074 168,901 53,074 108,477 2,200 5,960 3,646 46,816
Northeast 72,493 44,677 7,473 17,244 6 1,114 705 1,274

Connecticut 1,145 655 203 283 0 0 4 0
Maine 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
Massachusetts 3,653 2,793 0 860 0 0 0 0
New Hampshire 855 562 284 0 0 0 9 0
New Jersey 12,250 5,934 1,536 4,773 0 0 7 0
New Yorka 24,563 13,909 3,185 6,837 0 0 389 243
Pennsylvaniaa 28,992 20,263 2,149 4,335 0 932 293 1,020
Rhode Islanda 629 410 67 132 6 0 3 11
Vermont 404 151 49 22 0 182 0 0
Midwest 61,805 36,938 8,563 11,112 897 632 369 3,294

Illinoisa 23,311 15,696 4,494 1,651 0 204 21 1,245
Indianaa 4,085 2,608 304 401 0 316 37 419
Iowaa 2,506 1,387 160 200 27 103 0 629
Kansasa 4,504 1,600 265 1,734 323 : 20 562
Michigan 9,016 4,959 1,288 2,668 0 0 101 0
Minnesota 2,563 1,530 129 897 0 0 7 0
Missouria,b 5,293 3,170 1,117 851 24 9 83 39
Nebraska 770 451 : 313 0 ... 6 0
North Dakota 193 142 17 34 0 0 0 0
Ohioa 4,786 2,399 343 1,184 523 0 57 280
South Dakota 540 369 0 168 0 0 3 0
Wisconsina 4,238 2,627 446 1,011 0 0 34 120
South 104,626 49,810 19,233 20,013 1,157 2,948 1,559 9,906

Alabama : : : : : : : :
Arkansasa,b 2,817 1,153 159 998 81 331 32 63
Delawarea,b 196 54 : : : : 6 136
District of Columbiaa 2,363 847 469 652 321 ... 70 4
Florida 4,362 1,070 1,913 1,287 0 74 18 0
Georgia 10,587 5,696 913 2,936 0 937 105 0
Kentucky 3,241 911 142 1,476 0 677 31 4
Louisianaa 9,974 4,227 3,033 1,986 326 0 99 303
Marylanda 10,215 5,666 814 729 369 5 123 2,509
Mississippia 1,181 913 3 73 57 19 7 109
North Carolinaa 12,984 9,565 230 2,403 0 : 50 736
Oklahoma 673 483 123 59 0 : 8 0
South Carolina 1,369 780 88 458 0 0 43 0
Tennesseea 4,535 1,532 1,105 1,561 3 17 : 317
Texasa,b 30,839 11,760 10,220 3,747 0 0 910 4,202
Virginiaa,b 8,746 4,807 0 1,477 0 888 51 1,523
West Virginia 544 346 21 171 0 0 6 0
West 150,150 37,476 17,805 60,108 140 1,266 1,013 32,342

Alaska 356 121 66 157 0 12 0 0
Arizona 6,548 3,914 141 1,487 0 1,000 6 0
Californiaa 129,514 27,533 16,260 53,202 33 0 817 31,669
Colorado 2,899 1,282 346 1,087 0 163 21 0
Hawaii 639 246 22 363 0 0 8 0
Idaho 472 243 0 229 0 0 0 0
Montanaa 409 164 0 123 94 23 5 0
Nevada : : : : : : : 0
New Mexicoa 1,417 367 : 527 0 ... 30 493
Oregon 5,634 3,116 571 1,835 0 14 81 17
Utaha 1,930 338 399 1,048 0 0 14 131
Washingtona,b 112 50 0 0 0 0 30 32
Wyoming 220 102 0 50 13 54 1 0
: Not known.
... Not applicable.
a
b
Detailed data are estimated for exits.

Table 6.6. Adults on parole, by gender and Hispanic origin, 1997
Parole Gender Hispanic origin
Region and population Not Non- Not
jurisdiction 12/31/97 Male Female reported Hispanic Hispanic reported
U.S. total 690,752 601,300 76,357 13,095 119,970 461,362 109,420
Federal 63,406 53,774 9,557 75 10,969 51,952 485

State 627,346 547,526 66,800 13,020 109,001 409,410 108,935
Northeast 160,737 140,800 19,937 0 28,827 130,855 1,055

Connecticut 996 921 75 0 : : 996
Maine 59 57 2 0 : : 59
Massachusetts 4,596 4,239 357 0 940 3,656 0
New Hampshirea,b 1,083 758 325 0 108 975 0
New Jerseya,b 16,903 15,434 1,469 0 3,326 13,577 0
New York 59,670 54,529 5,141 0 20,917 38,753 0
Pennsylvania 76,232 63,751 12,481 0 3,443 72,789 0
Rhode Island 531 495 36 0 93 438 0
Vermont 667 616 51 0 : 667 0
Midwest 89,823 77,428 8,351 4,044 4,211 68,993 16,619

Illinoisa,b 30,348 27,672 2,676 0 2,346 28,002 0
Indiana 4,044 : : 4,044 : : 4,044
Iowa 2,051 1,805 246 0 60 1,991 0
Kansas 6,150 5,555 595 0 514 5,575 61
Michigan 14,351 13,154 1,197 0 295 14,056 0
Minnesota 2,446 2,237 209 0 141 2,305 0
Missouria,b 12,514 11,314 1,200 0 : : 12,514
Nebraskaa,b 688 88 600 0 56 632 0
North Dakota 119 107 12 0 10 109 0
Ohio 6,803 6,184 619 0 102 6,701 0
South Dakota 860 753 107 0 20 840 0
Wisconsin 9,449 8,559 890 0 667 8,782 0
South 234,780 201,168 24,636 8,976 27,851 118,746 88,183

Alabama 4,742 : : 4,742 : : 4,742
Arkansasa,b 5,867 4,940 927 0 78 5,789 0
Delawarea,b 591 548 43 0 23 568 0
District of Columbia 7,067 6,572 495 0 : : 7,067
Florida 8,477 7,902 574 1 511 7,966 0
Georgiab 21,915 19,706 2,209 0 : : 21,915
Kentucky 4,233 : : 4,233 : : 4,233
Louisiana 19,927 18,197 1,730 0 : : 19,927
Maryland 15,763 14,487 1,276 0 : : 15,763
Mississippib 1,378 1,251 127 0 : : 1,378
North Carolina 8,148 7,289 859 0 : : 8,148
Oklahoma 1,928 1,571 357 0 116 1,812 0
South Carolina 5,010 4,523 487 0 : : 5,010
Tennessee 8,693 7,816 877 0 25 8,668 0
Texasa,b 109,437 96,092 13,345 0 27,026 82,411 0
Virginiaa,b 10,710 9,467 1,243 0 67 10,643 0
West Virginia 894 807 87 0 5 889 0
West 142,006 128,130 13,876 0 48,112 90,816 3,078

Alaska 752 602 150 0 15 737 0
Arizona 3,378 3,147 231 0 1,094 2,284 0
California 104,409 94,482 9,927 0 41,923 62,486 0
Colorado 4,139 3,746 393 0 1,217 2,922 0
Hawaii 1,793 1,620 173 0 : : 1,793
Idaho 820 733 87 0 154 666 0
Montana 806 733 73 0 : : 806
Nevada 3,304 3,025 279 0 377 2,927 0
New Mexicoa,b 1,626 1,264 362 0 803 623 200
Oregon 16,815 15,032 1,783 0 1,850 14,965 0
Utah 3,319 2,964 355 0 624 2,684 11
Washingtona,b 480 457 23 0 23 189 268
Wyoming 365 325 40 0 32 333 0
: Not known.
a
Detailed data are estimated for Hispanic origin.
b
Detailed data are estimated for gender.
Parole in 1997 117

Table 6.7. Adults on parole, by race, 1997
Parole American Asian/ Other,
Region and population Indian/ Pacific unknown, or
jurisdiction 12/31/97 White Black Alaskan Native Islander not reported
U.S. total 690,752 344,223 285,798 3,867 4,677 52,187
Federal 63,406 41,541 18,721 912 1,424 808

State 627,346 302,682 267,077 2,955 3,253 51,379
Northeast 160,737 65,853 66,819 127 1,357 26,581

Connecticuta 996 268 463 1 4 260
Maine 59 : : : : 59
Massachusettsa,b 4,596 2,507 1,095 3 42 949
New Hampshirec 1,083 921 108 0 54 0
New Jerseyc 16,903 6,692 10,185 1 25 0
New Yorka 59,670 8,977 28,594 108 233 21,758
Pennsylvaniaa,b 76,232 45,464 26,217 5 991 3,555
Rhode Island 531 373 150 2 6 0
Vermont 667 651 7 7 2 0
Midwest 89,823 36,745 47,196 698 240 4,944

Illinoisc 30,348 7,691 22,567 40 46 4
Indiana 4,044 : : : : 4,044
Iowaa 2,051 1,668 296 17 8 62
Kansas 6,150 3,797 2,161 35 96 61
Michigan 14,351 6,299 7,947 49 20 36
Minnesotaa,b 2,446 1,376 747 143 : 180
Missouric 12,514 7,448 5,020 19 9 18
Nebraskac 688 496 169 23 0 0
North Dakota 119 93 6 19 1 0
Ohioa 6,803 2,716 3,962 8 8 109
South Dakota 860 699 40 121 0 0
Wisconsin 9,449 4,462 4,281 224 52 430
South 234,780 102,842 121,025 343 180 10,390

Alabama 4,742 0 0 0 0 4,742
Arkansasa,b,c 5,867 2,910 2,917 5 16 19
Delawarea,c 591 236 329 0 0 26
District of Columbia 7,067 212 6,855 : : 0
Floridaa,b 8,477 3,458 4,868 4 1 146
Georgiac 21,915 7,410 14,505 0 0 0
Kentucky 4,233 : : : : 4,233
Louisiana 19,927 5,350 14,520 0 5 52
Maryland 15,763 3,839 11,860 7 26 31
Mississippic 1,378 400 970 : : 8
North Carolina 8,148 2,773 5,078 195 7 95
Oklahomaa,b 1,928 1,123 607 71 3 124
South Carolina 5,010 1,512 3,457 2 0 39
Tennessee 8,693 3,728 4,940 4 11 10
Texasc 109,437 65,412 43,041 48 87 849
Virginiac 10,710 3,761 6,903 6 24 16
West Virginia 894 718 175 1 0 0
West 142,006 97,242 32,037 1,787 1,476 9,464

Alaska 752 432 78 225 14 3
Arizona 3,378 2,680 523 132 10 33
Californiaa,b 104,409 72,252 27,097 738 1,253 3,069
Coloradoa 4,139 1,954 861 66 8 1,250
Hawaii 1,793 : : : : 1,793
Idahoa 820 615 13 32 6 154
Montana 806 : : : : 806
Nevadaa 3,304 1,881 949 46 17 411
New Mexicoc 1,626 1,305 191 105 : 25
Oregona 16,815 12,526 1,997 315 115 1,862
Utah 3,319 2,922 247 92 47 11
Washingtonb,c 480 370 67 22 6 15
Wyominga 365 305 14 14 0 32
: Not known.
a
"Other" includes Hispanic parolees of unknown race.
b
c
Detailed data are estimated for race.

Table 6.8. Adults on parole, by sentence length, 1997
Parole Length of sentence
Region and population One year More than Not
jurisdiction 12/31/97 or less one year reported
U.S. total 690,752 23,978 549,503 117,271
Federal 63,406 13,215 47,554 2,637

State 627,346 10,763 501,949 114,634
Northeast 160,737 1,598 82,907 76,232

Connecticut 996 0 996 0
Maine 59 0 59 0
Massachusetts 4,596 552 4,044 0
New Hampshire 1,083 0 1,083 0
New Jersey 16,903 969 15,934 0
New York 59,670 ... 59,670 0
Pennsylvania 76,232 : : 76,232
Rhode Island 531 37 494 0
Vermont 667 40 627 0
Midwest 89,823 82 74,197 15,544

Illinois 30,348 ... 30,348 0
Indiana 4,044 : : 4,044
Iowa 2,051 : : 2,051
Kansas 6,150 0 6,150 0
Michigan 14,351 0 14,351 0
Minnesota 2,446 0 2,446 0
Missouri* 12,514 0 12,514 0
Nebraska* 688 8 680 0
North Dakota 119 74 45 0
Ohio 6,803 ... 6,803 0
South Dakota 860 0 860 0
Wisconsin 9,449 : : 9,449
South 234,780 5,123 211,661 17,996

Alabama 4,742 0 0 4,742
Arkansas* 5,867 1,202 4,665 0
Delaware 591 : : 591
District of Columbia 7,067 : : 7,067
Florida 8,477 1,709 6,182 586
Georgia* 21,915 486 21,429 0
Kentucky 4,233 ... 4,233 0
Louisiana 19,927 1,357 18,570 0
Maryland 15,763 157 15,606 0
Mississippi* 1,378 3 1,375 0
North Carolina 8,148 209 7,939 0
Oklahoma 1,928 0 1,928 0
South Carolina 5,010 : : 5,010
Tennessee 8,693 0 8,693 0
Texas* 109,437 0 109,437 0
Virginia* 10,710 0 10,710 0
West Virginia 894 0 894 0
West 142,006 3,960 133,184 4,862

Alaska 752 : : 752
Arizona 3,378 135 3,243 0
California 104,409 0 104,409 0
Colorado 4,139 : 4,139 0
Hawaii 1,793 0 1,793 0
Idaho 820 ... 820 0
Montana 806 : : 806
Nevada 3,304 : : 3,304
New Mexico 1,626 ... 1,626 0
Oregon 16,815 3,682 13,133 0
Utah 3,319 17 3,302 0
Washington* 480 0 480 0
Wyoming 365 126 239 0
: Not known.
... Not applicable.
*Detailed data are estimated for sentence length.
Parole in 1997 119

Table 6.9. Adults on parole under intensive supervision, being
electronically monitored, or in a bootcamp, 1997
Region and Intensive Electronic
jurisdiction supervision monitoring Bootcamp
U.S. total 40,156 7,140 738
a,b
Federal : 3,053 ...
State 40,156 4,087 738
Northeast 12,002 231 0

Connecticut 20 17 ...
Maine ... ... ...
Massachusettsc 70 10 ...
New Hampshire 124 17 ...
New Jersey 1,039 68 ...
New York ... 69 ...
Pennsylvania 10,749 : ...
Rhode Island ... 50 ...
Vermont ... ... ...
Midwest 5,271 938 0

Illinois 446 337 ...
Indiana 50 21 ...
Iowa 387 17 ...
Kansasc ... 35 ...
Michigan 3,835 242 ...
Minnesotac 369 75 ...
Missouric ... 208 ...
Nebraska 79 ... ...
North Dakotad 5 3 ...
Ohio ... ... ...
South Dakota 100 ... ...
Wisconsin : : :
South 10,402 2,343 738

Alabamad 100 40 ...
Arkansasd,e 46 57 ...
Delawared 203 9 ...
District of Columbia ... ... ...
Florida 10 ... ...
Georgiab 1,206 1,100 ...
Kentucky 272 ... :
Louisiana 150 54 ...
Maryland 2,495 71 738
Mississippi ... ... ...
North Carolina 1,098 151 ...
Oklahoma 73 ... ...
South Carolina 455 : ...
Tennessee 1,213 10 ...
Texasd 1,931 767 ...
Virginia 1,150 84 ...
West Virginia : ... ...
West 12,481 575 0

Alaska 21 ... ...
Arizona : 120 ...
California 10,641 12 ...
Coloradob 504 ... ...
Hawaii 84 4 ...
Idaho 61 19 ...
Montanac,e 31 31 ...
Nevadac 102 50 ...
New Mexicoe 198 55 ...
Oregond 308 193 ...
Utah 514 83 ...
Washington ... ... ...
Wyoming 17 8 ...
: Not known.
... Not applicable.
a
Reported data include both probationers and parolees.
b
Intensive supervision and electronic monitoring are combined program;
c
Detailed data are estimated for electronic monitoring.
d
Detailed data are estimated for intensive supervision and electronic
monitoring.
e

Table 6.10. States with the largest parole populations and growth, 1997
10 States with Persons

the largest parole 10 States with the 10 States with supervised per 10 States with Persons supervised
populations Number largest percent Percent the highest rates 100,000 adult the lowest rates per 100,000 adult
in 1997 supervised increase, 1996-97 increase of supervision U.S. residents* of supervision U.S. residents*
Texas 109,437 Colorado 25.7% Pennsylvania 833 Maine 6
California 104,409 North Dakota 19.0 Texas 789 Washington 12
Pennsylvania 76,232 South Dakota 18.6 Oregon 691 North Dakota 25
New York 59,670 Idaho 18.5 Louisiana 630 Connecticut 40
Illinois 30,348 Alaska 17.1 California 448 Nebraska 57
Georgia 21,915 New Jersey 16.2 New York 439 West Virginia 64
Louisiana 19,927 New Mexico 14.0 Maryland 412 Mississippi 70
New Jersey 16,903 Utah 13.7 Georgia 399 Rhode Island 70
Oregon 16,815 Indiana 13.0 Illinois 348 Minnesota 71
Maryland 15,763 Virginia 8.0 Kansas 323 Florida 76
Note: The District of Columbia as a wholly urban jurisdiction is excluded.
For more information, see table 6.2.
*Rates are computed using U.S. resident population on July 1, 1997.
Parole in 1997 121

Explanatory notes and California District of Columbia
jurisdiction
California has two reporting agencies: Data include parolees from local jails.
Because many jurisdictions update their Department of Corrections and the “Other” entries includes grants to detainers
population counts, the January 1, 1997, California Youth Authority (CYA). and consecutive sentences (table 6.4).
numbers may differ from those previously
published for December 31, 1996. California State data do not include 19,523 “Other” exits includes Federal Youth
absconders. Corrections Act warrants and withdrawn
Federal warrants that resulted in expired sentences
California State’s “other” exits includes (table 6.5).
Data for the Federal system are from the suspensions of parolees at large. CYA’s
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts as “other” exits includes parolees who were Florida
provided to the BJS Federal Justice released with a court action pending,
Statistics Program. Parole includes absent without leave at discharge, and “Other” race includes an unspecified
supervised release, parole, military parole, those no longer under CYA’s jurisdiction number of Hispanic parolees of unknown
special parole, and mandatory release. because they reached age 25 (table 6.5). race, and others (table 6.7).
Definitional differences exist between
parole reported here and in other BJS data California State’s “other” race includes Georgia
series. 2,528 Hispanic, Asian, and Pacific Islander
parolees who entered prison before 1990. The intensive supervision program and the
The electronic monitoring count includes CYA’s “other” race includes 520 Hispanics electronic monitoring program cannot be
intensive supervision parolees (table 6.9). for whom race is unknown and 21 others separated. The intensive supervision
including an unspecified number of population includes all 1,100 parolees on
Alabama Asian/Pacific Islander parolees (table 6.7). electronic monitoring (table 6.9).
Alabama has two reporting agencies: one Colorado Hawaii

State and one local. All data reported by
Alabama’s local agency were estimated. Growth in the parole population may have “Other” supervision status includes
been the result of a state law which parolees serving prison sentences in other
“Supervision status absconder” includes mandates a period of parole supervision for jurisdictions (table 6.3).
persons incarcerated in jail who are all persons sentenced to prison for crimes
awaiting a parole revocation hearing committed on or after July 1, 1993. Illinois
(table 6.3).
“Other” entries includes interstate compact “Other” entries includes transfers from other
Arizona cases in from other states (table 6.4). states and others (table 6.4).
“Other” entries includes interstate compact “Other” race includes 1,217 Hispanics of “Other” exits includes transfers to
cases (table 6.4). unknown race (table 6.7). Apprehension Unit (table 6.5).
Arkansas Electronic monitoring is not a separate Indiana

program; counts are reported with intensive
All data are estimated. supervision program (table 6.9). Data do not include 400 absconders and
295 parolees supervised out of State.
Data do not include 477 persons under the Connecticut
jurisdiction of the Department of “Other” exits includes an unspecified
Corrections who were being supervised “Other” race includes 260 Hispanic number of absconders (table 6.5).
following release from boot camp. parolees of unknown race (table 6.7).
Iowa
“Other” entries includes transfers and Delaware
parolees returned from out-of-State “Other” exits includes 210 absconders
supervision (table 6.4). All data are estimated. Information is for (table 6.5).
the year ending on March 30, 1998.
“Other” exits includes early discharges “Other” race includes 60 Hispanic parolees
and absconders (table 6.5). “Other” exits includes 48 conviction parole of unknown race (table 6.7).
violation closings, 35 technical violation
“Other” race includes Asian parolees closings, and others (table 6.5).
and Hispanic parolees of unknown race
(table 6.7). “Other” race includes 23 Hispanic parolees
of unknown race (table 6.7).

Kansas Minnesota Nevada
Data do not include 562 absconders. “Other” supervision status includes “Other” race includes 411 Hispanic
parolees held in local jails for absconding parolees of unknown race (table 6.7).
The Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act with with the issuance of a warrant, or detained
its determinate sentencing structure in another form for a new offense New Hampshire
became effective July 1, 1993. Previously, (table 6.3).
Kansas had indeterminate sentencing. As “Other” supervision status includes 17
a result, a number of entries and exits to “Other” entries includes parolees released administrative home confinement parolees
parole (reported in these tables) involve to intensive supervision programs (table 6.3).
offenders with “guidelines” or “new law” (table 6.4).
sentences (which have determinate periods “Other” entries includes 17 administrative
of post-incarceration supervision). For “Other” race includes an unspecified home confinement parolees (table 6.4).
purposes of these tables, it is not feasible number of Asian parolees, 141 Hispanic
to differentiate movements of “old law” parolees of unknown race, and others New Jersey
versus “new law” offenders. For example, (table 6.7).
releases to post-incarceration supervision Data do not include an additional 27,002
(for a determinate period under new law) Mississippi individuals who completed the time portion
are included with the regular parole of their sentences but not their financial
releases (for an indeterminate period under Data do not include 757 inactive parolees, obligations who were transferred to the
old law) in “discretionary release from 267 parolees supervised out of State, and Business Office of the Department of
prison” (table 6.4). Both of these groups of 2 absconders. Corrections in 1997.
releases are under the same type of
post-incarceration supervision by parole “Other” exits includes 107 administrative New Mexico
officers and are subject to return to prison, errors (table 6.5).
as always, for violation of the conditions of “Other” exits includes unsuccessful
release. Missouri completions, special actions, and
absconders (table 6.5).
“Other” entries includes releases from All data are estimated.
pre-revocation and administrative holding The intensive supervision count includes
(table 6.4). “Other” supervision status includes parolees in the Community Corrections
parolees in custody (table 6.3). Program, a therapeutic program with high
“Other” exits includes 285 absconders, 94 needs caseloads (table 6.9).
warrant issued releases, and 183 “Other” exits includes bond forfeitures and
out-of-State cases (table 6.5). unknowns (table 6.5). New York
Louisiana Montana “Other” entries includes 644 direct

sentences to parole after successful
“Returned to incarceration other” includes Data do not include 100 parolees completion of drug treatment program
319 parolees sentenced for a conviction on supervised out of State and 26 absconders. (table 6.4).
a charge that was pending prior to or during
their last incarceration period. “Other” exits Data do not include 31 parolees in an “Other” exits includes 221 board actions
includes administrative errors (table 6.5). intensive supervision program and 31 and 22 court orders (table 6.5).
parolees in an electronic monitoring
Maryland program. “Other” race includes 20,917 Hispanic
parolees of unknown race (table 6.7).
“Other” supervision status includes “Total” exits are estimated (table 6.5).
delinquents in custody (table 6.3). North Carolina
Nebraska
“Other” exits includes unsuccessful The large decrease in population is due to
completions, expirations, and others January 1, 1997, population is inconsistent post-release individuals who are not
(table 6.5). with the population previously reported for supervised by the community due to
December 31, 1996; adjustments were “Truth-in-sentencing” legislation.
Massachusetts made upon implementation of a new
computer program. “Other” exits includes unsuccessful
“Other” race includes 940 Hispanic and 9 completions, expirations, and others
other parolees of unknown race (table 6.7). “Other” supervision status includes (table 6.5).
detainees (table 6.3).
Parole in 1997 123

Ohio “Returned to incarceration other” includes Wisconsin
completion of parole while held on
“Other” entries includes out-of-State entries detention warrants. “Other” exits includes Change in respondent between 1996 and
(table 6.4). one absconder from Home Confinement 1997 resulted in definitional differences
Parole and 10 other absconders (table 6.5). from previously published data. Included in
“Other” exits includes parole violators at the 1997 data survey (including counts for
large (absconders) and parolee violators in Tennessee 1996) are persons under parole supervision
custody (table 6.5). following incarceration in a mental health
Data do not include 656 parolees institution. Other unknown definitional
“Other” race includes 102 Hispanic supervised out of State. differences may exist.
“Other” exits includes interstate compact “Other” entries includes conditional release
Oklahoma cases (table 6.5). and mental health cases (table 6.4).
“Other” supervision status includes 12 Texas “Other” exits includes 65 court orders, 36
parolees awaiting transfer to incarceration early discharges, 16 interstate compact
(table 6.3). All data are estimated. cases, and transferred interstate compact
cases (table 6.5).
“Other” race includes Hispanic parolees of “Other” exits includes administrative
unknown race and others (table 6.7). closures (table 6.5). Wyoming
Oregon Utah “Other” race includes 32 Hispanic parolees

of unknown race (table 6.7).
“Other” entries includes 280 transitional “Other” exits includes 104 parolees whose
leave parolees (table 6.4). sentence expired, 22 unsuccessful
completions, and 5 parolees whose
“Other” race includes 1,850 Hispanic sentence was terminated (table 6.5).
Virginia
Pennsylvania
“Other” supervision status includes
detained parolees (table 6.3). Effective January 1, 1995, parole was
abolished for new court commitments
“Other” exits includes absconders, transfers whose date of crime was after January 1,
and unknown exits (table 6.5). 1995.
“Other” race includes 3,443 Hispanic “Other” entries includes restored to

parolees of unknown race and 112 others supervision cases (table 6.4).
(table 6.7).
“Other” exits includes out-of-State cases
Rhode Island and others (table 6.5).
“Supervised out of State” includes 8 Washington

persons serving out-of-State sentences.
“Other” supervision status includes 49 All data are estimated.
persons supervised by the U.S. Immigration
and Naturalization Service, 9 persons “Other” exits includes parolees whose term
serving a U.S. sentence, 2 persons in a expired (table 6.5).
Federal detention facility, one person in the
Federal Witness Program, and 27 inmates “Other” race includes two parolees of mixed
held in the Rhode Island Adult Correctional race (table 6.7).
Institution on detention warrants issued by
the parole board (table 6.3).
“Reinstatement of parole” includes persons

placed on “re-parole” after revocation
because either (a) there were no new
sentences or (b) all new sentences were 6
months or less to serve (table 6.4).

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Capital punishment in 1997
Tables Prisoners removed from death row,

1997
By Tracy L. Snell, BJS Statistician
7.16 Status of prisoners 155
7.1 Summary characteristics of all 7.17 Means of removal 156
prisoners present at yearend, 7.18 Time between sentencing
received from court, and and removal 157
removed from under a 7.19 Age 158
sentence of death, 1997 130
7.20 Level of education completed 159
7.21 Marital status at time
Prisoners under sentence of death, of imprisonment 160
1997 7.22 Legal status at time
of capital offense 161
7.2 Movement of all prisoners 131 7.23 Felony history 164
7.3 Movement of female prisoners 132
7.4 Movement of Hispanic Current status
prisoners 133
7.5 Time between sentencing 7.24 Status of death penalty
and yearend 134 by jurisdiction, 1997 167
7.6 Age 135
7.7 Level of education completed 136 Prisoners executed under civil
7.8 Marital status at time authority in the United States,
of imprisonment 137 1930-96
7.9 Legal status at time
of capital offense 138 7.25 Year, region, and jurisdiction 168
7.10 Felony history 139 7.26 Race and offense 169
Prisoners received from court under Explanatory notes 170

sentence of death, 1997
Questionnaires
7.11 Age 144
7.12 Level of education completed 147 Status of Death Penalty Statutes, 1996
7.13 Marital status at time No Statute in Force 171
of imprisonment 148 Statute in Force 173
7.14 Legal status at time Report of Inmates under Sentence
of capital offense 149 of Death 175
7.15 Felony history 150
Capital punishment in 1997 129

Table 7.1. Summary characteristics of all prisoners present at yearend,
received from court, and removed from under a sentence of death, 1997
Prisoners under sentence of death

Sentence of death
removed in 1997
Present Received By means
yearend from court other than
Characteristic 1997 in 1997 Executed executiona
U.S. total 3,335 256 74 89
Gender
Male 3,291 254 74 84
Female 44 2 0 5
Race
White 1,876 146 45 58
Black 1,406 106 27 31
Otherb 53 4 2 0
Hispanic origin
Hispanic 283 26 5 2
Non-Hispanic 2,794 191 69 81
Not known 258 39 0 6
Education
8th grade or less 403 28 8 14
9th to 11th grade 1,065 72 23 24
12th grade 1,077 95 32 23
Any college 286 16 5 7
Not reported 504 45 6 21
Felony history
Prior conviction, total 2,011 151 54 55
Homicide 279 29 9 10
Other offenses 1,634 116 42 42
Offense not reported 98 6 3 3
No prior conviction 1,068 87 17 27
Not reported 256 18 3 7
Age
Under 20 years 14 9 0 0
20-24 years 275 66 1 4
25-29 years 497 55 4 9
30-34 years 578 33 14 19
35-39 years 727 36 21 16
40-54 years 1,091 50 29 27
55 years or older 153 7 5 14
Median age 37 29 39 38
a
Includes deceased from causes other than execution, commutation
of sentence, sentence vacated, and conviction vacated.
b
”Other” race present at yearend includes 28 American Indians,
17 Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecified race. “Other” race admitted includes
4 American Indians. One American Indian and 1 Asian inmate were executed in 1997.

Table 7.2. Movement of all prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1997
Under death Death sentence Under death
sentence Received from removed sentence
Region 12/31/96 court in 1997 Executed in 1997 in 1997a 12/31/97
and State Total White Black Other Total White Black Otherb Total White Black Otherb Total White Black Total White Black Otherb
U.S. total 3,242 1,833 1,358 51 256 146 106 4 74 45 27 2 89 58 31 3,335 1,876 1,406 53
Federal 12 4 8 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 6 9 0
State 3,230 1,829 1,350 51 253 144 105 4 74 45 27 2 89 58 31 3,320 1,870 1,397 53
Northeast 223 81 135 7 13 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 232 85 140 7

Connecticut 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 3 0
New Jersey 11 5 6 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 8 6 0
Pennsylvania 208 75 126 7 10 3 7 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 214 76 131 7
Midwest 482 236 244 2 27 18 9 0 10 5 5 0 18 13 5 481 236 243 2

Illinois 161 61 100 0 6 3 3 0 2 0 2 0 6 4 2 159 60 99 0
Indiana 46 31 15 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 44 30 14 0
Missouri 93 50 43 0 10 8 2 0 6 5 1 0 9 7 2 88 46 42 0
Nebraska 11 8 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 9 1 1
Ohio 170 85 84 1 8 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 177 89 87 1
South Dakota 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0
South 1,793 1,024 747 22 157 80 75 2 60 36 22 2 52 34 18 1,838 1,034 782 22

Alabama 152 89 62 1 15 7 8 0 3 2 1 0 5 4 1 159 90 68 1
Arkansas 38 21 17 0 5 1 4 0 4 3 1 0 1 0 1 38 19 19 0
Delaware 11 5 6 0 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 8 7 0
c
Florida 374 234 139 1 18 14 4 0 1 0 1 0 21 11 10 370 237 132 1
Georgia 102 58 44 0 13 3 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 115 61 53 1
Kentucky 29 22 7 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 30 23 7 0
Louisiana 62 22 40 0 12 2 10 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 2 70 22 48 0
Maryland 19 4 15 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 17 3 14 0
Mississippi 57 26 31 0 7 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 30 34 0
North Carolina 161 77 81 3 22 7 14 1 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 176 78 94 4
Oklahoma 134 81 42 11 11 7 4 0 1 0 0 1 7 6 1 137 82 45 10
South Carolina 68 30 38 0 5 3 2 0 2 1 1 0 3 2 1 68 30 38 0
Tennessee 93 63 28 2 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 98 66 30 2
Texasd 444 268 172 4 32 20 12 0 37 23 13 1 1 1 0 438 264 171 3
Virginia 49 24 25 0 4 2 2 0 9 5 4 0 1 0 1 43 21 22 0
West 732 488 224 20 56 40 14 2 4 4 0 0 15 9 6 769 515 232 22

Arizona 121 101 14 6 8 7 0 1 2 2 0 0 7 3 4 120 103 10 7
California 455 273 171 11 36 25 11 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 2 486 295 180 11
Colorado 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 0
Idaho 18 18 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 19 0 0
Montana 7 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 0 1
Nevada 83 48 34 1 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 51 35 1
New Mexico 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0
Oregon 19 18 0 1 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 20 19 0 1
Utah 9 7 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 7 2 1
Washington 11 10 1 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 12 9 3 0
b
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported no prisoners Four American Indians were received from court; 1 American Indian in Oklahoma and 1
under sentence of death in 1997: New Hampshire, New York, Kansas, and Asian in Texas were executed; 28 American Indians, 17 Asians, and 8 inmates of
Wyoming. unspecified race were under sentence of death at yearend.
a
Dispositions of death sentences other than by execution included dismissal of c
Race has been changed from white to American Indian for 1 inmate.
indictment, reversal of judgment, commutation, resentencing, order of a new d
Race has been changed from black to white for 1 inmate.
trial, and death.

Table 7.3. Movement of female prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1997
Female prisoners under sentence of death

Under death Received from Death sentence Under death
Region sentence 12/31/96 court in 1997a removed in 1997b sentence 12/31/97
and State Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black
U.S. total 47 32 15 2 2 0 5 4 1 44 30 14
Federal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
State 47 32 15 2 2 0 5 4 1 44 30 14
Northeast 4 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 2 3
New Jersey 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Pennsylvania 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 3
Midwest 6 3 3 0 0 0 3 2 1 3 1 2
Illinois 4 1 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 0 2
Missouri 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
South 26 20 6 1 1 0 2 2 0 25 19 6
Alabama 4 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 1
Florida 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 2
Mississippi 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
North Carolina 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0
Oklahoma 4 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 1
Tennessee 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
Texas 6 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 7 5 2
West 11 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 8 3
Arizona 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
California 8 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 6 2
Idaho 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Nevada 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
a
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported no All women received from court with a death sentence
women under sentence of death in 1997: Connecticut, New in 1997 had been convicted of murder.
b
Hampshire, New York, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dispositions of death sentences other than by execution
Dakota, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, included dismissal of indictment, reversal of judgment,
Maryland, South Carolina, Virginia, Colorado, Montana, New commutation, resentencing, and order of a new trial.
Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. No women were executed in 1997.

Table 7.4. Movement of Hispanic prisoners under sentence of death, 1997
Hispanic prisoners under sentence of death

Under death Received Death sen- Under death
sentence from court Executed tence removed sentence
Region and State 12/31/96 in 1997 in 1997 in 1997* 12/31/97
U.S. total 264 26 5 2 283
Federal 0 0 0 0 0
State 264 26 5 2 283
Northeast 13 0 0 0 13
Pennsylvania 13 0 0 0 13
Midwest 15 1 0 2 14
Illinois 8 1 0 2 7
Indiana 2 0 0 0 2
Ohio 5 0 0 0 5
South 137 13 5 0 145

Arkansas 2 0 1 0 1
Florida 40 2 1 0 41
Georgia 1 0 0 0 1
Louisiana 1 0 0 0 1
Mississippi 1 0 0 0 1
North Carolina 3 0 0 0 3
Oklahoma 6 1 0 0 7
Tennessee 1 0 0 0 1
Texas 80 10 2 0 88
Virginia 2 0 1 0 1
West 99 12 0 0 111
Arizona 18 0 0 0 18
California 68 11 0 0 79
Colorado 1 0 0 0 1
Nevada 8 0 0 0 8
New Mexico 1 0 0 0 1
Oregon 1 1 0 0 2
Utah 2 0 0 0 2
Note: Hispanic prisoners may be of any race. than by execution included dismissal of
States that do not appear had no Hispanic indictment, reversal of judgment, commuta-
prisoners under a death sentence in 1997. tion, resentencing, and order of a new trial.
*Dispositions of death sentences other

Table 7.5. Time between sentencing and yearend for prisoners
under sentence of death, 1997

Region Less than 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-71 More than Median num-
and State Total 12 months months months months months 71 months ber of months
All prisoners
U.S. total 3,335 242 298 288 263 462 1,782 79
Federal 15 3 4 2 0 5 1 24
State 3,320 239 294 286 263 457 1,781 79
Northeast 232 13 17 23 23 29 127 76

Connecticut 4 0 0 1 0 1 2 *
New Jersey 14 3 3 2 1 0 5 30
Pennsylvania 214 10 14 20 22 28 120 80
Midwest 481 26 44 40 30 60 281 89

Illinois 159 6 14 11 8 19 101 97
Indiana 44 1 3 3 2 5 30 119
Missouri 88 10 8 9 6 12 43 68
Nebraska 11 1 2 0 1 0 7 134
Ohio 177 8 17 17 13 22 100 82
South Dakota 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 *
South 1,838 145 168 167 165 262 931 73

Alabama 159 14 17 15 20 16 77 67
Arkansas 38 3 5 4 6 8 12 48
Delaware 15 4 0 0 0 9 2 56
Florida 370 17 23 31 26 43 230 91
Georgia 115 12 6 6 6 12 73 97
Kentucky 30 1 2 0 3 4 20 138
Louisiana 70 12 9 10 5 12 22 43
Maryland 17 0 7 1 0 1 8 62
Mississippi 64 7 9 4 6 11 27 57
North Carolina 176 18 24 23 20 44 47 48
Oklahoma 137 10 16 12 9 9 81 84
South Carolina 68 4 8 9 7 9 31 57
Tennessee 98 7 5 3 4 7 72 125
Texas 438 32 36 43 43 67 217 70
Virginia 43 4 1 6 10 10 12 48
West 769 55 65 56 45 106 442 86

Arizona 120 8 5 4 9 20 74 87
California 486 36 40 36 22 71 281 89
Colorado 4 0 1 1 0 0 2 *
Idaho 19 1 1 0 1 2 14 117
Montana 7 0 2 0 0 2 3 69
Nevada 87 4 10 10 9 4 50 84
New Mexico 4 0 1 2 0 0 1 *
Oregon 20 2 2 2 2 4 8 65
Utah 10 1 1 0 0 1 7 106
Washington 12 3 2 1 2 2 2 35
Note: Of 39 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, the following
States reported no prisoners on death row at yearend 1997:
New Hampshire, New York, Kansas, and Wyoming.
*Medians were not calculated on fewer than 5 cases.

Table 7.6. Age of prisoners under sentence of death, 1997

Region All Under 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 55 or
and State ages 20 years 24 years 29 years 34 years 39 years 54 years older
All prisoners
U.S. total 3,335 14 275 497 578 727 1,091 153
Federal 15 0 3 4 4 1 3 0
State 3,320 14 272 493 574 726 1,088 153
Northeast 232 0 6 40 46 56 74 10
Connecticut 4 0 0 2 0 2 0 0
New Jersey 14 0 0 2 3 2 5 2
Pennsylvania 214 0 6 36 43 52 69 8
Midwest 481 2 32 55 103 103 164 22

Illinois 159 1 7 19 35 32 61 4
Indiana 44 0 0 5 13 10 15 1
Missouri 88 1 5 9 19 20 27 7
Nebraska 11 0 1 1 0 1 6 2
Ohio 177 0 19 21 36 40 53 8
South Dakota 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
South 1,838 11 197 299 310 386 558 77

Alabama 159 1 18 35 20 31 45 9
Arkansas 38 1 5 5 7 8 10 2
Delaware 15 0 4 3 4 3 1 0
Florida 370 1 26 41 68 81 137 16
Georgia 115 0 8 21 13 27 40 6
Kentucky 30 0 1 2 3 5 19 0
Louisiana 70 2 14 6 17 14 16 1
Maryland 17 0 1 4 3 4 5 0
Mississippi 64 1 9 17 10 13 11 3
North Carolina 176 1 14 31 34 40 46 10
Oklahoma 137 0 10 25 22 34 35 11
South Carolina 68 0 5 14 17 15 17 0
Tennessee 98 0 6 6 12 23 47 4
Texas 438 2 69 76 72 84 122 13
Virginia 43 2 7 13 8 4 7 2
West 769 1 37 99 115 181 292 44

Arizona 120 0 6 11 23 32 39 9
California 486 0 20 58 68 116 196 28
Colorado 4 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
Idaho 19 0 1 1 0 5 12 0
Montana 7 0 0 1 3 0 3 0
Nevada 87 1 6 17 17 16 25 5
New Mexico 4 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
Oregon 20 0 2 4 1 5 7 1
Utah 10 0 0 1 2 5 1 1
Washington 12 0 0 5 0 1 6 0
Note: Of 39 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, the following States reported no prisoners on death
row at yearend 1997: New Hampshire, New York, Kansas, and Wyoming.

Table 7.7. Level of education completed by prisoners under sentence of death, 1997

Region Total 7th grade 9th to Any Not
and State number or less 8th grade 11th grade 12th grade college reported
All prisoners
U.S. total 3,335 199 204 1,065 1,077 286 504
Federal 15 0 1 3 1 1 9
State 3,320 199 203 1,062 1,076 285 495
Northeast 232 19 11 61 72 16 53
Connecticut 4 0 0 1 3 0 0
New Jersey 14 2 1 3 1 1 6
Pennsylvania 214 17 10 57 68 15 47
Midwest 481 14 23 176 146 48 74

Illinois 159 3 6 62 47 17 24
Indiana 44 3 4 19 18 0 0
Missouri 88 1 4 35 26 7 15
Nebraska 11 1 1 2 3 4 0
Ohio 177 6 8 58 50 20 35
South Dakota 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
South 1,838 133 148 599 556 117 285

Alabama 159 9 18 45 51 9 27
Arkansas 38 2 2 15 9 4 6
Delaware 15 0 1 4 0 0 10
Florida 370 24 28 105 110 24 79
Georgia 115 6 12 38 41 13 5
Kentucky 30 2 9 5 8 4 2
Louisiana 70 7 6 24 25 3 5
Maryland 17 0 0 3 3 2 9
Mississippi 64 6 5 26 6 4 17
North Carolina 176 13 23 47 78 15 0
Oklahoma 137 9 4 69 39 10 6
South Carolina 68 3 2 12 10 0 41
Tennessee 98 8 3 21 29 5 32
Texas 438 37 28 171 134 22 46
Virginia 43 7 7 14 13 2 0
West 769 33 21 226 302 104 83

Arizona 120 14 6 33 43 20 4
California 486 13 12 154 192 55 60
Colorado 4 0 0 0 4 0 0
Idaho 19 1 1 3 8 5 1
Montana 7 0 0 2 4 0 1
Nevada 87 4 1 22 35 20 5
New Mexico 4 0 0 2 1 1 0
Oregon 20 0 1 3 6 2 8
Utah 10 1 0 3 5 0 1
Washington 12 0 0 4 4 1 3
Note: Of 39 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, the following States reported no prisoners on death
row at yearend 1997: New Hampshire, New York, Kansas, and Wyoming.

Table 7.8. Marital status at time of imprisonment of prisoners under sentence of death, 1997
Region Divorced or Never Not
and State Total Married separated Widowed married reported
All prisoners
U.S. total 3,335 744 647 79 1,561 304
Federal 15 2 2 0 4 7
State 3,320 742 645 79 1,557 297
Northeast 232 42 29 9 142 10
Connecticut 4 1 0 0 3 0
New Jersey 14 1 0 1 6 6
Pennsylvania 214 40 29 8 133 4
Midwest 481 111 91 7 226 46

Illinois 159 32 26 1 81 19
Indiana 44 9 6 2 27 0
Missouri 88 16 17 3 48 4
Nebraska 11 5 3 0 3 0
Ohio 177 49 38 1 66 23
South Dakota 2 0 1 0 1 0
South 1,838 421 336 49 873 159

Alabama 159 28 28 2 73 28
Arkansas 38 8 6 2 14 8
Delaware 15 3 0 0 12 0
Florida 370 75 82 8 185 20
Georgia 115 35 19 7 51 3
Kentucky 30 8 13 1 7 1
Louisiana 70 9 5 2 36 18
Maryland 17 2 3 0 3 9
Mississippi 64 10 7 0 29 18
North Carolina 176 28 58 7 83 0
Oklahoma 137 52 29 3 45 8
South Carolina 68 19 3 1 45 0
Tennessee 98 26 9 7 34 22
Texas 438 115 64 8 227 24
Virginia 43 3 10 1 29 0
West 769 168 189 14 316 82

Arizona 120 23 44 3 39 11
California 486 120 102 6 216 42
Colorado 4 0 2 0 2 0
Idaho 19 4 6 1 8 0
Montana 7 0 2 0 5 0
Nevada 87 14 23 2 36 12
New Mexico 4 1 1 0 2 0
Oregon 20 2 3 1 1 13
Utah 10 2 4 0 4 0
Washington 12 2 2 1 3 4
Note: Of 39 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, the following States reported no prisoners
on death row at yearend 1997: New Hampshire, New York, Kansas, and Wyoming.

Table 7.9. Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1997
Prisoners under sentence of death who had the following legal status when they committed capital crimes
Region Not charged with or sen- Charged with Under sentence for another crime Legal status
and State tenced for another crime another crime Total On probation On parole Escaped In prison Othera not reported
All prisoners
U.S. total 1,721 225 1,023 301 578 38 76 30 366
Federal 10 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 1
State 1,711 224 1,020 300 577 38 75 30 365
Northeast 62 37 73 20 48 1 0 4 60
Connecticut 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
New Jersey 7 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 4
Pennsylvania 51 37 70 20 45 1 0 4 56
Midwest 312 18 117 9 78 1 26 3 34

Illinois 89 6 57 0 48 0 8 1 7
Indiana 29 6 8 4 2 0 1 1 1
Missouri 60 2 14 1 5 1 7 0 12
Nebraska 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
Ohio 123 4 36 4 23 0 8 1 14
South Dakota 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 972 119 551 192 289 22 33 15 196

Alabama 82 9 46 19 19 5 3 0 22
Arkansas 20 2 12 1 8 0 2 1 4
Delaware 7 1 7 5 0 1 1 0 0
Florida 208 31 88 37 32 10 6 3 43
Georgia 51 11 46 27 13 3 1 2 7
Kentucky 22 1 7 2 4 0 0 1 0
Louisiana 40 8 14 1 10 1 0 2 8
Maryland 4 1 4 1 2 0 1 0 8
Mississippi 49 4 10 2 3 0 5 0 1
North Carolina 114 9 51 24 22 1 4 0 2
Oklahoma 74 8 41 15 19 0 4 3 14
South Carolina 38 1 27 9 15 1 1 1 2
Tennessee 66 3 15 3 9 0 2 1 14
Texas 181 25 161 35 123 0 3 0 71
Virginia 16 5 22 11 10 0 0 1 0
West 365 50 279 79 162 14 16 8 75

Arizona 70 9 29 7 12 4 2 4 12
California 204 24 202 59 127 8 6 2 56
Colorado 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0
Idaho 15 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Montana 0 1 5 1 0 0 4 0 1
Nevada 56 9 20 8 9 1 2 0 2
New Mexico 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oregon 8 2 8 1 6 0 0 1 2
Utah 1 1 8 0 6 0 2 0 0
Washington 6 0 4 2 0 1 0 1 2

Table 7.9. Continued
White prisoners
U.S. total 997 135 544 166 296 27 38 17 200
Federal 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
State 992 135 543 165 296 27 38 17 200
Northeast 29 11 21 3 16 1 0 1 24
Connecticut 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
New Jersey 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
Pennsylvania 23 11 20 3 15 1 0 1 22
Midwest 156 9 55 7 34 0 12 2 16
Illinois 37 2 18 0 15 0 3 0 3
Indiana 18 4 7 3 2 0 1 1 1
Missouri 31 0 7 1 3 0 3 0 8
Nebraska 7 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
Ohio 61 3 21 3 14 0 3 1 4
South Dakota 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 553 73 293 109 147 15 14 8 115

Alabama 45 7 26 12 10 2 2 0 12
Arkansas 14 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 3
Delaware 4 0 4 2 0 1 1 0 0
Florida 128 21 57 23 24 7 1 2 31
Georgia 24 8 26 15 7 3 0 1 3
Kentucky 18 1 4 2 2 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 14 1 5 0 3 1 0 1 2
Maryland 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2
Mississippi 23 3 4 0 3 0 1 0 0
North Carolina 51 5 21 12 6 1 2 0 1
Oklahoma 43 6 23 10 9 0 2 2 10
South Carolina 13 0 15 6 9 0 0 0 2
Tennessee 46 2 8 0 5 0 2 1 10
Texas 120 15 90 23 64 0 3 0 39
Virginia 10 3 8 3 4 0 0 1 0
West 254 42 174 46 99 11 12 6 45

Arizona 59 9 25 5 10 4 2 4 10
California 133 19 114 32 73 5 3 1 29
Colorado 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Idaho 15 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Montana 0 1 4 1 0 0 3 0 1
Nevada 30 6 14 6 5 1 2 0 1
New Mexico 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oregon 8 2 7 1 5 0 0 1 2
Utah 0 1 6 0 4 0 2 0 0
Washington 5 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 2

Black prisoners
U.S. total 696 86 463 132 273 10 36 12 161
Federal 5 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 1
State 691 85 461 132 272 10 35 12 160
Northeast 29 25 51 17 31 0 0 3 35
Connecticut 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
New Jersey 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2
Pennsylvania 24 25 49 17 29 0 0 3 33
Midwest 154 9 62 2 44 1 14 1 18
Illinois 52 4 39 0 33 0 5 1 4
Indiana 11 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Missouri 29 2 7 0 2 1 4 0 4
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 61 1 15 1 9 0 5 0 10
South 408 44 251 82 138 7 18 6 79

Alabama 36 2 20 7 9 3 1 0 10
Arkansas 6 1 11 1 7 0 2 1 1
Delaware 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
Florida 79 10 31 14 8 3 5 1 12
Georgia 27 2 20 12 6 0 1 1 4
Kentucky 4 0 3 0 2 0 0 1 0
Louisiana 26 7 9 1 7 0 0 1 6
Maryland 4 1 3 0 2 0 1 0 6
Mississippi 26 1 6 2 0 0 4 0 1
North Carolina 62 4 27 11 14 0 2 0 1
Oklahoma 26 1 15 5 9 0 1 0 3
South Carolina 25 1 12 3 6 1 1 1 0
Tennessee 19 1 7 3 4 0 0 0 3
Texas 59 10 70 12 58 0 0 0 32
Virginia 6 2 14 8 6 0 0 0 0
West 100 7 97 31 59 2 3 2 28
Arizona 7 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1
California 65 4 85 27 52 2 3 1 26
Colorado 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Nevada 25 3 6 2 4 0 0 0 1
Utah 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Washington 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0
Other prisonersb
U.S. total 28 4 16 3 9 1 2 1 5
Northeast 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
Midwest 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 11 2 7 1 4 0 1 1 2
Alabama 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Florida 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
North Carolina 1 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0
Oklahoma 5 1 3 0 1 0 1 1 1
Tennessee 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Texas 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
West 11 1 8 2 4 1 1 0 2
Arizona 4 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1
California 6 1 3 0 2 1 0 0 1
Montana 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oregon 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Utah 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Note: Of 39 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, the following States reported no prisoners on death row
at yearend 1997: New Hampshire, New York, Kansas, and Wyoming.
a
"Other" includes mandatory conditional release, bail, temporary leave, work release or furlough, halfway house, house arrest, and jail.
b
"Other prisoners" includes 28 American Indians, 17 Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecified race.

Table 7.10. Felony history of prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1997

With prior felony convictions With
Region Total with Criminal Other Type of offen- no prior Felony history
and State Total prior felonies homicide offenses ses unreported felonies not reported
All prisoners
U.S. total 3,335 2,011 279 1,634 98 1,068 256
Federal 15 8 2 5 1 7 0
State 3,320 2,003 277 1,629 97 1,061 256
Northeast 232 129 21 96 12 60 43

New Jersey 14 9 2 7 0 3 2
Pennsylvania 214 119 19 89 11 55 40
Midwest 481 264 41 210 13 182 35

Illinois 159 96 17 77 2 56 7
Indiana 44 23 3 20 0 21 0
Missouri 88 46 8 33 5 31 11
Nebraska 11 6 3 3 0 5 0
Ohio 177 91 10 75 6 69 17
South 1,838 1,116 142 915 59 590 132

Alabama 159 95 14 77 4 44 20
Arkansas 38 27 3 23 1 11 0
Delaware 15 8 0 8 0 7 0
Florida 370 258 35 202 21 90 22
Georgia 115 79 7 69 3 33 3
Kentucky 30 15 3 11 1 15 0
Louisiana 70 31 4 27 0 36 3
Maryland 17 8 1 7 0 1 8
Mississippi 64 31 2 29 0 28 5
North Carolina 176 107 18 88 1 68 1
Oklahoma 137 84 15 62 7 46 7
Tennessee 98 53 5 43 5 32 13
Texas 438 258 31 211 16 133 47
Virginia 43 30 2 28 0 13 0
West 769 494 73 408 13 229 46

Arizona 120 58 5 49 4 49 13
California 486 326 52 265 9 136 24
Colorado 4 4 0 4 0 0 0
Idaho 19 11 0 11 0 7 1
Montana 7 5 4 1 0 0 2
Nevada 87 55 7 48 0 30 2
New Mexico 4 1 0 1 0 3 0
Oregon 20 14 0 14 0 4 2
Utah 10 9 3 6 0 0 1
Washington 12 11 2 9 0 0 1


Region Total with Criminal Other Type of offen- no prior Felony
White prisoners
U.S. total 1,876 1,082 144 885 53 648 146
Federal 6 3 1 2 0 3 0
State 1,870 1,079 143 883 53 645 146
Northeast 85 40 7 31 2 27 18
New Jersey 8 4 1 3 0 3 1
Pennsylvania 76 36 6 28 2 23 17
Midwest 236 118 13 102 3 102 16

Illinois 60 33 4 28 1 25 2
Indiana 30 18 1 17 0 12 0
Missouri 46 20 2 17 1 22 4
Nebraska 9 5 2 3 0 4 0
Ohio 89 40 4 35 1 39 10
South 1,034 606 74 493 39 346 82

Alabama 90 55 10 42 3 24 11
Arkansas 19 11 2 9 0 8 0
Delaware 8 5 0 5 0 3 0
Florida 237 156 20 123 13 63 18
Georgia 61 41 4 36 1 19 1
Kentucky 23 12 3 8 1 11 0
Louisiana 22 8 2 6 0 13 1
Maryland 3 1 0 1 0 0 2
Mississippi 30 13 0 13 0 13 4
North Carolina 78 48 11 37 0 30 0
Oklahoma 82 46 6 34 6 30 6
Tennessee 66 34 1 29 4 25 7
Texas 264 149 14 124 11 83 32
Virginia 21 10 0 10 0 11 0
West 515 315 49 257 9 170 30

Arizona 103 48 5 39 4 44 11
California 295 189 32 152 5 93 13
Colorado 2 2 0 2 0 0 0
Idaho 19 11 0 11 0 7 1
Montana 6 4 3 1 0 0 2
Nevada 51 32 6 26 0 19 0
New Mexico 4 1 0 1 0 3 0
Oregon 19 13 0 13 0 4 2
Utah 7 7 2 5 0 0 0


Region Total with Criminal Other Type of offen- no prior Felony
Black prisoners
U.S. total 1,406 902 128 731 43 398 106
Federal 9 5 1 3 1 4 0
State 1,397 897 127 728 42 394 106
Northeast 140 86 14 62 10 30 24
New Jersey 6 5 1 4 0 0 1
Pennsylvania 131 80 13 58 9 29 22
Midwest 243 146 28 108 10 78 19

Illinois 99 63 13 49 1 31 5
Indiana 14 5 2 3 0 9 0
Missouri 42 26 6 16 4 9 7
Nebraska 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Ohio 87 51 6 40 5 29 7
South 782 498 65 414 19 235 49

Alabama 68 40 4 35 1 19 9
Arkansas 19 16 1 14 1 3 0
Delaware 7 3 0 3 0 4 0
Florida 132 102 15 79 8 26 4
Georgia 53 37 3 32 2 14 2
Kentucky 7 3 0 3 0 4 0
Louisiana 48 23 2 21 0 23 2
Maryland 14 7 1 6 0 1 6
Mississippi 34 18 2 16 0 15 1
North Carolina 94 55 6 48 1 38 1
Oklahoma 45 33 7 25 1 11 1
Tennessee 30 18 4 14 0 7 5
Texas 171 108 17 86 5 48 15
Virginia 22 20 2 18 0 2 0
West 232 167 20 144 3 51 14

Arizona 10 7 0 7 0 3 0
California 180 131 18 110 3 38 11
Colorado 2 2 0 2 0 0 0
Nevada 35 23 1 22 0 10 2
Utah 2 1 0 1 0 0 1
Other prisoners*
U.S. total 53 27 7 18 2 22 4
Northeast 7 3 0 3 0 3 1
Pennsylvania 7 3 0 3 0 3 1
Midwest 2 0 0 0 0 2 0
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Ohio 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
South 22 12 3 8 1 9 1
Alabama 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Florida 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Georgia 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Oklahoma 10 5 2 3 0 5 0
Tennessee 2 1 0 0 1 0 1
Texas 3 1 0 1 0 2 0
West 22 12 4 7 1 8 2
Arizona 7 3 0 3 0 2 2
California 11 6 2 3 1 5 0
Montana 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Oregon 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Utah 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Note: Of 39 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, the following States reported no prisoners on death row
at yearend 1997: New Hampshire, New York, Kansas, and Wyoming.
*"Other prisoners" includes 28 American Indians, 17 Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecified race.

Table 7.11. Age of prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1997
Prisoners received from court under sentence of death

Region All Under 20 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 54 55 years Median age
and State ages years years years years years years or older in years
All prisonersa
U.S. total 256 13 62 58 35 34 48 6 29
Federal 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 *
State 253 13 61 57 34 34 48 6 29
Northeast 13 0 3 3 2 2 3 0 30
New Jersey 3 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 *
Pennsylvania 10 0 3 3 2 0 2 0 28
Midwest 27 2 5 4 3 7 5 1 33
Illinois 6 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 27
Indiana 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 *
Missouri 10 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 36
Nebraska 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 *
Ohio 8 0 2 1 0 3 2 0 35
South Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
South 157 11 43 36 20 15 27 5 28
Alabama 15 2 5 3 0 2 2 1 26
Arkansas 5 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 28
Delaware 4 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 *
Florida 18 1 3 3 4 4 3 0 33
Georgia 13 0 4 3 2 2 2 0 28
Kentucky 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 *
Louisiana 12 2 3 2 2 2 1 0 28
Mississippi 7 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 23
North Carolina 22 1 7 6 4 1 1 2 27
Oklahoma 11 0 3 2 1 1 3 1 31
South Carolina 5 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 31
Tennessee 7 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 41
Texas 32 1 10 9 3 3 6 0 26
Virginia 4 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 *
West 56 0 10 14 9 10 13 0 32
Arizona 8 0 1 1 2 3 1 0 34
California 36 0 9 8 6 5 8 0 30
Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
Nevada 4 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 *
Oregon 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 *
Utah 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 *
Washington 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 *


White prisoners
U.S. total 146 3 29 26 23 23 38 4 33
Federal 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 *
State 144 3 28 25 23 23 38 4 33
Northeast 6 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 37
New Jersey 3 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 *
Pennsylvania 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 *
Midwest 18 1 3 1 3 5 4 1 35
Illinois 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 *
Indiana 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 *
Missouri 8 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 36
Nebraska 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 *
Ohio 4 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 *
South Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
South 80 2 21 15 11 9 19 3 31
Alabama 7 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 38
Arkansas 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
Delaware 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 *
Florida 14 1 3 1 4 3 2 0 33
Georgia 3 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 *
Kentucky 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 *
Louisiana 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 *
Mississippi 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 *
North Carolina 7 0 3 2 0 1 1 0 26
Oklahoma 7 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 40
South Carolina 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 *
Tennessee 5 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 45
Texas 20 0 6 5 2 2 5 0 27
Virginia 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 *
West 40 0 4 9 7 7 13 0 35
Arizona 7 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 35
California 25 0 4 5 4 4 8 0 34
Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
Nevada 3 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 *
Oregon 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 *
Washington 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *


Black prisoners
U.S. total 106 10 32 32 12 9 10 1 26
Federal 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 *
State 105 10 32 32 11 9 10 1 26
Northeast 7 0 3 3 0 0 1 0 27
Pennsylvania 7 0 3 3 0 0 1 0 27
Midwest 9 1 2 3 0 2 1 0 27
Illinois 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 *
Missouri 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 *
Ohio 4 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 *
South 75 9 22 21 9 5 8 1 25
Alabama 8 2 4 1 0 1 0 0 21
Arkansas 4 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 *
Delaware 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 *
Florida 4 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 *
Georgia 9 0 2 3 2 0 2 0 28
Louisiana 10 2 2 2 1 2 1 0 28
Mississippi 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 *
North Carolina 14 1 4 4 4 0 0 1 27
Oklahoma 4 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 *
South Carolina 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 *
Tennessee 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 *
Texas 12 1 4 4 1 1 1 0 25
Virginia 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 *
West 14 0 5 5 2 2 0 0 26
California 11 0 5 3 2 1 0 0 25
Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 *
Washington 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 *
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported receiving from court no prisoners under
sentence of death in 1997: Colorado, Connecticut, Kansas, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire,
New Mexico, New York, and Wyoming.
*Median were not calculated on fewer than 5 cases.
a
Includes American Indians. Arizona sentenced to death 1 American Indian who was between 20
and 24 years old. Georgia and Utah each sentenced to death 1 American Indian who was
between 35 and 39 years old. North Carolina sentenced to death 1 American
Indian who was aged 55 years or older.

Table 7.12. Level of education completed by prisoners received from court
under sentence of death, 1997

All prisoners
U.S. total 256 12 16 72 95 16 45
Federal 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
State 253 12 16 72 95 16 42
Northeast 13 0 0 5 5 0 3
New Jersey 3 0 0 1 1 0 1
Midwest 27 0 0 6 15 2 4
Illinois 6 0 0 1 4 0 1
Indiana 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Missouri 10 0 0 3 6 1 0
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Ohio 8 0 0 2 2 1 3
South 157 12 15 48 53 5 24
Alabama 15 0 5 6 3 1 0
Arkansas 5 0 1 1 1 0 2
Delaware 4 0 0 0 0 0 4
Florida 18 0 2 4 4 0 8
Georgia 13 2 3 4 4 0 0
Kentucky 2 0 0 1 1 0 0
Louisiana 12 0 1 2 9 0 0
Mississippi 7 1 0 1 0 0 5
Oklahoma 11 1 0 4 5 1 0
Tennessee 7 1 0 4 1 0 1
Texas 32 3 3 13 12 1 0
Virginia 4 1 0 1 1 1 0
West 56 0 1 13 22 9 11
Arizona 8 0 1 1 5 1 0
California 36 0 0 10 16 2 8
Idaho 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Nevada 4 0 0 0 0 4 0
Oregon 3 0 0 0 1 1 1
Utah 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported receiving from court no prisoners under sentence
of death in 1997: Colorado, Connecticut, Kansas, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico,
New York, and Wyoming.

Table 7.13. Marital status at time of imprisonment for prisoners
received from court under sentence of death, 1997

All prisoners
U.S. total 256 55 46 10 119 26
Federal 3 0 0 0 1 2
State 253 55 46 10 118 24
Northeast 13 0 1 1 10 1
New Jersey 3 0 0 0 2 1
Midwest 27 8 7 1 9 2
Illinois 6 0 1 0 5 0
Indiana 1 1 0 0 0 0
Missouri 10 2 4 1 3 0
Nebraska 1 1 0 0 0 0
Ohio 8 4 1 0 1 2
South Dakota 1 0 1 0 0 0
South 157 32 27 8 80 10
Alabama 15 5 1 1 6 2
Arkansas 5 0 1 0 3 1
Delaware 4 0 0 0 4 0
Florida 18 3 4 1 8 2
Georgia 13 3 2 1 7 0
Kentucky 2 0 1 0 1 0
Louisiana 12 1 1 0 10 0
Mississippi 7 0 0 0 2 5
Oklahoma 11 5 1 1 4 0
Tennessee 7 2 0 2 3 0
Texas 32 9 7 1 15 0
Virginia 4 0 2 0 2 0
West 56 15 11 0 19 11
Arizona 8 5 3 0 0 0
California 36 7 4 0 17 8
Idaho 1 1 0 0 0 0
Nevada 4 0 3 0 1 0
Oregon 3 1 0 0 1 1
Utah 1 0 1 0 0 0

Table 7.14. Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners
received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1997
and State tenced for another crime another crime Total On probation On parole Escaped In prison not reported
All prisoners*
U.S. total 145 19 67 19 38 2 8 25
Federal 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
State 143 19 66 19 38 2 7 25
Northeast 5 2 4 2 2 0 0 2
New Jersey 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 3 2 3 2 1 0 0 2
Midwest 19 2 6 1 3 0 2 0
Illinois 3 1 2 0 2 0 0 0
Indiana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Missouri 7 1 2 1 0 0 1 0
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 6 0 2 0 1 0 1 0
South Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 98 14 39 14 19 1 5 6
Alabama 7 2 6 3 2 0 1 0
Arkansas 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
Delaware 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Florida 9 3 3 3 0 0 0 3
Georgia 8 2 3 2 0 1 0 0
Kentucky 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 8 2 2 0 2 0 0 0
Mississippi 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
North Carolina 15 1 6 2 3 0 1 0
Oklahoma 7 2 1 0 1 0 0 1
South Carolina 2 0 3 0 3 0 0 0
Tennessee 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
Texas 22 2 8 1 6 0 1 0
Virginia 1 0 3 2 1 0 0 0
West 21 1 17 2 14 1 0 17
Arizona 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
California 14 0 13 1 12 0 0 9
Idaho 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nevada 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Oregon 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Utah 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Washington 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 0

White prisoners
U.S. total 84 6 39 7 26 2 4 17
Federal 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
State 82 6 39 7 26 2 4 17
Northeast 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 1
New Jersey 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Midwest 13 0 5 1 2 0 2 0
Illinois 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Indiana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Missouri 6 0 2 1 0 0 1 0
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0
South Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 52 5 18 5 10 1 2 5
Alabama 4 1 2 1 1 0 0 0
Arkansas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Delaware 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Florida 6 2 3 3 0 0 0 3
Georgia 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Kentucky 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Oklahoma 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Tennessee 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Texas 14 1 5 1 3 0 1 0
Virginia 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
West 14 1 14 1 12 1 0 11
Arizona 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
California 9 0 12 1 11 0 0 4
Idaho 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nevada 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Oregon 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Washington 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Black prisoners
U.S. total 61 12 26 12 10 0 4 7
Federal 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
State 61 12 25 12 10 0 3 7
Northeast 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 1
Midwest 6 2 1 0 1 0 0 0
Illinois 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Missouri 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 46 8 20 9 8 0 3 1
Alabama 3 1 4 2 1 0 1 0
Arkansas 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
Delaware 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Florida 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 6 1 2 2 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 7 2 1 0 1 0 0 0
Oklahoma 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tennessee 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Texas 8 1 3 0 3 0 0 0
Virginia 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0
West 7 0 2 1 1 0 0 5
California 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 5
Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Washington 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported receiving from court no prisoners under sentence of death in 1997: Colorado, Connecticut,
Kansas, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, and Wyoming.
*Includes American Indians. Georgia sentenced to death 1 American Indian who was charged with another crime at the time of the capital offense.
North Carolina and Utah each sentenced to death 1 American Indian who was on parole at the time of the capital offense. Arizona sentenced to death
1 American Indian whose legal status at the time of the capital offense was not known.

Table 7.15. Felony history of prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1997

Region Total with Criminal Other Type of offenses no prior Felony history
and State Total prior felonies homicide offenses unreported felonies not reported
All prisoners*
U.S. total 256 151 29 116 6 87 18
Federal 3 2 2 0 0 1 0
State 253 149 27 116 6 86 18
Northeast 13 11 2 9 0 1 1
New Jersey 3 3 1 2 0 0 0
Midwest 27 15 2 13 0 11 1
Illinois 6 2 0 2 0 4 0
Indiana 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Missouri 10 6 1 5 0 3 1
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Ohio 8 5 1 4 0 3 0
South 157 97 15 78 4 54 6
Alabama 15 9 1 8 0 6 0
Arkansas 5 3 0 3 0 2 0
Delaware 4 1 0 1 0 3 0
Florida 18 13 4 9 0 3 2
Georgia 13 9 0 7 2 3 1
Kentucky 2 1 1 0 0 1 0
Louisiana 12 6 1 5 0 6 0
Oklahoma 11 6 1 5 0 4 1
Tennessee 7 3 0 3 0 3 1
Texas 32 29 4 23 2 2 1
Virginia 4 3 0 3 0 1 0
West 56 26 8 16 2 20 10
Arizona 8 1 0 1 0 7 0
California 36 16 5 9 2 10 10
Idaho 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Nevada 4 3 1 2 0 1 0
Oregon 3 1 0 1 0 2 0
Utah 1 1 1 0 0 0 0


White prisoners
U.S. total 146 82 18 61 3 53 11
Federal 2 1 1 0 0 1 0
State 144 81 17 61 3 52 11
Northeast 6 6 1 5 0 0 0
New Jersey 3 3 1 2 0 0 0
Midwest 18 11 2 9 0 7 0
Illinois 3 1 0 1 0 2 0
Indiana 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Missouri 8 5 1 4 0 3 0
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Ohio 4 3 1 2 0 1 0
South 80 47 8 37 2 27 6
Alabama 7 3 0 3 0 4 0
Arkansas 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Delaware 3 1 0 1 0 2 0
Florida 14 10 3 7 0 2 2
Georgia 3 2 0 2 0 0 1
Kentucky 2 1 1 0 0 1 0
Louisiana 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
Oklahoma 7 3 1 2 0 3 1
Tennessee 5 2 0 2 0 2 1
Texas 20 18 2 14 2 1 1
Virginia 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
West 40 17 6 10 1 18 5
Arizona 7 1 0 1 0 6 0
California 25 11 4 6 1 9 5
Idaho 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Nevada 3 2 1 1 0 1 0
Oregon 3 1 0 1 0 2 0


Black prisoners
U.S. total 106 66 9 54 3 33 7
Federal 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
State 105 65 8 54 3 33 7
Northeast 7 5 1 4 0 1 1
Midwest 9 4 0 4 0 4 1
Illinois 3 1 0 1 0 2 0
Missouri 2 1 0 1 0 0 1
Ohio 4 2 0 2 0 2 0
South 75 48 6 40 2 27 0
Alabama 8 6 1 5 0 2 0
Arkansas 4 3 0 3 0 1 0
Delaware 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Florida 4 3 1 2 0 1 0
Georgia 9 6 0 4 2 3 0
Louisiana 10 5 1 4 0 5 0
Oklahoma 4 3 0 3 0 1 0
Tennessee 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
Texas 12 11 2 9 0 1 0
Virginia 2 2 0 2 0 0 0
West 14 8 1 6 1 1 5
Nevada 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
*Includes American Indians, Arizona sentenced to death 1 American Indian who had no prior felony convictions.
North Carolina and Utah each sentenced to death 1 American Indian who had previously been convicted of homicide.
Georgia sentenced to death 1 American Indian who had been convicted of a prior felony that was not homicide.

Table 7.16. Status of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1997
Prisoners removed from death row

Serving Awaiting Awaiting
Region life sentences Died new trial new sentence Other
and State Total Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Black
U.S. totalsa 163 43 22 21 87 56 29 23 18 5 9 7 2 1
Northeast 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Midwest 28 6 4 2 11 6 5 8 6 2 3 2 1 0
Illinois 8 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 0
Indiana 3 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Missouri 15 1 0 1 7 6 1 6 5 1 1 1 0 0
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 112 26 14 12 66 41 23 15 12 3 4 3 1 1
Alabama 8 1 1 0 4 3 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0
Arkansas 5 1 0 1 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Floridab 22 13 6 7 1 0 1 6 4 2 1 1 0 1
Kentucky 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 4 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maryland 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
North Carolina 7 1 1 0 1 1 0 3 3 0 2 1 1 0
Oklahoma 8 2 1 1 2 1 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 0
South Carolina 5 2 2 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tennessee 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Texas 38 0 0 0 38 24 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Virginia 10 1 0 1 9 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
West 19 7 2 5 10 9 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0
Arizona 9 5 1 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
California 5 2 1 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Colorado 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oregon 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Washington 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported no prisoners leaving death row in 1997: Connecticut,
Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico,
New York, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
a
The totals include 1 American Indian in Oklahoma and 1 Asian inmate in Texas who were executed.
b
One black male whose sentence and conviction were overturned was found not guilty upon retrial.

Table 7.17. Means of removal for all prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1997

Death by other Sentence Sentence Conviction
a
Region Total Executed than executionb commutedc vacatedd vacatedd
and State Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black
U.S. total 163 103 58 74 45 27 13 11 2 3 2 1 38 23 15 35 22 13
Northeast 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0
Midwest 28 18 10 10 5 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 4 1 12 8 4
Illinois 8 4 4 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 4 3 1
Indiana 3 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0
Missouri 15 12 3 6 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 7 5 2
Nebraska 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
South 112 70 40 60 36 22 6 5 1 3 2 1 25 14 11 18 13 5
Alabama 8 6 2 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 1
Arkansas 5 3 2 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Florida 22 11 11 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 7 6 8 4 4
Kentucky 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 4 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 0
Maryland 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
North Carolina 7 6 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 3 3 0
Oklahoma 8 6 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 3 3 0
South Carolina 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tennessee 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Texas 38 24 13 37 23 13 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Virginia 10 5 5 9 5 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
West 19 13 6 4 4 0 6 5 1 0 0 0 4 3 1 5 1 4
Arizona 9 5 4 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 4
California 5 3 2 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0
Colorado 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oregon 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Washington 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported no prisoners leaving death row in 1997: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia,
Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
a
One American Indian in Oklahoma and 1 Asian in Texas were executed.
b
Six white inmates died of natural causes (California, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Tennessee); 4 white inmates
committed suicide (Alabama, Arizona, California, and Texas); and 1 white inmate in Arizona was shot during an escape attempt. Two
black inmates died from natural causes (California and South Carolina).
c
Commutation changed sentences from death to life in prison or a term of years.
d
Further legal proceedings may have followed the vacating of sentences and of convictions and may have resulted in new sentences of death.

Table 7.18. Time between sentencing and removal for prisoners
removed from death row, 1997

Region Less than 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-71 More than
and State Total 12 months months months months months 71 months
All prisoners
U.S. total 163 2 7 13 12 15 114
Northeast 4 0 0 0 0 2 2
Midwest 28 1 1 1 2 3 20
Illinois 8 1 0 0 2 0 5
Indiana 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Missouri 15 0 1 1 0 3 10
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ohio 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
South 112 1 6 10 7 9 79
Alabama 8 0 1 0 0 0 7
Arkansas 5 0 0 0 0 0 5
Florida 22 0 1 5 6 4 6
Kentucky 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Louisiana 4 0 1 0 0 0 3
Maryland 2 0 0 0 1 0 1
Oklahoma 8 0 0 4 0 1 3
Tennessee 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
Texas 38 0 1 0 0 0 37
Virginia 10 0 0 0 0 2 8
West 19 0 0 2 3 1 13
Arizona 9 0 0 2 2 0 5
Colorado 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Oregon 2 0 0 0 1 0 1
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported no prisoners leaving death row
in 1997: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.

Table 7.19. Age of prisoners removed from death row, 1997

Region 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 55 years
and State All ages 24 years 29 years 34 years 39 years 54 years or older
All prisoners
U.S. total 163 5 13 33 37 56 19
Northeast 4 0 0 1 1 2 0
Midwest 28 1 3 3 4 12 5
Illinois 8 1 2 0 0 5 0
Indiana 3 0 0 1 1 1 0
Missouri 15 0 1 1 3 6 4
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ohio 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
South 112 4 8 27 28 35 10
Alabama 8 0 0 0 1 5 2
Arkansas 5 0 0 1 1 3 0
Florida 22 2 3 7 4 2 4
Kentucky 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Louisiana 4 1 0 1 1 1 0
Maryland 2 0 0 1 1 0 0
Oklahoma 8 1 0 0 2 4 1
Tennessee 2 0 0 0 0 2 0
Texas 38 0 1 12 13 11 1
Virginia 10 0 4 0 3 2 1
West 19 0 2 2 4 7 4
Arizona 9 0 2 1 3 2 1
Colorado 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Oregon 2 0 0 0 0 0 2

Table 7.20. Level of education completed by prisoners

All prisoners
U.S. total 163 9 13 47 55 12 27
Northeast 4 0 0 2 2 0 0
Midwest 28 0 1 8 9 3 7
Illinois 8 0 0 5 0 1 2
Indiana 3 0 1 0 2 0 0
Missouri 15 0 0 3 6 2 4
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Ohio 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
South 112 9 11 33 39 6 14
Alabama 8 0 2 0 4 0 2
Arkansas 5 0 0 2 3 0 0
Florida 22 3 3 5 4 2 5
Kentucky 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Louisiana 4 0 0 2 2 0 0
Maryland 2 0 0 0 1 1 0
Oklahoma 8 0 0 2 4 1 1
Tennessee 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
Texas 38 3 3 15 12 1 4
Virginia 10 0 1 3 5 1 0
West 19 0 1 4 5 3 6
Arizona 9 0 1 2 3 2 1
Colorado 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Oregon 2 0 0 0 0 0 2

Table 7.21. Marital status at time of imprisonment for prisoners

All prisoners
U.S. total 163 50 30 9 65 9
Northeast 4 1 1 1 1 0
Midwest 28 6 6 3 12 1
Illinois 8 2 2 0 4 0
Indiana 3 0 0 0 3 0
Missouri 15 4 2 3 5 1
Nebraska 1 0 1 0 0 0
Ohio 1 0 1 0 0 0
South 112 37 21 4 48 2
Alabama 8 3 4 1 0 0
Arkansas 5 0 2 0 3 0
Florida 22 6 1 1 12 2
Kentucky 1 0 1 0 0 0
Louisiana 4 2 0 0 2 0
Maryland 2 1 0 0 1 0
Oklahoma 8 5 0 2 1 0
Tennessee 2 1 1 0 0 0
Texas 38 13 10 0 15 0
Virginia 10 3 1 0 6 0
West 19 6 2 1 4 6
Arizona 9 3 0 0 3 3
California 5 2 1 0 1 1
Colorado 1 1 0 0 0 0
Oregon 2 0 1 0 0 1
in 1997: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire,
New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.

Table 7.22. Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners
removed from death row, by race, 1997
and State tenced for another crime another crime Total On probation On parole Escaped In prison Other not reported
All prisoners*
U.S. total 93 6 50 9 32 6 2 1 14
Northeast 0 0 4 1 2 0 1 0 0
Midwest 23 0 4 0 3 0 1 0 1
Illinois 7 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Indiana 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Missouri 11 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 1
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 61 5 33 7 21 4 0 1 13
Alabama 6 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
Arkansas 0 1 3 0 0 3 0 0 1
Florida 15 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 4
Kentucky 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Maryland 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oklahoma 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South Carolina 2 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0
Tennessee 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0
Texas 19 1 13 3 9 1 0 0 5
Virginia 4 1 5 1 3 0 0 1 0
West 9 1 9 1 6 2 0 0 0
Arizona 6 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 0
California 0 0 5 1 4 0 0 0 0
Colorado 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oregon 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Washington 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

White prisoners
U.S. total 56 4 31 5 21 4 1 0 12
Northeast 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0
Midwest 14 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 1
Illinois 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Indiana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Missouri 9 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1
South 36 3 20 3 14 3 0 0 11
Alabama 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Arkansas 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 0
Florida 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Kentucky 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oklahoma 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tennessee 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0
Texas 12 0 8 2 5 1 0 0 4
Virginia 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
West 6 1 6 1 4 1 0 0 0
Arizona 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0
California 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0
Colorado 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oregon 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Washington 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Black prisoners
U.S. total 35 2 19 4 11 2 1 1 2
Northeast 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
Midwest 9 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Illinois 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Indiana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Missouri 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 23 2 13 4 7 1 0 1 2
Alabama 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Arkansas 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Florida 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Louisiana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oklahoma 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Texas 6 1 5 1 4 0 0 0 1
Virginia 1 0 4 1 2 0 0 1 0
West 3 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 0
Arizona 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
California 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported no prisoners leaving death row in 1997:
Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire,
New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
*Includes 1 American Indian in Oklahoma and 1 Asian in Texas who were not charged with
or sentenced for another crime at the time of the capital offense.

Table 7.23. Felony history of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1997

Region Total with Criminal Other Type of offense no prior Felony history
All prisoners*
U.S. total 163 109 19 84 6 44 10
Northeast 4 4 1 3 0 0 0
Midwest 28 14 1 12 1 13 1
Illinois 8 4 0 4 0 3 1
Indiana 3 2 0 2 0 1 0
Missouri 15 7 1 6 0 8 0
Nebraska 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Ohio 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
South 112 75 15 56 4 29 8
Alabama 8 3 3 0 0 3 2
Arkansas 5 5 1 4 0 0 0
Florida 22 13 2 10 1 5 4
Kentucky 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Louisiana 4 2 0 2 0 2 0
Maryland 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
Oklahoma 8 4 1 2 1 4 0
Tennessee 2 2 0 1 1 0 0
Texas 38 27 2 24 1 9 2
Virginia 10 7 3 4 0 3 0
West 19 16 2 13 1 2 1
Arizona 9 6 0 5 1 2 1
Colorado 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Oregon 2 2 0 2 0 0 0


White prisoners
U.S. total 103 65 11 49 5 33 5
Northeast 2 2 0 2 0 0 0
Midwest 18 8 1 7 0 10 0
Illinois 4 2 0 2 0 2 0
Indiana 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
Missouri 12 5 1 4 0 7 0
South 70 44 9 31 4 21 5
Alabama 6 1 1 0 0 3 2
Arkansas 3 3 1 2 0 0 0
Florida 11 6 0 5 1 3 2
Kentucky 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Louisiana 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Oklahoma 6 3 1 1 1 3 0
Tennessee 2 2 0 1 1 0 0
Texas 24 17 1 15 1 6 1
Virginia 5 2 2 0 0 3 0
West 13 11 1 9 1 2 0
Arizona 5 3 0 2 1 2 0
Colorado 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Oregon 2 2 0 2 0 0 0


Black prisoners
U.S. total 58 44 8 35 1 9 5
Northeast 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
Midwest 10 6 0 5 1 3 1
Illinois 4 2 0 2 0 1 1
Indiana 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Missouri 3 2 0 2 0 1 0
Nebraska 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Ohio 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
South 40 31 6 25 0 6 3
Alabama 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
Arkansas 2 2 0 2 0 0 0
Florida 11 7 2 5 0 2 2
Louisiana 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
Maryland 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Oklahoma 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Texas 13 10 1 9 0 2 1
Virginia 5 5 1 4 0 0 0
West 6 5 1 4 0 0 1
Arizona 4 3 0 3 0 0 1
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported no prisoners leaving death row in 1997:
Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
New Mexico, New York, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
*Includes 1 American Indian in Oklahoma and 1 Asian in Texas who had no prior felonies.

Table 7.24. Status of death penalty, by jurisdiction, 1997
Jurisdictions with death penalty law Jurisdictions that Jurisdictions

With no With execu- Number of changed a death without death
executions, 1997 tions, 1997 executions penalty law in 1997 penalty law
California Alabama 3 Montana Alaska
Connecticut Arkansas 4 Nevada Dist. of Columbia
Delaware Arizona 2 Oregon Hawaii
Federal Colorado 1 Pennsylvania Iowa
Georgia Florida 1 Tennessee Maine
Idaho Illinois 2 Virginia Massachusetts
Kansas Indiana 1 Michigan
Mississippi Kentucky 1 Minnesota
Montana Louisiana 1 North Dakota
Nevada Maryland 1 Rhode Island
New Hampshire Missouri 6 Vermont
New Jersey Nebraska 1 West Virginia
New Mexico Oklahoma 1 Wisconsin
New York Oregon 1
North Carolina South Carolina 2
Ohio Texas 37
Pennsylvania Virginia 9
South Dakota
Tennessee
Utah
Washington
Wyoming

Table 7.25. Prisoners executed under civil authority in the United States,
by year, region, and jurisdiction, 1930-97
Region and 1990- 1985- 1980- 1975- 1970- 1965- 1960- 1955- 1950- 1945- 1940- 1935- 1930-
jurisdiction Total 1997 1996 1995 1994 1989 1984 1979 1974 1969 1964 1959 1954 1949 1944 1939 1934
U.S. total 4,291 74 45 56 137 88 29 3 0 10 181 304 413 639 645 891 776
Federal 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 6 6 7 9 1
State 4,258 74 45 56 137 88 29 3 0 10 180 301 407 633 638 882 775
Northeast 610 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 51 56 74 110 145 155

Connecticut 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 5 5 3 2
Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Massachusetts 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 11 7
New Hampshire 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
New Jersey 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 8 8 6 16 24
New York 329 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 25 27 36 78 73 80
Pennsylvania 154 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 12 19 21 15 41 41
Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vermont 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1
Midwest 450 10 9 11 14 2 1 0 0 5 16 16 42 64 42 113 105

Illinois 100 2 1 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 8 5 13 27 34
Indiana 46 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 5 2 20 11
Iowa 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 4 3 7 1
Kansas 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 5 2 3 0 0
Michigan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Minnesota 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Missouri 91 6 6 6 10 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 5 9 6 20 16
Nebraska 7 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0
North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 172 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 12 20 36 15 39 43
South Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Wisconsin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South 2,658 60 29 41 112 81 28 1 0 2 102 183 244 419 413 524 419
Alabama 151 3 1 2 3 6 1 0 0 1 4 6 14 21 29 41 19
Arkansas 134 4 1 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 11 18 20 33 20
Delaware 20 0 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 6 2
District of Columbia 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 13 3 5 15
Florida 209 1 2 3 12 11 9 1 0 0 12 27 22 27 38 29 15
Georgia 388 0 2 2 4 11 3 0 0 0 14 34 51 72 58 73 64
Kentucky 104 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 8 15 19 34 18
Louisiana 157 1 1 1 3 12 6 0 0 0 1 13 14 23 24 19 39
Maryland 70 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 2 19 26 10 6
Mississippi 158 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 10 21 15 26 34 22 26
North Carolina 271 0 0 2 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 5 14 62 50 80 51
Oklahoma 69 1 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 4 7 6 9 25
South Carolina 175 2 6 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 8 10 16 29 32 30 37
Tennessee 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 18 19 31 16
Texas 441 37 3 19 52 29 4 0 0 0 29 25 49 36 38 72 48
Virginia 138 9 8 5 16 6 2 0 0 0 6 8 15 22 13 20 8
West Virginia 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 9 2 10 10
West 540 4 7 2 11 5 0 2 0 3 45 51 65 76 73 100 96

Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arizona 46 2 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 2 3 6 10 7
California 296 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 29 35 39 45 35 57 51
Colorado 48 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 1 7 6 9 16
Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Idaho 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Montana 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1
Nevada 35 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 9 5 5 3 5
New Mexico 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 2
Oregon 21 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 6 6 1 1
Utah 18 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 4 2 1 3 2 0
Washington 49 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 7 9 13 10
Wyoming 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 3

Table 7.26. Prisoners executed under civil authority in the United States, by race and offense, 1930-97
All races White Black Other races

Total Other Total Other Total Other Total
Year offenses Murder Rape offenses* offenses Murder Rape offenses* offenses Murder Rape offenses* offenses Murder Rape
All years 4,291 3,766 455 70 2,016 1,929 48 39 2,228 1,792 405 31 47 45 2
1997 74 74 0 0 45 45 0 0 27 27 0 0 2 2 0
1996 45 45 0 0 31 31 0 0 14 14 0 0 0 0 0
1995 56 56 0 0 33 33 0 0 22 22 0 0 1 1 0
1994 31 31 0 0 20 20 0 0 11 11 0 0 0 0 0
1993 38 38 0 0 23 23 0 0 14 14 0 0 1 1 0
1992 31 31 0 0 19 19 0 0 11 11 0 0 1 1 0
1991 14 14 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0
1990 23 23 0 0 16 16 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0
1989 16 16 0 0 8 8 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0
1988 11 11 0 0 6 6 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0
1987 25 25 0 0 13 13 0 0 12 12 0 0 0 0 0
1986 18 18 0 0 11 11 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0
1985 18 18 0 0 11 11 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0
1984 21 21 0 0 13 13 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0
1983 5 5 0 0 4 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1982 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1981 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1979 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1978 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1977 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
No executions from 1968 to 1976
1965-67 10 10 0 0 8 8 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
1960-64 181 145 28 8 90 79 6 5 91 66 22 3 0 0 0
1955-59 304 253 44 7 135 128 4 3 167 123 40 4 2 2 0
1950-54 413 348 58 7 201 188 9 4 209 157 49 3 3 3 0
1945-49 639 528 103 8 214 203 7 4 419 319 96 4 6 6 0
1940-44 645 536 97 12 276 255 12 9 362 276 83 3 7 5 2
1935-39 891 797 73 21 456 436 7 13 421 347 66 8 14 14 0
1930-34 776 717 52 7 371 367 3 1 395 340 49 6 10 10 0
*Includes executions for armed robbery (25), kidnaping (20), burglary (11), sabotage (6), aggravated assault (6), and espionage (2).

Explanatory notes Some figures shown for yearend 1996 are The data for 12/31/96 also include 8
revised from those reported in Correctional inmates who were listed erroneously as
The statistics reported for capital punish- Populations in the United States, 1996. being removed from death row: Federal
ment may differ from data collected by Bureau of Prisons (1), Georgia (6), and
other organizations. The differences occur The revised figures include 22 inmates Mississippi (1).
for a variety of reasons: who either were reported late to the NPS
program or were not in the custody of State Race has been changed from that previ-
Inmates under sentence of death are correctional authorities at yearend 1996: ously reported for 2 inmates: in Florida
originally added to the National Prisoner (from white to American Indian) and Texas
Statistics (NPS) counts when they enter Alabama (1) (from black to white).
correctional facilities rather than when California (1)
judges pronounce sentence. Florida (1)
Indiana (1)
One inmate in Mississippi was reported
as a female in previous reporting years.
Following the year when prisoners are Nevada (2)
first counted, their admissions or releases Oklahoma (2)
as a result of court order are attributed to Pennsylvania (6)
the year for the sentence or court order. Tennessee (2)
For example, a prisoner sentenced in Texas (6)
November 1995 entering prison custody
in January 1996 would be counted as an Seven inmates had sentences to death
admission in the 1996 report; the 1996 removed in 1996 but were not reported:
report would count him or her as being
under sentence of death at yearend 1995. Arkansas (2)
Similarly, a prisoner whose sentence is Louisiana (1)
overturned in 1994 but who remains in the Mississippi (1)
count until 1996 when the court's decision Oklahoma (1)
is reported would be subtracted from the Oregon (1)
1994 and 1995 reports. Pennsylvania (1)
NPS counts of persons under sentence of

death are always for the last day of a calen-
dar year and will differ from more recent
counts.

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Correctional Populations in The United States, 1997: Bureau of Justice Statistics

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Correctional Populations in The United States, 1997: Bureau of Justice Statistics

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U.S.

Bureau of Justice Statistics

1.7 million in local jail or prison

3.9 million on probation or parole

Mary Lou Leary

Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D.

Office of Justice Programs

Bureau of Justice Statistics

For information contact:

November 2000, NCJ 177613

U.S. Department of Justice Christopher Innes, assisted by Susan Highlights iii

ii Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Probation Jail Prison Parole

iv Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

vi Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

CJ-3. Census every 5 to 6 years of all jail

viii Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Tables each group, by gender, race, 1.24 Estimated number of sentenced

Trends in U.S. correctional populations 1

Average annual percent change

Table 1.2. Estimated number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison,

Probation 3,266,800 2,582,300 684,500 2,177,300 1,035,000 54,500

Table 1.3. Estimated number of adults under correctional

2 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Table 1.5. Number of adults in custody of State or Federal prisons

Percent change, 1996-97 5.9% 7.0% 4.1% 9.3%

Average annual percent change,

Table 1.6. Number of adults held in State or Federal

Table 1.7. Number of adults held in State or Federal

Trends in U.S. correctional populations 3

Percent of U.S. adult

Black males (6.8%)

White males (0.99%)

Table 1.8. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal

Number of sentenced prisoners

1990 739,980 699,416 350,700 340,300 40,564 20,200 19,700

Table 1.9. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under State

Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents

4 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Table 1.12. Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction

Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residents of each age groupa

Total 840 386 3,206 1,272 53 25 199 87

Trends in U.S. correctional populations 5

Table 1.13. Estimated number of prisoners in custody of State

Number of inmates in State prison

6 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Percent of inmates in State prison

Other/unspecifiede 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2%

Figure 3. New court commitments of State prisoners, by race, 1980-97

Number of new court commitments

Trends in U.S. correctional populations 7

Most serious Number of inmates in Federal prisona

Violent offenses 9,557 11,321 11,523 11,658

Property offenses 7,935 7,524 7,781 8,151

Drug offenses 30,470 51,737 55,194 58,610

Public-order offenses 8,585 15,762 17,227 19,197

Unknown 0 1,757 947 1,328

Figure 4. New court commitments of Federal prisoners, by race, 1980-97

Number of new court commitments

8 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997

Most serious Percent of inmates in Federal prisona

Violent offenses 16.8% 13.1% 12.6% 11.9%

Property offenses 13.9% 8.7% 8.5% 8.4%