Bandwidth Efficiency-information density or spectral efficiency

- used to compare the performance of one digital modulation technique to

another
transmission bit rate (bps)
B bits / cycle
min imum bandwidth (Hz)

Where B bandwidth efficiency

Example: For an 8-PSK system, operating with an information bit rate of 24 kbps, determine
(a) baud, (b) minimum bandwidth, and (c) bandwidth efficiency

Soln:
24,000
a. = 3 = 8000
24,000
b. B= = 8000
3
24,000bps
c. B 3bits / cycle
8000 Hz
ASK, FSK, PSK & QAM Summary
Modulatio Encoding Outputs Minimum Baud
n Scheme Possible Bandwidth
B
ASK Single bit 2 1
FSK Single bit 2 1
BPSK Single bit 2 1
QPSK Dibits 4 /2 /2 2
8-PSK Tribits 8 /3 /3 3
8-QAM Tribits 8 /3 /3 3
16-QAM Quadbits 16 /4 /4 4
16-PSK Quadbits 16 /4 /4 4
32-PSK Five bits 32 /5 /5 5
64-QAM Six bits 64 /6 /6 6
 Carrier Recovery the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from
a receiver signal
- also called phase referencing

For suppressed-carrier systems such as PSK & QAM, the following methods are used to
recover carrier:
1. Squaring Loop

Frequency Recovered Recovered

BPSK Bandpass Squarer PLL
input
Divider divider carrier
Filter
For a received signal of + :

= + + = +2
1 1 1
=2 1 2 = 2 2 2

For a received signal of : Filtered out Only 2 is left

= = +2
1 1 1
=2 1 2 = 2 2 2

Filtered out
2. Costas Loop
3. Remodulator faster acquisition time than that of the two
CLOCK RECOVERY
DIFFERENTIAL PHASE-SHIFT KEYING (DPSK)
TRELLIS CODE MODULATION (TCM)

-for a transmission rate of 28.8 kbps with 3200 Hz bandwidth, the S/N is:

= 3.32 log 1 +
28.8kbps=10,624log(1+S/N)
S/N=512 or /() = 10512 = 27

-for a transmission rate of 56 kbps with 3200 Hz bandwidth,

/() = 53

- TCM introduced controlled redundancy in the bit stream with a convolutional code
(doubling the nu. Of signal points in a given PSK or QAM)
- Used to lower transmission error
- Increase data rate without increasing bandwidth requirement
Code Trellis
 PROBABILITY OF ERROR AND BIT ERROR RATE

Probability of error, P(e) theoretical expectation of the bit error rate for a given
system
- function of the Carrier-to-noise power ratio or average energy per
bit-to-noise power density ratio and no. of possible encoding
conditions used
Bit Error Rate (BER) empirical record o a systems actual bit error performance

( + )
Carrier-to-noise power ratio =

Thermal noise power:

= () where N = thermal noise power (watts)
K = Boltzmanns constant
(1.381023 )
T = temp. (Kelvin: 0K=2730 , = 290)
B = bandwidth (Hz)

Carrier-to-noise power ratio:

=
Energy per bit energy of a single bit of information

= (J/bit) =
=
= ()
Stated in dBJ:
() = 10 log
1
With =


( = (J/bit)

0 = (W/Hz) =
N=thermal noise power (watts)
B=bandwidth (Hz)

0 = =KT(W/Hz)

Energy per bit-to-noise power density
- used to compare two or more digital modulation system that use different
transmission rates (bit rates), modulation schemes or encoding techniques

= = =
0

In dB

= 10 + 10 = 10 10
0

Example: For a QPSK system and the given parameters, determine

a. Carrier power in dBm
b. Noise power in dBm = 1012 = 60
c. Noise power density in dBm = 1.21014 B=120 kHz
d. Energy per bit in dBJ
e. Carrier-to-noise power ratio in dB
f.
Solution:

1012
a. = 10 0.001 = 90
1.21014
b. = 10 0.001 = 109.2
c. = 109.2 10120 = 160
1012
d. = 10 60 = 167.8
1012
e.
= 10 1.21014 = 19.2
120
f.
= 19.2 + 10 60
= 22.2
ERROR PERFORMANCE

For BPSK:
If the phase shift > 900 , the signal
element is shifted beyond
the threshold points into the
error region

= Where TP-threshold point
M=no. of signal states

Antipodal signaling optimum signaling format

for BPSK
- often used as reference for
comparison
For PSK, maximum distance between signaling points:

3600 2
= =
2

Where d-error distance

M- number of phases
D-peak signal amplitude

1800
= 2

For PSK, maximum phase shift = 450

For 8-PSK, maximum phase shift = 22.50
For 16-PSK, maximum phase shift = 11.250
Bit Error Probability for an M-phase PSK system:

1 Where erf error function

= erf()
2
= 2

Example: Determine the minimum bandwidth

required to achieve a P(e) of 107
for an 8-PSK system operating at
10 Mbps with a carrier-to-noise power
ratio of 11.7 dB.

Soln:

= = 14.7 11.7 = 3


= 3 = 2

= 210 = 20
QAM Error Performance

2
=
1 Where d error distance
L number of levels on each axis
D peak signal amplitude

1 1
= erfc() Where erfc(z) complimentary error function
2

2
=
1
FSK Error Performance

For noncoherent FSK

1
=
2 20
For coherent FSK

=
0