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Marginally lubricated
Designers Handbook
Quality
All the products described in this handbook are manufactured under DIN EN ISO 9001, ISO/TS 16949 and ISO 14001
approved quality management systems.
In addition GGB North America has been certified AS9100 revision B complying with the requirements of aerospace
industrys quality management system for the manufacture of metal-backed bearings and filament wound bearings and
washers.
AMERICA
FRANCE CHINA
GERMANY
BRAZIL SLOVAKIA
I
Formula Symbols and Designations
Formula Formula
Unit Designation Unit Designation
Symbol Symbol
II
Content
Content
Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 5.9 Worked Examples . . . . . . . . . . 20
Formula Symbols
and Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . II 6 Data Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.1 Data for bearing
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 4
design calculations . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1 Characteristics
and Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 Bearing Assembly . . . . . 22
7.1 Dimensions and Tolerances . . 22
2 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7.2 Tolerances for
2.1 Basic Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 minimum clearance . . . . . . . . . 22
Grease lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Fluid Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . 6 Allowance for
Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2 Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . 6
7.3 Counterface Design . . . . . . . . . 25
4 Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7.4 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.1 Choice of Lubricant . . . . . . . . . . 7 Fitting of Bushes . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Insertion Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Non lubricating fluids . . . . . . . . . . 8 Sealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Axial Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Water-Oil Emulsion . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Fitting of Thrust Washers . . . . . . 27
Shock-Absorber Oils . . . . . . . . . . 8 Slideways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Petrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Kerosene and Polybutene . . . . . . 8
8 Machining . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Other Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8.1 Machining Practice . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.2 Boring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3 Lubricated Environments . . . . . 9 8.3 Reaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.4 Broaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4 Characteristics of Fluid 8.5 Vibrobroaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Lubricated DX Bearings . . . . . 10
8.6 Modification of components . . 31
4.5 Design Guidance for Fluid
Lubricated Applications . . . . . 10 8.7 Drilling Oil Holes . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
The purpose of this handbook is to provide Complete information on the range of DX
comprehensive technical information on standard stock products is given together
the characteristics of DX bearings. The with details of other DX products.
information given, permits designers to GGB is continually refining and extending
establish the correct size of bearing its experimental and theoretical knowledge
required and the expected life and per- and, therefore, when using this brochure it
formance. GGB Research and Develop- is always worthwhile to contact the Com-
ment services are available to assist with pany should additional information be
unusual design problems. required.
Customers are advised to carry out proto-
type testing wherever possible.
2 Structure
DX is a composite bearing material devel- provided with a uniform pattern of indents
oped specifically to operate with marginal These serve as a reservoir for the grease
lubrication and consists of three bonded and are designed to provide the optimum
layers: a steel backing strip and a sintered distribution of the lubricant over the bear-
porous bronze matrix, impregnated and ing surface.
overlaid with a pigmented acetal copoly-
mer bearing material.
The steel backing provides mechanical
strength and the bronze interlayer provides
a strong mechanical bond for the lining.
This construction promotes dimensional
stability and improves thermal conductivity,
thus reducing the temperature at the bear-
ing surface.
DX is designed for use with grease lubrica-
tion and the bearing surface is normally Fig. 1: DX-microsection
4
Structure 2
5
3 Properties
3 Properties
3.1 Physical Properties
Characteristic Symbol Value DX Unit Comments
Physical Thermal Conductivity 52 W/mK
Properties
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
parallel to surface 1 11 1/106K
normal to surface 2 29 1/106K
Maximum Operating Temperature Tmax 120 C
Minimum Operating Temperature Tmin 40 C
Mechanical measured on disc 5 mm
Compressive Yield Strength c 380 N/mm
Properties diameter x 2.45 mm thick.
Maximum Load
Static psta,max 140 N/mm
Dynamic pdyn,max 70 N/mm
Electrical
Volume resistivity of acetal lining 1015 cm
Properties
Table 1: Properties of DX
Chemical % C Rating
Satisfactory:
+ Corrosion damage is unlikely Strong Acids Hydrochloric Acid 5 20 -
to occur. Nitric Acid 5 20 -
Acceptable: Sulphuric Acid 5 20 -
Some corrosion damage may
occur but this will not be
Weak Acids Acetic Acid 5 20 -
o sufficient to impair either the Formic Acid 5 20 -
structural integrity or the tribo-
logical performance of the
Bases Ammonia 10 20 o
material. Sodium Hydroxide 5 20 o
Unsatisfactory: Solvents Acetone 20 +
Corrosion damage will occur Carbon Tetrachloride 20 +
and is likely to affect either the
- Lubricants and fuels Paraffin 20 +
structural integrity and/or the
tribological performance of the Gasolene 20 +
material.
Kerosene 20 +
Diesel fuel 20 +
Mineral Oil 70 o
HFA-ISO46 High Water fluid 70 o
HFC-Water-Glycol 70 o
HFD-Phosphate Ester 70 +
Water 20 o
Sea Water 20 -
Table 2: Chemical resistance of DX
6
Lubrication 4
4 Lubrication
4.1 Choice of Lubricant
DX must be lubricated. The choice of lubri- + Recommended
cant depends upon pU and the sliding
o Satisfactory
speed and the stability of the lubricant
under the operating conditions. - Not recommended
NA Data not available
7
4 Lubrication
Grease
Grease lubrication is the recommended contain an anti-oxidant additive. Greases
method of lubrication. The performance containing EP additives or significant addi-
ratings of different types of grease are indi- tions of graphite or MoS2 are not generally
cated in Table 3. For environmental tem- recommended for use with DX.
peratures above 50 C the grease should
Oil
DX is not generally suitable for use with can also occur after prolonged periods at
hydrocarbon oils operating above 115 C. lower temperatures. In practice, this
At these temperatures oxidation of the oil means that DX is not recommended for
may produce a low concentration of labile use with recirculating oil systems or bath
residues, acid or free radical, which will systems where sump temperatures of
cause depolymerisation of the DX acetal 70 C or greater are possible.
copolymer bearing lining. Such oxidation
Water
DX is only suitable for operation in water dynamic conditions to be established (see
when the load and speed permit full hydro- Fig. 7).
Water-Oil Emulsion
DX is suitable for use with 95/5 water/oil pure oil or grease is recommended before
emulsions, however initial operation with transferring to emulsion.
Shock-Absorber Oils
DX is not compatible with shock-absorber
oils at operating temperature.
Petrol
With petrol as a lubricant at a pU factor of than that of an initially greased bearing
0.21 N/mm x m/s the wear rate of DX has under the same pU conditions.
been found to be about 4-5 times greater
Other Fluids
Polyester, polyethylene glycol and polygly- sample of DX material in the fluid for two to
col lubricants give similar wear rates with three weeks at 15-20 C above the operat-
DX to light hydrocarbon oil. With the glycol ing temperature. The following will usually
fluids however the operating temperature indicate that the fluid is not suitable for use
must not exceed 80 C because the acetal with DX.
lining of DX could then be attacked by A significant change in the thickness of
these fluids. the DX material.
In general, the fluid will be acceptable if it A visible change in the bearing surface
does not chemically attack the acetal lining from polished to matt.
or the porous bronze interlayer. Chemical A visible change in the microstructure of
resistance data are given in Table 2. the bronze interlayer.
Where there is doubt about the suitability
of a fluid, a simple test is to submerge a
8
Lubrication 4
4.2 Friction
Lubricated DX bearings show negligible the actual operating conditions as indi-
stick-slip and provide smooth sliding cated in section 4.3. Where frictional char-
between adjacent surfaces. The coefficient acteristics are critical to a design they
of friction of lubricated DX depends upon should be established by prototype testing.
Lubrication
There are three modes of lubricated bear- Bearing dimensions
ing operation which relate to the thickness Clearance
of the developed lubricant film between the Load and Speed
bearing and the mating surface.
Lubricant Viscosity and Flow
These three modes of operation depend
upon:
Hydrodynamic lubrication
Characterised by:
Complete separation of the shaft from
the bearing by the lubricant film.
Very low friction and no wear of the
bearing or shaft since there is no
contact.
Coefficients of friction of 0.001 to 0.01.
Fig. 4: Hydrodynamic lubrication
(4.3.1) [N/mm]
U B
p ---------- -----
7.5 Di
9
4 Lubrication
Boundary lubrication
Characterised by:
Rubbing of the shaft against the bearing The static coefficient of friction with DX is
with virtually no lubricant separating the typically 0.03 to 0.15 under boundary
two surfaces. lubrication conditions.
Bearing material selection is critical to
performance.
Shaft wear is likely due to contact bet-
ween bearing and shaft.
The excellent properties of DX material
minimises wear under these conditions.
The dynamic coefficient of friction with Fig. 6: Boundary lubrication
DX is typically 0.02 to 0.1 under bound-
ary lubrication conditions.
10
Lubrication 4
Area 1 of Fig. 7
The bearing will operate with boundary DX bearing performance can be estima-
lubrication. ted from the following equations.
The pU factor will be the major deter- The effective pU Factor epU can be
minant of bearing life. estimated from Section 5.8.
Area 2 of Fig. 7
The bearing will operate with mixed film life.
lubrication. DX bearing performance will depend
pU factor is no longer a significant upon the nature of the fluid and the
parameter in determining the bearing actual service conditions.
Area 3 of Fig. 7
The bearing will operate with hydrody- Bearing wear will be determined only by
namic lubrication. the cleanliness of the lubri-cant and the
frequency of start up and shut down.
Area 4 of Fig. 7
These are the most demanding opera- The bearing performance may be impro-
ting conditions. ved:
The bearing is operated under either - by use of unindented DX lining
high speed or high bearing load to visco- - by the addition of one or more grooves
sity ratio, or a combination of both. to the bearing
These conditions may cause - by shaft surface finish Ra <0.05 [m].
- excessive operating temperature
- and/or high wear rate.
10
Increased clearances may
be necessary
Area 1 Area 4
Effectively dry rubbing
Area 2
Mixed film lubrication
Conditions:
0.1
- Steady unidirectional loading
- Continuous, non reversing shaft rotation
Area 3 - Sufficient clearance between shaft and bearing
Full hydrodynamic - Sufficient lubricant flow
lubrication
11
4 Lubrication
Viscosity [cP]
Temperature [C] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Lubricant
ISO VG 32 310 146 77 44 27 18 13 9.3 7.0 5.5 4.4 3.6 3.0 2.5 2.2
ISO VG 46 570 247 121 67 40 25 17 12 9.0 6.9 5.4 4.4 3.6 3.0 2.6
ISO VG 68 940 395 190 102 59 37 24 17 12 9.3 7.2 5.8 4.7 3.9 3.3
ISO VG 100 2110 780 335 164 89 52 33 22 15 11.3 8.6 6.7 5.3 4.3 3.6
ISO VG 150 3600 1290 540 255 134 77 48 31 21 15 11 8.8 7.0 5.6 4.6
Diesel oil 4.6 4.0 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.95
Petrol 0.6 0.56 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.31
Kerosene 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.95 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.60 0.55
Water 1.79 1.30 1.0 0.84 0.69 0.55 0.48 0.41 0.34 0.32 0.28
Table 4: Viscosity data
Fretting Wear
Oscillating movements of less than the onto the mating surface in contact with the
dimensions of the indent pattern may DX bearing and may also give rise to fret-
cause localised wear of the mating surface ting corrosion damage. In this situation
after prolonged usage. This will result in DSTM material should be considered as an
the indent pattern becoming transferred alternative to DX.
Recommended Recommended
0.05 regreasing interval regreasing interval
B B B
Bearing continues with low rate of wear
Operating life
when regreased at intervals - B
12
Design 5
Factors
5 Design Factors
The main parameters when determining Mating surface roughness Ra [m]
the size or calculating the service life for a Mating surface material
DX bearing are: Temperature T [C]
Specific Load Limit plim [N/mm] Other environmental factors eg. housing
pU Factor [N/mm x m/s] design, dirt, lubrication.
Thrust Washers
(5.1.2) [N/mm]
4F
p = ---------------------------
-
( Do Di )
2 2
13
5 Design
Factors
100
1
104 105 106 107 108
Cycles Q
Fig. 9: DX specific load limits plim under dynamic loads or oscillating conditions
Continuous Rotation
Bushes Thrust Washers
(5.2.1) [m/s] (5.2.2) [m/s]
D o + Di
Di N ---------------- N
U = ------------------ 2
60 10
3 U = -----------------------------
-
60 10
3
Oscillating Movement
Bushes Thrust Washers
2 3
4 (5.2.3) [m/s] (5.2.4) [m/s]
1 D o + Di
Di 4 Nosz ----------------
-3 --------------------
U = ----------------- 2 4 Nosz
U= - -------------------
---------------------- -
60 10 360 60 10
3 360
3.0
2.5
epU Factor [N/mm x m/s]
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Speed [m/s]
14
Design 5
Factors
5.3 pU Factor
The useful operating life of a DX bearing is
governed by the pU factor, which is calcu-
lated as follows:
(5.3.1) [N/mm x m/s]
pU = p U
5.4 Load
In addition to its contribution to the pU fac- lation of the bearing service life by the
tor the type and direction of the applied speed/load application factor aQ shown in
load also affects the performance of a DX Figs. 15-17.
bearing. This is accomodated in the calcu-
Type of Load
F F
---
2
F
---
2
F
---
2
F
---
F 2
Fig. 12: Steady load, vertically down- Fig. 13: Steady load, vertically upwards,
wards, bush stationary, shaft bush stationary, shaft rotating.
rotating. Lubricant drains to loa- Lubricant drains away from loa-
ded area ded area
F
---
2
F
---
2
15
5 Design
Factors
3.0
2.5
Speed/Load factor aQ
2.0
1.5
Rotating load
1.0
Steady load vertically
downwards
0.5
Dynamic load or steady load
not downwards
0.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Rubbing speed U [m/s]
3.0
2.5
Speed/Load factor aQ
2.0
1.5
Fig. 16: Speed/Load factor aQ for PM range and MB range bushes - machined
3.0
2.5
Speed/Load factor aQ
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Rubbing speed U [m/s]
16
Design 5
Factors
5.5 Temperature
The useful life of a DX bearing depends temperature of the surrounding environ-
upon the operating temperature. The per- ment and the heat dissipation properties of
formance of grease lubricated DX the housing.
decreases at bearing temperatures above In calculating the service life of DX these
40 C. This loss of performance is related effects are accomodated by the application
to both material and lubricant effects. factor aT shown in Fig. 18.
For a given pU Factor the operating tem-
perature of the bearing depends upon the
0.4
0.2
Non-metallic housings
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.8
Application factor aS
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
Mating surface finish Ra [m]
17
5 Design
Factors
3.0
2.0
1.5
0.2
0.1
8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 70 100 150 200 500
Operating Conditions
Load F [N]
Rotational Speed (Continuous) N [1/min]
Oscillating Frequency Nosz [1/min]
Angular movement about mean position []
Specific Load Limit see Table 5, Page 13 [N/mm]
Application Factor aQ see Fig. 15-17, Page 16 [-]
Application Factor aT see Fig. 18, Page 17 [-]
Application Factor aS see Fig. 19, Page 17 [-]
Bearing Size Factor aB see Fig. 20, Page 18 [-]
18
Design 5
Factors
Note:
If aE >10000, or aE <0, the bearing is over-
loaded.
Note:
Check that epU is less than the limit for the increase the bearing length or use continu-
sliding speed U set in Fig. 11. If NOT, ous lubrication.
where R = Number of times bearing is If ZT (or CT) < Q then life will be limited by
regreased during total life required. wear after ZT cycles.
Check that ZT (or CT) is less than the total If the estimated life or total cycles are
number of cycles Q given in Fig. 9 for insufficient or the regreasing intervals are
actual bearing specific load p. too frequent, increase the bearing length
If ZT (or CT) > Q then life will be limited by or diameter, or consider drip feed or con-
fatigue after Q cycles. tinuous oil lubrication, the quantity to be
established by test.
19
5 Design
Factors
Calculation Constants and Application Factors Calculation Constants and Application Factors
Specific Load Limit plim 70 N/mm (Table 5, Page 13) Specific Load Limit plim at 80 C 46.7 N/mm (Table 5, Page 13)
Application Factor aT 1.0 (Fig. 18, Page 17) Application Factor aT 0.4 (Fig. 18, Page 17)
Mating Surface Application Factor aS 0.98 (Fig. 19, Page 17) Mating Surface Application Factor aS 0.98 (Fig. 19, Page 17)
Bearing Size Factor aB for 40 0.98 (Fig. 20, Page 18) Bearing Size Factor aB for 40 0.70 (Fig. 20, Page 18)
Application Factor for PM bush aQ 1.8 (Fig. 16, Page 16) Application Factor for PM bush aQ 1.0 (Fig. 16, Page 16)
Calculation Constants and Application Factors Calculation Constants and Application Factors
Specific Load Limit plim 70 N/mm (Table 5, Page 13) Specific Load Limit plim at 80 C 93 N/mm (Table 5, Page 13)
Application Factor aT 1.0 (Fig. 18, Page 17) Application Factor aT 0.4 (Fig. 18, Page 17)
Mating Surface Application Factor aS 0.98 (Fig. 19, Page 17) Mating Surface Application Factor aS 0.98 (Fig. 19, Page 17)
Bearing Size Factor aB for 35 0.90 (Fig. 20, Page 18) Bearing Size Factor aB 1.0 (Fig. 20, Page 18)
Application Factor for Thrust washers aQ 1.0 (Fig. 17, Page 16) Application Factor for Slideways aQ 1.0 (Fig. 17, Page 16)
20
Data Sheet 6
sS
B
Do
Do
Di
Di
W
Cylindrical Bush Thrust Washer Slideplate Special (Sketch)
Rotational movement Steady load Rotating load Oscillating movement Linear movement
21
7 Bearing
Assembly
7 Bearing Assembly
7.1 Dimensions and Tolerances
For optimum performance it is essential amount and the running clearance will be
that the correct running clearance is used more than the optimum. In these circum-
and that both the diameter of the shaft and stances the housing should be bored
the bore of the housing are finished to the slightly undersize or the journal diameter
limits given in the tables. increased, the correct size being deter-
If the bearing housing is unusually flexible mined by experiment.
the bush will not close in by the calculated
22
Bearing 7
Assembly
0.2
Increase
standard MB range u
clearances to le- pU
0.15
vel indicated by
pUu line
0.1
Recommended minimum diametral clearance CD [mm]
s
0.08
x m/
m
N /m
2 .8
0.06
0.05
1 .0
0.04
0 .5
5
0.3
5
0.03 0 .2
5
0.1
0
0 .1
0.02
PM range Use standard clearan-
ces unless fine running
required
0.01
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fig. 21: Minimum clearance for PM prefinished and MB machinable metric range
machined to H7 bore
1.5
Rubbing speed factor u
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Rubbing speed U [m/s]
23
7 Bearing
Assembly
Fluid Lubrication
The minimum clearance required for jour- shown in Fig. 23 It is recommended that
nal bearings operating under hydrody- the bearing performance under minimum
namic or mixed film conditions for a range clearance conditions be confirmed by test-
of shaft rotational speeds and diameters is ing if possible.
0.06
Detail design required
0.05
50 for rubbing speeds
45
40 35 above 3 m/s
0.04 30
15
0.02 12
10
0.01
0 100 1000
Speed N [rev/min]
0.05
Increase in minimum diametral clearance [mm]
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
24
Bearing 7
Assembly
incorrect correct
25
7 Bearing
Assembly
7.4 Installation
Important Note
Care must be taken to ensure that the DX
lining material is not damaged during the
installation.
Fitting of Bushes
The bush is inserted into its housing with Housing diameter is as recommended
the aid of a stepped mandrel, preferably 15-30 lead-in chamfer on housing
made from case hardened mild steel, as edges of lead-in chamfer are deburred
shown in Fig. 26. The following should be
The bush must be square to the housing
noted to avoid damage to the bearing:
Light smear of oil on bush OD
0
15-3
Di
Di Mounting
Ring
for DH 125 = 0.8
for DH > 125 = 2
DH
for DH 125 =
DH
Note:
Lightly oil back of bush to assist assembly.
0.8
Insertion Forces
Fig. 27 gives an indication of the maximum
insertion force required to correctly install
standard DX bushes.
1000
Maximum insertion force [N/mm unit length]
800
600
400
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 100
26
Bearing 7
Assembly
Alignment
Accurate alignment is an important consid- bush (or pair of bushes), or over the diam-
eration for all bearing assemblies. With DX eter of a thrust washer should not exceed
bearings misalignment over the length of a 0.020 mm as illustrated in Fig. 28.
Sealing
While DX can tolerate the ingress of some entering the bearing, a suitable sealing
contaminant materials into the bearing arrangement, as illustrated in Fig. 29
without loss of performance, where there is should be provided.
the possibility of highly abrasive material
Axial Location
Where axial location is necessary, it is gen- shown that fretting debris from unsatisfac-
erally advisable to fit DX thrust washers in tory locating surfaces can enter an adja-
conjunction with DX bushes, even when cent DX bush and adversely affect the
the axial loads are low. Experience has bearing life and performance.
27
7 Bearing
Assembly
Important Note
Dowel pins should be recessed 0.25 mm
below the bearing surface
Screws should be countersunk 0.25 mm
below the bearing surface
DX must not be heated above 130 C
Contact adhesive manufacturers for
guidance on the selection of suitable
adhesives
Protect the bearing surface to prevent
contact with adhesive
Fig. 30: Installation of Thrust-Washer
Ensure the washer ID does not touch the
shaft after assembly
Ensure that the washer is mounted with
the steel backing to the housing.
Slideways
DX strip material for use as slideway bear- countersunk screws
ings should be installed using one of the adhesives
following methods: mechanical location.
28
Machining 8
8 Machining
8.1 Machining Practice
The acetal copolymer lining of DX has When machining DX it is recommended
good machining characteristics and can be that not more than 0.125 mm is removed
treated as a free cutting brass in most from the lining thickness in order to ensure
respects. The indents in the bearing sur- that the lubricant capacity of the indents
face may lead to the formation of burrs or remaining after machining is not signifi-
whiskers due to the resilience of the lining cantly reduced.
material, but this can be avoided by using Boring, reaming and broaching are all suit-
machining methods which remove the lin- able machining methods for use with DX.
ing as a ribbon, rather than a narrow The recommended tool material is high
thread. speed steel or tungsten carbide.
8.2 Boring
Fig. 32 illustrates a recommended boring Cutting speeds should be high, the opti-
tool which should be mounted with its axis mum between 2.0 and 4.5 m/s. The feed
at right angles to the direction of feed. should be low, in the range 0.05/0.025 mm
The essential characteristic required in the for cuts of 0.125 mm, the lower feeds
boring tool is a tip radius greater than 1.5 being used with the higher cutting speeds.
mm, which combined with a side rake of Satisfactory finishes can usually be
30 will produce the ribbon effect required. obtained machining dry and an air blast
may facilitate swarfe removal. The use of
coolant is not detrimental.
Dia to suit
holder 30
0.75 mm x 3
0.75 mm x 3 A
25 Section AA
12
2.5 mm rad
29
8 Machining
8.3 Reaming
MB-DX-bushes can be reamed satisfacto- and the feed slow. Where hand reaming is
rily by hand with a straight-fluted expand- not desired machining speeds of about
ing reamer. For best results the reamer 0.05 m/s are recommended with the cuts
should be sharp, the cut 0.025-0.050 mm and feeds as for boring.
8.4 Broaching
Fig. 33 shows broaches suitable for finish- The broach should be used dry, at a speed
ing MB-DX-bushes up to 65 mm diameter. of 0.1-0.5 m/s.
2
1.5 mm rad
1.5 mm
polished 45 45
0.75 mm land
5
2L
L
30
Machining 8
In general owing to the variation in wall of more than 60 mm diameter unless exter-
thickness of large diameter bushes, nal guides are used.
broaching is not suitable for finishing bores
8.5 Vibrobroaching
This technique may also be used. A single 0.25 mm on diameter may be made at an
cutter is propelled with progressive recipro- average cutting speed of 0.15 m/s to give
cating motion with a vibration frequency of a surface finish of better than 0.8 m Ra,
typically 50 Hz. The cutter should have a which is acceptable.
primary rake of 1.5 for 0.5 mm. A cut of
31
9 Electroplating
9 Electroplating
DX Components
To provide corrosion protection the mild For the harder materials if the specified
steel backing of DX may be electroplated plating thickness exceeds approximately
with most of the conventional electroplat- 5 m then the housing diameter should be
ing metals including the following: increased by twice the plating thickness in
zinc ISO 2081-2 order to maintain the correct assembled
bearing bore size.
cadmium ISO 2081-2
nickel ISO 1456-8 Where electrolytic attack is possible tests
should be conducted to ensure that all the
hard chromium ISO 1456-8.
materials in the bearing environment are
mutually compatible.
Mating Surfaces
DX can be used against hard chrome sizes and surface finish are achieved after
plated materials and care should be taken the plating process.
to ensure that the recommended shaft
32
Standard 10
Products
10 Standard Products
10.1PM-DX cylindrical bushes
Split
B
s3
Ci
(Di,a)
Do
Di
0
0.3 min.
20 8
12
Co
dL Z
Detail Z
Dimensions and tolerances follow ISO 3547 and GSP-Specifications
All dimensions in mm
Outside Co and Inside Ci chamfers
Wall thickness Co (a) Wall thickness Co (a)
Ci (b) Ci (b)
s3 s3
machined rolled machined rolled
0.75 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 -0.1 to -0.4 2 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.4 -0.1 to -0.7
1 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 -0.1 to -0.5 2.5 1.8 0.6 1.2 0.4 -0.2 to -1.0
1.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 -0.1 to -0.7
a = Chamfer Co machined or rolled at the opinion of the manufacturer
b = Ci can be a radius or a chamfer in accordance with ISO 13715
33
10 Standard
Products
34
Standard 10
Products
35
10 Standard
Products
36
Standard 10
Products
37
10 Standard
Products
38
Standard 10
Products
39
10 Standard
Products
s3
(Di,a,m)
Ci
Do
Di
0
0.3 min.
20 8
12
Co
dL Z
Detail Z
Dimensions and tolerances follow ISO 3547 and GSP-Specifications
All dimensions in mm
40
Standard 10
Products
41
10 Standard
Products
42
Standard 10
Products
43
10 Standard
Products
44
Standard 10
Products
Hd [D10]
Do
DJ
dp
sT Di
dP
Do
All dimensions in mm
Inside- Outside- Thickness Dowel hole Recess depth
Di Do sT dD PCD- dp Ha
Part No.
max. max. max. max. max. max.
min. min. min. min. min. min.
10.25 20.00 No hole No hole
WC08DX
10.00 19.75
12.25 24.00 1.875 18.12
WC10DX
12.00 23.75 1.625 17.88
14.25 26.00 20.12
WC12DX
14.00 25.75 19.88
16.25 30.00 2.375 22.12
WC14DX
16.00 29.75 2.125 21.88
18.25 32.00 25.12
WC16DX
18.00 31.75 24.88
20.25 36.00 28.12
WC18DX
20.00 35.75 27.88
22.25 38.00 1.58 30.12 1.20
WC20DX
22.00 37.75 1.49 3.375 29.88 0.95
24.25 42.00 3.125 33.12
WC22DX
24.00 41.75 32.88
26.25 44.00 35.12
WC24DX
26.00 43.75 34.88
28.25 48.00 38.12
WC25DX
28.00 47.75 37.88
32.25 54.00 43.12
WC30DX
32.00 53.75 42.88
38.25 62.00 50.12
WC35DX
38.00 61.75 49.88
42.25 66.00 4.375 54.12
WC40DX
42.00 65.75 4.125 53.88
48.25 74.00 61.12
WC45DX
48.00 73.75 60.88
52.25 78.00 2.60 65.12 1.70
WC50DX
52.00 77.75 2.51 64.88 1.45
62.25 90.00 76.12
WC60DX
62.00 89.75 75.88
45
10 Standard
Products
s3
0.030
120
(Di,a / Di,am)
Do
Di
0.012 min.
20 8
0.015
dL
Z
Detail Z
46
Standard 10
Products
47
10 Standard
Products
48
Standard 10
Products
Hd [D10]
Do
DJ
dp
sT Di
dP
Do
49
10 Standard
Products
10.6DX Strip
Wu min
W
L ss
All dimensions in mm
Thickness sS
Part No. Length L Total Width W Usable Width WU min max.
min.
1.07
S10150DX 160 150
1.03
1.56
S15190DX
503 1.52
500 2.05
S20190DX 200 190
2.01
2.57
S25190DX
2.53
50
Product Information
GGB gives an assurance that the products described in this document
have no manufacturing errors or material deficiencies.
The details set out in this document are registered to assist in assessing
the material's suitability for the intended use. They have been developed
from our own investigations as well as from generally accessible publica-
tions. They do not represent any assurance for the properties them-
selves.
Unless expressly declared in writing, GGB gives no warranty that the
products described are suited to any particular purpose or specific oper-
ating circumstances. GGB accepts no liability for any losses, damages
or costs however they may arise through direct or indirect use of these
products.
GGBs sales and delivery terms and conditions, included as an integral
part of quotations, stock and price lists, apply absolutely to all business
conducted by GGB. Copies can be made available on request.
Products are subject to continual development. GGB retains the right to
make specification amendments or improvements to the technical data
without prior announcement.
Edition 2009 (This edition replaces earlier editions which hereby lose
their validity).
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2009 GGB. All rights reserved.
www.ggbearings.com 09-09