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Is 14977:2001
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Indian Standard
CONTROL CHARTS BASED ON INSPECTION
BY GAUGING
ICS 03.120.30
0 BIS 2001
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Statistical
Methods for Quality and Reliability Sectional Committee had been approved by the Management and Systems
Division Council.
Control charts based on inspection by gauging can be conveniently used for controlling both the location and the
variability parameters of a measurable characteristic of a process, having two-sided specifications. These control
charts are used in situations where:
c) the values of the process mean and process variation are known, and
d) inspection by attributes is preferred to that by variable from practical considerations.
These charts are particularly suitable when underlying inspection is destructive in nature.
The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard is given in Annex A.
In reporting the result of a test or analysis, if the final value, observed or calculated is to be rounded off, it shall
be done in accordance with IS 2:1960 ~les for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
IS 14977:2001
Indian Standard
CONTROL CHARTS BASED ON INSPECTION
BY GAUGING
1 SCOPE 4.1.2 Since UGL and LGL are usually different from
Upper Specification Limit ( USL ) and Lower
This standard covers control charts when inspection Specification Limit ( LSL ) respectively, it is to be noted
is based on gauging. The use of this control chart that the items falling under categories 4.1 (a)
has been illustrated with an example. Further the and 4.1 (c) may not necessarily be non-conforming.
advantages of this chart over X R charts and also
the estimation of population mean and population 4.2 Besides mechanical inspection of engineering items
variation have been included. for dimensional requirements by using pair of go-no-
go gauges, there are many other situations in which
2 REFERENCES inspection results generate this t~pe of data, for
example, classi&ing the items by weight into under-
The following standards contain provisions, which
weight, normal, and over-weight; classi~ing fise-
through reference in this text constitute provisions
heads by their sensitivity into insensitive, normal and
of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions
hypersensitive, etc.
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
revision and parties to agreements based on this 4.3 Gauge-Limits
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
4.3.1 When the measurable quality characteristic
of applying the most recent editions of the standards
follows normal or any other symmetrical distribution,
indicated below:
LGL and UGL are placed symmetrically around the
1SNo. Title targeted process average. Thus if POand 00 are the
known values for process mean and process standard
397 ( Part 1 ) : Method for statistical quality control deviation respectively, the gauge-limits are taken as:
1972 during production: Part 1 Control
charts for variables (first revision ) LGL = PO vao
UGL = PO+ vao
7920 Statistical vocabulary and Symbols:
4.3.2 The choice of v, when the underlying distribution
(Part 1): 1994 Probability and general statistical is normal, has been discussed in 6.
terms ( second revision)
4.4 For symmetrical distribution such as normal, when
(Part2 ):1994 Statistical quality control (second a sample of size n is gauged against a pair of gauges
revision ) of the type mentioned in 4.3.1, the numbers a, ( below
LGL ) and b ( above UGL ) are obtained. The measures
3 TERMINOLOGY
( b a) and ( b + a) are sensitive to changes in process
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given mean ( p ) and process standard deviation ( o )
in IS 7920 ( Part 1 ) and IS 7920 ( Part 2 ) shall apply. respectively from their corresponding target values.
essentially attribute charts, similar to the conventional where POand 00 are the known values of process mean
np charts. Thus, usually, a higher sub-group size, and process standard deviation.
compared to control charts for variables, is needed
6.2 A control chart is drawn with the x-axis meant
to ensure reasonable protection against wrong
for sub-group numbers and the y-axis meant for both
decisions. However, through optimal determination
a and b.
of gauge-limits and control limits ( using criteria for
decision under risk and/or uncertainty ), the error- 6.2.1 A single control limit is drawn at y = r. There is
controlling properties of these charts may compare no central line.
quite favorably with those of variable control charts
even for identical sample size. In view of this, and 6.3 Plotting
also to keep sub-group size small, often a sample size Items in each sub-group are gauged one by one against
between 7 to 10 should be adequate, contrary to the
LGL ( PO v ao) and UGL ( UO+ v GO) sequentially, and
higher sample size for an attribute control chart. the numbers a ( items below LGL ) and b ( items $
5.3 Choice of Control Charts exceeding UGL ) are noted. Against each sub-group
number, two points A and 9 are plotted corresponding
5.3.1 As mentioned in 4.4, for a sample gauged against to a and b respectively. Successive points
a pair of gauges, ( b-a) and ( b + a ) are sensitive to corresponding to each of a and b maybe connected
changes in p and o. Hence a pair of control charts by continuous and broken lines separately, preferably
for ( b a ) and ( b + a ) should be looked upon as using two different colours.
substitutes for the conventional ~and R ( ors ) charts
respectively. Table 1 Values of Factors v and r for Different
(n, a) Combinations
5.3.2 However, it has been found that a single control
chart for a and b ( plotting two points corresponding (Clause.s6.l.1, 6.1.2 and6.1.3 )
to these measures against each sub-group number)
a = 0.005 a = 0.010 a = 0.025 a = 0.05
is not only more user-tliendly but also has better error-
controlling properties as compared to a pair of charts nv r v r v r v r
for ( b - a ) and ( b + a ), almost everywhere in the 2 3.023 1 2.806 1 2,495 1 2.236 1
two-dimensional parameter space for y and cr,except
3 1.894 2 1.735 2 1.506 2 2.388 1
on the line c = cro( that is, when o does not change ).
In this case the latter pair of charts performs only 4 2.040 2 1.889 2 1.673 2 1.493 2
marginally better. -
5 2.113 2 1.997 2 1.790 2 1.618 2
5.3.3 Thus, it is recommended that a single chart for
6 1.626 3 2.081 2 1.879 2 1.713 2
( a,b ) should be used.
7 1.713 3 1.595 3 1.951 2 1.789 2
6 (a, h ) CHART
8 1.784 3 1.670 3 1.506 3 1.852 2
6.1 Setting
9 1.844 3 1.732 3 1.573 3 1.440 3
6.1.1 Having decided on the sub-group size n and
10 1.896 3 1.786 3 1.630 3 1.500 3
the probability ct of false alarm, find the values of the
gauge factor v and the single control limit r from 15 1.747 4 1.657 4 1.833 3 1.712 3
Table 1. 20 1.889 4 1.802 4 1.965 3 1.850 3
6.1.2 The values of v and r for various combinations 25 1.762 5 1.907 4 1.690 4 1.950 3
of ( n, a ) have been given in Table 1 under the
30 1.672 6 1.989 4 1.779 4 1.779 4
assumption that the distribution of quality
characteristic is normal. 40 1.547 8 1.611 7 1.579 6 1.579 6
6.1.3 Since usually the optimal v values are smaller 50 1.379 11 1.507 9 1.367 9 1.367 9
than 3, as is evident from Table 1, the gauges are
somewhat compressed or narrow as compared to 6.4 Interpretation
standard tolerances. Therefore, these charts are
6.4.1 The status of a sub-group will be indicated in
sometimes referred to as compressed or narrow limit
the control chart as follows:
gauging charts.
S 1: both a and b lie below the control limit;
6.1.4 Gauge-limits are set as:
S2: a lies below the control lirni~ b lies on or above
LGL=pOvaO and UGL=pO+vcO control limit;
2
_
IS 14977:2001
<
I
S3: b lies below the control limit, a lies on or above actual measurements were not needed. However, to ...
control limit; and facilitate comparison, these results have been retained. A
f
,..!
S4 : both a and b lie on or above control limit. 8.3 For installing an ( a, b ) chart, the value a = 0.005 ,,
J
may be taken as it is nearest to the corresponding
S 1 indicates a state of control, while the other three value of u in control charts for variables using 3c$Iinits.
indicate presence of assignable causes of variation Forcx=0.005, n=7, from Table l,v= 1.713 andr=3.
in the process. S2 indicates a shift of process mean y,,
( P ) to the right of u~. S3 indicates a shifi of process Also PO = 19.5 andoo= 1.00
mean to the left of PO,and S4 indicates a sKIR( increase )
in process variation from (crO). Hence LGL= 19.5 1.713 = 17.787
UGL=19.5 +1.713=21.213
6.4.2 When the process is in a state of control, the
two lines connecting a and b values are expected to 8.4 For each sample, the items are gauged sequentially
frequently intersect each other. If they remain against LGL and UGL and the values of a and b are
separated for a considerable period, even below the noted. These values are shown in CO19 and 10 of
control limit, an ensuing shitl in location may be Table 2.
suspected.
8.5 The resultant control chart is shown in Fig. 1.
7 ESTIMATION OF PROCESS MEAN AND
STANDARD DEVIATION 8.6 It appears from the chart that the points
corresponding to b for control units number 14 and
7.1 Collect a and b values from k sub-groups taken 15were found to have gone out of control limit. Suitable
from a process under state of statistical control, remedial action was taken to stabilize the process in
terms of location after which the process was again
found to be in a state of statistical control.
where U and L are the UGL and LGL respectively. 8.7.3 From the ~and R values given in the last two
columns of Table 2, it is clear, that in ~-chart also,
8 EXAMPLE FOR (a, b ) CHART the points going out of control are only those
8.1 In a certain firm producing composite conductors corresponding to sub-group numbers 14 and 15.
of size 7/2.79 mm, it was decided to install suitable 8.7.4 Just as no sub-group in ( a, b ) chart shows
control charts for ultimate tensile strength expressed that both a and b values are out of control, no point
in units of kgf/mm2. From past data, the process in R-chart indicates an out of control situation for
,,
average was to be centered around at 19.5 kgf7mm2. process variation.
It was also known that the standard deviation of the
process was 1.00 kgf/mm2. From each cable drum 8.8 Similarly it can be shown from median chart that
chosen as the control unit, 7 sample results were the sub-group numbers 14 and 15 only would go out
available corresponding to the 7 strands of the of control.
composite conductor.
8.9 Thus, for this example (a, b ) chart is found to be
8.2 The results are given in COI(2) to (8) of Table 2. as sensitive as either an (~ R) chart or a ( Median,
It maybe noted that for operation of ( a, b ) chart, the range ) chart.
3
IS 14977:2001
Table 2 Control Chart Data on Ultimate Tensile Strength ( kgf/mm2 ) of Composite Conductor of the
Size 7/2.79 mm
( Clauses 8.2,8 .4,8.7.1 and8.7.3 )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
10. 19.11 18.00 21.74 19.27 18.65 20.75 19.96 0 1 19.64 3.74
11. 18.32 20.92 19.96 19.96 20.78 21.08 20.78 0 0 20.26 2.76
12. 18.16 18.00 17.34 18.65 19.14 18.32 18.00 1 0 18.23 1.80
13. 18.12 18.61 18.28 18.61 18.32 18.32 17.62 1 0 18.27 0.99
14. 22.90 22.90 20.94 21.60 19.96 21.27 21.90 0 5 21.64 2.94
15. 22.09 19.47 22.90 23.39 18.32 22.90 22.90 0 5 21.71 5.07
16. 18.00 18.32 19.63 18.12 18.81 19.63 20.12 0 0 18.95 2.12
17. 17.83 19.14 18.32 19.60 17.79 19.30 18.28 1 0 18.61 1.81
18. 19.96 18.80 21.76 19.27 21.25 20.94 20.29 0 2 20.47 2.49
19. 16.80 17.79 20.42 18.32 19.76 17.29 18.28 2 0 18.38 3.62
DRUMNo,
*a +b
4
IS 14977:2001
ANNEX A
( Foreword)
,,i
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
National Institution for Quality and Reliability, New Delhi SHRIY. K. BHAT
SHRI G. W. DATEY ( Alternate )
( Continued on page 7 ]
6
IS 14977:2001
( Continuedfrom page 6 )
Organization Representative(s)
In personal capacity ( B -109 Malviya Nagac New Delhi -110 017) PROFA. N. NANKANA
National Institution for Quality and Reliability, New Delhi SHRI Y. K. BHAT
SHRI G. W. DATEY ( Alternate )
Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company Limited (TELCO), SHRI SHANT1SARtJP ,...-
Jamshedpur
In personal capacity ( B -109 Malviya Naga~ New Delhi -110 017) PROFA. N. NANKANA
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country. I
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BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications maybe reproduced in any form without
~
the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
1
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken un for revision. Users of Indian Standards 1
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendme. r edition by referring to the latest issue 1.
of BIS Catalogue and Standards : Monthly Additions. (
L
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. MSD 3 ( 150 ). j
~
t
Amendments Issued Since Publication I
k