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http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=paraphrasing&pageid=icb.page411062
WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
Plagiarism is presenting someone else's words or ideas as your own. The following
are all examples of plagiarism:
Quoting a source without using quotation marks -- even if you do cite it.
Turning in the same paper for more than one class without the permission of both
teachers.
The Truth:
Business writing should move projects forward
Skills are learnable, habits take time
how is just as important as what
Readers dont read every single message they receive
Your writing defines you
NOTE TAKING
The best way to avoid plagiarism is to take careful notes. When taking notes, always do
the following:
First, read the entire text and summarize it in your own words. Then paraphrase
important points and copy usable quotes. Enclose quotes in quotation marks.
Include in your notes all the information you will need to cite your sources.
Copy all source information into your working bibliography using the format your
teacher has provided.
Print any Web pages you use. Write the URL and the date on the Web page if it
isn't included on the printout.
Save all your notes and printouts until you receive your final grade.
Paraphrasing:
Your ability to restate ideas in your own words signals to your readers that you
understand the subject matter.
In education and psychology, the use of long quotes is not preferred.
Paraphrasing allows you to succinctly compare, contrast and synthesize the ideas
of scholars in your own field.
Paraphrasing allows you to represent the ideas of others and demonstrate how
your own ideas relate to and build on the ideas of other scholars.
Paraphrasing correctly avoids inadvertent plagiarism.
Understanding a passage
Internalizing the meaning of the text
Restating the important points in your own voice
There are three ways to represent the work or ideas of another author in your
writing
When you quote a text you need to follow different rules from when you summarize
or paraphrase a text.
You are required to know and use the rules for quoting, summarizing and
paraphrasing texts.
Following these rules will help you avoid inadvertently committing plagiarism!
The rules are not difficult to understand or follow. You are responsible for even the
minimal plagiarism in my courses. GIVE CREDIT to the real AUTHOR. Your friends
previous projects contribute NOTHING to your own learning let alone YOUR GRADES!
What if I want to quote, summarize, or paraphrase a source, but theres no author
to credit?
You must always indicate when you are quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing
ideas that are not your own.
Quoting
Summarizing
According to Strauss (2008), childrens books that are awarded the Newbery Medal for
excellence focus on topics that are so sophisticated and serious they may actually discourage
childrens desire to read.
Reference:
Strauss, V. (2008, December 16). Plot twist: The Newbery may dampen kids reading. The
Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com
Example of paraphrase
According to Strauss (2008), childrens books that are awarded the Newbery Medal for
excellence sell well even though they tend to focus on difficult topics, such as death and
developmental disabilities. Instead of promoting childrens interest in books, these topics
are so sophisticated and difficult for children to comprehend they may actually
discourage childrens desire to read.
Strauss, V. (2008, December 16). Plot twist: The Newbery may dampen kids reading. The
Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com
Paraphrasing Correctly
Be careful
Approach to paraphrasing:
The following tips on the writing process also will help you avoid plagiarism.
Read your notes carefully and make sure you understand the material before you
begin to write.
Write a preliminary draft without looking at your notes. Leave spaces where you
think you'll want to include quotes or supporting material.
Use your own words as much as possible. No one expects you to write like an
expert or a professional writer. You should, however, write like a serious,
intelligent student.
Read through your final draft and make sure all uncited ideas are your own
In order to avoid plagiarism, you need to understand that the purpose of a research paper
is to learn;
to absorb information,
internalize it,
understand it,
and explain it
-- not just to research and write it. You need to keep in mind that "plagiarism occurs when
a sequence of ideas is transferred from a source to a paper without the process of
digestion, integration, and reordering in the writer's mind, and without acknowledgment
in the paper." (Source: "A Note on Plagiarism" from the Mansfield University Student
Handbook)
(A) One kind of mental model for the (B) One kind of mental model for the
computer is the nave model. A nave mental computer is the nave model. According to
model in the context of computer van Merrinboer (1997), "A nave mental
programming is that a computer is an model in the context of computer
intelligent system. This model is nave programming is that a computer is an
because giving directions to a computer is intelligent system, and that giving directions
like giving directions to a human being. to a computer is like giving directions to a
human being" (p. 145).
Reference:
Reference:
Merrinboer, J. J. van. (1997). Training
complex cognitive skills. Englewood Cliffs, Merrinboer, J. J. van. (1997). Training
NJ: Educational Technology Publications. complex cognitive skills. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
(A)
instruction.
Two "In the traditional
components must behavioral
be present in (B)
instruction.
Two In the traditional
components mustbehavioral
be present in
paradigm,
an feedback
instructional is the
design consequence
theory. The first of a paradigm,
an feedback
instructional is the
design consequence
theory. The first of a
response, typically
component reinforcement
is methods for an
for facilitating human response. That
component response
(methods) is typically
describes how human
appropriate
learning and behavior" (Driscoll,
development. 2000, p.
The second is 65). reinforcement
learning will befor an appropriate
supported, and thebehavior.
second
those aspects of the context that do influence component (situation) describes when certain
Reference:
selection of methods, or the situation. methods ought to be used (Reigeluth, 1999).
Original Source Material: If one were going to Source: Webb, E., Campbell, D.,
be limited to a single method, then certainly the Schwartz, R. & Sechrest, L.
verbal report from a respondent would be the (1966).Unobtrusive measures:
choice. With no other device can an investigator Nonreactive research in the social
swing his attention into so many different areas sciences. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
of substantive content, often simultaneously, and
also gather intelligence on the extent to which his
findings are hampered by population restrictions.
(A) In gathering verbal reports from (B) The advantages claimed for verbal
subjects the investigator can swing his reports as a form of data gathering are that
attention into many different areas of "an investigator [can] swing his attention
substantive content, and gather intelligence into so many different areas of substantive
on the extent to which his findings are content, often simultaneously, and also
hampered by population restrictions. gather intelligence on the extent to which his
findings are hampered by population
Reference: restrictions" (Webb, Campbell, Schwartz &
Sechrest, 1966, pp. 172-173).
Webb, E., Campbell, D., Schwartz, R. &
Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive measures: Reference:
Nonreactive research in the social
sciences.Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. Webb, E., Campbell, D., Schwartz, R. &
Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive measures:
Nonreactive research in the social
sciences.Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
5
Original Source Material: LCD [Learner- Source: Reeves, W. (1999). Learner-
Centered Design] thus extends existing design by centered design: A cognitive view of
(a) facing comprehensive cognitive complexity as managing complexity in product,
a central concern, (b) extending design to the information, and environmental
system's information content, and (c) visualizing design.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
all users (students, workers, consumers young and Publications.
old) as distributed learners seeking understanding.
Original Source Material: Interactive multimedia Source: Schwier, R., & Misanchuk,
instruction brings mediated instruction from more E. (1993). Interactive multimedia
than one source to bear on an instructional problem instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
which the learner experiences as integrated (although Educational Technology Publications.
sometimes complex) medium. We can think of it in
terms of many single inputs, with one multi-channel
output. The instruction may contain motion images
from a video disc, computer animation, text screens,
and sound from a compact disk, for example, but the
instruction is a tapestry woven from these sources.
The learner experiences the tapestry, not the
individual threads.
(A) Designers had realized by the mid- (B) Designers had realized by the mid-
1990s that the various forms of media, 1990s that the various forms of media,
previously viewed as separate, were put previously viewed as separate, were put
together in multimedia instruction to form an together in multimedia instruction to form an
integrated experience for learners. integrated experience for learners (Schwier &
Misanchuk, 1993).
Reference:
(A) The definition of instruction is broad, (B) Driscoll (2000) defines instruction
including any deliberate arrangement of broadly as "any deliberate arrangement of
events to facilitate a learner's acquisition of events to facilitate a learner's acquisition of
some goal, including the learning of: some goal" (p. 25). She includes learning
knowledge, skills, strategies and attitudes in
a partial list of possible goals for learning.
Knowledge
Reference:
Skills
Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning
Strategies for instruction (2nd ed.). Needham Heights,
MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Attitudes (Driscoll, 2000)
Reference:
Original Source Material: Media experiences equal Source: Reeves, B., & Nass, C.
human experiences .... People's responses show that (1996). The media equation: How
media are more than just tools. Media are treated people treat computers, television,
politely, they can invade our body space, they can and new media like real people and
have personalities to match our own, they can be a places. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge
teammate, and the can elicit gender stereotypes. University Press.
Media can invoke emotional responses, demand
attention, threaten us, influence memories, and
change ideas of what is natural. Media are full
participants in our social and natural world.
(A) Reeves and Nass (1996) describe (B) People interact with media as if it
many experiments they have carried out to were other people. Even when people know
test the theory that people interact with objectively that images of people on
media as if it were other people. They have television screens are not real, or that
shown in multiple ways that even when computers are machines instead of human
people know objectively that images of beings, we treat these things as if they were
people on television screens are not real, or
that computers are machines instead of real -- were human.
human beings, we treat these things as if
they were real -- were human.
Reference:
10
Original Source Material: While computers are Source: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring
very good at certain tasks, such as diagnosing education through
equipment malfunctions or performing technology.Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta
mathematical functions, they are morons at doing Kappa Educational Foundation.
things your dog or cat can do, such as recognizing
you and acknowledging your presence. Computers
lack qualitative intelligence, that is, the ability to
identify those features that make each of us
unique and different.
(A) Computers can do some things and (B) Computers can do some things and
not others. They do not have the ability to not others. Frick (1991) explains that "While
identify those features that make each of us computers are very good at certain tasks,
unique and different, but they are very good such as diagnosing equipment malfunctions
at diagnosing equipment malfunctions or or performing mathematical functions ....
performing mathematical functions. [they] lack qualitative intelligence, that is,
the ability to identify those features that
Reference: make each of us unique and different" (p.
30).
Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education
through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Reference:
Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education
through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi
Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.