A Guide to the Study of Social and

Economic Groups and Stratification

In ICRISAT'S Indian Village Level Studies

Victor S. Doherty

Economics Program
International Crops Research Institute
For the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Patancheru
Andhra Pradesh 502 324, INDIA
November 1992
 A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROUPS"
AND . STRATIFICATION IN ICRISAT'S INDIAN VILLAGE LEVEL:STUDIES

ABSTRACT

Because it directly affects crucial processes

'including production, demand, and distribution, social
stratification occurring in agricultural societies is
an important phenomenon. This paper deals with the
study of that system of stratification known as caste,
which up to the present has been dominant in many
SoUth Asian societies and especially in India. It
aims to provide a brief, non-technical introduction
to.turther reading on the'subject. It defines and dis-
cusses basic aspects of caste, and presents a number
of measures for study of the social and economic dyna-.
mics and effects ofcaste in selected Indian agricul-
tural villages.
,
 ii

, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page,

ABSTRACT

SECTION I s THE STUDY OF CASTE IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION

CASTE-BASED SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN INDIA 2

SECTION II : THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES

THE VLS AREAS AND SAMPLES

SOURCES OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR THE SAMPLE VILLAGE AREAS

SECTION III : ANALYSIS OF CASTE IN THE VILLAGE

LEVEL STUDIES

BACKGROUND TO THE USE OF CASTE RANK CLUSTERS IN VLS ANALYSIS 12

DERIVATION OF THE VLS CASTE RANKING SYSTEMS 13
NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY AND RANKING 15

SECTION IV : DESCRIPTION OFCASTE RANK MEASURES IN

THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES

THE VLS-C DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION TAPE 17

VLS CENSUS DATA ON CASTES .. 17
.CASTE CODES AND VILLAGE CODES (CASCODE AND VILCODE) . 19
ADJUSTED CASTE RANK (ADJRANK) 20
SAMPLE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (SAMRANK) 22
VILLAGE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (VILRANK) 23
CONSOLIDATED RANKS (CONRANK) 23

cont d.
Table of Contents (cont'd.)

Page

REFERENCES 25

APPENDIX 32
. .
1. Destription of Data, with Location . on VLS-C '33
Demographic and Household infdrmation Tape
2..VLS Villages : Location, VILCODE, and Census 34
Dates

3. Caste Descriptions 35

4. CASCODE 67

5. ADJRANK 77

6. SAMRANK 87

7. VILRANK 97

8. Sample Castes by CONRANK 107

9. Other Castes by CONRANK 108

10. :Number of Sample Caste Households by ADJRANK 109

11.-Number of Sample Caste Households by CONRANK 110

 A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROUPS
AND STRATIFICATION IN ICRISAT'S INDIAN VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES

Victor S. Doherty*

SECTION I THE STUDY OF CASTE IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION
Most of the coding systems discussed in the following pages involve the

ranking of caste groups against each other. Yet the discussion beloWempha-
sizes the fact that many educated, urbanized Indians do not recognize present
or. continuing validity for caste separation and inequality. Most inhabi-
.tants of farming, villages, also, whether they are educated or uneducated,

'recognize clearly that change has already occurred and that there is
potential for further, even more wide-ranging change.

Caste is nevertheless still important in these villages. It is a

means of regulating marriage, and a means of social solidarity and co-

operation in the serious business of social mobility. It is a factor in

political alliance across and within groups. In understanding an area,

a . knowledge of the castes in that area assists in identifying the present- - ,
t-v t
day effects of earlier inequalities in rights to hold or control land and
to hold office. One must understand the past, and how it has helped to
,

shape the present, before one can understand what is new in the present or
what the future is likely to be.

* Principal Social Anthropologist, International Crops Research Institute

for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324,
India.
This paper collects and comments on information to which a number of
persons have contributed or have assisted in collection.. Among these are
Jere R. Behrman and James G. Ryan, who each devised a ranking system; R.P.
Singh, Head of the Village. Level Studies Unit in the Economics Program;
B.L. Jain, VLS Research Officer in Madhya Pradesh; and many of the economlc
and anthropological Investigators in the Program: S.S. Badhe, T. Balaramaiah,
V. Bhaskar Rao, M.J. Bhende, N.B. Dudhane, R.R. Kashikar, K.L. Khanna, K.G.
Kshirsagar, B.R. Patel, M.A. Patel, P.S.S. Raju, R. Shinde, and M.S. Yagnils,
 CASTE-BASED SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
IN INDIA
Comparative studies of economic and social activity allow us to understand

how human beings, placed in similar circumstances, react in similar ways.

Examination of the differences among societies can show us how these com-
mon human reactions combine to make up different patterns according to

history and circumstances. These patterns vary in their durability, and in

the degree to which they, promote overall human well-being in a given society.

Stratification, which is to say ascribed and structured social inequality

(Heller 1967, Fried 1968) is and has been a widespread phenomenon in many

human societies, seemingly at least from the time of the post-neolithic on.

This inequality usually proscribes or reinforces differential access to and

use of the means of production and their benefits. Social stratification is

important where it occurs in agricultural societies, since it directly

affects such crucial processes as produCtion, demand, and distribution.

This paper deals with the study of that system kpown as caste, which up to

the present. has beeri a dominant system of stratification in many South

Asian, societies and especially in India. It aims ' to provide a brief, non-

technical introduction to further reading on the subject; and to discuss

some means devised to study different aspects of the socioeconomic nature

and effects of caste in selected Indian agricultural villages.

Although undergoing change today, caste in India still manifests

, itself in hardened, institutionalized combinations of economic and poli-

tical stratification. It is stronglyassociated with economic and craft

specialization. It limits marriages to alliances among the member fami-

lies of relatively small groups claiming a common history and status.

 3

In South Asia the system is most closely associated with Hinduism and India,

but the influence of castelike principles is seen to permeate the society of

even non4lindu groups in many parts of the subcontinent. Useful summaries on

the subject of caste and guides to writings on it include those by Bailey

(1968) and Mencher (1974). A good ethnographic picture of its operation at
the village level is found in a number of works including books by Srinivasl

(1976) and Berreman (1972).

A useful, working definition of caste, taking into account its major

aspects in India but deliberately phrased broadly enough to allow for cross-

cultural interpretation as well, might be as follows: Caste refers to

sociall inherited olitical and'economic ine ualit and s ecialization,

based on and operating through'endogamous groups, which taken together com-

prise 'a single; complex society. Widespread conflict and competition for
.political and economic position, among and within ethnic groups, seems to
..have been important for the origin of these divisions, specializations,

and inequalities in India.

In anthropological discussions the caste system is sometimes referred

to as thejati-Varna system, in order to emphasize the fact that it has

two major facets. These are the endogamous group into which one is born,

one's jati; and the varna (Sanskrit "color", by extension "class") or

broad group of occupations with which a jati is associated. Rank enters

into both concepts. Jatis have standing in society according to their .

,actual political and economic power. They are also ranked according to

the standing of the occupation which the majority of their members follow
or followed until recent times. TratRtionaily, the four main varna cate

gories for occupations were priest, t-evior, merchant, and farmer or

 4

laborer. Untouchable jatis were traditionally considered to be outside

the varna scale. This seems to havd been importantly a political fact,
due as much or more to their lack of power and subsequent relegation to

menial and'"unclean" occupations, as to their association per se with

these jobs.

The word caste, as well as its common modern day.euphemism, "community",

refers today. in India and elsewhere to both jati and varna, as they are

intertwined in day-to-day, practical life. The ideas.Of occupatiOn,

occupational rank, and marital exclusiveness are all expressed by this one
word. In Indian languages various other terms are available for reference.

to these or related meanings. Although the distinction is not always

clear, in English the word "caste" can often refer more specifically to

a hereditary occupational group or a regional quasi-ethnic group, such as the

Kunbi farmers in villages E and F below. "Subcaste" refers to endoga-

mous units within such .a group: the Tirale and Ghatod, in this example.
I.
A fuller discussion of the development of the ideas , of jati and varna is
. ,
'in Basham (1959: - Chapter V). Useful discussions on other aspects of case '
is
and of Indian history and culture are found in the same volume.

The.study of caste calls for caveats. , The first is that in any

particular analytic context one must always be specific about what one is

referring to when using the term. Caste is a multifaceted topic and has

attracted study by analysts from many countries, who have provided expla-

nations and studies emphasizing many different , aspects. Caste in India

is or has been a highly complex system, with much local variation. At

the same time, there is much regulari t y, throughout India, in the religious

and cultural justifications offered to support it. There are also strong
similarities, from a comparative sociological point of view, between the
caste system in India and systems of'socially inherited and culturally

rationalized inequality elsewhere in the world.

The second caveat'is that all this is changing, to such a. degree that

one who does not take change into analytic account will be very likely, to

give an incorrect picture. The Indian farmer or laborer today, just as

much as a member of the urban elite or of the urban middle class, has very

different expectations, views of society, and strategies than were common
even a generation ago. Such an individual sees the possibility and even

the long-term inevitability of change, and chooses a course of personal

economic and political endeavor in line with this. ,Such strategic choice
1,
occurs however incomplete or even unconscious an individual's formula-
tion of reasons for the choice may be.

Studios which have emphasized the religious and ideological aspects

of caste, and its unique qualities as a cultural system, include those by

Dumont (1970), Leach (1971), and Das (1977). Studies of the system as a
case or cases illustrating crosseulturally incident systems of stratifica-

tion include especially those by Berreman (1960, 1972). The authors Bose,.

(1975) and Karve (1968) take positions which are compatible with a cross-

cultural orientation, but they are particularly concerned with reconstruc-

tion of past events and with the observation of contemporary situations which

seem to explain past proCesses in the development and .solidification of the

is
caste system in India. Mencher (1974) provides an analysis of the system

in terms of political,control and agricultural production, and emphasize

the role of the lowest castes as agricultural laborers. J.M. Mfahar (1972)

collects a number of useful articles focusing on problems of untouchability,

and on its background. Von l!iirer-Haimendorf (1945, 1979) has written a

 6

number of excellent ethnographies in which we see the relations. between

mainstream political, economic, and religious groups on the one hand; and,

on the'other, so-called tribal groups in the process of assimilation or

resistance to caste-mediated systems of political and economic life. (The

term "'tribe" refers in India to previously independent or semi-independent
ethnic groups, of non-Hindu or unorthodox Hindu religion.) Marriott (1965)
has provided a theoretical framework to deal with data on an all-India basis
'in analyzing the deVelopment of the caste system.

Jacobson (1978) provides an example of the kind of combined archaeo-

logical and historical work now being done by some scholars to elucidate the

development of the system in particular regional areas. Klass (1980) and

Kolenda (1978) have recently written useful overall surveys' of caste.

An important section of recent work on caste by Indian and foreign

comparative sociologists and by anthropologists strongly reflects changing
social and economic reality. .Earlier books (Srinivas 1962, Beteille 1969)

as well as recent collections of studies by a number of authors (Srinivas

'et al., 1979; Beteille and Madan 1975) show this emphasis on change in a

range of contexts. Many of these authors share ideals for publiC change,

which are realistic despite setbacks which continue to occur, including

clashes among caste and regional groups as the new order replaces the old.

All societies, of course, have difficult in changes of this magnitude.

Although the qualifications in this statement indicate how far there is

still to travel, it can be said that the majority of Indians probably is

committed to finally abolishing the inequalities and disabilities based on

caste.
 SECTION II s THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES

; ,, THE VLS AREAS AND SAMPLES

The Village Level Studies (VLS) carried out by ICRISAT inIndia focus on agri-

cultural and related activities of sample households in ten villages. There

are two VLS villages in each of five districts, which repreent important soil

and agroclimatic regions of the Indian dry semi-arid tropics: the area in
which most farming is rainfed, and where rainfall is not only low and un-

dependable but where it exceeds potential evapotranspiratiodfor only 2.5

to 4.0 months of the year. (The study areas are listed in Table 2 in the

Appendix.) Data are collected monthly from forty sample households per vil-
, lage, representing those household which reported agriculture as their

major occupation. The samples are stratified accordinvto size of opera-

tional landholding. Ten households each from large farmer, medium farmer,

small farmer, and laborer categories are included.

Jodhall et al. (1977) and Binswanger and Ryan (1980) contain descrip-

tions of the VLS. The manual of instructions for economic investigators

has also been published (Binswanger and Jodha 1978). Jodha et al. (1977)

provide background agroeconomic data for the six villages, in Maharashtra

and Andhra Pradesh, with which the VLS began in 1975. Singh and Singh
(1982) cover the two,Gujarat villages, where work began in 1980. .A simi-
lar paper on the Madhya Pradesh villages, which were added in 1981, is

forthcoming.

Similar Vill'age Level Studies have been initiated since 1980 by

,

ICRISAT's socioeconomic research.group in West Africa. Ten villages distri-

buted among different agroclimatic and soils regions of semi-arid tropical

 8

Upper Volta and Niger are included (see Matlon 1980a, 1980b; McIntire

1981a, 1981b for more information). The potential which these studies

hold for comparison of culturally different agricultural societies in

similar environments is very great. Aspects of stratification are likely

to be particularly important Cn such analysis.

SOURCES OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION

FOR THE SAMPLE VILLAGE AREAS

The ten villages of the Village Level Studies (VLS) in India are drawn
from five districts located among four states. These villages contain

households representing many castes, with a variety of local and regional

'hittories and with different occupational specializations. Brief sum-

maries of information about each caste are contained in ifhles 3A-H, J-K
_
in the! Appendix. The castes in these tables have been listed in seven
adjusted rank groups (ADJRANK) in each village, to allow for comparison
of social and economic' standing across villages and areas. In these

tables it has been possible to include only a small amount of background

material on each group, and no information is given on the history or

on the geographical and political contexts of the sample villages. Sum-

maries of agroclimatic and cropping pattern information are contained in

. Jodha et al. (1977), blit the additional sources discussed in the follow-
paragraphs should be consulted.

Useful summaries and bibliographical introductions to earlier and

recent literature on a variety of topics are in Schwartzberg (1978).

' This work includes such items as political histories of the subregions

represented by VLS districts, and maps showing the distribution of key

 castes and ethnic groups in each region of India.. Other maps, showing

several of the village sample areas in detail, including a number of one

inch to one mile and two cm to one km. sheets, are listed in the map

catalogue of the Survey of India (Government of India 1970 and subsequent

editions). Baden-Powell (1892) has information on earlier systems of land

tenure and related arrangements, material which is useful for,understand-

ing the background of the present; and for gauging change.

The gazetteer volumes of British and of post-Independence India are

valuable sources. Both the pre- and post-Independence volumes provide a

range of geographical, geological, and historical information. The ,

British-era volumes covering the various British-controlled districts and

Indian states of South Asia are particularly valuable for regional ethno-
graphic and socioeconomic information, despite the sometimes inappropriate
interpretations and value, judgements provided with those data. (Opinions

and judgements can be useful data in themselves, of course, and should be

'regarded as such no matter how badly dated they may be.) Schwartzberg
4.

(1978:141, 252) provides a list, map, and descriptive notes regarding

coverage and data quality of these gazetteers, while Scholberg (1970)

. provides fuller bibliographical information on their publishing history.

Gazetteers of neighboring areas, listed' in the Schwartzberg and

Scholberg volumes, shoUld be consulted in addition to the gazetteers

covering what are now the sample districts. The*Gazetteer of the Bombay,

Presidency edited by Campbell covers Sholapur (1884), and the VLS area
of Sabarkantha District is covered in the article on Prantij Taluka in
the Ahmedabad volume (1879). What is now Raisen District was covered in

the Gazetteer for the independent Bhopal State (see Schwartzberg and
 10

'Scholberg for coverage and publishing information). Material - on Raisen

would also be well supplemented by consulting the general volumes of the

Gazetteer of the Central Provinces and Berar, while Akola Distri c. t is

covered by a volume in the latter work. Mahbubnagar, which until 1949 ,

was part of the independent Hyderabad State, is covered in Khqn (1909);

a modern gazetteer for Mahbubnagar itself is also available (Rajgopal

1976). Hyderabad is also covered by a long article in the Imperial Gazetteer .

ofIndia(HMS1908),saretho disrct'anmpo distrc

towns and subdivisions in the areas sampled by the VLS. The first four

volumes of the Imperial Gazetteer contain valuable material relating to

history; climate, geology, adMinistration, and other topics for India as
a whole. Similar, post-Independence articles are in the four volumes of
the , Gazetteer of India (Government of India 1965, etc.). .Post-Independence

gazetteers published by the respective state governments are available for

some of the other VLS districts also (Rajyagor 1974 for,Sabarkantha, e.g.).

These volumes are good sources on recent history and on development

projects. District census handbooks, compiling data from the decennial;

national censuses are also useful. Information about publishing bodies,

and partial information on post-Independence gaietteers and district census

handbooks already published is in the Indian Bibliographies Bureau's

Indian'Books'in Print (1981); see also Schwartzberg 1978.

In addition to the ethnographic and socioeconomic information contained

in .the gazetteers, there are several works covering the tribes and castes

of each region of India, giving the same sorts of information more com-

pletely and with more ethnographic detail, while focusing special articles

on each caste or tribal group found in a major region. These volumes are
 11

.,very valuable for the information they contain on economic specializations,

on customs and language, and on relations with other groups. The value of

these works persists despite the fact that some of the ethnological con-

clusions and authors' opinions which they contain have either been super-

seded by more recent research, or are otherwise severely dated. Material

relating to Sholapur and to Sabarkantha will be found in Enthoven (1920),

Among the various series on tribes and castes, the Akola and Raisen areas
are covered in Russell and Hiralal (1916). Syed Siraj-ul-Hassan (1920)
covers old Hyderabad State and thus Mahbubnagar, while some of the material

in Thurston (1909) is also useful for this district. Castes treated in

one series are often treated also in the others, and the various articles

: should be compared.

Ethnographies relating to all theSe regions are li'Sted in Schwartzberg

(1978:143). Particularly useful items for the Telengana region.of Andhra

pradeeh,including Mahbubnagar, include Dube,(1955), von pUrer-Haimendorf .
(1979), and Hiebert (1971). Orenstein (1965) reports on a Maharashtra

village, and more ethnographies of Maharashtrian areas are listed in

Schwirtzberg (1978:143). Material of use with respect to both Raiseriand

Sabarkantha will be found in Mayer (1966). Srinivas (1976), mentioned

earlier, reports on Karnataka but gives a very good general view of the

working of village life.

A useful, overall outline of Indian history is the two-volume work

by Thapar (1966) and Spear (1965). New material is continually appearing,

'' and is reported on or reviewed in a number of specialized journals, and

.

in the Economic and Political' Weekly published from Bombay. Compendia

of information on particular areas or reports - on development programs are
published from time to time by the various state governments and by the
Government of India.:
 .12

SECTION III 2 ANALYSIS OF CASTE IN THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES

BACKGROUND TO THE USE OF CASTE

RANK CLUSTERS IN VLS ANALYSIS
Because the history of each region and even each village in India differs

from that of other regions and villages, local political and economic
positions are not exactly equivalent even for castes that may be consider-

ed to be of the same origin. In many cases, these local differences are

quite marked. Religious-based status, far from being the same even for

all people in a single area, is subject to varying interpretations

(Burghart 1978). It is usually entangled with political and economic

standing as well. Nevertheless, there are common themes, 'and comparison

across regions and villages is valid (see Marriott 1965, e.g.).

Statistically based, replicable methods have been developed for

the determination of caste rank within a given village (P.M: Mahar 1959,

e.g.), on the basis of questionnaires administered to panels of respondents.

A similar means (Hiebert 1969) is available, also based on questionnaires

administered to panels, to determine ascribed caste rank and achieved

personal status independently, and then to show how these combine to yield

a unique status vector in each individual's case.

A common finding of these and other studies is that both socially and

cognitively castes are clustered in rank groups, rather than being clearly

separated from one another. Clustering occurs despite the fact that endog-

assures that in the .last analysis, each caste is separate from all

other local castes when the matter is one of basic alliances and inheritance.

In her study Mahar identified 7 distinct sets of rules for social interaction.
 13

The application of these rules, which were rationalized by her village infor-

mants according to purity-pollution concepts, divided 15 castes into 7

functional groups with respect to social interaction. Although am indivi-

dual's placing of any one caste sometimes differed from the placing indi-

cated by others on the 18-member panel, Mahar (1959:141) found that for
these 15 castes any individual respondent's answers agreed with approxi-
mately 80% of the other respondents' answers.

.Hiebert also found clustering among the caste ranks provided by his
panel: Application of a binomial test indicated the presence of 9 signi-

ficant, ascribed rank groups in a set of one-by-one rank orderings of 30

castes by each of 42 respondents. A similar analysis indicated the pre-

sence of, 4 significant, achieved rank groups among eighteen village men
well-known by the respondents.

In . several of the tables in the Appendix, cross-village, adjusted

ranking Systems having variously seven (ADJRANK) or four (CONRANK) posi-

Xions have been used, for convenience and in broad agreement with findings

such as those of Mahar and Hiebert on clustering. This approach also

agrees with the findings of Miller (1956) that seven, plus or minus two,
,is consistently indicated by psychological tests to be the maximum number
of distinct positions which human subjects can separate easily along the
same continuum.

DERIVATION OF THE VLS .

,CASTE RANKING SYSTEMS

Using the ranking systems explained in Section IV b'elow and listed in

Table .1 in the Appendix; it is possible to identify each caste 1) separately;

 14

) by a unique rank vis-a-vis other respondent castes in the .

same village; 3) on an adjusted, cross-village scale of seven ranks; 4)

on a scale weighted according to the frequencies of appearanceof castes

in the sample or 5) on a weighted scale for the village as a whole; and

6) on a four-rank, unweighted, cross-village scale. Depending upon the

nature of the question under investigation and the needs of the analyst

for different ways of ordering data, the various coding systems can be
used to provide nominal systems for identification only; and they can

proVide numerically either continuous or discontinuous variation in the

rank measures used. Based on the information below, new methods of rank-

ing or new weightings could be devised as well.

In constructing the ranking systems used here the attempt has been to

provide workable methods which will be useful in ordering and analyzing

,

data from several related but different viewpoints. Unlike the work of

P.M. Mahar and of Hiebert, there has not been any attempt to provide statis-

tically verifiable accounts of the way particular panels of villagers see

particular village sets of castes. Instead, rough measures of local -

regional validity were sought. In order to rank the sample castes, and

in order to provide background information on them, the VLS economic

investigators were used as informants. Each of these had been brought up

in a village in the region he reported on, and each had been resident for

at least one year in the village where he collected VLS sample data on

agricultural household'activiiies. Each investigatcir was asked 1) to rank

sample castes, 2) to assign non-sample castes to one of seven adjusted

rank groups after these had been calculated arithmetically for,the sample

castes, and 3) to provide written background material for each of the

 15

castes appearing in his village. Ranks were on the basis of overall socia l,

religious, and economic 'standing, with slightly greater weight given to

religious rank.

The measures which result are certainly rough. Recensusing of the

villages would improve our knowledge of caste subdivisions there; whole or
partial recounts would be necessary for any analysis focusing in detail

on the economic and social dynamics of particular castes and subcastes. At

the same time there. is high evident correlation between the results of the
procedures used and the ethnographic literature for the particular
regions. The measures also have proved useful as applied in a number of

VLS studies (13idinger 1981, Ryan 1982 e.g.). Thus the systems discussed

below are felt to fulfil their iirpOse: to aid in the analySis

of data from several broad perspectives, and in the identification of

important points for more detailed investigation with other tools.

NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY AND RANKING

At various points in the Appendix Tables, reference is made to groups of

castes identified variously as Flarijans or as Scheduled Castes. The

term Harijan ("Child of God") is a term popularized by Gandhi and used

to refer to the ex-untouchable castes (untouchability was outlawed by

the Indian Constitution). Over the years, however, the term has
acquired somewhat pejorative connotations.
, Where it was used by census-

.takers and thus appears in the VLS records it has been retained for some

purposes below.* Nevertheless, in general when it is necessary to refer

to these casts as a group, the term Scheduled Castes would be preferred

(see Southworth 1974). The latter term comes from the names of these
The original VLS censuses , in Villages A-F were carried out before anthro-
pological input was available to the team.
 16

castes having been entered in a list ("schedule") of groups which were

socially, and economically disadvantagyd under previous custom and for

which remedial measures have been precribed.

The term Adivasi ("original inhabitant") also appears below. Like

the term Harijan it has acquired derogatory.meaning; in the , same way, how-

ever, it is retained where necessary when it figures in the original

census records for a village. If a generic term were needed "tribal"

would be preferable, though this'term itself is used by many in a derogatory

way. The best practice in general is to use the name referring to a

particular group whatever the group's status, and to choose the variant
preferred by that group itself. Thus, as noted in Table 3B below, Yaedav
is preferred to Golla as a caste name by a number of Mihbubnagar shepherds..

Similarly, Yadav seems to be preferred to Ahir by some shepherd and

cattle-herding groups farther north. The ex-untouchable Mahars often

prefer to be known as Nav Buddha, marking the conversion of many of them

to Buddhism, under the influence of the reforier D.R. Ambedkar (see

J.M. Mahar 1972). In order to find one's way through the ethnographic

literature, it is of course necessary to be aware of the range of terms

which may be used to refer to a given group, by its members or by their

neighbors; thus a number of variant names are listed in Tables 3A-H,

J-K.

In several of the tables below, Muslims are ranked along with the

other groups despite the fact that Islamic ideals deny the validity of

caste. Ethnographers in many areas of India have met with comments from

their, informants about the inappropriateness of the idea of caste as

applied to Muslims. Although an ideal arrangement,, therefore, would

 17

deal with them separately, Muslims are included here on the same scale

partly for convenience' sake. They are also included on practical grounds

.; not because they can be regarded as equivalent to a caste, but because

the scale is socioeconomic as well as religious and they form a distinct

part of the overall socioeconomic structure of thevillages where they

live.

SECTION, IV : DESCRIPTION OF CASTE RANK MEASURES

IN THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES

THE VLS-C DEMOGRAPHIC AND

HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION TAPE
The following sections contain information about systems of coding and rank-

,ing for,castes represented by households in the VLS India samples. The

, jnformation is contained in a master tape for the VLS-C census and demo-

,graphic records, which was put into its present form during August-September

1982, and which is updated from time to time. Table 1 in the Appendix
,

lists the data categories and their positions in the taped record. Table
. .',,2 contains a list of villages, village codes CVILCODE), and census 'ds.
Besides the codes relating to caste, discussed below, the tape contains

other information on -the members of each household including age, occu-

r
pational status, education, and other items.

1VLS CENSUS DATA ON CASTES

Tables 3A-H,' J-K in the Appendix contain information on the castes in each

of the VLS villages, and the number of households in each caste. Among the
villages where the VLS began in 1975, recounts of the numbers of house-

holds in each caste were made for villages A and E in early 1980.
 18

These recounts detected the presence of endogamous, subcasto groups

- and even whole castes (for example the Baindlas plus the Madigas in village A)

which were not recorded by name earlier. Nevertheless, comparison .of the

earlier and later counts shows little differenCe in proportionate strength

for most castes. This is especially the case when the castes are combined

in adjusted rank groups (ADJRANK; see below for discussion).

Where significant differences in caste proportions, or in absolute

numbers,. are recorded in the recensus counts, it is likely that the

differences reflect,fairly straightforward processes. Thus the increases

in number of households among Marathas in village E and.Reddis in village

A. may well be due to the splitting up of joint ,household landholdings among

brothers. This splitting up, in turn, may be due to a passing demographic

:phase of these particular castes at this particular time. It may be due

also or instead to adjustment to land ceiling laws, or to other factors.

The.reduction in the number of Mahar households in Village E may be due to

movement out of the village to urban areas. The Mahars, although still

-discriminated against, appear to have more education and better groiii

organization than castes of similar status at the village level, and thus
they have more mobility to seek changes in their social and economic

situation.

The overall relative lack of change in ADJRANK group proportions in

Village A and Village E seems to indicate that the original censuses in

these and the other villages were approximately correct. Nevertheless,

the fact that particular cases suggest some change for some groups sug-

gests that the reasons for these changes should be sought. It also

implies that.it would be worthwhile, to recensus the other villages. This

.would make it possible to identify variations elsewhere, and to investigate

.,
 19

these cases in order to discover their causes. . Such investigation

.would be likely to uncover processes of importance for understanding the

VLS villages and the social and economic changes they are undergoing.

CASTE tCODES AND'VILLAGE CODES (CASCODE AND VILCODE)

These codes, identified as CASCODE in Table 1, designate the castes repre-

sented by VLS respondent households, as well as non-sample households.

The codes are listed, along with the names of the castes to which they
refer, in Appendix Tables 4K-1-1, J-K. In April of 1978, castes with mem-
bers which appeared then in samples in the original six VLS villages were

listed and were assigned individual codes (codes 1-12). The same process
- ,
was carried out in October, 1982 for sample castes in the four villages .
;A) A
in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh (codes 1-13). Code numbers: in the series

20, 21, ..., etc., have been assigned to be used for castes not actually

appearing
t.
in the active samples reviewed in April 1978 or in October
'1982. These castes were assigned codes in the series 20,21, etc.,

in October 1982. Additional castes, or divisions which may be noted

e f

later within broad groups, can be coded as may be necessary, using this

same series. Where all members of a caste belong to the same subcaste

the codes apply to this division only.

Caste codes identify particular castes or subcastes of households.

They may be used purely as identifications numbers, in which case they

would not imply any information about rank. Their use in this way in

analysis, as identifying significant social groups but not ranking these,

 20

will often prove to be the best strategy. In such a case, ranking will be

provided, if appropriate, in terms of the data being examined.

Taken together with the village code (VILCODE, listed in Table 2) the

caste codes allow identification of households coming from particular, named

'social groups in particular social contexts. For example: C-1 =?Maratha

in Village C, but D-1 = Maratha in Village D; E-6.= Sonar (goldsmith) in

Village E, but A-22 = Hausa.a (goldsmith) in Village A.

As noted above, when the VLS economic investigators prepared the lists

of castes appearing in their village samples they were asked to list them in

rank order, as they perceived it, with the highest caste listed first on a

scale of overall social, religious, and economic standing. A slight bias in

,

favor of religious, rank was exercised. Thus, if the analyst wishes, the

caste codes may be used to define a unique rank order, village by village,
for the April 1978 or October 1982 sample castes. These orders were used
in the construction of sample rank scores (SAMRANK; see below).

ADJUSTED CASTE RANK (ADJRANK)

When caste codes were assigned in April 1978 and in October 1982 the same

number of sample castes was not found in each village. The number of indi

vidual caste ranks was cumbersome for some purposes and too fragmentary
for others; nor was it possible to compare ranks across villages using

the CASCODE system. An adjusted rank (ADJRANK) was therefore calculated

for each caste, corresponding to what its rank would be if there were

only seven rank positions in each village. This number corresponds to the

number of functional social groups reported by P.M. Mahar for the village

she studied, and to what (as noted above) psychologists have determined
 21

experimentally to be a normal limit for easy, mental discrimination of

separate points along a single continuum. Clustering of castes was felt to

be quite in accordance with reality, and the measure was considered close
enough to be of value, even though modifications would have been introduced

had it been possible to repeat Mahar's or Hiebert's panel procedures. The

following calculations were carried out:

It was assumed that 100% = the maximum rank level

available in any single village.
VLS sample castes for each village were arranged in
rank order, with the highest-ranked caste first.

- 100% maximum rank divided by the number of sample castes

in a village equals the percentage rank claimed by the
lowest ranking caste. This number also equals the rank
increment assigned for each step above the lowest level.
The percentage ranks for castes in the village-by-village
lists were then compared with percentage values for a
seven-rank system calculated in the same way, to see how
the castes in each village would cluster under such circum-
stances.

Tables SA-H, J-K give caste codes (series 1-13) in rank order, the percent-
age steps into which these ranks translate and the adjusted rank groups

into which they fall. All castes not in the sample when caste codes were

assigned (CASCODEs 20, 21, ...; etc.) were assigned lattr to adjusted rank

groups, by a resident investigator for the village in question. In Tables

SA-H, J-K, the codes for these castes have been listed in a separate

column for each village, but these castes have not been assigned percentage

ranks.

The ADJRANK groups 1 7 may also be used simply to identify clusters

-

of ;households within the VLS samples of one or more villages, when analyses
based on individual castes would not provide enough observations for
 22

statistical significance (see also section below on CONRANK, and Tables 10

and 11 in the Appendix).

SAMPLE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (SAMRANK)

In January 1980 a second system of ranking was devised, by Jere R. Behrman,
based on the rank ordering of sample household castes. This system takes
into account the relative frequency with which households of different
castes appear in the sample. It is listed in Table 1 as SAMRANK. The
hypothesis behind this system is that castes which rank above a large
number of households of other castes are to be weighted more heavily than
castes ranking above a smaller number of households. The system does not
take into account the frequency of households of a caste in the village,
but their frequency in the VLS ,sample instead. Frequency in the sample
depends upon the relative frequency with which households of different
castes reported agriculture as their primary economic activity. Thus the
,

SAMRANK measure properly indicates the degree of exclusivity and high rank
of agricultural households of a given high caste vis-a-vis farmers and . carm
laborers of lower castes. It does'not take into account caste fellow

households of the sampled castes if these households do not follow farming

or farm labor as their main occupation nor does it take into account castes
which are wholly nonagricultural. Since mainly nonagricultural households
usually account for 25% to 30% of the households of a sample village, the

Jnalyst must therefore be precise in drawing conclusions based or the

1;ample-weighted rank. The SAMRANK score is expressed in percentage points.

Scores have been prepared only for the April, 1978 and October, 1982
sample castes.
 23

VILLAGE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (VILRANK)

As implied in the preceding section, for some analytic purposes it may be

- desirable to have available a weighted rank system which takes into account

the caste composition of the whole village, including both agricultural and

nonagricultural households. Following the system of calculation used for

SAMRANK, such a village-weighted rank system (VILRANK) has been calculated

in Tables 3A-H, J-K for each of the ten villages. The measure is based on
the original censuses except in the case of village A, where it was neces-

sary to use the 1980 recensus in order to have'a better count of some

castes.

In contrast to the SAMRANK calculations All village castes have

been covered, using ADJRANK groups.

CONSOLIDATED RANKS (CONRANK)

This system (CONRANK) was devised by James G. Ryan during 1980, based again

on the individual rank listing of codes for sample castes. The system was

applied at that time to Villages A-F. As Table 8 indicates, CONRANK'speci-

fies four ranked, cross-village groups. It is particularly useful foi

analyses in which systems dividing the sample into smaller groups would not

allow for enough observations per group to run valid statistical tests

(see Table 11 below; cf. Table 10 also). As with the CASCODE or ADJRANK.
systems, CONRANK codes can be used either for simple identification or

to divide the sample into ordered rank groups. Here as elsewhere the ranks
refer to overall social, religious, and economic standing, not to standing '

according to any single criterion.

 24

The CONRANK codes for the April 1978 and October 1982 sample castes
were assigned on,the basis of inspection of descriptive data on occupation
and socioeconomic condition of the individual castes, as recorded by the

investigators and reported in Tables 3A-H, J-K. CONRANK codes for castes
coded in the series 20, 21, ..., etc., wero determined on the basis of
the information in the ADJRANK Tables SA-H, J-K, where all non sample
-

castes are arbitrarily held equal to the lowest caste in their ADJRANK

group.

VSD:kms9111982
REFERENCES
 26

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 28

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Leach, E.R.
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 31

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APPENDIX
 33

Table. . Description of Data with Location on VLS-C Demographic and

Household Information Tape.
Location on
VLS-C Tape
Field Abbreviation Information provided Field Column
Number Number

VILCODE A letter code indicating one of 1 2

the 10 VLS villages.

CASCODE .Individual numerical code for 26 NA

each caste in each village.

ADJRANK Caste membership in one of 27 NA

seven adjusted rank groups, for
comparison across villages.

SAMRANK Weighted ranks in percentage 32 NA

terms, based on the number of
households of each caste
(CASCODE) in the VLS samples
in April 1978 (6 villages) and
October 1982 (four villages).

'. - VILRANK Weighted ranks in percentage 34 NA *

terms, based on the number of
households in each ADJRANK
group according to the whole
village censuses.

Ranks for sample castes in 33 NA

April 1978 and October 1982.
clustered into four groups,
village by village.
 34

Table 2. VLS Villages : Location, VILCODE, and Census Dates.

Date through
Original Date
whole which VLS house-
demographic holds pet
State District VILCODE village tape updated
census caste
(as of Oct recounted.
date 1982)

Andhra Pradesh Mahbubnagar Apr 1975 Dec 1979 Feb 1980

Apr 1975 Jun 1980

Maharashtra Sholapur C Apr 1975 Jun 1980
D Apr 1975 Jun 1980 v

Akola E Apr 1975 Aug 1979 Mar 1980

F Apr 1975 Aug 19 79

Gujarat Sabarkantha G Apr 1980

H Apr 1980

Madhya Pradesh Raisen J May 1981

K May 1981
 35

TABLE 3 A (1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village - A*
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Traditional or
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations No. of
.Households
tions in this in this Village
Area 1975 1980

ADJRANK 1**

Brahmin Village Village Accountant (earlier 3

(Niyogi***) accountants termed Karnam, nowPatwari)
families. Large landowners
who aro busy with farming. 5
'Brahmin Priests Large landowners busy with
(Vaidika) farming. A few act as
priests and perform rituals
for ceremonies such as
marriages.

Komati Business Primarily merchants. They 11

are well-off; a few own
land. -

Reddi or Agriculture Primarily farmers; many .42 53

Kapu large landholders, some
small. Members of this
group provided village
officers (Patels) under the
pre-Independence government
and still do so, as con-
tacts and overseers for
police work (Police Patel)
and tax collection (Mali
Patel). A few work as
school teachers.
58 68
(.128) (.127)

The sample is drawn from two main hamlets, of a single administrative

village. There is also a third hamlet (see note ** below, p.35).
Within ADJRANK groups, castes are in alphabetical order.
Here and on the following pages, main caste names are followed
by subcaste or sect names in parentheses, where these are known.
 36

TABLE 3 A (2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Traditional or No..of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village.
Area 1975 . 1980

ADJRANK 2
Padmasale Weavers Involved in business as 16 20,
or Sale cloth Merchants. A few do
tailoring, farming, and
agricultural labor. At
least one does some weaving.
Velama Agridulture Landowners concentrating on 10 10
farming. A few lease in
land for cultivation.
26 30
(.057) (.056)

ADJRANK 3

Bogama Dancing, Landowners and farmers. A .

entertainment few work as milk collectors
for the government dairy.

Hausala Goldsmiths Work as goldsmiths; land- 8 10

owners and farmers..

Katika Butchers, Butchers andliquor sellers. 6

(Are Katika) distillers Some have land and farm.

Sevaka Servants Have land and farm. 4 ,.4

Telaga Agriculture Have land and farm. Vege- 10 13

table and fruit sellers.
Some work as agricultural
laborers.
33
(.073) (.075)

ADJRANK 4

Gowda Toddy Toddy tappers and sellers. 96 117

tappers. Some have land and farm. A
few are teachers. Some do
agricultural labor.

Contd.
 37
TABLE 3 A (3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Traditional or.
No.. of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village
Area 19.75 1980

Muslim Landowners and A few have lands. A few are 10

govt. .officials village watchmen and agri-
cultural laborers. A few
work for the government as
office attendants.
TET
(.233) (.234) . 1

.,ADJRANK 5
Boya Farmers, Shopkeepers. One person 1
hunter-gathers, works as office attendant
watchmen, and and guard for the village
laborers school.

Chakali Washing clothes Washing clothes. A few 19 20

have lands and farm, and
also work as agricultural
laborers.

. Kummari Potters Potters. Some have lands and 7

farm, and also work as farm
laborers.

Mangali Barbers Barbers; Musicians for 11

marriages and other celebra-
tions.

Wadla Carpenters and Carpenters and blacksmiths. 23 24

blacksmiths Some have land and farm.
59
(.130) (.120) .

ADJRANK 6

Kurma Shepherds Sheep raising and weaving 28

(Prathi) woolen blankets. Have land
and also work as Agricul,.
tural laborers. ; 51
Kurma Shepherds Sheep raising and weaving . 33
(Unni) woolen blankets. Have lands
and farm. Some work as
.'agricultural laborers.

Contd.
 38

TABLE 3A(4)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Traditional or No. of
Main Occupations in Households
Caste Occupations this Village
in this Area 1975 1980

Mala Agricultural Most are agricultural 58

labor, village laborers; a few have land;
servants a few are village watchmen.

Mala Dasari Agricultural Priests for the Mala caste

labor, and fof celebrations such as
Mala priests marriages, and for other
rituals. Agricultural
labor.

Waddar Stoneworkers Stoneworkers.' Some have ** 2

land and farm.

Yerukala Hunter-gatherers, Basketmaking and pig rais- 1

basketmakers, ing. Sell herbal medicine
pig raising for snakebite.
* ** 124
(.232)

No clear, distinction was made among Mala Dasari, Mala, Baindla and Madiga
in the - 1975.census. Where these groups are concerned, 1975 records show
the term "Harijan" in 98 cases, and "Mala" in 22 cases. Overall, these
four groups were recorded as 120 households in 1975 and 143 in 1980. For
purposes of demographic comparison aline is added in brackets [ ion'ihe
next page, in which households for ADJRANK 6 and 7 are totaled together,
and the percentages for 1975 and 1980 are compared. Very little difference
is seen in proportional representation on the two census dates.

** The main Waddar settlement had 22 households in 1980, all Waddars. It

is administratively part of the main village, but since it is some dis-
tance away and is separate for most farming purposes its households are
not used in drawing the VLS sample. Including the Waddar settlement,
village A in its administrative sense had 23 Waddar households in 1975
and 24 in 1980.
 39

TABLE 3A(5)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Traditional or Main occupations in No. of

caste Occupations this Village Households
in this Area 1975 .1980

ADJRANK 7
Baindla Agricultural Madiga priests. Beat drums at
labor, Madiga the time of other villagers" mar-
priests riages and other ritual's. Agri-
cultural laborers.

Madiga Agricultural Leatherworkers; removing dead 79

labor, lea- cattle from the village. A few
therworXers have lands. Most work as agri.L
cultural laborers. A few are
village watchmen. 84
' (.157)

ADJRANK + 7 172 208

(.379) (.389)
454 535
(1.000) (1.001)
111=,=====
17=213=111111=.

see note (*) on preceding page.

 40

TABLE 3 B (1)
CASTE. DESCRIPTIONS
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Traditional or No. of
Caste.Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area

ADJRANK 1
Bhatrajulu 'Bards at Farming, business and teaching.
marriages, etc. All of the families have low
incomes.
Brahmin Priests Village Accountant (Patwari), 1
priest, and farming.

Reddi or. Cultivators Cultivation, teaching, govern- 44

Kapu : ment employees, village officials'
such as Police Patel and Mali
Patel. About 50% of the fami-
lies are well-off.
Komati Merchants Shopkeeping, moneylending, farm- 6
ink; and employment in the private
sector. Two families are well-off.
53
(.165)

ADJRANK 2

Hausala. Goldsmiths Goldsmith work and farming.

Fairly well-off.
Jogi Basketmaking Farming, basketmaking, and one 3
crane* owner; Most have low
incomes.
Kammari Blacksmiths Blacksmith work and farming;
low income.
Wadla Carpenters and Carpentry and farming; low 2
blacksmiths ' income.
8
.025)

* The machine is used mainly in digging and desilting wells.

 '41

TABLE 3 B (2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Traditional or NO, of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area

ADJRANK 3

Muslim Butchers and Butchers, liquor selling, tea- 11

liquor sellers stall keepers, farming, and
government employees. Low
income group.

Musti Cultivators Farming, tea-stall keepers. 35

(Golly and About half are well-off.
Yara)

Sale Weavers Weaving, tailoring, tea-stall 3

keepers and farming. Only one
family is well-off.
49
(.152)

ADJRANK 4

Boya Farmers, hunter-. Cultivation, farm and nonfarm 27

gatherers, labor. About 30% are well-off.
watchmen, and
laborers
Gondla or Toddy tappers Farming, liquor selling, tea- 15
Idiga or stall keepers, farm and non- Of,

Gowd farm labor. About 50% are

poor.

Medari Basketmakers Farming, basketmaking with .

bamboo, farm and nonfarm labor.
Most are poor.

Telaga Cultivators Farming, tea-stall keepers, 68

farm and nonfarm labor. About
60% of the households are poor.
IT
(.357)

Contd.
 42

.TABLE 3 B (3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupa-: Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area

ADJRANK
Chakali Washermen Washing clothes, farming. All ,
are, poor.
Yaedav or Shepherds Shepherds, farming. Only two 28
Golla* families are well-off.
37
(.115)

ADJRANK 6
Mangali Barbers Barbers, farming, playing music 6
for marriages. All are poor.
Yerukala Hunter-gatherers, Pig raising, basket and mat 4
.
pig raising, making, snake catching, farming.
basketmaking All are poor.
10
(.031)
ADJRANK 7
Madiga Agricultural Shoemaking, farming, village 1**
labor, leather- watchmen, farm and nonfarm
workers, village labor. Only three households
servants are well-off.

Harijan Agricultural Agricultural labor 37**

labor
Mala Agricultural ;Digging grave pits, farming, 12 **
labor, 2r4ve Ivillage watchmen, farm and
diggers, village nonfarm labor. Only one
servants
family is well-off.
50
(.155)

322
(1.000)
* The term Yaedav is preferred by the group itself.
** In the 1975 census, as for Village A, a number of Madiga and Mala households
were lumped together under the cover term "Harijan".
 43

TABLE 3 C (1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Traditional or
Caste Occupa- No. of
Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village
Area 1975

ADJRANK 1

Brahmin Priests These are well to do families,

(Deshastha) economically as well as educa-
tionally. They work as priests,
and are farmers. Most families
have a member in government
employment (teacher, postmaster,
clerk,t.)inhvlageor
outside.

Koshti Weavers Their traditional occupation was 7

(Lingayat*, weaving, but no one weaves now. (.024)
Koshti) Farming and agricultural labor
are their main sources of income.
Two households are engaged in
tailoring work, two other families
depend mostly on wage labor.
Economically the group is poor,
except for one household whose 3
sons are employed in Sholapur
city.

Maratha Cultivators. The main farming : community. They 135

also work as labOrers and a few
are employed in government'jobs as
teachers, clerks, etc. The majOr=
ity are medium to low income house-
holds. Only perhaps 5% are well-
to=do,and these are engaged in
trading and as contractors.

Raj put Cultivators Descendants of a family which 3

earlier provided managers for'an
absentee landlord. Now they are
farmers; they also work as laborers.
Economically they are very poor.
151
(.508)

Lingayats are members of a Hindu reformist group widespread in Karnataka

and Maharashtra.
 44

TABLE 3 C (2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area
ADJRANK 2
Wan i Merchants Three families are engaged in
(Lingayat) trading-(2 households have grain
and sundries shops while one
runs a teashop). One household's
three sons are employed
as teacher's. Two families own
land and farm. Altogether the
. group is of average economic
condition.
4
(.013)

ADJRANK 3

Mali Farming Both the families are poor and 2

work regularly as laborers. The
head of one household is employed
as a skilled laborer to prepare
sugar during the sugarcane harvest.
The same household also owns a few
buffaloes.
2
(.007)

ADJRANK 4

Dhangar Shepherds Their main occupations are farming 49

and wage labor. 10% of the house-
holds are rich and they raise sheep
and goats in addition to farming.
Three Dhangar families are the
richest in the village and are
descended from the rulers of the
village in the pre-Independence
period.

Gondhadi Priest of Do not work now as priests. They

deity Khandoba . work as agricultural laborers and
one family member is employed in
the village school. Their earnings
are equal to their expenses.

Contd.
 45
TABLE 3 C (3) .
CASTE. DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Traditional or
Caste Occupa- No. of
Main Occupations
Households
tions in this in this Village . 1975
Area '

Gos av i Religious The head of the single household 1

mendicants begs in the village and also works'
as a laborer. Economically poor'
but better than other laborers,
as begging adds to his earnings.
Kasar Bangle sellers The women sell bangles while the 1
(Jain*) others work as laborers.

Koli Fishers, house- Almost all the families supply water 6

hold water for household purposes to the other
suppliers villagers on a cash Or kind basis.
One household is employed by the
village Council and also does
carpentry. Most of the households
are poor. They sometimes work,as
laborers.

Kumbhar Potters One family works as potters while

the others work as agricultural
laborers. One female head of house-
hold works as an assistant to the
midwife in the primary health
centre outside the village. All are
poor.

Lohar or Blacksmith or Two families work as blacksmiths and

Sutar** carpenter two as carpenters. They repair
traditional farm implements and do
building also. Young male laborers
work at both agricultural and non-
agricultural jobs. Their earnings
are sufficient for family consumption.

Parit Washing Wash clothes for the richer house- 4

clothes holds and also work as agricultural
laborers.

* Bangle sellers in this area are known Kasars; the religion of this family
is Jainism. Jains are members of a reformist religion which arose and
split off from Hinduism at about the same time as Buddhism. They are
common in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh (see Tables 314, J, K, and L below).
** These households are of the same caste but are called by different names
depending upon their occupation.
 46

TABLE 3 C (A)
CASTE- DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area

Teli Oil-pressers, The head of this household was

traders, cultivating some land in 1975 but
farming has since left the village. His
was the poorest farm family in
the village.

Warik Barber Most of the households do their 6

traditional business of barbering.
Only one family is well-off.
Farmers, and agricultural and
nonagricultural laborers.
76
(.256)

ADJRANK 5

Berad Farmers, They sometimes work as village

hunter- watchmen and are paid in kind
gatherers, (bread, etc.) by the villagers..
watchmen, These are poor families, earning
laborers enough for their family needs by
means of labor wages.

Muslim Farmers and The families are engaged in 14

government trading (one has a small betel
shop while the other has a teashop);
others work as agricultural and
nonagricultural laborers. Most of
the households are'poor. One old
widow carries food containers from
the village to the road and back
''and is paid for that by the con-
cerned people. One Muslim woman
is engaged in the bangle business:
17
(.057)

ADJRANK 6

Kaikadi Beggars This is a poor family doing agri- 1

cultural labor. Sometimes they
make baskets.

Contd.
 47

TABLE 3 C (5)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS ,
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No. of
Caste Oceupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this - in this Village 19 75
Area

Mahar or Laborers, About 20 to 25% of the household 16

Nav Buddha village heads are permanent farm servants
servants, for Maratha or Dhangar households.
scavenging The rest of the family heads do '
daily -wage work. Some households
have members employed in gdvern-
ment service or in factories out-
side the village (Bombay, Pune).
Some households own land but most
of the times they lease or share
this out. The overall condition
of the households of this group
is poor.
Waddar 'Stoneworkers They work in stone breaking and
and builders house building. They also own
pigs. Two households are fairly
well-to-do as they are engaged
in building and construction. The
women of this group sometimeswork
as laborers. 23
(.077)
ADJRANK 7
Chambhar Laborers, They are economically poor. Two
. 7
leatherworkers do leatherwork while others do
only wage work. One household.
head is employed as attendant in
the village school. Two sons of
one household are working in
Bombay.
Huler Laborers, These people also sometimes do 13
sweepers leatherwork. One household is
engaged in leatherwork while
another is employed in the village
Panchayat. Some are employed
,outside the village also. A few
families own land; some cultivate
while others lease theirs out.
Others are either permanent farm
servants or casual laborers for
farm or non-farm work.

Contd.
 48

TABLE 3 C (6)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations
in this Village Households
tions in this
Area 1975

Laborers, They are economically poor. They 4

village serve as"musicians at marriages,
servants, etc. and are engaged in repemaking
musicians, During the season for marriages
ropemakers (March to June) their economic
scavengers condition is better than during
other months. They do wage work
in addition their specialities.
Td.
(.081)

297
(.999)
 49
TABLE 3D(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No. of
Main Occupations in House-
Caste Occupations this Village
. in this Area holds
1975
ADJRANK 1.
Brahmin Priest They no - longer work as priests, , 10
but as farmers. The majority are
well-to-do and are educated. They
do not participate in the labor
market.

Jangam Lingayat Priests of the Lingayat sect. 3

priests Their economic condition is fair
and they do not participate in
the labor market.

Koshti Weavers Mostly well-to-do farmers. They 27

no longer weave. A,few households
have. members with government jobs
in the village while membersof
others are serving outside the
village.

Maratha Farming About 20% of the households are 138

well-to-do while the rest are
pooi. Their main occupation is
farming; the poor families earn
their livelihood from wages. A
few households have members serv-
ing outside the village in govern-
ment. 178
(.421)

ADJRANK 2'
Wani Merchants The economic condition of these 18
(Lingayat*) people is fair; their main occu-
pation is farming followed by
trading. A few households have
members employed outside the
village.. 18
(.043)

The Wani and also the Koshti families in this village and in Village C
are Lingayats. Two households included on this line were listed in 1975
only by religious sect, as Lingayat, but are probably merchant (Wani)
families.
 Sti

TABLE 3D(2)
.CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations Main Occupations in House-
in this Area this i' 1 1ge holds
1975
ADJRANK
Mali Farming Only 10% of the households are well- 38
to-do and the rest are poor. The
main occupation of these people is
farming. Men of some of the poor
families serve as permanent farm
servants (mainly with. Koshtis and
Marathas), while others do wage work. 38
(.090)
ADJRANK 4
Kumbhar Potters Some are engaged in pot making while 4
others are laborers. Some households
have land but lease it out.
Sonar Goldsmiths Only one family is fairly well-off,
the others are poor. The poor fami-
lies do not cultivate their land but
lease or share it out. One family
farms its land and also works as
goldsmiths. One household head is
Police Patel of the village. 7
(.017)
ADJRANK 5
Berad Farmers, hunter- Economically poor. Main occupations
gatherers,, watch- are as watchmen and laborers.
men, laborers
Dhangar. Shepherds About 10% of the households are eco- 49
nomically sound, while others are
fair to poor. Their main occupa-
tions are farming and agricultural
labor. Some households raise sheep_
and goats, in addition to farming.
Some households have members as
permanent farmservants for other
families. Relatkiely low literacy.
Gosavi Religious Begging; family also work as labor-
mendicants ers. This household is very poor.
Kasar : Bangle sellers Sell bangles in the village,, but their
(Jain) main source of income is labor wages. '
Koli Fishing, water Economically poor. They serve as 6
suppliers water carriers and as farm laborers.
Lohar Blacksmiths Poor households. Their main occupa- 2
tion is as blacksmiths. They also
work as laborers.

cont'd.
 51
TABLE 3D(3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No. of
Main Occupation House-
Caste Occupations in this Village
in this Area holds
1975

Muslim Farmers and Economically well-off. Though 26

government most are farmers a few have restau-
servants rant keeping or tailoring as an
occupation; others are employed,in
government service in , the village
and Outside the village.

Parit Washing clothes Economically poor. Wash clothes in

the village and also work as labor-
ers.

Shimpi Tailor Household head works as a laborer; 1

family economically poor.

Sutar Carpenters Not well-off. Work as carpenters and 11

sometimes as laborers. A few house-
holds have a member employed in.govern-
ment service. Some households own
land, but they lease it out to others.

Tell Oil pressers, Economically well-to-do. Their main

traders, occupation is trading; they also
farming farm but generally do not work as
laborers. A few households have
grain and sundries stores, and one
has a tea shop.

,Warik . Barbers Their economic condition is fair.

Their main occupation is as barbers,
followed byfarming. They occa-
sionally work as laborers.
118
(.279)

ADJRANK 6
Waddar Stoneworkers Economically poor. Their main occu- 8
pation is stone breaking. They also
undertake masonry work. A few house-
holds own land but they lease out
the land to others. They also work 8
.as laborers. (:019)

cont'd.
 52
TABLE 30(4) '
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations Main occupa, louse-
in this Area holds
in this Village 1975

ADJRANK 7

Chambhar Laborers, Their economic condition is fair. 15

leatherworkers. Leatherworkers and laborers.
Mahar or Laborers, village Economically these families are poor. 35
Nav Buddha servants, scaven- They are primarily laborers. A few
gers are employed as permanent farm serv-
ants with Marathas, Koshtis, or
others. Some households have mem-
bers working outside the village
as government employees.
Mang Laborers, These families are very poor. Dur-
ropemakers, ing summer (the marriage season)
musicians they hire out their services as
musicians and work as laborers for
the rest of the time. '
56
(.132) .

423
(1.001)
 53
TABLE 3E(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra

Traditional or Main ccupations No. of

Caste Occupations .in this Village Households
in this Area 1975 1980

ADJRANK 1

Maratha Farming All the households are landowners. 29 40

(Deshmukh) Literacy may be the highest in the
village. A few persons are employed
as teachers, talathi (revenue worker)
gram sevak (village level worker),
etc. The males do not hire. themselves
out for daily labor and females
usually do not work in the fields.
Perhaps 20% are poorand 20% are
well-off. One household owns a flour.
mill and two have power threshers.
Kunbi or Farming Farmers. They do not usually work as 6 8
Patel daily laborers but both men and women
(rirale*) work on their own fields. On an
average one person from each family
is employed in government service.
All the families are well-off. 35 48
(.207) (.246)

ADJRANK 2

Gosavi` Religious' At present, three families are well-. 7 11

mendicants off, and are progressive farmers.
Three persons are employed in govern-
ment service: two are teachers and
one is a policeman. Three house- -
holds are poor and their main occu-
pation is agricultural labor.

Mali Farming Farmers and farm laborers. About 18% 60 69

are well-off, 10% are medium, and
the rest are poor. One household
head works as a carpenter. Two flour
mills and two power threshers are
owned by households of this caste.
A few persons are employed in govern-
, went jobs. Most of the shops includ-
ing fair price shops for government
subsidized commodities are owned by
households of this caste.
67 80
'(:396) (.410)

* The Tirales are an endogamous subdivision of the Kunbis, whoare a farming

group throughout the northern Deccan Plateau and Gujarat.
 54

TABLE 3E(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS .

Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No.of,
Main Occupation in Households
Caste Occupations this Village
in this Area 1975 1980

ADJRANK 3
Muslim Farmers and farm laborers; the 10
(Fakir) Farming and
government women do not work in the fields. 15
Muslim servants Two family heads are shopkeepers 6
(Sheikh) while three are engaged in the
dairy business. About 25% of the
families are economically poor.
Sonar. Goldsmiths Two are e ngaged in farm: 3 5
ing and one is still doing his tradi-
tional business. One family owns a
shop; a woman from this family also
works as a recruiter of farm labor
in the village. One family is well
off.

Sutar Carpenters At present only one family is engaged 2

in carpentry, in addition to farming. .

The group is not well-off.

20 23
(.118) (.118)

ADJRANK 4

Kumbhar ':Potters The one family in the village has 1

only a little land. They work as
daily farm laborers or as permanent
firm servants but their 'main busi-
ness is potmaking. They sell the
pots in the surrounding villages;
their economic condition is medium. T r
(.006) (.005)
ADJRANK
Koli Fishers The household noted during the 1975 0
census was a government servant
(Village Level Worker) working in
The rural Health Department.. He has
since been transferred to another
village.
 55

TABLE 3E(3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations Main Occupations.in Households
in this Area this Village 1975 980

Navhi or Barbers Besides farming, most of the families

Warik in this caste do their traditional
business. Two persons are in the
army and one is the village ouncil
attendant. One family is well-off;
two are medium and one hpusehold is
economically poor.

Parit . Washing At present no one works washing 3 2

clothes clothes; instead they do farming and
work as agricultural laborers. One
is a permanent farm servant. All the
families in this caste are economic-
ally poor. 8 8
(.047) (.041)

ADJRANK 6

Kaikadi. Basket- Make baskets and storage bins. Some 3

making are farmers and work for daily, wages
also. The economic condition of
these families is very poor.

Mahar Farm labor- The main business of this community 30 24

ers, vil- is daily labor which includes both
.lage ser- agricultural labor and work on ,

vants government schemes. One person

,

works as a:labor recruiter. Some

are permanent farm servants; a few
own a little land but also work 33 28
as laborers. (.195) (.144)

ADJRANK 7

Mang Farm labor- The traditional musicians of the

ers, vil- village. Some farming, but mostly
lage ser- agricultural daily labor. They
vants, are economically poor. -5- 7
musicians (.030) (.036)

="177 195
(.999) (1.000)
===== ====
 56

TABLE 3F(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations Main Occupations in House-
in this Area this Village holds
1976

ADJRANK 1
Kunbi \.; Farmers; a few are poor and work, as
(Tirale agricultural laborers. One family
Farming
and owns a shop and a flour mill in the 46
Gh4tod) village. Only a few households are
rich while others are economically
medium and poor households.
46
(.319)
ADJRANK 2
Kalar Distillers Farming; one family.is well off and
-

owns a tractor. Three other house-

holds are well-off while the eco-
nomic condition ofone family is
medium. They do not work as
laborers.

Sindhi Merchants Traders. About two decades ago there

were many Sindhi households (about
10-15) in this village, but slowly
they migrated to the nearby sub-
district headquarters and other
nearby towns and settled there. Now
there is only one family in the vil-
lage; the economic condition of this
family is medium.

Teli Oilpressers, Agricultural laborers; all the families .2

farming- are poor.
'7
(.049)
ADJRANK 3
Dhangar Shepherds Farmers and agricultural laborers. 13
Only one family in the caste is well-
off, while the others are poor.

* Ghatod is another among several endogamous subdivisions of the Kunbis.

(see note (), p.53).

c ont'd.
 57

TABLE 3F(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra

Traditional or Main Occupations in No. of

Caste Occupations. Village
in this Area holds
1975

Sutar Carpenters Carpenters; also work as farm 3

.- laborers. The economic condition
of one household is medium while',
the other households are poor. 16
(.111)

ADJRANK 4
Gowari Cattle heider All are economically poor; they 26
work as farmers and agricultural
. laborers. 26
(.181)

Kumbhar: Potters Farming and pottery: they sell pots

in and outside the village. The
economic condition of two families
is medium' while one family is poor.

Muslim Farmers and Mainly farmers and agricultural 24

government laborers. One family operates a
servants shop in the village. The economic
condition of 50% of the households
is medium while the remaining half
is poor. The women do not work
outside the home.

Navhi Barber The head of the single family

works as a barber.
Tirmoli Farming rarming and agricultural labor.
The economic condition of two
households is medium while the
other two are poor. 32
(.222)

ADJRANK 6
Beldar Earthen wall They continue their traditional 8
construction occupation of construction of
house walls with mud. They work
as laborers when they do not
have construction work. 8
(.056)

onto&
 58

TABLE 3F(3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra

Traditional or No. of
Main Occupations. in House-
CaSte Occupations this Village
in this Area holds
1975

ADJRANK 7
Mahar ' Farm labor, Agricultural labor and some farming. 9
village The economic condition of one
'servants, family is medium while all others
farming are poor. 9
(.063)

144
(1.001)
 TABLE 3G(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
No. of
Traditional or Main Occupations in House-
Caste Occupations this Village holds
in this Area 1980
ADJRANK 1
Baniya Merchants Shopkeepers.
(Shah)
V Baniya Merchants Shopkeepers.
(Swetambar
Jain)
Brahmin Priests Farming, family priests, private
.(Tapodhan) medical practitioner. One family
is well-off.

Thakur* Farmers Farming. Generally low income. Som6 57

(Jhala) have government jobs, some do farm
labor, some animal husbandry.
Thakur Farmerp Farming, village officials such as 31
(.1111ala. Police Patel. About 40% of the fami-
Rajput) lies are well-off. A number have
government jobs, but at the lower
levels due to low education. Some
animal husbandry. 93
(0.522)
ADJRANK 2'
Thakur Farmers Farming, farm labor. Low income. 1
(Parmar)
Thakur Farmers Farming, farm labor. All are low .27
(Solanki) , income.. 7F
(0; 157)

ADJRANK 3
Thakur Farmers Farming, farm labor. 6
(Khant) (0.034)
ADJRANK 4
KuMbhar Potters Farming, potters. Fairly well-off.

Some shopkeeping.
Luhar Blacksmiths Farm labor, farming. Low income.
Suthar Carpenters Carpentry, farming. 4

(0.073)
* Thakur,.a word meaning roughly "leader", is used as an overall. caste
name by a number of subcaste groups claiming descent from kshatriya
or warrior varna ancestors.
 61
TABLE 3H(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village H (KrA)
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat

Traditional or No. of
Main Occupations in HouSe-
Caste Occupations this Village
'in this Area' holds
1980 .

ADJRANK 1
Baniya Merchants Merchants; well off.
(Digambar
Jain)

Brahmin . Priests Private medical practitioner. 1

(Mevada)
Brahmin Priests Farming,government employment, priest,
(Nagar) animal husbandry.

Patel* Farming 1 Farming, animal husbandry, government 45

-(Kadva) work and private company employment.
Well-off. 53
(0.411)

ADJRANK 2
Suthar . Carpenters Carpentry, farming, animal husbandry.
Well-off. (0.008)

ADJRANK'
Gurjar Potters**; Farming, animal husbandry, shop- 3
bringing keeping. (0.023)
water at
village and
private
social
celebra- '
tions

ADJRANK 4
Darji Tailors Tailors.
Luhar Blacksmiths Farming, government employment, work - 3
for cooperative dairy society, black-
smiths.
Targara 'Dramatists Dramatists; government employment. Low 2
income.
Valand or Barber Barbers, farming. Low income. 3
Nai
10
(0.078)
'* Patel is not only a title .(roughly meaning "officer" or "headman") but is used
as a caste name, most often by Kunbi groups.
** More information is needed regarding this group. If they are the same as the
Gujars, who are known generally as cattle herders and farmers, their occupa-
tion as potter's in this village would -seem to be only a local enterprise.
4
 TABLE 3G(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village G
4
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat

Traditional or Main Occupation in No. of

Caste occupations this Village House-
in this Area holds
1980
ADJRANK , 5
Barot Bards and Farm labor, farming. Low income.
genealogists
Tailors Tailoring, animal husbandry. 2
Priests in Priests in Shiva temple. 1
Shiva temples
Vegetable Vegetable selling. 2
sellers
Shepherds Shepherds. Fairly well-off. 2
Valand or Barbers Barbers. Farming. Servants at Thakur 1
Nai marriages.
10
(0.056) .

ADJRANK 6
Vankar Cotton Farm labor. 10
weavers (0.056)
ADJRANK 7
Bhangi Sweepers Sweepers. 2
Bhunetar Farm labor Farm labor. 1
Chamar Laborers and Farm labor; all are poor. .7
leather-
workers
Astrologers Traditional work and farm labor.
and family All. are low income. Some have
priests for government jobs.
scheduled
castes.
Farm labor Farm labor. 3
18
(0.101)
4=7=1
178
(0.999)

* It is not certain whether or not this group is the same as the Kathiya
group in Yilkage H Cp.62).
 TABLE 3J(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village J
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh

Traditional or ' No. of

. , Main Occupations in House.
Caste occupations this village
in this Area hold4.
1981

ADJRANK 1
Brahmin Priest Farming; all are well-off.
(Sanadya)
OW. Farming Farming; all are well-off. ;4
Kurmi Farming Farming, farm labor, village 17 ,

Patel. Well-off.
3-7
'( 0,343)
ADJRANK 2
Chadhar Carpentry. Farming, carpentry. Well-off. 9
Yadav or i Animal usr Farming, milk selling. 13
Ahir bandry and
milk soiling
(0.204)
ADJRANK 3
Baniya Merchants Farming, merchants, government
(Gupta) emp1oyment, hold private tui-
tion classes for school child,
rep in village.
Namdev or Tailors Farming, tailoring, village
Patwari, shopkeeping. Well-off.
Tell Shopkeepers Farming, farm labor.
(Sahu) (earlier
oilpressers) lr
(0.045) .

ADJRANK 4 '

naTetha Washing Farming, farm labor, 3

or Dhobi clothes

KhOgs Barbers, Farming barbering, farm labor.

or jai making leaf
'

platest*

1 !/ Disposable plates used fuf feasts and large gatherings, for offerings
gt StIrines etc.
cont 1 1.
 64

TABLE 3J(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village J
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
t .. No. of
Traditional or Main Occupations, in .
Caste Occupations . .this Village House-
in this Area holds
1981

ADJRANK 5 .

Karigar Carpentry Farming, carpentry. 1

Kumhar or P otter s Potter, farming, making bidis.* 1.1

Praj apati Low income,

Blacksmiths Farming 3

Bidi making, Farming, bangle selling, farm

business, labor, bidi making, government
government employment.
employment

ADJRANK 6

FI : Basod Making bamboo Making bamboo baskets; daily

W
baskets wage work.
:C ,4

Bhoj Permanent Permanent servant.

servant .

Chamar Farm labor, Farming, farm labor, bidi making, 16

leatherwork low income.

Gbnd or _ Bamboo basket Farming, farm labor. Low income. 4

Gaund or making
Adivasi 22
0.204)

ADJRANK 7'
Khagar Permanent Permanent servant. 1
servant (0.009)

108
(1.001)

.t*
* Country cigarettes with leaf instead of paper wrappers.

 TABLE 3K(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS

Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh

Traditional or No. of
Main occupations in Hous e
Caste Occupations this village
in this Area holds
1981
ADJRANK 1!
Baniya Merchants Merchants,farming, shopkeepers, 18
(Parwar village Patel, government employees,
Digambar teachers.
Jain)
Lodhi or Farmers Farming, government employees, 76
Lodhi regUlar and daily wage laborers.
Thakur la
(. 547)
ADJRANK 2
Baniya Merchants Shopkeeping, merchants, teaching,
(Gupta) farming.
Brahmin Priests *Priests, farming, Low income. .'7
(Sanadya) U.
(.070)
ADJRANK 3
Guj ar or Farming Farming,
Gujar
Thakur
Luhar or Carpenters and Carpenters, blacksmiths, farming,
Karigar or blacksmiths government employment.
Vishwakarma
Yadav or Grazing animals Grazing animals, regular farm labor .. ' 8
Ahir and daily labor. Low income.
13
.076)
ADJRANK 4
Dhimar or Water car- Water carriers, farming, regular
Barau or riers farm labor and daily labor. Low
Raikwar income.
Khabas Barbers Barbers, farming, government
or Nai. employees, daily wage work.

Kumhar or Potters Pottery,,farming i regular farm labor,
Prajapati and daily labor. Low income. .

(.052)
 66

TABLE 3K(2)
CASTE' DESCRIPTIONS
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations ' ' Main Occupations in HouSe-
'in this Area this Village holds
1975'
ADJRANK S
Chadhar Village Village watchman, farming, regular 7
or Kotwar watchman farm labor and daily labor. Low
income.

Gond or Laborers .Regular farm labor; daily labor

Gaundor in forest, agricultural, and road
Adivasi work. All are poor.
Kach4i . Farmers Farming, daily wage work., All are
poor.
Kalar Laborers Laborers, grazing animals. . 'Low
(earlier income.
distillers)
Farmers Farming, daily and regular farm 1
(Sahu) (earlier labor. Low income.
oilpressers 17
(.099)
ADJRANK 6
Baretha Washing Washing clothes, farming, daily
or Dhobi clothes wage labor. Low income.
Chamar Leatherwork- Leatherworkers, laborers. Farm-
ers, laborers ing. All are poor.
Silawat Farming Farming, charcoal burning in forest. 2
Daily wage labor including forest
labor. Low income. 18
(.105) .
ADJRANK 7
Based Bamboo basket Basket making, farming, daily wage
making labor. Low income.
Malvik Leather- Leatherworkers, daily wage labor.
workers Poor.
Mehatar Sweepers, Sweepers, cleaning latrines, daily
cleaning wage work., Poor. 9.
latrines (.052)

172
(1.001)
 67

TABLE 4A
CAS CODE

Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Castes and Subcastes* Coded in Other Castes and Subcnstes.

April 1978 Sample. List (not in rank order) -'
(in rank order)
, T
Caste CASCODE Caste -- CASCODE

Brahmin . Brahmin (Niyogi) 20

Reddi 2 Brahmin (yaidikA) 21
Velama 3 Komati 24
Padmasale 4 Hausala
Bogama Sevaka 24
Katika (Are Katika) Telaga 25 .

qowda M4041 ?6
Wa.dla Boya 27
Chakali Kummari 20
Kurma 10 Mangali 29,

Mala 11 Kurma (Prathi) 30

Madiga 12 Kurma (Unni) 31
Mala Dasari 32
Waddar 33,

. .
Yerukala 14
Baindla 3S

* In these tables as in Tables 3A-H, J-K subcaste names are in parentheses

following the main caste.name.
 68

TABLE 4 B

CASCODE

Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
.

Castes and Subcastes Coded in Other Castes and Sub castes

April 1978 Sample List (not in ran(order)
(in rankorder)
.Caste CASCODE Caste CASCODE

Ileddi s 1 Brahmin 20

Bhatrajulu 2 Komati 21

Kammari 3 Hausala 22

Jogi 4 Wadla 23

Musti 5 Muslim 24

Telaga s 6 Musti (Golla) 25

Boya 7 Musti (Yara) 26

Yaedav 8 Sale 27

Mangali . 9 Medari 28

Yerukala 10 Gondla 29

Madiga* 11 Chakali 30

Mala* 31

* The term Harijan occurs in Table 3 B, but is not coded here since any
Harijan household in the sample now or at a later date would be further
identifiable as either Madiga or Mala.
 '69

TABLE 4 C

CASCODE

Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

Castes and Subcastes Coded in Other Castes and Subcastos

April 1978 Sample List (not in rank order)
(in rank order)

Caste CASCODE Caste CASCQDR

Maratha 1 Brahmin (Deshastha) 20

Koshti (Lingayat) 2 Rajput 21

-.
Wani (Lingayat) 3 Gondhadi .22
Mali 4 Gosavi 23
Dhangar 5 Kasar (Jain) 24

Muslim 6 Koli 25

Mahar 7 Kumbhar 26
Huler 8 Lohar or Sutar 27

Parit 28

Teli 29
.
Warik 30.
Berad 31.

Kaikadi 32
Waddar 33
Chambhar 34
Mang 35
 '""'' 1 r....177100..... ormuktz

70

TABLE 4 D

CASCODE

3
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

.Castes and Subcastes Coded in Other'Castes and Subcastes

April 1978 Sample List (not in rank order)
(in rank order)
CASCODE..
Caste CASCODE Caste

Maratha 1 Brahmin 20

Koshti. 2 Jangam 21

Mani 3 Barad 22

Mali 4 Gosavi - 23

Sonar 5 Kasar (Jam)

Kumbhar .6 Koli 25

Ethangar 7 Lohar 26.

Waddar' 8 Muslim 27

Mahar 9 Parit 28

Shimpi 29

Sutar 30

Tell 31

Warik 32

Chambhar 33

Mang 34
 7,1

TABLE 4 E
CASCODE

Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra

Castes and Subcastes Coded in Other Castes and Subcastes

April 1978 Sample List (not in rank order)
(in rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste CASCODE

' Maratha (Deshmukh) 1 Muslim (Fakir) 20

Kunbi (Tirale) 2 Muslim (Sheikh) 21

Gosavi 3 Sutar 22
Mali 4 Koli 23
Muslim 5
Sonar 6
Kumbhar 7
Navhi 8
9
Parit
Kaikadi 10
Mahar 11
Mang - 12

. 1'
 72

TABLE 4 F
CASCODE

Village P
Akola Distritt, Maharashtra

Castes. and Subcastes Coded in Other Castes and Subcastes

April 1978 Sample List (not in rank order) .
.'(in:rank order)

Caste. CASCODE Caste CASCODE

Kunbi (Tirale) 1 Sindhi 20

Kunbi (Ghatod) 2 Teli 1 21

Kalar 3 Kumbhar 22

Sutar 4 Navhi 23

Dhangar S

Gowari 6

Muslim 7

Tirmol i 8

Beldar . - 9

Mahar 10

 73

TABLE 4 G

CASCODE

Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat

Castes and Subcastes Coded in Other Castes and Subcastes
October 1982 Sample List .(not in rank order)
"(in rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste CASCODE

Thakur (Jhala Rajput) Baniya (Shah) 20

Thakur (Jhala) Baniya (Swetambar Jain) 21

Thakur*(Solanki) Brahmin (Tapodhan) 22

Thakur (Khant) Thakur (Parmar) 23

Luhar Suthar . 24

Kumbhar . Barot 25

Valand 7 Darji 26

Vankar Goswami 27

Garoda Kathiya 28-

Rabari 29

Bhangi 30

Bhunetar 31

Chamar. 32

Parmar 33
 74

TABLE 4 H
CASCODE

Village H
Sabarkantha DiStrict o Gujarat M

Castes and Subcastes Coded in Other Castes and Subcastes

October' 1982 Sample List (not in rank order)
(in rank order)

Caste CASCODE Caste .CAS CODE

Patel.(Kadva) Baniya (Digambar Jain) 20

Suthar Brahmin (Nevada) 21

Gurjar 3 Brahmin (Nagar) 22

Luhar Darji 23

Thakur (Makvana) Targara 24

-Thakur (Parmar) 6 ' Valand 25

Kathiya 7
 75

TABLE 4 J
CASCODE

Village J
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh

Castes and Subcastes Coded in Other Castes and Subcastes

October 1982 Sample List
(not in rank order)
(in rank order)

Caste CASCODE Caste CASCODE

Gujar 1 Brahmin (Sanadya) 20

Kurmi 2 Teli (Sahu). 21

Chadhar 3 Karigar 22
Yadav 4 Kumhar 23

Baniya (Gupta) 5 Basod 24

Namdev 6 Bhoj 25

Khabas 7

Baretha 8

Luhar 9

Muslim 10

Chamar 11
Gond 12

Khagar 13
 76

TABLE 4K
CASCODE

Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh

Castes and .Subcastes Coded in . ,

October 1982 Sample List Other Castes and Subcastes
(not in rank order)
(in 'rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste .CASCODE

Baniya (Parwar 1' Luhar 20

Digambar Jain)

Lodhi 2 Kumhar 21

Brahmin . (Sanadya) 3 Gond 22 .

Baniya (Gupta) Kalar 23

Gujar S Tell (Sahu) 24

Yadav 6 Silawat 25

Dhimar 7 Malvik 26

Khabas 8 Mehatar 27

Kachhi 9

Chadhar 10

Baretha 11

Chamar 12
Basod 13
 77

TABLE 5 A

ADJRANK

Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

CASCODE Sample Caste

ADJRANK ',Other
ADJRANK (April 1978 Rank
(%) * (%)** CASCODES
sample)

100.0 1 100.0
2 91.6 20-22

85.7 3 83.3
4 75.0

71.5 5 66.6 .
6 . 58.3 23-25

57.2 50.0 26

42.9 8 41.7
33.3 27-29

28.6 10 25.0
11 16.7 30-34

14.3 12 8.3 35

Percentage values for ADJRANK apply to all castes in that group.

** Percentage values noted in this column apply only to April, 1978 and
October, 1982 sample castes.
 78

TABLE p B
ADJRANK

Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

CASCODE Sample Caste

ADJRANK . Rank Other '

ADJRANK (April 1978 CASCODES

. (%.) sample) (%)

100.0 1 100.0
2 90.9 20',21

2 85.7 3 81.8
4 72.7 22 , 23

71.5 5 63.6 24-27

57.2 6 54.5
7 45,5 28-29

42,9 8 36.4 30 -

28.6 9 , 27.3
10 18.2

7 14.3 11 9.1 31
 79

TABLE 5 C

ADJRANK

Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

CASCODE Sample Caste

ADJRANK Other
ADJRANK (April 1978 , Rank
(%) CASCODES
sample) (%)

100.0 1 100.0
2 87.5 2,21

85.7 3 75.0

71.5 4 62.5

57.2 5 50.0 22-30

42.9 6 37.5 31

28.6 7 25.0. 32,33

14.3 12.5 34,35

 rt .

80

TABLE 5 D

ADJRANK

Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

ADJRANK CASCODE Sample Caste

. .ADJRANK (April. 1978 Rank Other
(%) sample) CASCODES
(%)

100.0 1 100.0
2 88.9 20,21

85.7 3 77.8

71.5 4 66.7

57.2 5 55.6
6 44.4

, 42.9 7 33.3 22-32

28.6 8 22.2

14.3 - 11.1 33,34

 81

TABLE S E
ADJRANK

Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra

CASCODE Sample Caste

ADJRANK ADJRANK
(April 1978 Rank
Other
(%) sample) CASCODES
(3)

100.0 1 100.0
2 91.6

85.7 3 83.3
4 75.0

71.5 5 66.6
58.3 20-22

57.2 7 50.0

42.9 8 41.7
. -
33.3 23

28.6 10 25.0
11 16.7

14.3. 12 8.3
 82

TABLE 5 F
. ADJRANK

Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra.

CASCODE Sample Caste OthO' -

ADJRANK (April 1978 Rank
'ADJRANK .
CASODEs
(0 ) . sample) (%)
.Y

100.0 1 100.0
2 '90.0
. '

85.7 3 80.0 20,21

71.5 70.0
60.0
,"

57.2 6 50.0

42 .9 7 40.0
8 30.0 22,23

28.6 9 20.0

14.3 10 10.0
 83

'TABLE 5 G
ADJRANK

Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat

ADJRANK
CASCODE Sample Caste
ADJRANK October 1982 . Rank Other
(%) sample) GASCODEs :
(%)

100.0 1 100.0
2 88.9 20-22

85.7 3 77.8 23

71.5 4 66.7

57.2 5 55.6
44.4 24

42.9 33.3 25-29

28.6 8 22.2

14. 3 . . 11.1 30-33

 84

TABLES H

ADJRANK

Village H
Gabarkantha District,, Gujarat

CASCODE Sample Caste

ADJRANK Other
ADJRANK (October 1982 Rank .
(%).. ',.CASCODEs
sample) (%)

100.0 1 100.0 20-22

85.7 2 85.7

71.5 3 71.5

57.2 4 57.2 23-25

. 42.9 :5 42.9

28.6 6 28.6

14.3 7 14.3
 85

TABLE 5 J

. ADJRANK

Village J NIkt,
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh

ADJRANK CASCODE Sample Caste

ADJRANK (October 1982
, Rank . 0010 Y....
(%) sample) CASCQDEs r;;;
(%)

100.0 1 1V
100.0 .
I..
2 92.3
. ,..20, .
t.
I.
85.7 3 84.6
4 76.9

71.5 5 69.2 :
6 61.5 '

57,2 .7 53.8
8 46.1

42.9 9 38.5
10 30.8 2'

28.6 11 23.1
12 15.4 24,25

14.3 13 7.7
 '
86

1.

"4 .-

TABLE 5 K

ADJRANK

Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh

CASCODE Sample Caste

ADJRANK
ADJRANK Other
(October 1982 . Rank,
(%) CASCODEs
sample) (96)

100.0 1 100.0
.4
2 92.3

85.7 3 84.6
4 76.9

ti!
71.5 69.2
61.5 20

57.2 7 53.8
46.1 21

42.9 . 9 38.5
10 30.8 22-24

28.6 11 23.1
12 15.4 25

14.3 13 7.7 26,27

 87

TABLE 6 A

SAMRANK

Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
April 1978

No. of Mean m
'CASCODE . Range
families SAMRANK..

5.0 95.0 - 100.0 97.50

17.5 77.5 - 95.0 86.25

2.5 75.0 - 77.5 76.25

4 2.5 72.5 -. 75.0 73.75

2.5 70.0 - 72.5 71.25

2.5 67.5 - 70.0 68.75

10 25.0 42.5 - 67.5 55.00

1 2.5 40.0 - 42.5 41.25

1 2.5 37.5 - 40.0 38.75

10 6 15,0 22.5 37.5 30.Q0

11 3 7.5 15.0 - 22.5 18.75

12 6 15.0 0.0 - 15.0 7.50

0 1 I .11 g
n s40
 88

TABLE 6B

SAMRANK

Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
April 1978

No, of Mean =
CASCODE 'Range
families SAMRANK.

17.5 82.5 - 100.0 91.25

5.0 77.5 - 82.5 80.00
2.5 75.0 - 77.5 76.25
2.5 72.5 - 75.0 73.75

6 15.0 57.5 - 72.5 65.00

6 15.0 ' 42.5 - 57.5 50.00

5 12.5 30.0 - 42.5 36.25

10.0 20.0 - 30.0 25.00

2.5 17.5' 20.0 18.75

2.5 15.0 - 17.5 16.25

15.0 0.0 - 15.0 7.50

40 :
 89

TABLE 6 C

SAMRANK

Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

April 1978

No. of Mean =
CASCODE Range SAMRANK
families

22 55.0 45.0 - . 100'.0 72.50

2, 5.0 40.0 - 45.0 ' 42.50

1 2.5 37.5 - 40.0 38.75

1 2.5 35.0 - 37.5 36.25

9 22.5 12.5.- 35.0 23.75

1 2.5 10.0 -' 12 ..5 . 11.25

3 7:5 2.5 - .10.0 5.00

1 2.5. 0.0 - .2.5 1.25

40

* Castes 7 and 8 in this village were originally ranked together on the

basis:of the investigator's information. In this revision of the , '
original (1980) SAMRANK calculations, they have been separated in
order to maintain the same procedure throughout. New or revised
calculations due to this change appear in CASCODE lines 6-8.
 90

TABLE 6 D .

EMBANK

Village D
Akola District, Maharashtra
April 1978

r-ASCODE
2 .7 No: of
families Range
Mein %fa
SAMRANK

19 48.7 51.3 - 100.0 75.65

2 5.1 46.2 - 51.3 48.75

2 5.1 41.1 - 46.2 43.65

7.7 33.4 - . 41.1 37.25

2.6 30.8 - 33.4 32.10

2.6 28.2 - 30.8 29.50

7 20.5 7.7 - 28.2 17.95

8 2.6 5.1 - 7.7 6.40

9 2 5.1 0.0 - 5.1 2.55 .

* At the time individual caste ranks were identified for the Village D
sample, one household had dropped out of the study and was yet to be
replaced.

4'
 91

TABLE 6 E
SAMRANK

Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra

April 1978

No. of , Mean
CASCODE Range,
families SAMRANK
. ,
17.5 82.S 91.25 ,
2.5 80.0 - 82.5 .81.25
3 7.5 72.5 - 80.0 76.25
14 35.0 37.5 - 72.5 SS.00
1 2.5 35.0 - 37,5 36.25
1 2.5 32.5 - 35.0 33.75
1 30.0 - 32.5 31.25
2 5.0* 25.0 - 30.0 27.50
1 2.5 22.5 - 25.0 23.75 :
1 2.5 20.0 - 22.5 21.25
7 17.5 2.5 - 20.0 11.25
1 2.5 0.0 - 2.5 1.25
 92

A4n 'I

Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra

April 1978

No of Moan
.CAS CODE Range SAMRANK
families

2 5.0 95.0 - 100.0 97.50

11 27.5 67.5 - 95.0 81.25

2 5.0 62.5 - 67.5 65.00

2 5.0 57.5.- 62.5 60.00

17.5 40.0 - 57.5 48.75

20.0 20.0 - 40.0 30.00

5.0 15.0 - 20.0 17.50

5.0 10.0 - 15.0 12.50

3 7.5 2.5 - 10.0 6.25

2.5 0.0 - 2.5 1.25".

 93

TABLE 6 G

SAMRANK

Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat

October 1982

CASCODE
No. of Range .
Mean ='.
families % SAMRANK

8, 20.0 80.0 - 100.0 90.00

2 13 32.5 47.5 - 80.0 63.75

3 7 17.5 30.0 - 47.5 38.75

4 1 2.5 27.5.- 30.0 28.75

5 . 2 5.0 22.5 - 27.5 25.00

3 7.5 15.0 - 22.5 18.75

1 2.5. 12.5 - 15.0 13.75

3 7.5 5.0'- 12.5 8.75
2 5.0 0.0 - 5.0 2.50

= 40
 94

TABLE 6 IL

SAMRANK

Village ii
Sabarkantha District, Gufarat

October 1982

No . of Mein =
CSSCODE. '

families
Range
SAMRANK

14 . 35.0 65.0 100.0 82.51.7

1 2.5 62.5 - 65.0 63.75

1 2.5 60.0 62.5 61.25

5.0 55.0 - 60.0 57.30

2.5 52.5 - 55.0 53.75

20 50.0 2,5 - 52.5 27.50

1 2.5 0.0 - 2.5 1.25

40
 96

TABLE 6 K

SAMRANK

Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh

Octpher 1982.

. No. of Mean
CASCODE Range
families SAMRANK

4 10.0 90.0 - 100.0 95.00

21 52.5 37.5 - 90.0 63.75

2.5 35.0 - 37.5 36.25

1 2.5 32.5 - 35.0 33.75

2.5 30.0 - 32.5 31.25

6 ' 5.0 25.0 - 30.0 27.50

7 2.5 22.5 - 25.0 23.75

5.0 17.5 - 22.5 20.00 a

2.5 15.0 - 17.5 16.25

: 10 2.5 12.5 - 15.0 13.75

5.0 7.5 - 12.5 10.00

12 5.0 - 2.5 - 7.5 5.00

13 2.5 .0.0 - 2.5 1'.25

n =40
 97

TABLE.? A

VILRANK

Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Tradesh

No. of Mean =
ADJRANK - households Range
1979* VILRANK

68 12.71 87.29 - 100.0 93.65

30 5.61 81.68 - 87.29 84.49

40 7.48 74.20 - 81.68 77.94

4 125 23.36 50.84 -. 74.20 62.52

5 64 11.96 38.88 - 50.84 44.86

6 124 23.18 15.70 - 38.88 27.29

7 84 15.70 0.00 - 15.70 7.85

n1= 535

* The 1979 recensus has been used in the case of Village A in order to
have data identifying the separate castes which make up ADJRANK nos. 6
and 7.. driginal censuses are used for the other villages in this
series of tables.
 98

TABLE 7 B

VILRANK

Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

No. of Mean =
ADJRANK households Range VILRANK
1975

1 s3 16.46 83.54 - 100.0 91.77

2 8 2.48 81.06 - 83.54 82.30

3 49 15.22 65.84 81.06 73.45

4 115 35.71 30.13 - 65.84 47.99

5 37 11.49 18.64 - 30.13 '24.39

6 10 3.11 15.53 - 18.64 17.09

7 50 15.53 0.00 - 15.53 7.77

= 322
 99

TABLE 7 C
VILRANK

Villige C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra

No. of Mean
ADJRANK households Range
1975 VILRANK

151 50.84 49,15 - 100.00 74.58

4 1.35 47.80 - 49.15 48.48

2 0.67 47.13 - 47.80 47.47

76 25.59 21.54 - 47.13 34.34

17 5.72 15.82 -
, 21.54 18.68

6 23 7.74 8.08 - 15.82 11.95

24 8.08 0.00 -
. 8.08 4.04

297
 100

TABLE 7 D

V I LRANK

Village .D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
. ... .

178 48.08 57.92 - 100.0 78.96

18 4.26 53.66 - 57.92 55.79

38 8.98 44.68 - 53.66 49.17

7 1.65 43.03 - 44.68 43.86

118 27.90 15.13 - 43.03 29.08

8 1.89 13.24 - 15.13 14.19

56 13.24 0.00 - 13.24 6.62

= 423
 '0 1130,4 0

101

TABLE7 E
VILRANK

Village E
Akola District,'Maharashtra

-No.'of Mean is
ADJRANK houieholds Range VILRANK
1975

1 35 20.71 79.27 - 100.00 89.64

2 67 39.64 39.63 - 79.27 S9.45

3 20 11.83 27.80 - 39.63 33.72

4 1 0.59 27.21 - 27.80 27.50

5 8 4.73 22.48 - 27.21 24.85

6 I 33 19.53 2.96 - 22.48 12.72

7 5 2.99 0:00 - 2.96 1.48

169
 102

TABLE 7 F

VILRANK

Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra

No.- , of
ADJRANK Range Mean =
households VILRANK
19 75

1 46 31.94 68.06 - 100.00 84.03

2 7 4.86 63.20 - 68.06 65.63
3 16 11.11 52.09 - 63.20 57.65
4 26 18.06 34.03 - 52.09 43.06
5 32 22.22' 11.81 - 34.03 22.92

6 8 5.56 6.25 - 11.81 9.03

7 9 6.25 0.00 - 6.25 3.13

= 144
 103

TABLE 7G

VILRANK

Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat

No. of
ADJRANK households Mean *
Range
1980 VILRANK

93 52.25 47.75 - 100.00 73.88

2 28 15.73 32.02 - 47.75 39.89

3 6 3.37 28.65 - 32.02 30.34
13 7.30 21.35 - 28.65 25.00
10 5.62 15.73 - 21.35 18.54

10 5.62 10.11 15.73 12.92

18 10.11 0.00 - 10.11 5.05

178
 104

TABLE 7 H
VILRANK

Village H
Sabarkentha District; Gujarat

NO. of Mean =
. API 44:14 0 h01!4 % Range VILRANK .
P59

.1 ? 09 58.93 7 1416'.(4); 79.47

1 0.78 58.15 - 58.93 58.54

3 2.33 55.82 - 58.15 56.99

10 7.75 48.07 - 55.82 51.95

1 0.78 47.29 - 48.07 47.68

60 46.51 0.78 - 47.29 24.04

0.78 0.00 - 0.78 0.39

129

... . . . + 1
 105

TABLE 7J

VILRANK

Village J.
Raison District, Madhya Pradesh

No. of
ADJRANK households Mean is
Range' VILRANIC.
1981

37 34.26 65.74 - 160.00 82.87

22 20.37 45.37 - 455.74 55.56

7 6.48 38.89 - 15.37 42.13

7 6.48 32.41 - 38,89 35.65

12 11.11 21.30 -132.41 26.86
i
22 20.37 0.93 -1 21.30 11.12

1 0.93 0.00 - 0.93 0.47

V. n = 108
i
 106

TABLE 7.K
VILRANK

Village K
Baisen District, Madhya Pradesh

No. of
ADJRANK households Range Moan ci
r.
1981 VILRANK
i(?)

94 54.65 45.35 100.00 72.68

2 12 6.98 38.37 - 45.35 41.86
13 7.56 30.81 38.37 34.59
9 5. 3 25.58 30.81 x8.20
17 9.813 15.70 25.58 20.64
18 10.47 5.23 15.70 10.47
9 5.23 0.00 5.23 2.62
 107 7L:

TABLE S

. CONRANK for Sample CASCODES

CONRANK
Date Village 2. 3

Sample CASC,ODEs.

April 1978 ,1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12

4-6 7-9

3,4 5

1,2 3-5 '6,7 8,9

E 3-5 6-8 9-12

11 F 3-5 6-8 9,10

October 1982 1,2 3,4 5.4 8,9

1 2-4 5,6 7

J 1,2 3-5 6-10 11-13

1,2 3-5 6-11 12,13

 108

TABLE 9 .

CONRANK for Additional CASCODEs

CONRANK
Village 2 3

Additional CASCODEs

20 22
- 23 25
- 26-29 30-35

20-22 23-27 28-30 . 34

20.21, 4-30 31-35

20,21 22 22-32 33,34

20-21 22 : 23

20,21 A2,23:

20-22 23 . 24-29 30-33

20-22 23-25
20 21-23 24,25

20-24 25-27
 109

v.

'TABLE 10

Number of Sample Caste Households by ADJRANK

Date ADJRANK
Village
2 3 4 S 7

April 1978 9 2 2 10 6

9 11 4 2 6

24 1 1 9 1 3 1

21 2 3 2- 8 1 2

.E. 8 17 2 1 3 8 1

F 13 2 9 G 4 3 1

October 1982 G 21 7 1 :5 :3

14 1 1 2 1 '20 1

J 10 10 12 1
11 25 2 4
K

.Totals 154 46 . 30 53 29 65 22