Lecture PowerPoint Slides

to accompany

CHEMISTRY
Human Activity,
Chemical Reactivity

Prepared by
Philip Elder, Ph.D.

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 Chapter 11

States of Matter

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 Understanding Gases:
Understanding Our World

What makes Earth so much more attractive to live

on than Mars or other planets in our solar system?
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 Earths Atmosphere:
A Ball of Gases?
The regions of Earths atmosphere are defined by
whether the temperature increases or decreases
with increasing altitude.

Increasing altitude
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

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 Earths Atmosphere:
A Ball of Gases?
Average composition of Earths troposphere to a height of
25 km

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Relationships among Gas Properties
Gas pressure (P) is the force exerted per unit area
by the gas on the walls of its container.
Barometer: device used to measure
atmospheric pressure
SI unit: Pascal (Pa)
Other units: mm Hg, atm, bar
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 Pa = 1 N m-2

1 bar = 1 105 Pa = 1 102 kPa = 0.9872 atm

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 What happens to the
pressure of a sample of
gas when its volume is
increased (at constant
temperature)?
Ex. Lungs
 What happens to a
balloon that is placed over
a canister of liquid
nitrogen?
 What happens to the
volume of a balloon if
more gas is added, under
constant temperature and
pressure?
Relationships among Gas Properties
Other gas properties:
Temperature (T), Volume (V), Amount (n)

Relationships between p, T, V, and n:

Kelvin temperature scale

0 K = 273.15C

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Relationships among Gas Properties
Experimental evidence of Charless Law:

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Do Different Gases Have Any Similar
Properties?
Imagine pure samples of hydrogen, carbon dioxide
and sulfur hexafluoride gases. How similar and
how different are they?
Different gases have different natural abundances, uses,
and chemical reactivities, and they interact differently
with electromagnetic radiation.
Different gases show very similar thermodynamic
behaviour under conditions near ambient pressure and
temperature. How can this be?

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Do Different Gases Have Any Similar
Properties?
Molar volumes at p = 1 bar and T = 298.15 K

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A. 6.023 x 1023 molecules
B. 22.4 x 6.023 x 1023 molecules
1
C. x 6.023 x 1023 molecules
22.4
D. 3.012 x 1023 molecules
A sample of 2.0 moles of nitrogen
(N2) gas at STP occupies a volume of
_______ liters.
a.11.2
b.22.4
c. 44.8
d. 89.6
 The Ideal Gas Equation
Ideal gas assumptions:
The molecules of the gas have zero volume.
There are no interactions between gas molecules.
The Ideal gas equation relates p, V, n, and T,
using the universal gas constant, R:
pV = nRT R = 8.314 L kPa K-1 mol-1

Limitations
Pressure is about 1 bar or less.
Temperature is at or above 25C.

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 Ex
A piece of dry ice (solid CO2) with a mass of
28.8 g is allowed to sublime (s to g) into a
large balloon. Assuming that all of the CO2
ends up in the balloon, what is the balloons
volume at 22 C and a pressure of 742 mmHg?

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 The Ideal Gas Equation
EXAMPLE:
Helium-filled balloons are used to carry scientific
instruments high into the atmosphere. Given the
following information, what will the volume of the
balloon be at a height of 32.2 km?

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 The Ideal Gas Equation
SOLUTION:
We can rearrange the gas equation to calculate
the new volume, V2

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 Ex. Changing conditions
A 37.2-mL sample of gas in a cylinder is
warmed from 22 C to 81 C. What is its
volume at the final temperature? Assume
constant pressure.

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 The Density of Gases
Using the ideal gas equation and the relationship
between moles (n), molar mass (M), and mass (m):
m
pV RT
M
Rearranging this equation can provide the density
(, the mass divided by volume).
m pM e11.9 Simulate the
difference in
V RT densities between
gases and liquids.
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 The Density of Gases

A hot-air balloon
rises because the
heated air has a
lower density than
the surrounding air.

e11.10 Determine the

molar mass of a gas from
its density.
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Which gas below has the greatest
density at STP?
a.Ne
b.Ar
c. Kr
d. Xe
 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
Gas Mixtures:
EXAMPLE: Dry atmospheric air

*The average molar mass of dry air = 28.960 g mol1.

**If total pressure is 1 bar.

What portion of the pressure is provided by each gas in

this mixture?
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 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
Partial pressures are the pressure each gas in a
mixture would exert if it were the only gas in a
container of the same size at the same
temperature.
Daltons law of partial pressures:
ptotal = pA + pB + pC + ....
(Where PA, PB, PC are the partial pressures of each component gas)

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 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
In a mixture of gases:

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 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
For mixtures of gases, it is convenient to introduce a
quantity called the amount fraction or mole fraction (x),
which is defined as the amount of a particular component
in a mixture, divided by the total amount of all
components present.
nA nA
xA
n A nB nC ntotal
The partial pressure for one component can then be
calculated using:
pA = xAptotal

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 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
EXAMPLE:
What is the partial pressure of N2 (its mole fraction
of in air is 0.78) in a sample of air whose total
pressure is 105 Pa?

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 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
EXAMPLE:
What is the partial pressure of N2 (its mole fraction
of in air is 0.78) in a sample of air whose total
pressure is 105 Pa?

SOLUTION:
pA = (0.78) (105 Pa) = 7.8 104 Pa (0.78 bar)

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 Partial Pressures

When one collects a gas over water, there is water

vapor mixed in with the gas.
To find only the pressure of the desired gas,
one must subtract the vapor pressure of
water from the total pressure.
 Ex.

If 443 mL of H2 (g) is collected at 19 C and an

atmospheric P of 772 torr, how many g of Al
must have reacted, according to the
following equation? The vapor P of water at
19 C is 16.48 torr.

Al (s) + HCl (aq) H2 (g) + AlCl3 (aq)

The partial pressure of each gas in a
mixture of gases is proportional to
the _______ of the gas.
a.mass
b.molecular weight
c. square root of the
molecular weight
d. mole fraction
A. The pressure exerted by N2 gas does not change when O2 is
added to the container.
B. The pressure exerted by N2 gas changes only if an equal or
greater amount of O2 is added to the container.
C. The pressure exerted by N2 gas decreases when O2 is added
to the container.
D. The pressure exerted by N2 gas increases when O2 is added
to the container.
 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of
Gases
Postulates from experimental observations
regarding the behaviour of gases:
1. Gases consist of particles. At reasonably low pressures
and high temperatures, forces between the particles
are negligible.
2. The particles of a gas are in continual, random, and
rapid motion.
3. Gas particles move in straight lines unless they collide
with each other or the walls of their container. These
collisions take place without loss of the total energy of
the system.
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 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of
Gases
Postulates from experimental observations
regarding the behaviour of gases
4. The average kinetic energy
of gas particles is proportional
to the gas temperature. All
gases, regardless of their
molecular mass, have the same
average kinetic energy at the
same temperature.

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 The Ideal Gas Model and Real Gas
Behaviour
At high pressure and low temperature, the ideal
gas model fails.
Real gas behaviour:
The volume occupied by gas molecules is not negligible
Intermolecular forces are not negligible
Loss of kinetic energy in collisions between molecules
Formation of clusters of molecules

e11.20 Simulate a gas at high pressures to see its real behaviour.

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 The Ideal Gas Model and Real Gas
Behaviour

Effect of high pressure on the value of pVRT for

1 mol of Ar, N2, and CH4 gases, all at 0C.
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 The Ideal Gas Model and Real Gas
Behaviour
When models are limited in their ability to
explain data, they need to be modified to fit the
data or alternative models developed.
EXAMPLE: the van der Waals equation

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 The Ideal Gas Model and Real Gas
Behaviour
van der Waals constants (a, and b)

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 Ex

Suppose you have two 1-L flasks, one

containing N2 at STP and the other CH4
at STP. How do they compare with
respect to A) # of molecules, B) density,
C) avg KE of molecules?
A gas is most likely to exhibit ideal
behavior at (X) temperature and (Y)
pressure.
a.X = low, Y = low
b.X = low, Y = high
c. X = high, Y = low
d. X = high, Y = high