A

ABS
Acronym that stands for Anti-lock Braking System.

ACCEPTABLE TOLERANCES
In mass produced components such as engines, transmissions, differentials, and any
other automotive component, those parts subject to wear have a limit as to how
much wear can occur before the parts becomes unserviceable or unusable, in
simplified terms, it can no longer function properly. As wear increases, (as with all
moving parts) so do the tolerances between those parts. Once a part wears beyond
the acceptable tolerance, the parts become obsolete rendering it useless. Common
examples of unacceptable tolerances are when an engine knock occurs because the
connecting rod bearing clearance (or tolerance) becomes too wide due to wear
resulting in a knock and eventually engine failure.

ACCUMULATOR/DRYER
A conponent in a car's air conditioning system that serves two purposes. 1- removes
moisture from the refrigerant chemical; 2- provides a storehouse where refrigerant
chemical can accumulate until it is needed to do its job ... cooling you off!

ADDITIVE
Any chemical designed for the enhancement of automotive functions. For instance,
oil additives are designed to enhance the ability of the engine oil to lubricate the
engine.

AIR BAG
A safety restraint device that deploys when it senses there has been severe
deceleration of the vehicle. They are usually located in the steering wheel and in the
passenger side dash pad. When used in conjunction with seat belts, these devices
are very effective in saving lives in automobile accidents. It is advised to maintain a
distance of at least 12 inches from the air bag when driving at all times because of
the aggressive deployment rate.

AIR COMPRESSOR
A pump whose purpose is to create pressurized air. This air can be used to power
such things as the air-ride suspension systems or air brakes.

AIR CONDITIONING COMPRESSOR

Air conditioning refrigerant chemical is pumped through the condenser at extremely
hot temperatures and under high pressure, 80 to 300 PSI (pounds per square inch),
depending on the environmental conditions. The condenser acts as a radiator, cooling
off the refrigerant.

AIR CONDITIONING CONDENSOR

Air conditioning refrigerant chemical is pumped through the condenser at extremely
hot temperatures and under high pressure, 80 to 300 PSI (pounds per square inch),
depending on the environmental conditions. The condenser acts as a radiator, cooling
off the refrigerant.
AIR FILTER
A filtering device designed to clean the air taken into the engine's fuel delivery
system. Without this filter, dirt and grime would be allowed to find its way into the
engine and cause damage to the sensitive machined parts.

AIR TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Air Temperature Sensor reports changes in air temperature. The computer uses this
information to adjust the air/fuel mixture for optimum performance in all weather
conditions.

AIR/FUEL MIXTURE
A mixture of air and fuel that the fuel management system creates, which is
necessary for the combustion within the engine. Fuel management systems either
consist of carburators or fuel injectors.

ALL SEASON TIRE

A tire that gives maximum traction under all weather conditions. In order to achieve
this, two things must be in place. 1- The tire must have a tread design that
dissipates weather elements out from under the footprint of the tire. This is usually
achieved through a computer generated tread design. 2- The tire must be
constructed out of rubber that does not freeze below 32 degrees. This allows the
tread to stay pliable, which is necessary to create the pumping action that cleans tire
tread, giving your tires maximum traction in "All Seasons."

ALL-WHEEL DRIVE
Is used on lot of cars where a high-low range is not needed. Think of the all-wheel
drive system as a permanent 4WD system without the two-speed transfer gearbox.
There is no high and low range and the system is always in automatic four-wheel
drive. If your idea of off-road is a smooth, level dirt road, then all-wheel drive may
be all you need. But for serious rock climbing, towing in mud and snow, or even
slopping through heavy, deep, unplowed snow and forging new roads, a two-speed
gearbox coupled with the ruggedness of a heavy duty 4WD system is a must.

ALTERNATOR
This unit converts the 12-volt DC (Direct Current) from the battery into AC
(Alternating Current) at the rate of 13.8 to 14.2 volts, which is necessary to operate
your car's performance and electrical systems. By nature, alternating current is
generated at a higher rate and is more stable. This is critical to automotive
application.

ANTI-RATTLE HARDWARE
Brake parts used to prevent other parts, such as brake shoes and pads, from rattling
or vibrating and creating noise (squealing or rattling). These includes springs, clips,
shims, retainers, and washers.

ANTIFREEZE
A liquid that is used to cool your car's engine, protects it from freezing in the winter
months, and lubricates the water pump. The antifreeze also acts as the key agent in
providing heat inside the car's cabin. This is accomplished by circulating the hot
antifreeze through a small radiator-type unit called the heater core. Hot air is
generated from this unit and is blown into the car by the blower-motor.
ANTILOCK BRAKING SYATEM (ABS)
When ABS brakes are pressed hard (for instance in the case of a panic stop) the ABS
system pumps the brakes up to 30 times per second. ABS helps the driver maintain
control and stop the car in a straight line, rather than spinning out of control. ABS
does NOT stop the car faster. It enables you to stop the car in a much more
controlled fashion. So when you slam on the brakes, the car will go in the direction
you turn the wheel while braking. ABS also helps stop the car while driving in
adverse weather conditions such as ice, snow and rain. All the driver has to do is
apply steady, even pressure to the brake pedal and the system takes over from
there.

ASE
This acronym stands for The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence.
ASE was founded in 1972 as an independent, non-profit organization with a single
mission: To improve the quality of automotive service and repair through the
voluntary testing and certification of automotive technicians. ASE also communicates
its message to consumers, the media, and various other groups to promote informed
decision-making when seeking automotive repairs. Look for ASE certifications in your
repair facility.

ASPECT RATIO
The "aspect ratio" of a tire is defined as the measurement of the height of the
sidewall of a tire as a percentage of the width. For instance, in the size description
P18575R14, 75 represents the height of the sidewall of that tire which is 75% of the
width measurement of 185 millimeters.

ATF
ATF (Automatic Transmission Fluid) is a special fluid composed of mineral oil and
special additives. When used in the transmission, it performs multi functions: as a
power-transmission medium; hydraulic control fluid; heat transfer medium; bearing
surface lubricant; and gear lubricant. To meet the above requirements, the fluid must
pass 25 special tests. In all cases, manufacturers recommendations should be
followed when servicing transmission fluid so proper grade and amount is installed. If
neglected, transmission fluid, like engine oil breaks down resulting in viscosity
breakdown and thus premature transmission failure.

AUTOMATIC BELT TENSIONER

Serpentine drive belt systems generally have an automatic belt tensioner. This device
has an idler pulley that is spring loaded and rides against the back of the serpentine
belt as it goes along its merry way. As the belt stretches from age and wear, the
automatic tensioner takes up the slack keeping the belt adjusted to the proper
tension. Over time, this device will wear out from excessive temperature changes
and mechanical wear or a broken spring. Have your technician check it periodically
for proper operation because when it goes, it can leave you stranded.

AUTOMATIC HUBS
Some drive systems require manual "locking in" of the front wheels in order to drive
in 4 wheel drive, because they freewheel when the 4 WD is not engaged. On vehicles
equipped with automatic hubs, "locking in" the front wheels requires only the flip of a
switch.
AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL
A heating/air conditioning system that adjusts itself automatically to meet the setting
that the thermostat is set at. ATC is usually found in high line vehicles.

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
A transmission where the gears are shifted automatically though the use of
hydraulics and electricity. A series of gears are applied as the need arises. This need
is determined by vehicle weight, load and demand placed upon the performance
system. Automatic transmissions come in 3,4, and 5 speads. With 4 and 5 speed
transmissions, the highest gear is for overdrive.

AXLE
A steel shaft that connects the differential to the drive wheels. The axles are driven
by the differential, which is driven by the transmission. All are ultimately driven by
the engine.

B
BACKFIRE
Ever hear a popping or backfiring noise occur when stepping on the gas? Maybe its
during acceleration from a stoplight, or perhaps climbing a hill. This is called a
backfire, specifically, when combustion of the air/fuel mixture takes place in the
upper half of the engine rather than the bottom half (or combustion chamber) where
its supposed to. Backfire occurs when either the intake or exhaust valves are open
when theyre not supposed to be or when a mistimed ignition spark takes place
either from crossfire of wires or maladjusted ignition timing.

BALL JOINT
The ball joint acts as the link between the vehicle's suspension and the front wheels.
This small yet critical member of the vehicle's suspension allows for turning of the
front wheels by providing a movable link for the spindle (which the front wheels are
attached to), when the wheel is turned right and left, the ball joint allows this
movement.

BANDS
Bands wrap around parts inside the transmission called drums. The drums house the
gears and clutches and freewheel until a certain gear needs to be applied. For
example, when first gear needs to be applied, the drum for first gear is locked up by
the application of the band. By locking up the drum, the gears now drive the output
shafts, which in turn ultimately drive wheels.

BELLOW
A bellow is an accordion-type cover, usually made of rubber or neoprene, which
protects a mechanical device from the elements. Because of its accordion design, the
bellow can expand and contract with the movement of the device it protects. Bellows
are typically used on tie rod ends, CV joints, and driveshaft universal joints. Bellows
also serve to keep the lubricant within the mechanical device they protect.

BLOCK HEATER
A heating element that is installed into the engines cooling system. This element
keeps the cooling system warm and also keeps the engines oil from getting heavy
(caused by cold temperatures), making it easier to start the engine in cold weather.
The block heater operates on standard house current (120 volts) and plugs into a
wall outlet.

BRAKE CALIPER
A brake caliper is a housing that fits over the brake disc and holds the brake pads in
place. The brake caliper is hydraulically activated. Heres how it works: when the
brake pedal is depressed, the master cylinder pumps brake fluid into the caliper. The
hydraulic pressure created by the fluid moves pistons located inside the caliper.
These pistons push against the brake pad, which then makes contact with the disc,
creating friction and thus stopping the car.

BRAKE FADE
Brake fade refers to the loss of braking effectiveness due to either excessive
overheating of the brake linings and pads, or a defective master cylinder. In the case
of a bad master cylinder, the brake pedal usually fades or sinks to the floor while
sitting at a stop, waiting to go. In the case of excessive overheating of the brake
linings and pads, no matter how hard the driver presses on the brake pedal, the
vehicle will not slow down. Either scenario is dangerous and warrants immediate
action to correct the problem!

BRAKE PADS
Found on disc brakes, brake pads provide the necessary friction to the discs to stop
your vehicle. Brake pads are usually manufactured out of a material that is Semi-
Metallic in nature. This means the composition of the material is half-metallic.

BRAKE SHOES
The friction device used to stop the vehicle in a drum brake system. The "shoes" are
half mooned shaped and are hydraucially pushed against the smooth circular drum
surface thus stopping the car. The friction material used is usually semi-metallic,
sometimes organic in nature.

BULKHEAD CONNECTOR
The multi-plug electrical connector where the wiring harness of the vehicle enters the
vehicle's cabin. Located on the firewall on the driver's side, the bulkhead connector is
made of a weather resistant material (usually rubber) and is held in place by bolts.

BUMPER TO BUMPER COVERAGE

A comprehensive warranty that normally covers all items under the basic and
drivetrain warranty for the period specified by the manufacturer.

C
CAFE
An acronym that stands for Corporate Average Fuel Economy. One of the least
controversial provisions of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975
established Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for new passenger
cars.
CALIPER
a device consisting of two plates lined with a frictional material that press against the
sides of a rotating wheel or disc in certain brake systems.

CALIPER PISTON
Hydraulic pressure from the brake lever (when the pedal is depressed) forces the
brake fluid to flow from the master cylinder down through the brake line and into the
brake caliper. The pressure of the brake fluid causes the piston to push out of its
chamber thus pushing the brake pad against the disc, and ultimately stopping
movement of the vehicle.

CAMBER
This is the term that refers to angle of wheel alignment that measures the top of a
tire tilting out or in. For instance, if a cars camber angle on a tire is too positive,
then the top of the tire is tilting outward and will result in excessive wear on the
outside rib of the tire tread. In the camber angle is too negative then the top of the
tire is tilting too far inward and the resulting wear will be on the inmost rib of tread.
This angle can be adjusted either by mechanical adjustment or the addition or
removal of shims, which tilt the top of the tire in or out. Excessive camber results in
tire wear.

CAMPAIGNS
Safety recalls/campaigns, when announced by a manufacturer, are performed at no
charge to any owner of an effected vehicle. Manufacturers may elect to perform
campaigns regardless of time or mileage. Most dealers encourage owners to have
them "Run their VIN number." This is where the dealer will plug the owners vehicle
identification number into their computer, the computer then searches its database
(which is connected to the manufacturer) to see if the vehicle is covered under a
campaign.

CAMSHAFT
The camshaft is the mechanical whiz that when its mechanically timed properly,
opens and closes the valves at the precise time necessary for the intake,
compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four stroke internal combustion
engine. This shaft has fashioned into it lobes (or egg shaped bumps) that when the
shaft is turned, open and close valves by virtue of mechanical lift. On overhead cam
engines, the camshaft is mounted directly above the valves and as it turns the valve
lifters ride up on the lobe resulting in opening the valve. As the high point of the lobe
passes, the lifter rides down the other side of the lobe and the valve closes. In
pushrod type engines, the camshaft is located in the center of the engine and valve
lifters ride on the lobes; pushrods are placed on the lifters seat and fitted into a
rocker arm seat at the other end. As the shaft turns, the pushrods are pushed up
and down, the rods push on the rocked arms (small see saw type objects) that push
on the valvestems opening and closing the valves in precise mechanical timing.

CAMSHAFT POSITION SENSOR

This sensor monitors the rotation of the camshaft so the computer knows precisely
when to trigger the ignition spark or the fuel injectors.

CARBON FIBER
A composite material, similar to fiberglass, made of a fibrous material coated with
carbon. Car parts are formed from the material and hardened by baking. Parts made
from this material replace many that use to be made of metal including chassis,
brakes, dashboards etc. carbon fiber is lightweight and stronger than steel.

CARBURETOR
The fuel system component that mixes, meters, and atomizes fuel and air, as well as
supplies the proper amounts of both fuel and air to the engine. Carburetors require
constant adjustment and are pretty much a thing of the past. Today fuel injection
has replaced these antiquated fuel distributors.

CASTILATED NUT
This term refers to a special nut used to adjust and hold in place wheel bearings on
some cars. The reason the name for this nut is derived from CASTLE is because it
resembled the tower of a castle in that it had slots that looked like the slots on the
wall of a castle. This nut screws onto the spindle and is tightened to a certain torque
against the thrust washer of the wheel bearing, one of the slots is lined up with the
hole in the center of the spindle, a cotter pin is inserted and bent back. This insures
that the nut will not back off (causing loss of the wheel) during operation of the car.

CATALYST
Inside a catalytic converter (a muffler-like exhaust component), the catalyst is the
compound or substance that speeds up or slows down the reaction of other
substances without being consumed itself. For instance, in a catalytic converter,
special metals (IE: platinum or palladium) are used to promote more complete
combustion of unburned exhaust gases such as hydrocarbons and a reduction of
carbon monoxide. Heres how it works: when the hot exhaust gases pass through the
catalytic converter filled with the catalyst materials, the hot gas heats up the catalyst
materials to very high temperatures. This creates an action called a catalysis, or
chemical reaction, resulting in the burning up or more complete combustion of the
unburned exhaust gases and thus cleaning up tailpipe emissions.

CATALYTIC CONVERTER
An emissions control device that is part of your exhaust system. Its purpose is to
reduce harmful tailpipe emissions caused by the engine. The catalytic converter
lowers exhaust emissions by creating a catalysis (chemical reaction) within itself.
Heres how it works: hot exhaust gas flows through the converter, which is filled with
sulfur or platinum balls. The sulfur or platinum heats up to combustion temperatures
thus burning any unburned gases that might be in the exhaust flow. Ultimately, tail
pipe emissions are reduced.

CFC
This acronym stands for the term Chlorofluorocarbon. Used in automotive air
conditioning, and also known as Freon, CFCs, when allowed to escape into the
atmosphere, drifts some 30 miles above the earth. Once there, the CFCs begin to
break apart a process that releases chlorine, which in turn, attacks and breaks
down the ozone layer resulting in a Hellacious sunburn!

CHASSIS
Once upon a time this was simply defined as the frame of the car which provided the
strength and served as the foundation of the vehicle. The body, engine, drive train
components, and suspension were attached to the chassis. Today, few vehicles, other
than trucks, have separate frames. The chassis structure is incorporated into the
body components. This type of construction is know as uni-body construction.
CHOKE
In order to start, a cold engine with a carburetor needs an extremely rich fuel
mixture. This mixture is provided by the action of a CHOKE. A choke is a valve that
causes an excessive amount of fuel to be "dumped" into the engine by restricting air
through the mouth of the carburetor, thus making it easier to start the cold engine.
Once the engine is warmed up the choke must be disengaged. This is accomplished
by either feeding hot exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold through a tube called a
"stovepipe," or by the use of electricity, hence the variation of the term choke to the
term electric choke.

CLUTCH
A clutch is a device that allows a solid coupling to be formed between the
transmission and the engine. The clutch is manufactured out of a friction material
such as asbestos; it is shaped in the form of a disc. Located between the pressure
plate and the flywheel, the clutch connects the engine with the transmission by
creating a solid coupling. This solid coupling can be engaged and disengaged,
allowing the gears to be changed with one push of the clutch pedal.

COIL SPRING
The coil spring supports the vehicles weight and keeps it suspended. Coil springs are
made of a coil of tempered metal that takes the compression loads as the vehicle
goes down the highway.

COMPRESSION RATIO
The degree to which an air-fuel mixture is compressed. A 10:1 compression ratio
means that the mixture is compressed to 1/10th its original size.

CONCEPT CAR
A vehicle that is not yet in production. Concept cars are designed with two purposes
in mind. Number one, to test the serviceability of new automotive technology; and
number two, to see the reaction of the public to new designs. This gives the
carmakers direction for the development of new products. It tells them what
consumers want. Say, for instance, that people rave about a particular accessory,
color, or body style these responses are taken into consideration in new product
development and these features may show up in a new model down the road. Lately,
the public demand is to bring the whole car to market, so thats what carmakers are
doing.

CONTROL MODULE/IGNITOR
This ignition component regulates and times the spark signal to the ignition coil for
correct ignition without misfiring.

COOLANT TEMPERATURE SENSOR

This sensor lives up to its name! It reads the engine coolant temperature to the
computer. The computer then adjusts fuel delivery and ignition timing for maximum
performance. This sensor replaces the function of the automatic choke in the
carburetors of old. Failure of this little guy can cause difficult starting in the cold
weather, as well as poor performance and poor fuel mileage. Remember that a
malfunctioning sensor sends erroneous information to the computer resulting in
improperly adjusted fuel mixtures. In this example, if the sensor reads that the
coolant is warmed up when, in fact, it is still cold, than the computer will adjust for a
fuel mixture that is too lean, resulting in hard starting when cold. Conversely, if it
reads that the engine is cold when it is not, then the computer will adjust for a fuel
mixture that is too rich. A rich fuel mixture causes poor operating performance
translating into poor fuel mileage, fouled up O2 sensors and sparkplugs, and the
domino effect continues. Oh yes! This little component is very important!

COOLING SYSTEM
This system includes all of the components that are required to remove heat from
the engine. These include the engine water jackets, water pump, radiator,
thermostat, pressure cap, and all connecting hoses. Water is circulated through the
cooling system, absorbing the heat generated from within the engine during
operation. The heated water is pumped through the radiator, where the heat radiates
out into the atmosphere (hence the name radiator). The cooled water is then
pumped back through the cooling system, repeating the process and cooling the
engine.

COOLING SYSTEM PRESSURE TEST

This is a test of the integrity of a cooling system. Air is applied to the cooling system
with a hand operated pump or air source with an attached gauge to regulate
pressure. After applying the specified pressure to the cooling system, the engine,
hoses, and radiator are inspected for coolant leaks. A rapid drop in pressure usually
indicates a coolant leak, which is evident from the coolant leaking out of the engine
under pressure. If an excessive loss of pressure is noted but with no obvious external
leak, then it could be due to an internal engine coolant leak and would require
further testing and possible disassembly for inspection.

CORROSION WARRANTY
A warranty which covers rust-through perforation on sheet metal with actual holes.
Surface corrosion from nicks, chips, and scratches are not covered (this is not the
fault of the manufacturer). Coverage varies with each manufacturer. Check your
warranty information (or check with your dealer) for specific details.

COUNTER BALANCE SHAFT

A shaft that is driven by a chain or gear within an engine. A counterbalance shaft has
counterweights fashioned into it in an effort to counteract the natural vibration that
emanates from an internal combustion engine.

COUPE
A two-door, hardtop passenger car with seating for four to five people.

CRANKCASE
The crankcase houses the crankshaft and usually the oil pump and supply. In some
racing and custom applications, the oil pump and supply can be located remotely
from the crankcase, this is done to reduce resistance from the oil splashing up on to
the crankshaft and thus reducing power. The crankcase is sometimes referred to as
the oil pan.

CRANKSHAFT POSITION SENSOR

This sensor provides the computer with info on engine (rotational) speed. This info is
used to calculate fuel injector repetition, ignition timing, and distributorless ignition
synchronization.
CRANKSHAFT SENSOR
The Crankshaft Sensor monitors the rotation of the crankshaft so that the computer
knows precisely when to trigger the spark to the spark plugs and the electrical pulse
to the fuel injectors. What is the most common problem that occurs when this sensor
malfunctions? When the engine heats up, the sensor fails, shutting off spark to the
spark plugs and the electrical pulse to the injectors. This results in either poor engine
performance (misfire) or a no-start condition. The crankshaft sensor is located either
on the front crankshaft pulley (harmonic balancer) or the flywheel on the rear of the
crankshaft.

CRUMPLE ZONE
An area of the car (IE: fenders, and quarter panels) that is designed to compress (or
crumple) during an accident to absorb the energy from the impact.

CUSTOMIZED CONVERSIONS
Such vans or limousines are covered under separate warranties for the add-ons not
installed by the manufacturer. Be sure to obtain a written warranty disclosure when
purchasing these types of vehicles. Make sure you (and your dealer) completely
understand the ins and outs of conversion vehicle warranties! I have seen
nightmares result because of misunderstandings about the conversion warranty,
when its too late after the customer has taken delivery of the vehicle!

CYLINDER
A chamber within an engine which contains a piston and valves. An air/fuel mixture
is introduced and then compressed by the piston, (this makes the air/fuel mixture
much more combustible) next, a spark from the sparkplug is introduced igniting the
mixture. The force of this ignited mixture (a controlled explosion) forces the piston
downward, creating the basic force of the engine (power stroke).

CYLINDER HEAD
The portion of the engine that caps or seals the combustion chamber and delivers
the air/fuel mixture to the engine to be combusted and create power. Sometimes
referred to as the Top End of an engine, the cylinder head usually contains the
valves and in the case of overhead cam engines, the camshaft.

D
DETONATION SENSOR
The Detonation Sensor detects engine knock or ping when it occurs. This allows the
computer to instantaneously make ignition-timing adjustments, which reduce
overheating and exhaust emissions.

DIFFERENTIAL
When a vehicle is turning, the wheels on the outside of the turn have a longer
distance to travel than the wheels on the inside. The differential is a drivetrain
component which enables the wheels to turn at different speeds to accomplish this.
DISC
Made of metal, it is connected to the wheel and rotates with the wheel. The disc
provides a smooth surface for the brake pads to rub against. When the brakes are
applied, the brake pads are forced to rub against the disc; this friction causes the
wheel to slow and eventually stop.

DISC BRAKES
A brake where a kidney-shaped brake pad, lined with asbestos or other heat
resistant material is (through the use of a brake caliper) hydraulically pressed
against a disc attached to the wheel to stop the car.

DOOR STRIKER
The device which the door latch fastens to when the car door is closed. Usually
affixed to the cars body, the striker can be adjusted to cause the door to pull closed
more tightly, allowing for a better water and wind seal.

DRIVABILITY PROBLEM
This term refers to any performance problem that occurs while driving a computer
controlled car. Performance problems on computer controlled cars can originate for
any number of reasons ranging from a bad sensor, fuel delivery problem, or a
mechanical problem. The best way to diagnose and pinpoint a drivability problem is
to access the vehicles computer with a diagnostic computer. This will allow the
technician to "scan" the cars computer "datastream," enabling the technician to see
any malfunctioning that may be occurring during operation. Another diagnostic
approach is the "flight test." The technician drives the car while the scanner is
hooked up to the cars computer. This test is extremely valuable because some
drivability problems only occur while the car is being driven.

DRIVESHAFT
On rear wheel drive vehicles the drive shaft is the rotating coupling shaped like a
long tube (made of steel) with universal joints that connected the rear of the
transmission (usually under the car around the driver's seat) to the differential
assembly at the back of the car. The universal joints are used to allow flexibility (up
and down play) of the shaft from varying road conditions.

DRIVETRAIN
The components that are responsible for transferring power to the drive wheels of
your vehicle. Some of transmissions (standard andthe major components in the
drive train include: drive shafts and half shafts transfer cases differentials
automatic) universal joints and CV joiwheel bearings on drive wheels nts

DRUM BRAKES
Contains two brake shoes inside a drum. By depressing the brake pedal, the master
cylinder forces hydraulic fluid through the brake lines to the wheel cylinders. The
fluid then forces against the pistons inside the wheel cylinders. Small push rods,
pushed by the wheel cylinder pistons then push against the brake shoes forcing them
outward against the outside of the drum causing friction and thus stopping the
vehicle.
E

ECM (Engine Control Module)

The ECM is the Engine Control Module. This little black box works with your cars
sensors and engine control devices to insure that the engine operates at maximum
efficiency and performance. It is The Brain of your cars electronic receives
electronicperformance system and performs three vital functions. analyzes the
data and makes an engine performancesignals from engine sensors sends an
outputdecision (based on the pre-set parameters within the unit) command to
an actuator that adjusts engine performance

EFI
Acronym that stands for Electronic Fuel Injection.

EGR VALVE
The EGR Valve is an intricate part of a cars exhaust emission control system. Heres
what it does: the valve is used to introduce exhaust gases into the intake manifold
air stream. By using this procedure of readmitting a small amount of exhaust stream
into the engines combustion chamber, peak combustion chambers are reduced and
so are engine emissions. EGR Valves are very touchy because of the very nature of
their design and function, feeding exhaust gas back into the engine and are therefore
susceptible to clogging up from carbon deposit buildup. This is why its so important
to keep your engine in tiptop operating condition so that the engine runs clean
resulting in a clean EGR Valve and system.

EGR VALVE POSITION SENSOR

This sensor detects the opening of the EGR Valve so the ECM can make the
necessary engine adjustments to maximize performance.

ENGINE COOLING FAN

A device with rigid blades or vanes that mounts in front of or behind the radiator. It
pushes or pulls cool air through the radiator in an effort to control the engine
temperature. The fan may be engine-driven (mechanical) or powered by an electric
motor (electrical). In the case of an electrically driven fan, a sensor reads engine
coolant temperature and turns it on when engine coolant reaches that predetermined
temperature level.

ENGINE CRADLE
A removable section of a vehicles frame that fastens under the bottom front of the
cars body. The engine or engine-transaxle assembly is attached to this cradle. The
engine cradle is mounted to the vehicles frame with bolts through cushioning
bushings. This design makes engine and transmission removal much easier because
you can literally drop the engine/transaxle assembly out from under the car.

ENGINE KNOCK
Engine knock is the sound produced when a cars air/fuel mixture is ignited by
something other than the spark plug, such as a hot spot in the combustion chamber.
Light knock is normal in modern engines during heavy acceleration or under other
high-load conditions, such as climbing steep grades. Severe knock may be caused
by fuel with too low an octane rating or by improper adjustment of the ignition
system. This will harm the engine. Knock is also called detonation or ping.

ETHYLENE-GLYCOL a fancy name for antifreeze

This is the technical name for antifreeze. Green in color, antifreeze is designed to
resist the freezing of water within an engine and is most effective when mixed 50/50
with water. In addition, antifreeze contains additives that protect internal engine
components as well as lubricants. These lubricants perform the important job of
keeping internal cooling system components lubricated and thus functioning. The
lubricants also help to prevent rust and scale buildup. Recommended change interval
is every 2 years or 24,000 miles. *Note: be careful never to mix this chemical (green
in color) with Dexcool (orange in color), as it can be disastrous to the vehicles
cooling system!

EV
An electrically powered vehicle. Usually incorporating an electric motor powered by a
massive battery pack, Evs are limited in their mileage range because of the
limitations of present battery technology.

EVAPORATOR CORE
The cold air that comes from your car's air conditioner comes from this core. A
chemical is pumped through the evaporator core (which is much like a small radiator
or heater core). The evaporator carries the cold chemical into the car where an
interesting exchange takes place ... the chemical exchanges cold air for hot air! It
literally saps the hot air out of the car by absorption. The cold air that is radiated
from the evaporator is then blown into the car's ventilation system, cooling you
down. Dehumidification also takes place during air conditioning. Ever wonder where
all that water comes from that drips under your car? Now you know!

EXPANSION VALVE
This valve is designed to meter the flow of refrigerant in the vehicle's air conditioner,
based on the heat load it senses coming from the evaporator core

F
FAULT CODES
Fault codes (or hard codes, as they are referred to in the industry) are numeric codes
that show up in a car's computer's memory banks. These codes are generated when
a malfunction takes place in the car's performance system during operation. Auto
techs use hand-held computer scan tools to access the car's computer memory data
and pull out any hard codes that might be in the memory. The codes for each
carmaker have different meanings, therefore the tech must gain this information
either through service manuals or online computer systems. The information from
the code helps the tech diagnose the problem.

FLAT RATE
A method of payment for the work of automotive technicians. If an operation calls for
a time frame of two hours (called the "flat rate" for that job), than the labor charge
will be 2X the shop's hourly rate. If the technician is proficient at this particular
operation and is able to do it in half the time, the customer still pays for two hours of
labor, and the tech earns two hours of pay for one hour of work. Conversely, if the
tech does the job in more than the allowed time, the customer still pays for two
hours. This method of payment holds a standard hourly rate for the customer, and
yet rewards high skilled technicians.

FLOODED ENGINE
A flooded engine refers to the condition in which the engines cylinders receive raw
or liquid gasoline, instead of a perfectly mixed vapor (which is desirable for perfect,
efficient combustion). In other words, the mixture is too rich to burn and,
consequently, it doses the spark from the sparkplug (because the sparkplug gets
soaked from the liquid fuel). This condition causes hard starting and excessive fuel
consumption. Flooding is usually the result of a fuel delivery, sensor, or ignition
problem.

FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE
Three sub-terms are defined under this heading: Full time 4WD, Part Time 4WD, and
Permanent 4WD. FULL TIME 4 WD: The most commonly used 4 WD system on the
market. Full time 4WD offers both a two-wheel drive mode for summertime driving
or dry-road conditions, and an automatic 4WD mode for changing road conditions.
There is also 4WD high and 4WD low modes for when the going really gets tough.
The automatic 4WD mode makes this system convenient for many drivers. In
addition to the transmission and transfer gearbox, a center differential is used to
couple the front and rear wheels. The differential allows the front and rear wheels to
turn at different speeds as needed, letting the full time 4WD work automatically. Very
simply, when engaged in automatic 4WD on a dry straight road, the system operates
in two-wheel drive. When the wheels start to spin due to slippery road conditions,
the system reacts by progressively locking the front and rear wheels together to
optimize traction. This system is limited in that it requires the driver to determine
when to engage it. PART TIME 4 WD: This is the most basic of all 4WD systems. It
gives the driver the ability to choose when to drive in two-wheel drive or 4 WD. This
is all good and well, until you realize that you really can't engage the 4 WD on
pavement unless it is very, very slippery. That is because, when you engage 4WD
with this system, you lock the front and rear wheels together through the
transmission and transfer gearbox. This is great for straight-ahead traction on very
slippery surfaces. However, on dry pavement it makes for odd driving, cornering, and
handling characteristics. Also, you can harm the drive train components by driving in
4WD for extended periods while on dry pavement. So why choose this type of
system? Three reasons: 1. It is less costly to build and therefore to purchase 2. It is
often very durable under heavy stress 3. When you don't need 4WD, you can
disengage it PERMANENT 4WD: This system is similar to full-time 4WD, but it has no
two-wheel drive mode. The vehicle is always in 4WD, so you don't have to determine
whether conditions are right to engage it. It still has transmission, transfer gearbox,
and center differential coupling the front and rear wheels. The only difference is that
torque (power) is constantly being applied to all the wheels, giving maximum
traction in all weather and road conditions. Current systems have high and low
modes for when the going gets tough. However (and most importantly), the system
does the thinking for you. It automatically applies as much lock up (to all the wheels)
as necessary for maximum traction. For further information, look up "All-Wheel
Drive" in the glossary.

FREEZE PLUG
Also known as an expansion plug, a FREEZE PLUG is a metal plug that is pressed into
a tight fitting hole within the side of an engine block. Its function is to protect against
cracking of the block if the water within the block freezes and expands. How does
this work? Very simply, as the water freezes in the block and expands, it pushes the
plug out of hole, allowing for the expansion without cracking the engine block.

FUEL CELLS
Fuel Cells are a form of energy efficient and quiet engine that has no moving parts,
emits no exhaust, and produces water clean enough to drink as its only by-product.
Fuel Cell engines work by passing electricity through an electrolyte, causing a
chemical reaction. Hydrogen gas (or other similar fuels) are used to cause the
chemical change inside the fuel cell. Electricity is produced, without combustion and
is used to power a vehicle. The major difference between a battery and a fuel cell is
that a battery is a storage device that is recharged when the energy is expended.
The distance a car can travel using a battery depends on how much it can store.
They require frequent, time-consuming recharging. A fuel cell, on the other hand,
has its own fuel supply, similar to a gas tank but storing hydrogen gas. A processor
extracts the hydrogen from the fuel and pumps it into the fuel cell converting it
directly into electrical energy without combustion (unlike a gas engine). That
electrical energy is then used to power an electric motor, which drives the vehicle.

FUEL INJECTION
Fuel injection is an electronic fuel delivery system that increases performance and
fuel economy. It achieves this by monitoring engine conditions and providing the
correct air/fuel mixture based on the engine's demand. Unlike a carburetor, which
mixes fuel and air together before loading it into the intake manifold (and ultimately,
the cylinder intake port), fuel injection injects the fuel directly into the combustion
chamber through the cylinder head. This enables more precise control over the
quantity and air/fuel mix, thus delivering optimum performance and economy. The
need for a carburetor is eliminated, as well as the need for complex and imprecise
tuning.

FULL TIME 4WD

The most commonly used 4WD system on the market. Full time 4WD offers a two-
wheel drive mode for summertime driving or dry-road conditions, and an automatic
4WD mode for changing road conditions. You also have 4WD high and 4WD low
modes for when the going really gets tough. The automatic 4WD mode makes this
system convenient for many drivers. In addition to the transmission and transfer
gearbox, a center differential is used to couple the front and rear wheels. The
differential allows the front and rear wheels to turn at different speeds as needed,
letting the full-time 4WD work automatically. Very simply, when engaged in
automatic 4WD on a dry straight road, the system operates in two-wheel drive.
When the wheels start to spin due to slippery road conditions, the system reacts to
wheel spin by progressively locking the front and rear wheels together to optimize
traction. This system is limited in that it requires the driver to determine when to
engage it.

G
GASKET
A gasket is a thin layer of material that is placed between two machined surfaces to
provide a leak-proof seal between them. Gaskets are usually made of rubber, cork,
paper, or metal. Common places where gaskets are used in cars are water pumps,
cylinder heads where the head mates with the engine block, top of the cylinder head
or valve covers, and in air conditioning systems. You will find gaskets virtually
anywhere liquid, gas, or compression has to be sealed.

GOODWILL ADJUSTMENT
Sometimes the manufacturers will allow their dealers or field reps to make a
judgement call called a "goodwill adjustment" once a vehicle is out of warranty time
and/or mileage. Decisions are based on certain criteria such as: owners loyalty; time
of vehicle in service; maintenance records; vehicle history; mileage and whether any
service contracts are in effect. Customers may be asked to share some of the
portion. * Never be afraid to ask for assistance. I had this happen once. The paint on
my Plymouth minivan had delaminated (gone dull) and I asked for help. The van was
out of warranty, but because of my impeccable service history, the field rep opted to
pay for most of the repair. A $400 job cost me $40!

H
HARD SPOTS
Spots in brake rotor or drum surfaces caused by excessive heat and pressure. Hard
spots can cause pulsation of the brake pedal, difficulty in stopping the vehicle, and
excessive glazing of braking friction material, which causes squealing.

HARMONIC BALANCER
A large counterweight affixed to the front of an engines crankshaft designed to
counteract the natural vibration that comes from the crankshaft assembly, which
includes the connecting rods and pistons.

HEAD GASKET
The gasket (or seal) between the cylinder head (Top End) and the engine block
(Bottom End). The head gasket insures a good seal for water, oil, gases, and
combustion passing through the engine.

HEADLINER
This is the decorative covering that lines the interior ceiling of your car. If you were
to remove the internal ceiling, it would come out in one molded piece, covered by the
headliner. The headliner consists of two parts (1) padding and (2) fabric which
covers the padding. Over time, the glue that secures the fabric to the padding often
dries out, resulting in the fabric separating and sagging. Besides looking bad, it can
obscure the drivers vision and be unsafe. The only way to fix the problem is to have
the inner roof removed, stripped, and a new headliner installed.

HIDDEN WARRANTY
There is no such thing as a hidden warranty, so dont go beating up your local dealer
because you think a certain operation should be performed under a "hidden
warranty." Dealerships make money on warranty work; it is an income stream for
them. They get paid directly from the factory for any warranty work their service
department performs! If they could do a job under a "hidden warranty," dont you
think they would? It would be money in their pockets!
HOOD AND TRUNK STRUTS
Small gas charged shocks that are connected to the hood or trunk lid of a vehicle.
They perform two functions, the lifting of the hood (or trunk lid) as well as holding
them in place after opening.

HUB ASSEMBLY
The wheels of a vehicle are bolted to the HUB ASSEMBLY. The wheels fit on studs
located on the front of the hub assembly. Lug nuts are bolted to these studs to hold
the wheels in place. In addition, the hub assembly houses the wheel bearings, which
are sealed both inside and out to keep grease within the unit, providing the
lubrication necessary for their motion.

HYDRAULICALLY-ACTIVATED CLUTCH
A clutch that is engaged/disengaged via hydraulic fluid instead of a cable. When
depressing the brake pedal a lever is squeezed forcing hydraulic fluid through lines to
a slave cylinder which houses a piston. This piston forces a push rod to engage or
disengage the clutch. A clutch master cylinder that contains the hydraulic fluid sits on
a support bar near the clutch lever.

HYDROCARBONS
Defined as the portion of a vehicles tailpipe emissions that are unburned exhaust
gases. Hydrocarbons are usually due to performance problems that arise from either
ignition system malfunction (IE: shorted sparkplug wire) or mechanical malfunctions
(IE: burnt valves).

I
I-CAR
This acronym stands for Inter-Industry Conference on Auto Collision Repair -
Founded in 1979, I-CAR is an international not-for-profit organization. Their mission
is to research, develop, and deliver quality technical educational programs related to
collision repair, in an effort to raise the level of available knowledge and recognize
professional achievement; This organization has improved communication
throughout the collision repair, insurance, and related industries for the ultimate
benefit of the consumer. Look for I-CAR certifications at your collision shop.

IGNITION COIL
This electrical component in your cars ignition system converts the car batterys 12
volts to the thousands of volts needed to fire the sparkplugs resulting in combustion
of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder and thus... the car moves!

IGNITION SYSTEM
The electrical system that produces the spark to ignite the fuel/air mixture in the
cylinder of a gasoline engine.

INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION
A type of vehicle suspension in which all four wheels can move vertically independent
of one another. This type of suspension is typically found on sport models and
delivers better driver control in cornering, handling, and on challenging roadways.
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER
The instrument cluster is a plastic unit, which houses the vehicles monitoring
devices. Such devices include the temperature gauge (or light), fuel gauge,
speedometer, charging system gauge (or light), ABS Light, Brake Warning Light, or
any other light or gauge that monitors a system necessary for the operation of a
motor vehicle. The instrument cluster is mounted in the dashboard and can be
removed as a separate unit from the vehicle. It is illuminated by small light bulbs
that are fed by a printed circuit. These bulbs screw into the back of the cluster. When
these bulbs burn out, you must remove the cluster from the vehicle in order to
replace them.

INTAKE MANIFOLD
Component attached to the engine through which the air/fuel mixture reaches the
cylinders.

L
LIMITED-SLIP DIFFERENTIAL
A differential that detects slippage in one wheel and sends torque to the other wheel
that is not spinning making for maximum traction in slippery road conditions. Its
operation is automatic.

LOCKING DIFFERENTIAL
Locks both wheels on the axle forcing them to turn together at the same speed and
strength allowing maximum traction on slippery road surfaces.

LTV
Acronym that stands for Light Trucks & Vans, this includes SUVs.

LUG NUTS
The nuts that bolt the wheel fast to the hub assembly.

M
MACPHERSON STRUT
A vehicular suspension design where the shock absorber, spring, and ball joint links
the lower control arm, spindle, and chassis together into one unit. This makes for
better cornering and handling, less use of raw materials, and downsizes weight and
size. With a Macpherson Strut suspension, theres not much to do with regards to
wheel aligning. Usually just the toe adjustment is necessary; caster and camber
angles are built into the design of the components and are usually very limited in
adjustment capability. There are some adjustments that can be made through either
a process called cold bending or mechanical shimming.

MAP SENSOR
MAP stands for Manifold Absolute Pressure. The MAP sensor measures engine
vacuum and tells the computer how much load the engine is under. The computer
then takes this data and adjusts fuel delivery and ignition timing, to deliver
maximum efficiency and performance. Two common problems that prevent this
sensor from functioning correctly are broken vacuum lines (due to age and engine
heat) and corroded electrical connections. Failure of the MAP sensor can result in
stalling, rough idle, poor fuel mileage, and poor driving performance.

MASS AIR FLOW SENSOR

This sensor measures the volume of air being drawn into the engine so that the
computer can compensate for changes in altitude and air density. The information is
converted into an electrical signal that is analyzed by the computer, resulting in the
adjustment of fuel injector timing to deliver optimum performance and fuel economy.
Were it not for this sensor, your car wouldnt be able to respond to changes in the
weather or the altitude, factors which can have a significant affect on air volume, and
consequently affect the air to fuel ratio.

MASTER CYLINDER
This is the hydraulic pump that pushes the brake fluid through the brake lines,
ultimately applying the brakes. Located on the driver's side in the engine
compartment (mounted on the fire wall), the master cylinder is actuated by the
brake pedal. This component also serves as the brake fluid reservoir.

MIXTURE CONTROL SOLENOID

Used on computer controlled carburetors, the mixture control solenoid controls the
blend of air and fuel to produce the perfect air/fuel mixture necessary for combustion
within the engine.

MSRP
Acronym that stands for Manufacturers Suggested Retail Price.

MUFFLER
The part of the exhaust system that eliminates the engines exhaust noise.

N
NEUTRAL SAFETY SWITCH
An electrical switch that is wired into the ignition switch and transmission shifter. This
is to prevent engine cranking unless the shift lever is in park, neutral, or the clutch is
depressed. Without the neutral safety switch, the car would start in all gears,
presenting a safety hazard. An easy way to diagnose a bad neutral safety switch is
when the car wont start, move the shifter back and forth between gears, then place
the selector in neutral. If the vehicle starts chances are pretty good that the neutral
safety switch has gone bad.

O
O2 SENSOR
The O2 Sensor monitors the amount of oxygen in the engines exhaust. The
computer uses this data to maintain the correct air/fuel mixture that is being
delivered to the engine. If the O2 sensor gets dirty due to excessive carbon (from
inefficient combustion within the engine), it reads the oxygen levels inaccurately.
Consequently, it will then adjust the air/fuel ratio inaccurately. This translates into
poor performance and poor fuel mileage!
OIL PAN
An oil pan is a bath-shaped reservoir located under the crankcase or cylinder block of
an engine. The oil is stored in the oil pan when the vehicle is not running. When the
engine is in operation, the oil is cooled in the oil pan. The oil pump pick-up (much
like a vacuum cleaner head) is submerged in the oil pan, and when you start up your
car, the pump distributes the oil throughout the engine.

OIL PUMP
The oil pump is located at the bottom of the engine and (in most cases) is
submerged in the engines oil (sometimes a "dry sump" pump is used, this is where
the pump is located in a remote place from the crankcase, usually in performance
applications). The pump has a mechanical drive that drives it off the crankshaft or
camshaft. The oil pump has a pickup tube that has a screen attached to it. This
screen keeps out any particulate matter that might find its way into the oil pan. On
engine that are neglected and the oil is not changed every 3,000 miles, sludge builds
up in the oil pan blocking oil flow through the pump resulting in major engine
damage and wear.

ON-THE-FLY-SHIFTING
In Vehicles equipped with this feature, the four-wheel drive can be engaged while
driving the vehicle. A lot of systems require that you stop the vehicle before
engaging the 4 WD.

P
P-METRIC TIRE SIZING SYSTEM
This system is used to communicate the size of a tire. The size is expressed by a
combination of both letters and numbers. For example, in the case of a P18575R14,
the "P" stands for passenger car service, 185 stands for the width of the tire
(sidewall to sidewall) in millimeters inflated to the manufacturer's pressure
specifications and mounted on the proper rim size for that tire. 75 is the "aspect
ratio." (it is the height of the sidewall expressed as a percentage of the width
measurement). R means that the tire is a radial design. 14 is the rim size. There no
more mystery!

PART TIME 4WD

This is the most basic of all 4WD systems. It gives the driver the ability to choose
when to drive in two-wheel drive or 4WD. This is all good and well, until you realize
that you really cant engage the 4WD on pavement unless its very, very slippery.
Thats because, with this system, when you engage 4WD you lock the front and rear
wheels together through the transmission and transfer gearbox. This is great for
straight-ahead traction on very slippery surfaces. However, on dry pavement it
makes for odd driving, cornering, and handling characteristics. Also you can harm
the drive train components by driving in 4WD for extended periods while on dry
pavement. So why choose this type of system? Three reasons: 1. Its less costly to
build and therefore to buy 2. Its often very durable under heavy stress 3. When you
dont need 4WD you can disengage it

PCV SYSTEM
During engine operation, internal pressure builds up from gases called crankcase
fumes. This is a normal phenomenon, as a matter of fact back in the old days,
(before emission control systems) the way this crankcase pressure was vented was
through a crankcase tube that spewed those stinky, noxious crankcase gases into
the air that we breathe. Then, someone finally realized that this stuff (the vapor) was
bad to breathe and was contributing to air pollution, so they designed a system by
which the vapor buildup within the engine could be recycled back into the engine and
be burned. The crankcase tube was sealed and the vapors rerouted through a valve
called the PCV Valve and to the air intake where the vapors were sent back into the
engine to be re-burned, thus further cleaning the air of pollutants.

PCV VALVE
The PCV Valve recirculates partially burned gases from the engines crankcase to the
combustion chamber. This improves fuel economy and reduces engine emissions
while preventing the buildup of harmful sludge and corrosion. PCV stands for Positive
Crankcase Ventilation.

PERMANENT 4WD
Is similar to full-time 4WD but it has no two-wheel drive mode. The vehicle is always
in 4WD, so you dont have to determine whether conditions are right to engage it.
We still have transmission, transfer gearbox and center differential coupling the front
and rear wheels. The only difference is that torque (or power) is constantly being
applied to all the wheels, giving maximum traction in all weather and road
conditions. Current systems have high and low modes for when the going gets
tough; however, most importantly, the system does the thinking for you it
automatically applies as much lock up (to all the wheels) as necessary for maximum
traction.

PISTON
A cylindrically shaped metal piece (like a plug) that is moved back and forth in a
cylinder by pressure from explosion of the air/fuel mixture fed into the cylinder then
ignited by the sparkplug. Or in other applications, from the introduction of liquid or
air. In an engine, an explosion in the cylinder forces the piston downward (power
stroke), which in turn moves the crankshaft powering the car. In a hydraulic system,
like your brakes, when the brake pedal is depressed, liquid is pushed against a
piston, which presses a pad against a rotor, attached to the wheel slowing the car. In
an air brake system, air is applied to an air chamber, which houses a piston that is
moved from air forcing against it. This piston is connected via a mechanical linkage
to a lever that applies the brakes.

POWER STEERING
A steering system designed to make the turning of the steering wheel easier. A
power steering pump creates hydraulic pressure, which powers the steering
mechanism (rack & pinion unit or steering box).

POWERTRAIN
Those components that power the car; including the engine, transmission and drive
axle.

PRE-LOSS CONDITION
Pre-loss condition is a term used by insurance companies to describe the condition
of a vehicle prior to damage, either from a collision or some other circumstance.
Insurance companies are bound by the insurance policy to return the vehicle to pre-
loss condition. Often times, insurance companies will choose not to use a brand new
body part on a vehicle with high mileage for this very reason. A simple example an
insurance company cannot justify installing a brand new fender on a 1989 Buick
Century with 90,000 miles on it. They are responsible for restoring the car to pre-
loss condition, not rebuilding it to brand new condition. Therefore, on older vehicles
they request a good used part or an after-market part in the rebuilding process. To
expect more from them would be unreasonable.

PRESSURE PLATE
The pressure plate applies pressure to the clutch disc, creating the solid coupling
between the engine and the transmission. This pressure is applied by high-tension
springs that push a smooth plate against the clutch disc, thus connecting the
transmission to the engine and ultimately driving the wheels.

R
RACK AND PINION STEERING
This steering system allows for more responsive handling and is found mostly in
newer cars. It consists of a steering shaft that is controlled (or turned) by the
steering wheel. At the end of the shaft there is a small gear called the pinion gear.
The pinion gear meshes with a toothed bar called the rack. This bar is connected to
the steering linkage (tie rods) that control the two front wheels. When the steering
wheel is turned right or left, the rack is moved right or left, resulting in the steering
of the vehicle.

RADIATOR
First of all, we need to understand how the water in your engine gets hot the
engine has lining the cylinders what is called water jackets. Water flows through
these jackets conducting the heat that emanates from the combustion chambers.
The water is then circulated through the radiator, which consists of tubes that are
surrounded by fins that directs air over the tubes. The air that is directed by the
fins over the radiators tubes (through which the hot water flows) cools the water
flowing through the tubes. This cools the water in your engine.

RADIATOR SUPPORT
The bracket or holder for the vehicle's radiator. The radiator support is usually
fashioned in the form of a metal frame and is built into the front section of the
vehicle's frame or body.

ROCKER ARM
These are pivoting levers that transfer the movement caused from the rotating lobes
of the camshaft to the opening and closing intake and exhaust valves.

ROD KNOCK
This term sends chills through every motorist that hears it but most people dont
know what it means. All they know is that it costs a lot to fix! When an engine
develops a rod knock its because the connecting rod bearings have worn out. The
crankshaft is what moves the piston up and down in its cylinder the piston is
connected to the crankshaft via a connecting rod. This rod has at the end of it a
round yoke split in half that bolts together. The yoke has Teflon bearing inserts that
sit within it; these bearings ride smoothly on the crankshaft as the piston is pumped
up and down. When the bearings wear out from lack of lubrication or just age and
wear, a knocking sound starts to emanate from the crankcase. At first it might sound
like a light pecking, but as time goes on, it will eventually sound like the Hammers of
Hell! When this occurs, the only thing to do is either rebuild the engine or replace it,
it all depends on the extent of the damage.

RPM
An acronymn that means: Revolutions Per Minute-- a unit of measure used to
express the rotational speed of an engine.

S
SEALED BEAM
A headlight design where the lens, reflector, and bulb are all one unit. Sealed beams
are secured in a housing within the front grille of the vehicle call a "headlight
bucket."

SERPENTINE BELT TENSIONER

This is a spring-loaded pulley that pushes against the back of a serpentine belt to
keep the belt at the proper adjustment. When the automatic tensioner becomes
weak from wear, the serpentine belt does not bite into the pulleys which drive
various components, such as power steering pumps, alternators, water pumps, and
any thing else that is driven by the serpentine belt. The result is glazing of and
premature failure of the belt, not to mention poor alternator, power steering, and
water pump performance.

SERVOS
Servos apply certain mechanical functions. For instance, in an automatic
transmission, if first gear is actuated by the application of a band, the servo is what
applies that band. The servo is nothing more than a mechanism (either hydraulically,
vacuum, or mechanically operated) that is connected to a mechanical linkage, that
when actuated by its governing force, moves whatever it must to perform a
function, when the need for a certain application arises, the servo makes that
application.

SHIMMY
A shimmy is a rapid side to side shaking of the front wheels. Shimmies are usually
caused by one of the following: a bent rim; a shifted belt in a tire (causing one steel
belt to slide sideways on top of the other belt, causing a wave in the tread); a loose
steering linkage component; a loose suspension component; or a loose halfshaft or
CV joint. If the shimmy occurs while cruising, the cause is usually due to a faulty
steering or suspension component. If the shimmy only occurs under acceleration,
then it is usually attributed to a faulty drivetrain component such as a halfshaft or CV
joint. Finally, if the shimmy is constant from a dead stop and intensifies with speed,
then the technician should look for a bent rim or a shifted belt in a tire. A good
inspection of the above mentioned components usually exposes the cause of a
shimmy.

SHOCK ABSORBERS
A hydraulic suspension component filled with hydraulic fluid or gas that absorbs
spring oscillations, forces downward pressure on the tire keeping it down on the road
and contributes to a smoother, more controlled ride.

SOLENOID
Solenoids are electromagnetic switches. When electricity is sent to the solenoid, a
magnetic field forms. The magnetic field moves a metal piston, which is connected to
a mechanism that performs a function. When the metal piston moves, the application
is made. The application may be the moving of a valve, switch, or mechanical
linkage.

SPARKPLUG
A sparkplug is a device that provides a fixed air gap for an electrical current to jump
across, in order to create an electrical spark. It is this spark which ignites the air/fuel
mixture that has been injected into the combustion chamber. And it is the energy
from this mini-explosion that creates the power stroke (pushes the piston down),
powering the vehicle. Sparkplugs can get fouled (dirty) from various conditions: (1)
bad sparkplug wires not delivering a hot enough spark (2) excessively rich fuel
mixtures and (3) oil finding its way into the engine for any number of reasons. When
a sparkplug gets dirty, it becomes ineffective (wont produce a hot enough spark to
effectively and efficiently ignite the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber). This
results in reduced fuel economy and poor power.

SPINDLE
The part of the vehicle's suspension/steering system that the hub/wheel bearing
assembly rides on. Spindles are typically found on rear wheel and 4WD systems.

STEEL BELT PACKAGE

The steel belt package consists of the belts in a steel belted radial tire. The belts in a
radial tire are attached to the carcass (or body) of the tire, which is the foundation of
the tire. On conventional passenger car tires, this package usually is comprised of
two steel belts; one lied over the top of the other. On high performance tires, one
more belt is used. It is a "nylon overlay," and is wrapped around the entire steel belt
package to keep it together at high speeds. As the nylon heats up from the friction
produced at high speeds, the natural tendency of the nylon is to shrink, thus working
against the natural effects of centrifugal force, which is to throw the tire apart. The
steel belt package is designed to keep the tread of the tire flat on the ground and
open for maximum traction; in addition, it protects the tire from puncture.

STEERING LINKAGE
On vehicles not equipped with Rack & Pinion steering, a steering linkage system is
used. It is a series of steel bars that are connected together using ball and socket
joints. Such components as the Pitman Arm, Tie Rods, Drag Link, and Idler arm
make up the steering linkage system. When all bolted together, supported to the
frame, and connected to the steering gear box via the Pitman Arm, the cars wheels
are able to turn right or left in response to the turning of the steering wheel right or
left.

SUSPENSION
A vehicles suspension system is made up of the components on which the vehicle
rides, including shock absorbers, struts, springs (coil or leaf), sway bars, ball joints,
control arms, or torsion bars. These parts work together to provide a smooth
comfortable ride, as well as good control and handling of the vehicle. These
components take a beating on a daily basis and therefore wear out. This wear causes
the alignment angles to go out of adjustment, which results in tire wear and poor
handling. Thats why its a good practice to have alignment checks every 12,000
miles or 12 months, whichever comes first.

SUV
Acronym that stands for Sport Utility Vehicle. A good example of an SUV would be a
Ford Explorer, Chevrolet Blazer, Dodge Durango, or a Toyota 4Runner.

SWAYBAR
Sometimes referred to as a stabilizer bar, the SWAYBAR is a suspension component
designed to keep the body of a vehicle stable during cornering. In most cases the
swaybar is made of solid spring steel (in a few instances, its hollow steel). It links
the front suspension components (and the rear suspension systems on some sports
cars), stabilizing the vehicles body during a turn by preventing it from rolling to the
right or left. The swaybar is usually attached to the suspension system via some sort
of linking system made up of long bolts, bushings, rubber bushings, metal washers,
and locknuts.

T
THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR (TPS)
The Throttle Position Sensor (or TPS) tells the computer how hard youre stepping on
the gas pedal so that the computer can match fuel delivery to the volume of air and
ignition timing load. On electronically shifted transmissions, this sensor is intricately
involved in the shifting strategy. For instance, the TPS reads when the gas pedal is
depressed, sending a message to the computer that there is a need for acceleration;
the transmission is commanded to select the correct transmission gear based on the
load it sees. When youre cruising without the need for acceleration, the TPS tells
the transmission to maintain its gear.

TIMING BELT
Many of today's cars are equipped with a timing belt in place of the old timing chain.
The function of this small yet critical member is to keep your engine mechanically "in
time." How they work: In a four-stroke internal combustion engine (intake,
compression, power, exhaust) the top half of the engine must be synchronized (or in
time) with the bottom half to complete the four stroke cycle. The timing belt
achieves this by meshing with cogs connected to the crankshaft and camshaft. The
driving of these components in perfect time achieves the four stroke cycle, producing
power in the engine. The timing belt is made out of rubber and is subject to wear
and tear due to mechanical and environmental conditions. The bottom line with
timing belts is to have them checked every 25,000 miles and replaced every 50,000
miles. Telltale signs of a failing belt are cracks, cuts, worn or broken teeth, and
deterioration from wear and exposure to harmful fluids and/or high temperatures. If
the belt's teeth are gone, the valve timing can be affected by either excessive
advancement or retardation, resulting in poor engine performance. If the belt breaks,
major engine damage can occur on some engines.

TOE IN OR OUT
Look down at the tops of your feet. Okay, now turn them inward excessively. Now
you have what your tires look like when theyre toed-in too far. Now turn your feet
outward excessively. Thats what your tires look like when theyre toed-out too far.
This alignment angle is adjusted through the lengthening or shortening of a steering
linkage part called a tierod. As you can probably tell, when this angle is out or in too
far it will wear tires. This angle also effects whether your steering wheel is straight or
crooked. So if your steering wheels crooked, your toes way out!

TOM TORBJORNSEN
Host of a popular automotive call-in radio show.

TORQUE CONVERTER
The torque converter converts hydraulic pressure within an automatic transmission to
mechanical torque, which drives the drive shafts and, ultimately, the wheels of your
car. In design, the torque converter is similar to a turbine engine. Fluid is forced
under pressure through small passages called fins. These passages vary in size and
flip flop in direction. As fluid is forced through the passages (which get smaller in
size) a strong, almost solid fluid coupling is created. This is what drives the
driveshafts and wheels.

TRACTION CONTROL
Traction control is an option on many cars today. When engaged, it "senses" when a
driving tire has no traction. The system will then compensate for this by slowing the
spinning wheel through partial application of the brake. The system uses wheel
speed sensors to monitor the wheel speed. When traction is lost the sensor prompts
the brake computer to partially apply the brake to the wheel that is spinning,
allowing it to gain traction. I call it Antilock brakes in reverse. This system improves
traction in areas where it may normally be hard to do so (IE: snow, gravel, and rain).
Traction Control has its origins in Formula 1 Racing where optimum traction is a must
for safety and maximum performance.

TRANSFER GEARBOX
An auxiliary gearbox attached to the transmission, which allows you to shift into a
high and low range for serious pulling.

TRANSMISSION
The component of the drivetrain that transmits (hence the term transmission) the
engines power to the drive wheels. Transmissions either shift automatically (in the
case of an automatic transmission) or under the control of the driver (in the case of a
standard or manual transmission).

TRANSVERSE MOUNT
This term refers to the position of the engine in the vehicle. The engine is mounted
sideways in the engine compartment so that the front of it faces one of the tires. This
design is common in front-wheel-drive cars. This enables the car to be more
compact, utilizing the space under the hood more efficiently. Transverse design also
aids in traction because of the increased weight over the front (or drive) wheels.

TURN SIGNAL SWITCH

Electrical switch located behind the steering wheel. The turn signal has a lever
attached to it that when pushed up or down, actuates the turn signals. In addition to
the turn signals, the 4-way flashers and the horn are usually actuated through this
switch as well.
U
UNDERCARRIAGE
The underside of a vehicle.

UNDERCOATING
Undercoating is a heavy protective coating applied to the underside of a vehicle. The
undercoating has a dual function: (1) to resist corrosion and damage from road
stone impact and (2) to reduce noise transmitted from under the vehicle. Some
companies offer complete rust protection, which includes not only undercoating,
but also the injection of a rust inhibiting foam into the body cavities of the vehicle.

UNITIZED BEARING/HUB ASSEMBLY

Found on front wheel drive as well as some all wheel drive systems, the unitized
bearing/hub assembly is a sealed self contained front wheel bearing and hub
assembly that is driven by the front drive axles. These differ with standard
hub/bearing systems in that there is no adjustment and they are lubricated and
sealed from the factory, when the bearings go bad, you replace the entire unit.

UNIVERSAL JOINT
A flexible joint make of steel that connects the drive axle to the wheels and allows
movement of driveshafts and halfshafts that come about from road inpressions,
turning right or left, curbs, shoulders, and anything else that might require
movement of the driveshaft to driven wheels necessary.

V
VACUUM RESERVOIR
A small chamber made of either metal or plastic usually in the shape of a can or a
ball that stores and provides vacuum muscle if you will, needed for the operation of
vacuum operated devices such as dashpots, servos, HVAC controls and anything else
that needs vacuum. On computer controlled cars, a steady strong vacuum signal is
needed for proper operation of the performance system.

VALVE
A valve is a device that is controlled mechanically or electrically to meter or prevent
the flow of a liquid or gas. Most internal combustion engines use intake and exhaust
valves to control the flow of the air/fuel mixture into the combustion chamber and to
exhaust burnt gases. Some engines have up to four valves per cylinder to increase
efficiency and performance. Valves are used in other automotive applications as well.
Cooling systems, transmissions, and air conditioning systems use valves where
metering of a liquid or gas is necessary.

VALVE BODY
The valve body is the brain of the transmission. Up and down shifting is controlled by
the valve body through hydraulic pressure and electronic commands from the
vehicles performance system. The valve body directs the flow of transmission oil to
where it is needed in order for the transmission to perform a function (for example,
the application of passing gear). The environment within which the valve body
operates must be sterile. Varnish buildup and wear material can clog the valve body,
causing erratic shift patterns of the transmission. This is why the transmission fluid
and filter should be changed every 30,000 miles.

VALVE JOB
An automotive repair that refurbishes the cylinder head. The head is disassembled,
cleaned, resurfaced, the seats and valves ground (or made straight and smooth from
the machining process) and then reassembled. This makes for higher compression
and more efficient combustion.

VALVE STEM
A valve stem is a device that allows you to put air in your tires. Made of cast rubber,
the valve stem has a spring-loaded valve that screws inside of it. The air pressure
within the tire forces the valve seat against a seal; this is how the air is held in a tire.
The valve snuggly fits into a hole in the rim that is smaller than its diameter; this
forms an air seal. Valve stems are subject to the weather and other environmental
elements, causing the rubber to break down and leak. Have them inspected every
time you have your tires rotated (every 6,000 miles) and replace them every time
you replace your tires.

VALVE-STEM SEAL
A valve-stem seal is a device placed on or around the valve stem that reduces the
amount of engine oil that can get on the stem. If oil is allowed to get on the stem, it
works its way down into the combustion chamber and is burned (we dont want the
engine to burn oil!). These seals usually take the form of an o-ring or umbrella,
and are usually made of rubber or Teflon. How they work is quite simple: When the
valve is opening and closing, they seal on the down stroke, preventing the flow of
engine oil down the valve shaft and into the combustion chamber.

VALVE-TO-PISTON INTERFERENCE
This term refers to what happens when the engine gets mechanically out of time due
to a timing chain or belt either breaking or stretching. In this term, the word
interference refers to the valves hitting the pistons on "Interference Type" engines.
When this occurs, the engine is usually left beyond repair and replacement is
necessary.

VEHICLE WADDLE
The term WADDLE is used to describe the side-to-side oscillation of a moving vehicle.
Waddle is usually a result of suspension damage, tire damage, or a bent tire rim.
The suspension wear that causes a waddle is usually a worn ball joint strut or strut
mount. If it is caused by a tire problem, it is probably a shifted belt.

VIN or VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

A combination of letters and numbers that identify an individual vehicle. It is located
on the driver's side of the dashboard at the base where the windshield glass and
dashboard meet. This inconvenient location is chosen so that in most cars the
windshield would have to be removed to falsify the VIN number, discouraging
tampering. The VIN # will identify a vehicle to the point of specific equipment,
engine and transmission type, and color.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Have you heard the term voltage regulator? Want to know what it is? The voltage
regulator is what regulates alternator output and maintains a delicate charging
system voltage balance. The charging system in your car operates at 13.8 to 14.2
volts providing the necessary voltage to operate the various electric functions in your
car. Say for instance youre driving at night with the headlights on and it starts to
rain. You immediately turn on the wipers, radio to monitor the weather, and the
defroster on high to defog the windshield. All these demands cause the voltage
regulator to swing into action putting the alternator in high output mode to power all
these things. When the demand is shut off, then the voltage regulator switches off
high alternator output to regular operation. The voltage regulator maintains the
electrical balance between reserve and demand.

Vavle Body
The valve body is the brain of the transmission. Up and down shifting is controlled by
the valve body through hydraulic pressure and electronic commands from the
vehicle's performance system. The valve body directs the flow of transmission oil to
where it is needed in order for the transmission to perform a function (for example,
the application of "passing gear"). The environment within which the valve body
operates must be sterile. Varnish buildup and wear material can clog the valve body,
causing erratic shift patterns of the transmission. This is why the transmission fluid
and filter should be changed every 30,000 miles.

W
WATER JACKET (part of the cooling system)
Chambers (shaped like long tunnels), casted into the engine block that line each of
the cylinders. Water is pumped through these chambers during engine operation.
The water absorbs the heat generated within the engine during operation and carries
it away to the radiator where it is cooled.

WHEEL BEARING
The bearing on which the hub assemblies ride. Located inside the wheel hub
assembly, the bearing is made up of rollers and an outer and inner race. The race is
what the rollers ride on. Some wheel bearings are adjustable while others (as in the
case of unitized bearing/hub assemblies) are not. Wheel bearings are lubricated with
wheel bearing grease (a special lubricant designed for the high temp and friction
environment) and are sealed with grease seals.

WHEEL CYLINDER
This device is what pushes the brake shoes against the drum surface. Here's how
they work: when the brake pedal is pushed, hydraulic fluid flows to the outermost
parts of the system, in this case, the wheel cylinders are part of that point. The fluid
enters the cylinder and pushes the pistons within the cylinders outward against small
pushrods which ultimately push the brake shoes out and stop the vehicle.

WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

A device used at the wheels with antilock braking systems. It senses the speed at
which each wheel is rotating and transmits this information to the electronic
hydraulic control unit. When the sensor senses that a wheel is locking up, the ABS
pumps hydraulic pressure to that wheel, allowing it to rotate which gives the driver
better control of the vehicle.

WHEELBASE
The distance from the centerline of the front wheels to the centerline of the rear
wheels.

WHEELCHAIR LIFT
A mechanical device which is deployed from a vehicle, allowing people who use
wheelchairs or have trouble stepping up, easy access. These devices are powered by
electricity or hydraulics, but are designed to operate manually in the event that one
of the power sources fails. Wheelchair lifts come in two designs, one is a retracting
platform and the other is a fold-up lifting device that is very similar in design to a
crane.

Y
YOKE
A split, fork-like device that's usually casted of iron or steel that is used to hold,
support, or apply pressure to another part in two places. Driveshafts use yokes to
connect transmissions to differentials on rear wheel drive cars.

Z
ZERK FITTING
A grease fitting. Zerk fittings usually are made in the shape of a nipple for the grease
gun to snap onto so that grease can be pumped into the component that needs to be
lubricated. Balljoints and steering linkage usually have zerk fittings for lube
application.