3/9/2017 Boddeker'sPHY132Lecture

Ch 14 Oscillatory Motion
Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring
The restoring force (Hookes law) is the force applied by a spring to bring the system back to
equilibrium.
v = dx/dt FNet = ma Fs = -kx

a = dv/dt ma = -kx

a = d2x/ dt2 a = -(k/m) x

d2x/ dt2 = -(k/m) x
Harmonic Motion: Simple: OW-A-HS (use apparatus of Driven, below)

Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion
d2x/ dt2 = -(k/m) x d2x/ dt2 = -(k/m) x
d2x/ dt2 = - 2x
Now we have to find a math

function that fits this case. Well use the following solution AF15.2

x(t) = A cos(t + )
(sine also worksbut were choosing cosine)
First were going to allow
v = dx/dt = -A sin(t + )
2 = k/m

why 2 we know the result
and its best for simplification
of our equations if 2 = k/m
a = dv/dt = -A 2 cos(t + )
AF15.7
Where is the phase constant
= (k/m) is angular velocity (in radians)
which is also called angular frequency AF15.9

T = 1/f = 2f
A simple harmonic oscillator takes 12.0 s to (a) (b) (c)
undergo five complete vibrations. Find
(a) the period of its motion T = 12 sec / 5 vib f = 1/T = 2f
(b) the frequency in hertz
(c) angular frequency in radians/sec T = 2.4 sec f = 1 / 2.4 = 2(0.417)

f = 0.417 Hz = 2.62 rad/s

Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator

K = mv2 U = kx2
K = m(-A sin(t + )) 2 U = k (A cos(t + ))2
K = m A2 2 sin2(t + ) U = k A2 cos2(t + )

TE = K + U sin2 + cos2 = 1 2 = k/m

TE = m A2 2 sin2 (t + ) + k A2 cos2 (t + )

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TE = m A2 (k/m) sin2 (t + ) + k A2 cos2 (t + )

TE = kA2
Example TE = kA2 2 = k/m = 2f f = 1/T
A 200-g block is attached to a horizontal
spring and executes simple harmonic A2 = 2 TE / k 42/T2 = k/m
motion with a period of 0.250 s. If the A2 = 2 (2) / 126.3 k = 4 2 m / T2
total energy of the system is 2.00 J, k = 4 2 m / T2
A = 0.178 meters
what is the amplitude of the motion?
k = 126.3 N/m

Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion

x(t) = A cos(t + )

The Pendulum
< 10 Newtons 2nd law in Torsional Pendulum
tan = sin =
rotation
( must be in radians) Any suspended rod with a
s=L = I
mass attached at the

x = d = sin R (lever arm)

bottom, when torqued
F = ma F = -mg sin

= Fd rotates as a Torsional
ma = -mg sin
= I pendulum where
a = -g sin

d2s/dt2 = -g sin mg(sin R) = I (d2/dt2) = -

d2s/dt2 = -g
at small angles = I
mgR = I (d2/dt2) = I (d2/dt2)
Ld2/dt2 = -g
d2/dt2 = (mgR/I)

d2/dt2 = -(g/L) - = I (d2/dt2)

in the same form as
in the same form as d2/dt2 = -(/I)
d2x/dt2 = -(k/m) x
d2x/dt2 = -(k/m) x
with the solution of in the same form as
with the solution of
x(t) = A cos(t + ) d2x/dt2 = -(k/m) x
x(t) = A cos(t + )
where = (k/m)
where = (k/m)


(t) = max cos(t + )
(t) = max cos(t + )
(t) = max cos(t + ) where = ( /I)
where = (mgR/I)
where = (g/L)
used to measure the T = 2 (I/)
T = 2/ = 2/(g/L) moment of inertia
T = 2 (L/g)
Example T = 2 (L/g)
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3/9/2017 Boddeker'sPHY132Lecture
A man enters a tall tower, needing to know its height.
L = T2 g /42
He notes that a long pendulum extends from the ceiling almost
to the floor and that its period is 12.0 s. How tall is the tower?
L = 122 (9.8)/ 42

L = 35.7 meters
Simple Pendulum: OW-A-SP

Damped Oscillations
Damped Oscillator: Natural Frequency:
Amplitude decreases in The freq w/o a
time until stops. resistive force, bv
Fx = -kx bvx = m ax section 6.4
-kx b vx = m ax
-kx b dx/dt = m d2x/dt2
solution (when resistive force is insignificant)

where or

underdamped critically damped overdamped

where o2 = k/m and bvmax < kA bcrit/2m = o bvmax > kA and
o is called the natural frequency
b/2m > o

Example x = A e-bt/2m 5.5/15 = e-b(1000)/2m

A pendulum with a length of 1.00 m ln(5.5/15) = -1000b / 2m
is released from an initial angle of xf = Ae-b(1000)/2m
-1.003 = -1000b / 2m
15.0. After 1000 s, its amplitude -bt/2m
xi = A e b/2m = 0.001 s-1
has been reduced by friction to


5.50.
5.5 = e-b(1000)/2m
What is the value of b/2 m?
15 = e (0)b/2m

Forced Oscillations

Harmonic Motion, Driven OW-A-HM

By applying a constant force that does positive
work, we can compensate the loss of amplitude
for a damped oscillator.

Solution is
The classic example is the child on a swingto
x(t) = A cos(t + )
maintain a large amplitude the child must maintain
an energy input by pumping his/her legs. When is approx equal to o and when b is small

(legs pumping) (resistive force) (Hookes law) {b (as in bv) is called the damping term} resonance occurs.

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F = Fcyclic added force b v - kx Resonance occurs when a small energy input (positive
F = Fo sin t b dx/dt - kx work) leads to a dramatic increase in amplitude near
the natural frequency, o .

** The below section is copied verbatim from Serway/Jewitt **
The applied force is in phase with the velocity at resonance frequency. The rate at which work is done
on the oscillator by F equals the dot product Fv this rate is the power delivered to the oscillator.
Because the product Fv is a maximum when F and v are in phase, we conclude that
at resonance the applied force is in phase with the velocity and the power transferred to the
oscillator is a maximum.

Example

A weight of 40.0 N is suspended

from a spring that has a force Since b = 0,
constant of 200 N/m. The system is
undamped and is subjected to a
= 2f 2
o = k / m A = F /m / (2 - o 2)
harmonic driving force of frequency
= 210 0.02 = (F/4) /(4000-50)
10.0 Hz, resulting in a forced-motion o 2 = 200/4 kg
= 20 F = 316 N
amplitude of 2.00 cm. Determine the o 2 = 50 rad2/s2
maximum value of the driving force. 2 = 4000 s-2

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