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BEAMS
Beams span between supports to carry loads which are
resisted by bending and shear. However, deflections and local
stresses are also important.
To check the adequacy of the restraint provided by the floor, the following
approximations can be used.
Pv = 0.6 py Av
where:
If the shear force Fv does not exceed 60% of the shear capacity Pv, the effect
of shear on the bending capacity is low enough to be ignored.
where:
S - is the section plastic modulus
Seff - is the section effective plastic modulus
Z - is the section elastic modulus
Zeff - is the section effective elastic modulus
py - is the section design strength
Moment capacity with high shear load (Cl. 4.2.5.3)
If the shear load is greater than 60% of the shear capacity, the effect of
shear should be taken into account when calculating the moment
capacity.
where:
= (2 (Fv/ Pv) 1)2
Sv is the plastic modulus of the shear area for sections with equal
flanges (i.e. Dt2/4)
Sv is the plastic modulus of the whole section minus the plastic modulus
of the flanges for sections with unequal flanges
(v) Web bearing and buckling
Where loads are applied directly through the flange of the
section, for example where a load is applied to the top flange
from an incoming beam, the web should be checked for
bearing and buckling.
(vi) Deflection
Deflection is a serviceability limit state and in general
calculations should be based on unfactored imposed load.
However, there are some exceptions. Calculated deflections
should be checked against the suggested limits given in Table
8 of BS 5950-1(Clause 2.5.1)
Deflections at the serviceability limit state can be calculated for simply
supported beams, from the following standard formulae.
where:
is the beam mid-span deflection
L is the length of the member
E is the Youngs modulus
I is the second moment of area about the axis of loading
Summary of design procedure
1. Select section and steel grade
5. For Class 1 and Class 2 sections use the gross section properties
where:
2f is the limiting value of b/T for a Class 2 compact flange
2w is the limiting value of d/t for a Class 2 compact web
3f is the limiting value of b/T for a Class 3 semi-compact flange
3w is the limiting value of d/t for a Class 3 semi compact web
Sx and Sy are the plastic moduli
Zx and Zy are the elastic moduli
Similar formulae are also given for rectangular hollow
sections and circular hollow sections.
The reduction factor allows for the fact that the dispersion of
load can be restricted due to the proximity of the end of the
member. Figure shows a buckling failure and illustrates the
definition of ae.
The web buckling check assumes that the flange through
which the load or reaction is applied is effectively restrained
against both:
(a) Rotation relative to the web
(b) Lateral movement relative to the other flange
If either condition a) or b) is not met, then the buckling resistance
should be reduced to Pxr, which is given by:
where:
d is the depth of the web
LE is the effective length of the web depending on the conditions of
end restraints
The length of the unrestrained span, i.e. the distance between points
at which lateral deflection is prevented.
All the factors above are brought together in a single parameter LT,
the equivalent slenderness of the beam.
The shape of the bending moment diagram also has an effect
on the buckling resistance.
Mx Mcx
where:
Any reductions for high shear forces should be included in this check.
Cl. 4.2.5.3
Buckling resistance
The buckling resistance of the member between either the ends
of the member or any intermediate restraints, a segment,
should be checked as: (Cl. 4.3.6.2)
Mx Mb/mLT
where:
LT = u v (w)0.5
where:
u - is a buckling parameter obtained from section property tables
V - is a slenderness factor obtained from Table 19 of BS 5950-1
and depends on /x
x - is the torsional index, obtained from section property tables
- is the slenderness, taken as LE/ry
LE - is the effective length between points of restraint
ry - is the radius of gyration about the minor axis
w = 1.0 for Class 1 and Class 2 sections
w = Sx,eff/Sx for Class 3 sections when Sx,eff is used to calculate Mb
w = Zx/Sx for Class 3 sections when Zx is used to calculate Mb
w = Zx,eff/Sx for Class 4 sections.
The above expression for LT can also be used for channel sections,
provided that certain conditions given in the code are met. (Cl.
4.3.6.7b)
For a rectangular hollow section for which LE/ry exceeds the limiting
value given in Table 15 of BS 5950-1, the equivalent slenderness LT
should be calculated using Annex B.2.6 of BS 5950-1.
Effective length
Beams without intermediate lateral restraints
The simple model of lateral torsional buckling on which the Codes rules
are based, assumes that the ends of the member are effectively pinned in
both the vertical and horizontal planes. The type of restraint provided in
practice at the ends of the member needs to be considered and this is done
by use of an effective length; the effective length may be greater than or
less than the actual length of the member between restraints. Cl. 4.3.5
Values of effective length LE are given in BS 5950-1 Table 13 for beams and
Table 14 for cantilevers.
For most beams, the effective length will be less than or equal to the actual
length. However, if the member is torsionally unrestrained at the end, or
the load is destabilising then the effective length may be greater than the
actual length. This is reflected in the values given in Tables 13 and 14 of the
code.
Destabilising loads (Cl. 4.3.4)
Destabilising loads are loads that are applied to the beam above the
shear centre and are free to move with the beam as it deflects laterally
and twists. Such loads increase the twist on the beam and induce
additional stresses. Therefore, destabilising loads reduce the resistance
of a member to lateral torsional buckling and to account for this the
effective length is increased as shown in Table 13.
Also the equivalent uniform moment factor mLT should be taken as 1.0.
Theoretically, the effective length could be decreased if the load was
applied below the shear centre but the code makes no allowance for
this.
Beams with intermediate lateral restraints
A segment, i.e. a length of beam between intermediate lateral restraints,
can be designed as a member without intermediate restraints. The
effective length of the segment should be taken as 1.0 LLT for normal
loading conditions and 1.2 LLT for destabilising loads, where LLT is the
length of the relevant segment between restraints. (Cl. 4.3.5.2)
The first part of the table deals with linear moment gradients, i.e.
members with no load between restraints.
The second part deals with specific cases of members that are
subject to transverse loading and the third part provides a
general formulae from which mLT may be calculated for more
complex cases such as continuous beams.
Beam (a) has a central point load that does not restrain the
beam. The unrestrained length is therefore equal to the
length of the beam A-D. The compression flange is subject to
a varying compression and the equivalent uniform moment
factor is 0.85, which is obtained from the specific cases part
of Table 18.
Examples of the effect of moment gradient on mLT
Beam (b) is subject to two point loads that do not restrain the
beam. The unrestrained length is therefore equal to the length
of the beam A-D. The central portion of the beam is in uniform
compression and the beam is more likely to buckle than Beam
(a). In this case the equivalent uniform moment factor is 0.925,
which is obtained from the specific cases part of Table 18.
Examples of the effect of moment gradient on mLT
4. For Class 1 and Class 2 sections use the gross section properties
6. For Class 4 slender sections calculate the effective elastic modulus - Cl. 3.6