1913

This article is about the year 1913.

1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on

Wednesday (dominical letter E) of the Gregorian calen-
dar and a common year starting on Tuesday (dominical
letter F) of the Julian calendar, the 1913th year of the
Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations,
the 913th year of the 2nd millennium, the 13th year of the
20th century, and the 4th year of the 1910s decade. As
of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days
ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized
use until 1923.

1 Events

1.1 January
Main article: January 1913

January 1 The British Board of Film Censors re-

ceives the authority to classify and censor lms.
January 12 (January 25 Old Style) Bolshe-
vik activist Josef Dzhugashvili rst publishes an Ismail Enver
article[1] under the pseudonym Stalin which he
adopts hereafter.[2] At this time he, Adolf Hitler
and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in February 3 The 16th Amendment to the United
Vienna. [3] States Constitution is ratied, authorizing the Fed-
eral government to impose and collect income taxes.
January 13 Edward Carson founds the (rst) Ulster
Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist February 9 Mexican Revolution: Beginning of
militias to resist home rule for Ireland.[4] "La Decena Trgica", the rebellion of some military
chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero.
January 23 General election in Tasmania.
February 13 Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai
January 23 In the 1913 Ottoman coup d'tat,
Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from
Ismail Enver comes to power.
Qing dynasty China.
January 30 The British House of Lords rejects an
Irish Home Rule Bill February 18 Mexican Revolution: President
Francisco I. Madero and Vice President Jos Mara
Pino Surez are forced to resign. Pedro Lascurin
serves as President for less than an hour before Gen-
1.2 February
eral Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes of-
ce
Main article: February 1913
February 22 Mexican Revolution: Assassination
of Francisco I. Madero and Jos Mara Pino Surez.
February 1 New York Citys Grand Central Ter-
minal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds February 23 Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Rus-
largest railroad station. sian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and ex-

1
2 1 EVENTS
iled to Siberia.[5]
February 1: New Yorks Grand Central Terminal as rebuilt.
1.3 March
Main article: March 1913
March
The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th
anniversary of its succession to the throne,
amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment
in Russia.
Following the assassination of his rival Song
Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dis-
solve China's parliament and rules as a dicta-
tor.
c. March 1 British steamship Calvados disappears
in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board.[6][7]
March 3 The Woman surage parade of 1913
takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milhol-
land on horseback.
March 4
Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of
the United States.
The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S.
Department of Labor are established by split-
ting the duties of the 10-year-old Department
of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau,
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey form part of the Department
of Commerce.
March 46 First Balkan War: Battle of Bizani:
Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts
of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina)
from the Ottoman Empire.
March 7 The British freighter Alum Chine, car-
rying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore
harbour.[8]
March 4: Wilson sworn in as the 28th president of the United
States.
March 12 Australia begins building the new fed-
eral capital of Canberra.
March 13 Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa re-
turns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the
United States.
March 17 The Military Aviation Academy (Es-
cuela de Aviacin Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to
become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Area Mili-
tar) on 4 December 1952. The Uruguayan Air Force
(FAU) would grow from this foundation.
March 18 George I of Greece is assassinated after
50 years on the throne. He is succeeded by his son
Constantine.
March 20 Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chi-
nese nationalist party (Kuomintang), is wounded in
an assassination attempt and dies two days later.
March 23 Supporters of Phan Xch Long begin
an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French
Indochina.
March 25 Great Dayton Flood after four days of
rain in the Miami Valley kills over 360 and destroys
20,000 homes, chiey in Dayton.
March 26
Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza an-
nounces his Plan of Guadalupe and begins his
rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's govern-
ment as head of the Constitutionals.
1.6 June 3

Balkan Wars: Siege of Adrianople ends when May 14 New York Governor William Sulzer ap-
Bulgarian forces take Adrianople from the Ot- proves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation,
tomans. which begins operations with a $100,000,000 dona-
tion from John D. Rockefeller.

May 24 Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia mar-

ries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin,
ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of
Hohenzollern and Hanover and becoming the last
great gathering of European sovereigns.

May 26 (May 13 O.S.) Igor Sikorsky becomes the

rst person to pilot a 4-engine xed-wing aircraft.

May 29 The ballet The Rite of Spring, with mu-

sic by Igor Stravinsky conducted by Pierre Mon-
teux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design
by Nicholas Roerich, is premiered by Sergei Di-
March 12: Australia begins building the new capital of Canberra.
aghilev's Ballets Russes at the Thtre des Champs-
lyses in Paris; its modernism provokes one of
the most famous classical music riots in history.[10]
1.4 April The audience includes Gabriele D'Annunzio, Coco
Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and
Main article: April 1913 Maurice Ravel.[11]

May 30 First Balkan War: The Treaty of London

Bernhard Kellermann's novel Der Tunnel is pub-
lished.
April 5 The United States Soccer Federation is
formed.
April 8 The Seventeenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution is passed, dictating the
direct election of senators.
is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those
parts of southern Epirus which it does not already
control and the independence of Albania is recog-
nised.
South Africas rst ying school opens in Kimberley
to train pilots for the South African Aviation Corps,
to become the South African Air Force on 1 Febru-
ary 1920.

April 21 Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built

by John Brown & Company, is launched on the
River Clyde.

April 24 The Woolworth Building opens in New

York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest
building in the world at this date and for more than
a decade after.[9]

1.5 May
Main article: May 1913
May 29: The Rite of Spring is premiered in Paris.

May 3 Raja Harishchandra, the rst full-length In-

dian feature lm is released, marking the beginning
of the Indian lm industry. 1.6 June

May 9July 11 Major industrial strike in the Main article: June 1913
Black Country of England involving 25,000 work-
ers, threatening preparations for World War I in
naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 June 1 The GreekSerbian Treaty of Alliance is
shillings minimum wage. signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.
4 1 EVENTS

June 4 Emily Davison, a British suragette, 1.8 August

runs out in front of the Kings horse, Anmer,
at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies Main article: August 1913
four days later in hospital, never having regained
consciousness.[12]
August 4 Republic of China: the province
June 8 The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is ded- of Chungking (Chongqing) declares independence;
icated with the release of 10,000 pigeons in front Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of
of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been weeks.
constructed in anticipation of the 1916 Summer
Olympics, later to be cancelled the result of World August 10 Second Balkan War: The Treaty of
War I. Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is
divided and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.
June 11
August 13 Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in
Womens surage is enacted in Norway. Sheeld.[14]

Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and
heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops un-
der General John J. Black Jack Pershing
ght a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels
who are armed mostly with kampilan swords.
The rebels are killed in a nal desperate charge
on June 15.
August 20 After his airplane fails at an altitude of
900 feet (270 m), aviator Adolphe Pgoud becomes
the rst person to bail out to safety from an airplane
and land safely.[15]
August 23 The statue The Little Mermaid in
Copenhagen, Denmark, is nished.

August 26 Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Mem-

June 18 The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, dur-
ing which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired
reforms under the Ottoman Empire.
June 19 The Parliament of South Africa passes
the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for
blacks to black territories.
June 13 The predecessor of the Aldi store chain
opens in Essen, Germany.
June 24 Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Min-
ister of Australia. 1.9
June 29 The Second Balkan War begins.
bers of James Larkin's Irish Transport and Gen-
eral Workers Union employed by the Dublin United
Tramways Company begin strike action in deance
of the dismissal of trade union members by its
chairman.[16]
August 31 Dublin Lock-out: Bloody Sunday":
The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropoli-
tan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400 in
dispersing a demonstration.[4][16]
September
Main article: September 1913 (month)

1.7 July September 78 Fourth Congress of the

International Psychoanalytical Association in
Main article: July 1913 Munich, the last occasion on which Carl Jung and
Sigmund Freud will meet.

Foundation of Iglesia ni Cristo, an independent sect September 9

of Christianity in the Philippines.
July 10
Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
Death Valley, California hits 134 F (~56.7
C), the highest temperature ever recorded on
Earth (as of 2015).
July 27 Foundation of the town of San Javier,
Uruguay,[13] by Russian settlers.
In Germany, BASF starts the worlds rst
plant for the production of fertilizer based on
the Haber-Bosch process, feeding in modern
times about a third of the worlds population.
Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov
becomes the rst person to loop an airplane,
ying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk
Aerodrome near Kiev, Russia.
Helgoland Island air disaster: The rst fa-
talities aboard a German airship occur when
1.10 October
Nearly-completed Ford Model Ts at the Highland Park Plant
The Balkan boundaries after 1913
the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigi-
ble LZ 14 (naval designation L 1) is forced
down into the North Sea o Heligoland dur-
ing a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men
on board.
September 10 Jean Sibelius's tone poem
Luonnotar is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral,
England, with soprano Aino Ackt.
September 17 In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation
League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund
Livingston as its rst president.
September 23 French aviator Roland Garros
crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane ying from
Frjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.
September 29 Second Balkan War: The Treaty
of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul between the
Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
1.10 October
Main article: October 1913
October 1 Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's
troops take Torren after a 3-day battle, when gov-
ernment troops retreat.
5
October 7 The Ford Motor Company's Highland
Park Plant in Highland Park, Michigan near Detroit
becomes the rst automobile production facility in
the world to implement the moving assembly line,
signicantly speeding up production of the Model
T.
October 9 Canadian-owned ocean liner SS
Volturno (1906), carrying passengers (mostly im-
migrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to
New York City, catches re in a North Atlantic gale.
136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by
SOS messages to the scene.
October 10
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the
explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending con-
struction on the Panama Canal.
Yuan Shikai elected as President of the Repub-
lic of China.
October 11 The Philadelphia Athletics win the de-
ciding game of the 1913 World Series, over base-
balls New York Giants, winning 31 to take the se-
ries in ve games.
October 14 Senghenydd colliery disaster: An ex-
plosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in
South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining ac-
cident in the United Kingdom.[14]
October 16 The British Royal Navy's HMS Queen
Elizabeth is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the
rst oil-red battleship.[17]
October 18 The Monument to the Battle of the
Nations at Leipzig in Germany is nished.
October 19 The DLRG (German Life-Saving So-
ciety) is founded.
October 26 Victoriano Huerta elected president of
Mexico.
6 2 BIRTHS
Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig
October 28December 2 Zabern Aair: Acts of
aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern in the
Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine provoke po-
litical debate across the German Empire.
October 31 The Lincoln Highway, the rst auto-
mobile road across the United States, is dedicated.
1.11 November
Main article: November 1913
November 5 The King Otto of Bavaria is deposed
by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes 2.1 JanuaryFebruary
the title Ludwig III.
November 6 Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while
leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
November 711 The Great Lakes Storm of 1913
claims 19 ships and more than 250 lives.
1.12 December
Main article: December 1913
December 1
The Ford Motor Company introduces the rst
moving assembly line, reducing chassis as-
sembly time from 12 hours in October to
2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not
the rst to use an assembly line, his successful
adoption of one sparks an era of mass produc-
tion.
Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey
after the First Balkan War, is annexed by
Greece.
December 12 Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the
Mona Lisa in Florence and is arrested.
December 23 The Federal Reserve System is
created as the central banking system of the
United States by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the
Federal Reserve Act.
December 30 Italy returns the Mona Lisa to
France.
1.13 Date unknown
Establishment of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
in Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh).
French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light
propagates at a speed independent of the speed of
its source.
The Camel cigarette brand is introduced by R. J.
Reynolds in the United States, the rst packaged
cigarette.
Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in
Milan by Mario Prada and his brother.
The value of world trade reaches roughly $38 billion.
2 Births
January 1 Shek Kin, Hong Kong veteran actor (d.
2009)
January 2 Anna Lee, English-American actress (d.
2004)
January 4 Malietoa Tanumali II, Samoan head of
state (d. 2007)
January 6
Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001)
Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000)
January 7 Victor H. Krulak, United States Marine
Corps general (d. 2008)
2.1 JanuaryFebruary 7

Lloyd Bridges

Edward Gierek
January 15
Eugne Brands, Dutch painter (d. 2002)
Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998)
Alexander Marinesko, Soviet naval ocer (d.
1963)
January 17 Everett Parker, American civil rights
activist (d. 2015)
January 18 George Unwin, British ghter ace of
WWII (d. 2006)
January 22
Henry Bauchau, Belgian novelist, poet, and
psychoanalyst (d. 2012)
William Conway, Irish cardinal (d. 1977)
Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and
publisher (d. 2003)
January 23
Jean-Michel Atlan, French painter (d. 1960)
Wally Parks, founder of the NHRA (d. 2007)
Richard Nixon
January 25
Huang Hua, Foreign Minister of China (d.
January 9 Richard M. Nixon, 37th President of the
2010)
United States (d. 1994)
Witold Lutosawski, Polish composer (d.
January 10 Gustv Husk, Slovak politician (d. 1994)
1991) January 29
January 11 Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d. 1980) Victor Mature, American actor (d. 1999)
8 2 BIRTHS

Peter von Zahn, German journalist and writer February 19 Frank Tashlin, American animation
(d. 2001) director (d. 1972)

February 2 Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. February 20 Tommy Henrich, American baseball
1985) player (d. 2009)
February 25
Jim Backus, American actor (d. 1989)
Gert Frbe, German actor (Goldnger) (d.
1988)
February 26 George Barker, British poet (d. 1991)
February 27
T. B. Ilangaratne, Sri Lankan author, drama-
tist, actor and politician (d. 1992)
Paul Ricur, French philosopher (d. 2005)
Kazimierz Sabbat, leader of Polish
government-in-exile (d. 1989)
Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984)

2.2 MarchApril

Rosa Parks

February 4

Frank P. Keller, American lm editor (d.

1977)
Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d.
2005)

February 6 Mary Leakey, British anthropologist

(d. 1996)

February 10

Douglas Slocombe, British cinematographer Paul Erds

(d. 2016)
Bill White, Australian rugby union player (d.
March 1 R. S. R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005)
1969)
March 2 Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d.
February 14 1971)
Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996) March 4 John Gareld, American actor (d. 1952)
Woody Hayes, American college football
coach (d. 1987) March 12 Loulie Jean Norman, American singer
(d. 2005)
Jimmy Hoa, American labor leader (disap-
peared 1975) March 13
2.3 MayJune
William Casey, American Central Intelligence
Agency director (d. 1987)
Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian writer and lyricist
(d. 2009)
March 15 Rosita Contreras, Argentine actress (d.
1962)
March 18
Ren Clment, French lm director (d. 1996)
Werner Mlders, German ghter pilot (d.
1941)
March 19 Smoky Dawson, Australian singer (d.
2008)
March 21 George Abecassis, English race car
driver (d. 1991)
March 26
Paul Erds, Hungarian mathematician (d.
1996)
Jacqueline de Romilly, French philologist (d.
2010)
March 29 R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000)
March 30
Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence
Agency director (d. 2002)
Frankie Laine, American singer (d. 2007)
ensu Tabone, Maltese politician (d. 2012)
March 31 Etta Baker, American musician (d.
2006)
April 3 Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)
April 4
Cecil Gant, American blues singer, songwriter
and pianist (d. 1951)
Rosemary Lane, American singer (d. 1974)
Frances Langford, American singer and ac-
tress (d. 2005)
Muddy Waters, American musician (d. 1983)
April 7
Louise Currie, American actress (d. 2013)
Florence S. Jacobsen, American mormon
leader (d. 2017)
Charles Vanik, American politician (d. 2007)
April 8
Sourou-Migan Apithy, Beninese political g-
ure, 2nd President of Dahomey (d. 1989)
9
Benedict J. Semmes, Jr., American admiral (d.
1994)
Carlton Skinner, Governor of Guam (d. 2004)
April 10 Stefan Heym, German writer (d. 2001)
April 11 Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer
(d. 2006)
April 11 Winifred Drinkwater, Scottish aviator
and rst woman to hold a commercial pilots license
(d. 1996)
April 14 Jean Fournet, French conductor (d.
2008)
April 16 Les Tremayne, British-born American
actor (d. 2003)
April 18 Jack Pope, American judge, attorney, and
author (d. 2017)
April 21 Richard Beeching, Chairman of British
Rail (d. 1985)
April 27 Philip Hauge Abelson, American physi-
cist, writer, and editor (d. 2004)
2.3 MayJune
May 1
Louis Nye, American comedian and actor (d.
2005)
Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)
May 4 Hisaya Morishige, Japanese actor (d. 2009)
May 8
Bob Clampett, American director (Looney
Tunes) (d. 1984)
Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937)
Charles Scorsese, American actor and father
of Martin Scorsese, (d. 1993)
May 11 Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d.
1994)
May 13 William R. Tolbert, Jr., President of
Liberia (d. 1980)
May 16 Woody Herman, American musician and
band leader (d. 1987)
May 19 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Indian politician
and 6th President of India (d. 1996)
May 20
Teodoro Fernndez, Peruvian soccer player (d.
1996)
10 2 BIRTHS

William Hewlett, American businessman (d. Franz Antel, Austrian lmmaker (d. 2007)
2001)
Maldwyn James, Welsh international rugby
May 22 Benedict Garmisa, American politician (d. union player (d. 2003)
1985)
June 30 Alfonso Lpez Michelsen, President of
May 24 Peter Ellenshaw, American matte designer Colombia (d. 2007)
(d. 2007)

May 26 2.4 July

Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994)
Pierre Daninos, French writer and humorist
(d. 2005)
Josef Manger, German weightlifter (d. 1991)

May 29 Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997)

May 31 Peter Frankenfeld, German comedian, ra-

dio and television personality (d. 1979)

June 2 Elsie Tu, English-born Hong Kong social

activist (d. 2015)

June 6 Carlo L. Golino, American scholar (d.

1991)

June 10 Benjamin Shapira, a German-born Is-

raeli biochemist and recipient of the Israel Prize (d.
1993)

June 11

Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. Mrsk Mc-Kinney Mller

1970)
Ris Stevens, American mezzo-soprano (d.
2013)

June 13 Ralph Edwards, American game show

host (d. 2005)

June 18

Robert Mondavi, American winemaker (d.

2008)
Sylvia Field Porter, American economist and
journalist (d. 1991)

June 21 Kid Azteca, Mexican boxer (d. 2002)

June 25 Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (d. 2005)

June 26

Aim Csaire, French Martinican poet and

politician (d. 2008)
Maurice Wilkes, British computer scientist (d.
2010)

June 27 Richard Pike Bissell, American author (d.

1977)
Gerald Ford
June 28
2.4 July
Red Skelton
July 1
Lee Guttero, American basketball player (d.
2004)
Frederick Malkus, American politician (d.
1999)
Frank Barrett, relief pitcher (d. 1998)
July 3 Dorothy Kilgallen, American newspaper
columnist (d. 1965)
July 4 Barbara Weeks, American actress (d. 2003)
July 5 Smiley Lewis, American New Orleans
rhythm and blues singer and guitarist (d. 1966)
July 6 Vance Trimble, American Pulitzer Prize-
winning journalist and author
July 7
Pinetop Perkins, American blues musician (d.
2011)
Lu Ann Meredith, American actress (d. 1998)
July 8
Paulus and Pierre Langerock, Belgian super-
centenarians
Bill Thompson, American voice actor (d.
1971)
July 9 William M. Zachacki, (d. 1969)
11
July 10 Joan Marsh, American actress (d. 2000)
July 12
Edith Nash, American educator and poet (d.
2003)
Philip Mayer Kaiser, American diplomat (d.
2007)
Rufus Rogers, New Zealand doctor and a
politician (d. 2009)
Willis Lamb, American physicist, Nobel Prize
laureate (d. 2008)
July 13
Murilo Borges Moreira, Brazilian general and
former mayor of Fortaleza
Kay Linaker, American actress (d. 2008)
Mrsk Mc-Kinney Mller, Danish shipping
magnate (d. 2012)
July 14 Gerald R. Ford, 38th President of the
United States (d. 2006)
July 15
Hammond Innes, English author (d. 1998)
Abraham Sutzkever, Yiddish language poet
and memoirist (d. 2010)
July 16 Mirza Babayev, Azerbaijani movie actor
and singer (d. 2003)
July 17
Roger Garaudy, French Holocaust denier (d.
2012)
Bertrand Goldberg, American architect (d.
1997)
July 18
N. Krishnaswami Reddy, Indian lawyer (d.
2002)
Du Runsheng, Chinese military ocer, politi-
cian, and economist (d. 2015)
Red Skelton, American comedian (d. 1997)
July 19 Fred Agnich, American politician (d.
2004)
July 22
Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader and song-
writer (d. 1995)
Licia Albanese, Italian-born soprano (d.
2014)
July 23 Michael Foot, British politician (d. 2010)
12
July 24 Robert Emhardt, American actor (d.
1994)
July 29 Erich Priebke, German war criminal and
leader of the 1944 Ardeatine massacre (d. 2013)
July 30 Lou Darvas, American artist and cartoonist
(d. 1987)
2.5 August
Menachem Begin
August 8
John Facenda, American sports announcer (d.
1984)
Robert Staord, Governor of Vermont, U.S
Representative and U.S. Senator (d. 2006)
August 9 Tadeusz Kotz, Polish World War II
ghter ace (d. 2008)
August 10
Noah Beery Jr., American actor (d. 1994)
Wolfgang Paul, German physicist (d. 1993)
August 13
Fred Davis, English snooker and billiards
player (d. 1998)
Makarios III, Archbishop and rst President of
Cyprus (d. 1977)
August 16
Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel,
recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)
Helen F. Holt, American politician (d. 2015)
2 BIRTHS
August 17
W. Mark Felt, American Federal Bureau of
Investigation Associate Director and Deep
Throat Watergate informant (d. 2008)
Rudy York, American baseball player (d.
1970)
August 19 Richard Simmons, American actor (d.
2003)
August 20 Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neu-
robiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiol-
ogy or Medicine (d. 1994)
August 26 Boris Pahor, Slovenian writer
August 27 Nina Schenk Grn von Stauenberg,
German wife of freedom ghter Claus Schenk von
Stauenberg (d. 2006)
August 28
Robertson Davies, Canadian novelist (d.
1995)
Richard Tucker, American tenor (d. 1975)
August 29 Jan Ekier, Polish pianist and composer
(d. 2014)
August 30 Richard Stone, British economist, No-
bel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
August 31
Helen Levitt, American photographer (d.
2009)
Bernard Lovell, British radio astronomer (d.
2012)
2.6 SeptemberOctober
September 1 Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter
and graphic artist (d. 1979)
September 2
Israel Gelfand, Russian mathematician (d.
2009)
Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (d.
1981)
September 3 Alan Ladd, American actor (b.
1964)
September 4
Mickey Cohen, American gangster (d. 1976)
Boone Guyton, American test pilot (d. 1996)
Stanford Moore, American chemist, Nobel
Prize laureate (d. 1982)
2.6 SeptemberOctober 13

Jesse Owens, American athlete (d. 1980)

Eiji Toyoda, Japanese industrialist (d. 2013)

September 13

Roy Engel, American actor (d. 1980)

Trn i Ngha, Vietnam army generals (d.
1997)

September 14

Jacobo rbenz, President of Guatemala (d.

1971)
Annalisa Ericson, Swedish actress (d. 2011)

September 15 John N. Mitchell, United States At-

torney General and convicted Watergate criminal (d.
1988)

September 17 Robert Lembke, German television

presenter and game show host (d. 1989)

September 19 Frances Farmer, American actress

(d. 1970)
Alan Ladd
September 22 Lillian Chestney, American painter
(d. 2000)

September 23 Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish

artist, member of the CoBrA movement (d. 2007)

September 24

Wilson Rawls, American author (d. 1984)

Herb Jeries, American actor, and popular
music and jazz singer (d. 2014)

September 25 Terence Patrick O'Sullivan, British

civil engineer (d. 1970)

September 28 Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss

artist and illustrator (d. 2007)

September 29

Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988)

Stanley Kramer, American lm producer, di-
rector, and writer (d. 2001)
Stanley Kramer Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (d. 1996)

September 30 Bill Walsh, American movie pro-

Kenz Tange, Japanese architect (d. 2005)
September 10 Lincoln Gordon, American diplo-
mat (d. 2009)
September 11
Paul Bear Bryant, American football coach
(d. 1983)
Eugenia Rawls, American actress (d. 2000)
September 12
ducer and writer (d. 1975)
October 2 Roma Mitchell, Australia lawyer and
Governor of South Australia (d. 2000)
October 10
Alice Chetwynd Ley, British romance writer
(d. 2004)
Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize lau-
reate (d. 2005)
14 2 BIRTHS

October 11 Joe Simon, American comic book

artist and writer (d. 2011)
October 18 Evelyn Venable, American actress (d.
1993)
October 20 Barney Phillips, American actor (d.
1982)
October 22
Robert Capa, Hungarian-born photojournalist
(d. 1954)
Tamara Desni, German-born British actress
(d. 2008)
Vivien Leigh
October 24 Tito Gobbi, Italian operatic baritone
(d. 1984)
October 27
Joe Medicine Crow, American tribal historian
and anthropologist (d. 2016)
Otto Wichterle, Czech inventor of the modern
Contact lens (d. 1998)

2.7 November

Albert Camus

November 7
Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize lau-
reate (d. 1960)
Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, Canadian
Burt Lancaster sculptor (d. 2009)
November 10 lvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politi-
November 2 Burt Lancaster, American actor, bet- cian (d. 2005)
ter known for his role in Elmer Gantry (d. 1994)
November 13 Alexander Scourby, American actor
November 3 (d. 1985)

Marika Rkk, Egyptian-born Austrian singer,
dancer and actress (d. 2004)
Antony Mitradas, Indian lm director (d.
2017)
November 5 Vivien Leigh, British actress, better
known for her role in Gone With The Wind (d. 1967)
November 15 Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist (d.
2005)
November 16 Ellen Albertini Dow, American ac-
tress (d. 2015)
November 18 Endre Rozsda, Hungarian-French
painter (d. 1999)
2.8 December 15

Benjamin Britten

Mary Martin
November 21

John Boulting, English lm director (d. 1985)

Roy Boulting, English lm director and pro-
ducer (d. 2001)

November 22

Charles Berlitz, American author (d. 2003)

Benjamin Britten, English composer (d. 1976)
Gardnar Mulloy, American tennis player and
coach (d. 2016)
Cecilia Muoz-Palma, rst female Philippine
Supreme Court Justice (d. 2006)
Jacqueline Vaudecrane, French gure skater

November 25 Lewis Thomas, American physician

and essayist (d. 1993)

2.8 December
December 1 Mary Martin, American actress (d.
1990)

December 2 Jerry Sohl, American scriptwriter (d.

2002)
Willy Brandt
December 6

Nikolai Amosov, Ukrainian heart surgeon, in- December 8 Delmore Schwartz, American poet
ventor, best-selling author, and exercise enthu- (d. 1966)
siast (d. 2002)
Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (d. 2004) December 10
16 3 DEATHS

Morton Gould, American composer (d. 1996)

Harry Locke, British character actor (d. 1987)

December 13 Arnold Brown, Salvation Army gen-

eral (d. 2002)

December 15 Muriel Rukeyser, American poet (d.

1980)

December 16 George Ignatie, Canadian diplo-

mat, recipient of the 1984 Pearson Medal of Peace
(d. 1989)

December 18

Lynn Bari, American actress (d. 1989)

Alfred Bester, American author (d. 1987)
Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipi-
ent of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)

December 21 Arnold Friberg, American artist (d.

2010)

December 25

Candy Candido, American voice actor (d.

1999)
Tony Martin, American singer (d. 2012) Gustaf de Laval
Henri Nannen, German journalist and mass
media owner (d. 1996)

December 28

Lou Jacobi, Canadian-American actor (d.

2009)
Charles Maxwell, American actor (d. 1993)

December 29 Pierre Werner, Prime Minister of

Luxembourg (d. 2002)

December 30 Elyne Mitchell, Australian author

(d. 2002)

2.9 Date unknown

Halil-Salim Jabara, Israeli Arab politician (d. 1999)

Nils Lfgren, Swedish chemist (d. 1967)

3 Deaths

3.1 JanuaryJune
J. P. Morgan
January 2 Lon Teisserenc de Bort, French mete-
orologist (b. 1855)

January 4 Alfred von Schlieen, German eld January 16 Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, American aero-
marshal (b. 1833) naut, scientist and inventor (b. 1832)
3.1 JanuaryJune
Hugo Winckler
Nicolas de Pierola
January 20 Jos Guadalupe Posada, Mexican po-
litical printmaker and engraver (b. 1852)
January 27 Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria,
statesman, former Prime Minister (b. 1832)
February 2 Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer and
inventor (b. 1845)
February 17 Edward Stanley Gibbons, English
philatelist and founder of Stanley Gibbons Ltd (b.
1840)
February 22
Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist and
semiotician (b. 1857)
Francisco I. Madero, 33rd President of Mex-
ico (b. 1873)
February 26 Felix Draeseke, German composer
(b. 1835)
March 10 Harriet Tubman, African-American
abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (b. c. 1822)
March 11 John Shaw Billings, American military
and medical leader (b. 1838)
March 18 King George I of Greece (b. 1845)
March 22 Sung Chiao-jen, Chinese revolutionary
(b. 1882)
17
March 25 Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolse-
ley, British eld marshal (b. 1833)
March 31 J. P. Morgan, American nancier and
banker (b. 1837)
April 19 Hugo Winckler, German archaeologist
and historian who uncovered the capital of the Hit-
tite Empire (Hattusa) (b. 1863)
May 1 John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger and
U.S. Marshal (b. 1850)
May 6 Elena Guro, Russian painter and writer (b.
1877)
May 16 Louis Perrier, member of the Swiss Fed-
eral Council (b. 1849)
May 25 Alfred Redl, Austrian military intelligence
ocer and double agent (b. 1864; honorable sui-
cide)
June 2 Alfred Austin, English Poet Laureate (b.
1835)
June 5 Chris von der Ahe, German-born American
brewer and baseball owner (b. 1851)
June 8 Emily Davison, English suragette (b.
1872)
18 3 DEATHS

Climaco Calderon

Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales

June 23 Nicols de Pirola, Peruvian politician and

2-time President of Peru (b. 1839)

June 28 Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, Brazilian

lawyer and politician and 4th President of Brazil (b.
1841)

3.2 JulyDecember

July 3 Horatio Nelson Young, American Civil War

naval hero (b. 1845)

July 13 Edward Burd Grubb, Jr., American Civil

War Union Brevet Brigadier General (b. 1841)

July 19 Clmaco Caldern, Colombian lawyer and

Rudolf Diesel
politician, 15th President of Colombia (b. 1852)

July 20 Vsevolod Rudnev, Russian admiral (b.

1855)
July 29 Tobias Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838)
August 3 Josephine Cochrane, inventor of the rst
commercially successful dishwasher (b. 1839)
August 13 August Bebel, German politician (b.
1840)
August 22 Oscar de Ngrier, French general (b.
1839)
September 9 Paul de Smet de Naeyer, 16th Prime
Minister of Belgium (b. 1843)

August 7 Samuel Franklin Cody, Ameri- September 29 Rudolf Diesel, German engine in-
can/British aviation pioneer (b. 1867) ventor (b. 1858)
 19

George Barham, English businessman,

founded Express County Milk Supply
Company (b. 1836)
Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th and the last
shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan
(b. 1837)

December 1 Juhan Liiv, Estonian poet and short

story writer (b. 1864)

December 7

Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian Catholic

churchman and last surviving cardinal of Pius
Ralph Rose IX (b. 1828)
Aaron Montgomery Ward, American busi-
nessman, inventor of mail order (b. 1844)

December 11 Carl von In der Maur, Governor of

Liechtenstein (b. 1852)

December 12 Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b.

1844)

December 26 (disappeared on this date) Ambrose

Bierce, American writer and journalist (b. 1842)

4 Nobel Prizes

Emperor Menelik II

October 4 Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Oman (b.

1864)

October 5 Hans von Bartels, German painter (b.

1856)

October 16 Ralph Rose, American athlete (b.

1885)

October 19 Charles Tellier, French engineer, in-

ventor of the chemical refrigerator (b. 1828)
October 29 Daro de Regoyos, Spanish painter (b.
1857)
November 7 Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biolo-
gist (b. 1823)
Physics Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
Chemistry Alfred Werner
Medicine Charles Richet
Literature Rabindranath Tagore

November 22 Peace Henri La Fontaine

20 7 FURTHER READING

5 References 7 Further reading

[1] The National Question and Social Democracy, signed
K. Stalin in the Russian-language Paris newspaper Sozial
Demokrat.
[2] Brackman, Roman (2003). The Secret File of Joseph
Stalin: A Hidden Life. Taylor & Francis. pp. 8283.
Charles Emmerson. 1913: In Search of the World
Before the Great War (2013) excerpt and text search
Florian Illies (2013). 1913: The Year Before the
Storm. Melville House. ISBN 978-1-61219-352-6.

[3] Walker, Andy (2013-04-17). 1913: When Hitler, Trot-

sky, Tito, Freud and Stalin all lived in the same place.
BBC News. Retrieved 2016-11-04.

[4] Cottrell, Peter (2009). The War for Ireland, 1913-1923.

Oxford: Osprey. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84603-9966.

[5] Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 9091.

[6] Over 200 Lost in Storm. The New York Times. 1913-
03-08.

[7] British Steamer Lost. The Sydney Morning Herald.

1913-03-10. p. 9. Retrieved 2013-01-19.

[8] Ship Blows Up. The New York Times. 1913-03-08. Re-
trieved 2012-10-19.

[9] Study for Woolworth Building, New York. World Digi-

tal Library. 1910-12-10. Retrieved 2013-07-25.

[10] Radio Lab, Show 202: Musical Language, New York:

WNYC (21 April 2006). Host/Producer: Jad Abumrad,
Co-Host: Robert Krulwich, Producer: Ellen Horne, Pro-
duction Executives: Dean Capello and Mikel Ellcessor.

[11] Illies.

[12] BBC Radio 4 - Womans Hour - Womens History Time-

line: 1910 - 1919. Archived from the original on January
6, 2008. Retrieved 2007-11-30.

[13] Statistics of urban localities (19082004)" (PDF). INE.

2012. Retrieved 2012-09-05.

[14] Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library.

2006. p. 94. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.

[15] Airman Uses Parachute, New York Times, August 20,

1913

[16] Yeates, Padraig (2009). The Dublin 1913 Lockout.

History Ireland. 9 (2). Retrieved 2012-10-19.

[17] Crowhurst, Richard (2005). A History of Firsts:

Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. TimeTravel-
Britain.com. Retrieved 2010-09-09.

6 External links
1913 Coin Pictures
 21

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text
1913 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913?oldid=769166201 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Marj Tiefert, Derek Ross, Mav, Bryan Derk-
sen, Jeronimo, Gareth Owen, Eclecticology, Danny, Deb, SimonP, Ktsquare, Wkn, Camembert, Isis~enwiki, KF, Jazz77, Dave Farquhar,
Ixfd64, Sannse, Skysmith, Minesweeper, Looxix~enwiki, Docu, Rlandmann, LittleDan, Djmutex, Big iron, Hectorthebat, Jnc, Ed g2s,
Nricardo, Cjrother, Warofdreams, Camerong, Francs2000, Dimadick, Gentgeen, Robbot, NightCrawler, Dale Arnett, Pigsonthewing,
TMillerCA, Chris 73, Jredmond, Smallweed, Merovingian, Lesonyrra, Rholton, Hemanshu, Caknuck, Benc, Seth Ilys, Peter L, JackandJill,
BigT27, Ike~enwiki, ScudLee, Tom harrison, Zigger, Matt Borak, Everyking, Bkonrad, JillandJack, Bobblewik, Edcolins, MusiCitizen,
Alexf, R. end, Jonel, Bgbot, Kaldari, Cape cod naturalist, Karol Langner, MichaelDiederich, Ary29, Trevor MacInnis, Lacrimosus, Tyger,
Jim Henry, EugeneZelenko, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Willpondco, Guanabot2, Martpol, SpookyMulder, Sundberg, Brian0918, Aecis,
The King Of Gondor, Momotaro, Susvolans, Brisis~enwiki, Art LaPella, Viriditas, Cmdrjameson, Zarateman, Malafaya, Slambo, Rje,
SPUI, Rye1967, Jumbuck, Ben davison, Joshbaumgartner, Spangineer, Phyllis1753, Ksnow, KHill-LTown, Ianblair23, Tariqabjotu, Fde-
waele, Lifung, Ardfern, Tabletop, Canadian Paul, GalaazV, Graham87, Kalmia, Tim!, Lugnad, The wub, Watcharakorn, FlaBot, Naraht, JP-
PINTO, Choess, Darlene4, DiamondDave~enwiki, No Swan So Fine, Scimitar, Chobot, Jared Preston, Korg, Noble Skuld the Legend Killer,
Spacepotato, RussBot, DBD, Kerry Raymond, Janke, Welsh, Rjensen, Geo NoNick, Patrick Neylan, Veracious Rey, TimK MSI, Lt-wiki-
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Nihonjoe, Jacek Kendysz, KocjoBot~enwiki, D C McJonathan, LabSpecimen, Hmains, Betacommand, MPD01605, Chris the speller,
Bluebot, MalafayaBot, SchftyThree, Akanemoto, Darius Dhlomo, Colonies Chris, GoodDay, Op.mijn.werk~enwiki, Skoglund, Cplaki-
das, Quartermaster, RFD, B jonas, Zdravko mk, KRBN, DCUnitedFan2011, Kleuske, DMacks, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Pilotguy, Ugur Basak
Bot~enwiki, SashatoBot, ArglebargleIV, Jcurtis, J 1982, Acumen76, Bapples81, RHB, Peteboro, Jetman, Mijotoba, Anonymous12348,
Jimmellicant, FairuseBot, ShakespeareFan00, PiggyKrap, Neelix, Gran2, Flying Saucer, Cydebot, Kirkesque, ST47, Daniel J. Leivick,
Pete Davis, Thijs!bot, Anyo Niminus, Wikid77, Rekelbast, Einbierbitte, West Brom 4ever, Missvain, Ronald W Wise, MPorciusCato,
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bie, JAnDbot, Wbwn, FJM, Bongwarrior, Tommieboi, Evilsodacan, Donignacio, Kjmoran, Neosystems, Talon Artaine, GregU, Torbert,
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tar77, BR01097, PseudoBot, Triptropic, Addbot, Betterusername, Wikimichael22, Rejectwater, Arcasa73, CarsracBot, Favonian, Mdnav-
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AnomieBOT, Jim1138, JackieBot, Materialscientist, Obi2canibe, P5ortugal, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Timir2, Libbyscooter, Maestroso simplo,
XZeroBot, Davshul, Pizzamaniac09, GeoWorld2, GrouchoBot, Armbrust, GhalyBot, Learner001, Eich2oh, FrescoBot, StampOnIt, Andre
Kritzinger, Smarajitmitra, Soangry, M2545, Pinethicket, Tussin92, RedBot, Cnwilliams, FoxBot, MistySpock, TobeBot, Mewd, WildBot,
DARTHGALE, EmausBot, Yggdrasilius, WikitanvirBot, Jim Michael, Tommy2010, TuHan-Bot, Werieth, Mostafa.Hassan, Vickenstein,
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Marintosalla, Hopoifre, Hoangnter123, Ferdul, Entranced98, 7547hunh, 3424grwter, Grew521frewger, Elephantpink, GreenC bot, Ben-
der the Bot, I2padams, TheTop Wae and Anonymous: 299

8.2 Images
File:A-line1913_edit.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/A-line1913_edit.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors:
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portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg License:
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This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.
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Contributors: eBay listing of publicity photograph from London Records, which marketed records to the United States. Original artist:
According to information on the photograph, it was originally taken by photographer Hans Wild for High Fidelity magazine (published in
the United States).
File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F057884-0009,_Willy_Brandt.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/
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sabucat.com/?pg=copyright and http://www.creativeclearance.com/guidelines.html#D2
22 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Campos_Sales.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Campos_Sales.jpg License: Public domain Con-

tributors: Galeria de Presidentes Original artist: Governo do Brasil
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License: CC BY-SA 3.0 nl Contributors: [1] Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Fotocollectie Algemeen Neder-
lands Persbureau (ANEFO), 1945-1989 bekijk toegang 2.24.01.04 Bestanddeelnummer 930-9674 Original artist: Un-
known<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https:
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data-le-height='590' /></a>
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cense: Public domain Contributors: Pankhurst, Richard. Ethiopia Photographed: Historic Photographs of the Country and
its People Taken Between 1867 and 1935 p. 52 Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
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Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
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Contributors:
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230062
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