DWDM Principles

DWDM Principles
V1.1
Unitrans
Unitrans D&T
D&T Group
Group
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content
WDM Overview
Optical Fiber Transmission Characteristics
Key Technologies of DWDM
Technical Specifications

PDH, SDH and DWDM
G.692
DWDM
G.957 G.691
SDH
155M 622M 2.5G 10G
PDH

WDM Classification
CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

DWDM System
Optical Transmitter OLA Optical Receiver
Ch 1 1 1 Ch 1
OTU1 OMU OTU1
ODU
Input
BA LA PA Output
s
Ch N s s Ch N
OTUn s OTUn
n n
OSC
OSC OSC
EMS

Common NE in DWDM System
Client side Line side
1
n
1 Line side Line side

n
OTM
1 n 1 n
Line side
Line side
Client side
OADM
OLA

DWDM Features
Large transparent transmission capacity greatly saves fiber resources.
l Each wavelength can carry different signal: SDH 2.5Gbps, 10 Gbps,

ATM, IP.
l DWDM technology provides multiple virtual fiber channels in one

physical fiber channel.

DWDM Development Trend
1 1
OTM 2 2
N N
OADM
i i k k
OXC OXC
Full optical network is the development trend of optical transport network.

content
WDM Overview

Structure of Optical Fiber
Coating Cladding Core
n2 n1
Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding

and a plastic wear-resisting coating.

Transport Characteristics of
Optical Fibers
Attenuation (Loss)
Dispersion
Non-linear Effect

Attenuation
It is the reduction of signal strength or light power over the
length of the light-carrying medium. Fiber attenuation is
measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km).

Attenuation
Absorbency Attenuation
l Intrinsic Absorbency Attenuation
l Impurity Absorbency Attenuation

Scattering Attenuation
Additional attenuation

Division of Low-loss window
3.0
~140THz
2.5
~50THz
OH- absorption peak
2.0 OH- absorption
Loss (dB/km) peak
1.5
OH- absorption
1.0 peak
0.5
O E S C L
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Wavelength (nm)
O Band Original 1260-1360 nm
E Band Extended 1360-1460 nm

S Band Short 1460-1530 nm
C Band Conventional 1530-1565 nm
L Band Long 1565-1625 nm
U Band Ultralong 1625-1675 nm

Feature Comparison between Low-Loss
Windows
Window I II III IV V
1310 (O 1360 ~ 1530 (E

Mark (nm) 850 1550 (C band) 1600 (L band) + S bands)
band)
Wavelength
range 600~900 1260~1360 1530~1565 1565~1625 1360~1530
(nm)
MMF/G.652/ G.652/G.653/ G.652/G.653/

Fiber type MMF Full-wave fiber
G.653 G.655 G.655
Short Short
distance distance
Applications Long distance and high rate
and low and low
rate rate

Kinds of Dispersion
1. Chromatic Dispersion
2. Polarization Mode Dispersion

Dispersion
SMF
power power
time time
Input optical pulse Output optical pulse
As the optical pulse signals are transmitted for long

Dispersion distance, the pulse wave shape spreads by time at the
fiber output end, this phenomenon is called dispersion.

Influence of Dispersion
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Input
Time
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Output
Time
(ps) = D (ps/ nm*km) * S (nm) * L (km)

Chromatic Dispersion
Optical signals of different wavelength have different speeds in

the optical fiber, and this will cause a phenomena called
dispersion.
Chromatic dispersion is the result of material dispersion,

waveguide dispersion, or profile dispersion.

Dispersion Tolerance
Parameter of dispersion tolerance for laser source (Ds)

Dispersion parameter for optical fiber (D)
Longest transmission distance: Ds/D
Example
If Ds = 12800 ps/nm, SMFG.652

dispersion is D = 20 ps/km/nmand then the longest transmission
distance of this optical source is 640km.

Polarization Mode Dispersion
This problem occurs because the fiber is not consistent along its
length. Due to bending and twisting, as well as temperature
changes, the fiber core is not exactly circular. The result is that the
modes in the fiber exchange power with each other in a random
fashion down the fiber length, which result in different group
velocities; the signal breaks up. In effect, the light travels faster on
one polarization plane than another.

Polarization Mode Dispersion
l Due to geometrical and pressure asymmetry, two polarization modes have

different transmission rates, resulting in delay and PMD.
l In digital transmission system, PMD will result in pulse separation and
pulse spreading, degrade transmission signal and limit transmission rate
of carriers.

Nonlinear Effects
1. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)
2. Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
3. Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
4. Self-phase Modulation (SPM)
5. Cross-phase Modulation (XPM)

Single Phase Modulation (SPM)
Due to dependency relationship between refractive index and light intensity,

refractive index changes during optical pulse continuance, with pulse peak
phase delayed for both front and rear edges. With more transmission distance,
phase shift is accumulated continuously and represents large phase modulation
upon certain distance. As a result, spectrum spreading results in pulse
spreading, which is called SPM .

Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
When two or more optical waves with different frequencies are
simultaneously transmitted in a non-linear media, the amplitude
modulation of each frequency wave will result in the corresponding
change of the fiber refractive index, resulting in non-linear phase
modulation of the optical wave with other frequencies, which is called
XPM.

Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
P P

Input Output
SRS affect results in attenuation of signals with short wavelength and

reinforcement of signals with long wavelength.

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
(SBS)
Scattering Power
Output Power
Input Power

Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
l FWM refers to a physical process of energy exchange between multiple

optical carriers caused by the non-linear effect of fiber, when multiple
frequencies of optical carriers with high power are simultaneously
transmitted in the fiber.
l FWM results in optical signal energy attenuation in multiplexing channels
and channel crosstalk.

Types of Common SMF
G.652 : Dispersion non-shifted fiber, has a nominal zero-

dispersion wavelength in the 1310 and 1550 nm window.
G.653 : Dispersion-shifted fiber, zero dispersion at 1550 nm
window, easy to cause FWM.
G.655 : Non-zero dispersion fiber, used in 1550 nm window.
Less dispersion coefficient, dispersion limited transmission
distance can be hundreds of km; prevent FWM

G.652
SMF 20
1.0 G.653
DSF
Attenuation (dB/km)
Dispersion (ps/nm-km)
0.8 Attenuation
EDFA 10
Bandwidth
0.4 0
NZDF+
G.655+
0.2 -10
NZDF-
G.655-
0.1 -20
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Wavelength (nm)

content
WDM Overview

DWDM system
Optical Transmitter OLA Optical Receiver
Ch 1 1 1 Ch 1
OTU1 OTU1
OMU
ODU
Input
BA LA PA Output

Ch N s Ch N
OTUn s s s OTUn
n n
OSC
OSC OSC
EMS

Optical Source
Optical Multiplexer And Demultiplexer
Optical Amplifiers
Optical Supervision System

Key technologies of DWDM
Requirements of Optical Source
1. Larger dispersion tolerance value;
2. Standard and stable wavelength.

Types of Modulation
1. Direct Modulation
2. Indirect Modulation

Direct modulation
Electrical current Optical signal
Output laser is controlled by input current

Transmission rate2.5Gb/s
Transmission distance100km

Electrical-absorption (EA)
LD EA
Voltage applied
Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s >600km)

Less chirp
High Dispersion tolerance(2.5Gb/s :7200~12800ps/nm)
High reliability

Mach-Zehnder external modulator
M-Z
LD
Long dispersion limited distance

High cost
Negligible chirp
High dispersion tolerance

Comparison of Modulation
Types Direct EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Modulator
Max.dispersion toleration 1200~4000 7200~12800 >12800

(ps/nm)
Cost moderate expensive Very expensive
Wavelength Stability good better best

Wavelength Stabilization technology
Temperature control method
Wavelength feedback control method

Optical Muliplexing and Demultiplexing
Technology

Common Techniques Used
Diffraction Grating
Thin Film Filter (TFF)
Array Waveguide Grating(AWG)
Coupling Type

Diffraction Grating
1,2,3,...n
1
2
3
4
n
Optical signals with different wavelengths have different reflecting angles on

grating, it divides and combines the optical signals with different wavelengths.
It has sound wavelength selection performance, capable of narrowing
wavelength interval to about 0.5 nm.

Thin Film Filter (TFF)
1,2,3,...n
1
2
5
4
7
It consists of dozens layers of dielectric films with different materials, different

refractive indexes and different thickness values. One layer features high
refractive index and the other layer features low refractive index, therefore
emerging a passband within certain wavelength range and a stopband within
other wavelength ranges.

Array Waveguide Grating(AWG)
It is essentially a multistage, multi cross-connect wavelength coupler. The

delay lines between the two sides cause different phase shifts for different
wavelength and therefore different wavelengths from one input appear at
different outputs.
By coupling each input to all outputs and controlling the characteristics of the
coupling, a wavelength at any input can be coupled to a selected outputs.

Coupling Type
1
5
123
6
It is a surface interactive device with two or more fibers which are closed to
each other and are properly melted.

Relationship between DWDM
Systems and Typical OM/OD
Type of OM OD
OM/OD
Below 32 40 Above 80 Below 32 40 Above 80
wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths
Coupling _ _ _ _ _

Type
AWG _ _
TFF _ _
Diffraction _ _ _ _

Grating

Key Performance Indices
1. Multiplexing channel quantities
Represents the quantity of optical channels multiplexed/
demultiplexed made by the OM/OD, closely related to resolution
and isolation of the device.
2. Insertion loss
The attenuation effect of OM/OD to optical signals directly affects
system transmission distance.
3. Channel isolation
Represents the isolation distance between multiplexed optical
channels in the optical devices.

continuation
4. Reflection coefficient
The ratio between the reflection optical power and incidence
optical power at the input end of the OM/OD. Smaller coefficient
is preferable.
5. Bandwidth
Channel bandwidth at -0.5 dB describes the passband feature of
the OD.
Channel bandwidth at -20 dB describes the stopband feature of
the OD.

Optical power spectrum
Power
RequirementsPower equalization for each channel ;

Optical Amplifier Technology

Optical Amplifier
Its development overcame the biggest barrier on high speed

long distance transmission - receiving optical power limit.
It amplifies all the wavelength at once and without optical-

electrical-optical conversion.

Classifications of Optical Amplifier
Resonance Type
Semiconductor OA {
{ Fiber amplifier
{
Progressive Wave Type
Lanthanon Doped FA
1550 nm fiber amplifier (EDFA)
{
1310 nm fiber amplifier (PDFA)
Raman FA (SRA)
Non-linear FA {
Brillouin FA (SBA)

EDFA Composition
Erbium
Doped Fiber
Isolator Isolator
Coupler
PIN POUT
Used to suppress light Used to combine

reflection to ensure signal light with
The optical signal stimulates
stable working of the pump light
Pump the unstable Erbium ions to
optical amplifier
Laser release the excess energy as
photons in phase and at the
same wavelength.
Generates pump light that As this process continues
stimulates the erbium atoms down the fiber, the signal
to release their stored energy Pump light is typically
grows stronger.
as additional 1550 nm 1480 nm or 980 nm

Working Principle
N3~0
1550 nm N2
signal light
1550 nm
980 nm 1480nm stimulated
pump light emission
N1

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

1 1

O O 2
2
M
M
U

U
OLA OPA
OBA OLA

n
n
EDFA includes:
Optical Booster Amplifier (OBA) - high optical output power
Optical Line Amplifier (OLA) - compensate the loss of the transmission line
Optical Pre Amplifier (OPA) - low noise

Key Performance Indices
1. Gain (G)
The ratio between output optical signal power and input optical
signal power.
2. Noise Figure (NF)

The ratio between SNR at EDFA input end and SNR at output
end.
3. Bandwidth
The working wavelength range of DWDM system covers C and
L bands. The optical amplifier needs to amplify all the
multiplexing channel signals of the system, so its bandwidth
should be wide enough.

Continuous
4. Gain flatness
The allowed fluctuation of EDFA gain within the specified
working band range. For the sake of sound flatness, aluminum
doped technology is usually used in the EDF.
5. Total input/output power range

The optical power range at the input/output end of the EDFA .
6. Input/output optical reflectance

The ratio between optical power at the EDFA input/output end
and reflection optical power.

Supervision System Technology

Supervision System
Detection, control and management are basic requirements of
all network operations.
To ensure secure operation of DWDM system, physically, the

monitoring system is designed as an independent system
separated from working channels and devices.
Used to transmit the NE management and supervision

information related to DWDM system

Functions
1. Fault alarm
2. Fault location
3. Quality parameter supervision in the operation
4. Control over backup line upon line interruption
5. EDFA supervision.

Requirements of OSC
1. It cannot restrict the optical wavelengths (980 nm and 1480 nm) of
the pump light source in the optical amplifier.
2. It cannot restrict the transmission distance between two LAs.
3. It cannot restrict the services on the 1310 wavelength.
4. It should still be available upon failure of the LA.
5. OSC transmission is bidirectional to ensure the supervision
information can be received by the line terminal when one fiber is
broken.
6. OSC transmission segment can be dropped on each optical
amplifier relay station and DWDM system office station and added
with new supervision signals.

Optical Supervision Control (OSC)
OMU OBA OLA OLA OLA OPA ODU
OSC OSC OSC OSC OSC

OSC OSC OSC OSC OSC
ODU OMU
OPA OLA OLA OLA OBA

10M/100M OSC Specification
Item Unit Specification
Operating wavelength nm 151010 151010
Signal code pattern - 4B/5B 4B/5B
Supervision rate Mbit/s 100 10
Light source type - 100BASE-FX 10BASE-FL
Launched power dBm -7 to 0 -5 to 0
Minimum receiver
dBm -36 -48
sensitivity

content
WDM Overview
Optical Fiber Transmission character

DWDM Technical Specifications
Integrated DWDM System and

Open DWDM System
Working Wavelength

Integrated System & Open System
155MSDH Open
622MSDH
2.5G SDH O G.692
10G SDH
PDH T
IP U O
ATM
M
155MSDH
622MSDH G.692 U
2.5G SDH
10G SDH
PDH
IP
ATM
Integrated
OTU: Optical Transponder Unit
OMU: Optical Multiplexing Unit

Working Wavelength in 1550nm Window
C Band: 1530nm~1565nm
L Band: 1565nm~1625nm

Working Wavelength of DWDM System
40-wavelength system
l Working wavelength range: C band (1529 nm ~ 1561 nm)

l Frequency range: 192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz
l Channel interval: 100 GHz
l Central frequency offset: 20 GHz (at rate lower than 2.5 Gbit/s);
12.5 GHz (at rate 10 Gbit/s)

Wavelength Allocation of 40CH/100GHz
Interval on C Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)
1 192.1 1560.61
2 192.2 1559.79
3 192.3 1558.98
4 192.4 1558.17
5 192.5 1557.36
6 192.6 1556.55
7 192.7 1555.75
8 192.8 1554.94
9 192.9 1554.13
10 193.0 1553.33
11 193.1 1552.52
12 193.2 1551.72
13 193.3 1550.92
14 193.4 1550.12
15 193.5 1549.32
16 193.6 1548.51
17 193.7 1547.72
18 193.8 1546.92
19 193.9 1546.12
20 194.0 1545.32

Wavelength Allocation of
40CH/100GHz Interval on C Band
21 194.1 1544.53
22 194.2 1543.73
23 194.3 1542.94
24 194.4 1542.14
25 194.5 1541.35
26 194.6 1540.56
27 194.7 1539.77
28 194.8 1538.98
29 194.9 1538.19
30 195.0 1537.40
31 195.1 1536.61
32 195.2 1535.82
33 195.3 1535.04
34 195.4 1534.25
35 195.5 1533.47
36 195.6 1532.68
37 195.7 1531.90
38 195.8 1531.12
39 195.9 1530.33
40 196.0 1529.55


l Frequency range: 191.3 THz ~ 196.0 THz
l Central frequency offset: 20 GHz (at rate lower than 2.5 Gbit/s);
12.5 GHz (at rate 10 Gbit/s)


l Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.05 THz)
l Central frequency offset: 5 GHz

Wavelength Allocation of 80CH/50GHz
Interval on C Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)
1 196.05 1529.16
2 196.00 1529.55
3 195.95 1529.94
4 195.90 1530.33
5 195.85 1530.72
6 195.80 1531.12
7 195.75 1531.51
8 195.70 1531.90
9 195.65 1532.29
10 195.60 1532.68
11 195.55 1533.07
12 195.50 1533.47
13 195.45 1533.86
14 195.40 1534.25
15 195.35 1534.64
16 195.30 1535.04
17 195.25 1535.43
18 195.20 1535.82
19 195.15 1536.22
20 195.10 1536.61


l Frequency range: C band (191.3 THz ~ 196.05 THz)

l Working wavelength range: C band (1529 nm ~ 1561 nm) + L band

(1570 nm ~ 1604 nm)
l Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.05 THz) + L band
(186.95 THz ~ 190.90 THz)

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DWDM Principles

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Optical Fiber Transmission Characteristics

Key Technologies of DWDM

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CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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1 Line side Line side

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l Each wavelength can carry different signal: SDH 2.5Gbps, 10 Gbps,

l DWDM technology provides multiple virtual fiber channels in one

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Full optical network is the development trend of optical transport network.

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Optical Fiber Transmission Characteristics

Key Technologies of DWDM

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Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding

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It is the reduction of signal strength or light power over the

length of the light-carrying medium. Fiber attenuation is

measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km).

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l Intrinsic Absorbency Attenuation

l Impurity Absorbency Attenuation

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O Band Original 1260-1360 nm

E Band Extended 1360-1460 nm

L Band Long 1565-1625 nm

U Band Ultralong 1625-1675 nm

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1310 (O 1360 ~ 1530 (E

MMF/G.652/ G.652/G.653/ G.652/G.653/

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2. Polarization Mode Dispersion

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As the optical pulse signals are transmitted for long

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(ps) = D (ps/ nm*km) * S (nm) * L (km)

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Optical signals of different wavelength have different speeds in

Chromatic dispersion is the result of material dispersion,

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Parameter of dispersion tolerance for laser source (Ds)

If Ds = 12800 ps/nm, SMFG.652

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l Due to geometrical and pressure asymmetry, two polarization modes have

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1. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)

2. Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)

3. Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

4. Self-phase Modulation (SPM)

5. Cross-phase Modulation (XPM)

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Due to dependency relationship between refractive index and light intensity,

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SRS affect results in attenuation of signals with short wavelength and

(ps) = D (ps/ nmkm) S (nm) * L (km)