MET 4402-20151 Module 01

Module 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS
Scope of Subject:
Title: Basics of
Industrial Equipments
Industry Systems
Thermofluid
Systems/Equipments
I- Fluid Systems & II- Thermal Systems &

Equipments Equipments
Basic Proprties & Basic Properties &

Principles Principles
Equipments: Equipments:
Pumps, Piping, IC Engines, Heat
compressors Exchanger, Power Plant
YANBU TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Mechanical Skills Department
Program: Diploma Certificate Instructor: Muhammad Rafique
Subject: MET 4402: Industrial Equipment Basics I Contact: rafiquem@rcyci.edu.sa
Handout Module 1: Fundamentals of Fluid Office : C2 B5 F3
Fluid: A substance that can flow.
Thus liquids and Gases are generally called fluids.

SUBSTANCE
FLUIDS SOLIDS
LIQUID
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTANCE GASES
The substance is generally distinguished by some basic characteristics.
FLUIDS
PROPERTY SOLIDS
Liquids Gases
1 Particle Nature Yes Yes Yes
2 Flow No Yes Yes
3 Mass Yes Yes Yes
4 Volume Yes Yes Yes
5 Substance Keeps Surface Yes Yes No
6 Substance Keep Shape Yes Yes No
7 Particles Keep Position Yes Yes No
8 Arrangement of Particles Crystals Layers Free
9 Compressibility No Little Yes
10 Movement of Particles Fixed Slide Fly
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SYSTEM OF UNITS:
All physical quantities are measured using units. There are many systems of units, but we follow SI System
(International System).
Basic Units:
The four common measurements have following basic or primary units in SI system.
1. Length meter [m] 3. Time Second [s]

2. Mass Kilogram [Kg] 4. Temperature Kelvin [K]
SI PREFIXES Metric units can also be converted using

the metric staircase shown
Derived Units
State the physical quantity
These are formed by combining base units of Step 1
quantities present in the defining equation.
How to get a derived unit? Express the statement mathamatically
It is a four step process as shown.
Step 2
Substitute the basic units

Step 3
Simplify the expression

Step 4
Name/
Physical Special
No. Definition Defining Equation Unit Expression
Quantity Name
It is extent of = square
1 Area 2 = [2 ]
shape in 2D plane. = meter
=
Space occupied 3 cubic
2 Volume [3 ]
by an object. = meter
=
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Illustration of Basic Properties
The relation between different properties can be conceived in terms of its three basic characters mass, volume and flow as shown below.
1
Pressure (P)
Weight (W)
Mass (m) [kg] = =
W=mg [N]
[Pa]
Fluid
Density () Specific Weight ()

= =

3
[ ] [ ] 3
Specific Gravity (S)

=

[]

2
Compressibility ()

Volume (V) [m3] = =

[1/Pa]
3
Flow Dynamic or Absolute Viscosity ( ) Kinematic Viscosity ()
Viscosity is 2 2
=
[
], [2 = 0.1 ] = [ = 104 ]
resistance to flow
MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 4/13

BASIC PROPERTIES OF FLUID
A. DENSITY AND RELATED TERMS

It is about massiveness or heaviness of a substance.
1. DENSITY OR MASS DENSITY:
It is the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume.
Symbol: , Greek letter rho [ro]
Formula:

= =

SI Unit: [/3 ]
Note:
a. The value of density of water is 1000kg/m3
b. The reciprocal of density is called Specific Volume = 1/ = / [3 /]
1. SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT DENSITY:

It is the ratio of weight of fluid to its volume
Symbol: , Greek letter omega
Formula:

= = = ( ) = ( ) =

SI Unit: [ /3 ]
Note: The value of specific weight of water is = 9.81X1000 = 9810 kg/m3
2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
It is the ratio of the weight density (or density) of a liquid to the weight density (or density) of a standard
fluid.
For liquids the standard fluid is water, and for gases it is air.
Symbol:
Formula:

= =

SI Unit: No unit [ ]
Note:
a. Specific Weight of Liquid = = 1000 9.81 = 9810 [/3]
b. Density of Liquid = = 1000 [/3 ]
Example:
The specific gravity of mercury is 13.6

= = 13.6 1000 = 13600
3
What is the specific gravity of water?

= =1

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B. VISCOSITY
It is internal resistance of fluid to flow.
1. Absolute Viscosity:
It is ratio of shear Stress and

velocity gradient of a flowing
liquid. It is also called Dynamic
Viscosity.
Symbol: (Etta)
Formula:
/
= = =
/
SI Unit:
/2
= =
/ 2
Other Common Units are
a. Poise p 1p=0.1 Ns/m2

2. Kinematic Viscosity:
It is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to density
Symbol: (Nu)
Formula:
SI Unit:
/2 3 . 3 2
= = 3
= ( 2) ( ) = ( 2 ) ( 2) ( ) =
/
Other Common Units are
a. Stoke St 1St=10-4 m2/s
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With increase of temperature, viscosity of fluid decreases and that of gas

increases, as shown in figure.
ILLUSTRATION
C. SURFACE TENSION
It is shrinking tendency of the surface of a liquid. It stretches the surface and gives tightness.
EXPLAINATION
Inside the liquid, the forces are balanced in opposite direction by neighboring particles.
At surface, inward forces are not balanced as there exist no liquid outside surface. It results a net inward force,
called Surface Tension.
ILLUSTRATION
Formation of drop
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D. PRESSURE
It is intensity of force
PRESSURE: It is force per unit area.
SI Unit: Pa (Pascal) It is pressure exerted by 1 N force on an area of 1m 2.
1Pa=1N/1m2
Conversion into

other units:
1 Pa 1 kPa 1 bar

E. COMPRESSIBILITY
It is measure of relative volume change of a fluid
when subjected to a pressure. i.e. how much the
volume a fluid is changed when pressure applied
on it.
It is decrease in volume of a liquid of given volume

per unit increase of pressure acting on it
Symbol: (Beta)
Formula:
/
=

= =

SI Unit:
m3 /m3 1
= = [ ]

Note: The reciprocal of compressibility is called Bulk Modulus, (Symbol: B or K)
1
= []

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MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE is weight per unit area of air above a datum.
It is also called barometric pressure for the reason it is usually measured by

barometer. The pressure is created by the surrounding layer of thick air situated
above us.
BAROMETER
It a device used to measure the atmospheric pressure.
Construction:
It consists of closed glass tube filled with mercury inverted into a mercury filled dish.
Principle:
Weight of Hg
The weight of mercury (Hg) inside the glass tube acts downward
Atmospheric Atmospheric
whereas the atmospheric pressure pushes the Hg into the tube. Pressure
Pressure
The column of mercury in glass
tube drops to the level where it
balances the atmospheric
pressure on dish.
Let two points A and B on the

surface of mercury. A is point
inside the tube and point B is
outside the tube. Then
Calculation of Atmospheric Pressure:

= = = = ( ) = ( ) = ( )

= =
= =
Note: For Mercury = 13.6 and = 760 = 0.76
= = 13.6 9.81 1000 0.76 = 101.3
MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 9/13

PIPE FLUID PRESSURE

Pressure Measuring
The pressure of fluid is measured by different Devices
devices as shown.
Glass Tube Mechanical
Manometer Bourden
Barometer Piezometer
(U Tube) Gauge
Bollows
Simple Differential
Gauge
GLASS TUBES
A- Piezometer
A simple tube is attached to the pipe at
its center level. Liquid rises in it giving
the pressure of fluid in pipe. Then
= =
B- U Tube Manometer
I- Gauge Pressure:
= 2 2
= + 1 1
=
= 2 2 1 1
II- Vacuum Pressure:

= 0
== + 1 1 + 2 2
=
= 2 2 + 1 1
I- Gauge Pressure II- Vacuum Pressure
C- U Tube Differential Manometer
Two pipes at same levels:

= + 2 +
= + 1 +
=
= 2 + 1 +
= + 2 1
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MECHANICAL GAUGES
Bourdon Tube Gauge Bourdon Tube Gauge Mechanisms
Bollows Gauge Bollows Gauge Mechanisms
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PROBLEM SOLVING
Q-1: The level of the mercury in a barometer tube is 760 mm above the level of the mercury in the bowl; what is
the atmospheric pressure in N/m2? The specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 and the specific weight of water is 9.81 X
103N/m3.
Solution:
= 760 = 0.76
= 13.6

= 9.81 103 = 9810 3
3

= =

= = = 13.6 9810 0.76 = 101.3 /2
Q-2: A pressure tube is used to measure the pressure of oil (mass density = 640
kg/m3) in a pipeline. lf the oil rises to a height of 1 .2 m above the center of the pipe
what is the gauge pressure in N/m2 at that point?
Solution:
= 1.2
= 640 /3

= = 640 9.81 = 6278.4
3
= = 6278.4 1.2 = 7534.08 /2 = 7.5 /2
Q-3: If the mercury is 30 cm below the center of pipe attached to the left limb and 20 cm above the center in the
right limb, what is the gauge pressure of water in pipe? Sp. Gravity of mercury is 13.6.
Solution: Let 1 and 2 be the water in pipe and mercury in manometer. Then
1 = 30 = 0.30 ; = 20 = 0.20 ; 2 = 30 + 20 = 0.50
= + 1 1
= 2 2 = 1 1 2
= 1 1 2 1 1 = 13.6 9.81 1000 0.5 9.81 1000 0.3
= 66708 2943 = 63765 /2 = 63.8 /2
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EXERCISE:
1. The density of a certain type of fluid is 805 kg/m3. Determine its specific gravity, specific weight, and specific
volume. Take
Density of water at 40C w = 1000 Kg/m3 Gravity g = 9.81 m / sec
2. The density of a certain type of fluid is 900 Kg/m3. Determine its specific gravity, specific weight, and specific
volume.
3. The right limb of a simple U tube manometer containing mercury is open to the atmosphere while its left
limb is connected to a pipe in which a fluid of specific gravity 0.9 is flowing. The center of the pipe is 12 cm
below the level of mercury in the right limb. Find the pressure of liquid in the pipe if the difference of
mercury level in the two limbs is 20 cm.
4. A simple U tube manometer containing mercury is connected to a pipe in which a fluid of SG 0.8 and
having a vacuum pressure is flowing. The other end of the manometer is open to atmosphere. Find the
vacuum pressure in pipe, if the difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 40 cm and the height of
fluid in left from the center of pipe is 15 cm below.
5. A pipe contains an oil of SG 0.9. A differential manometer connected at the two points A and B at same
level shows a difference in mercury level as 15 cm. Find the difference of pressure at the two points.
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MET 4402-20151 Module 01

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Module 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS

I- Fluid Systems & II- Thermal Systems &

Basic Proprties & Basic Properties &

Fluid: A substance that can flow.

Thus liquids and Gases are generally called fluids.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTANCE GASES

The substance is generally distinguished by some basic characteristics.

MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 2/13

1. Length meter [m] 3. Time Second [s]

SI PREFIXES Metric units can also be converted using

Substitute the basic units

Simplify the expression

MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 3/13

Illustration of Basic Properties

Specific Gravity (S)

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BASIC PROPERTIES OF FLUID

A. DENSITY AND RELATED TERMS

1. SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT DENSITY:

MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 5/13

It is internal resistance of fluid to flow.

It is ratio of shear Stress and

Other Common Units are

a. Poise p 1p=0.1 Ns/m2

It is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to density

Other Common Units are

a. Stoke St 1St=10-4 m2/s

MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 6/13

With increase of temperature, viscosity of fluid decreases and that of gas

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PRESSURE: It is force per unit area.

SI Unit: Pa (Pascal) It is pressure exerted by 1 N force on an area of 1m 2.

It is decrease in volume of a liquid of given volume

Note: The reciprocal of compressibility is called Bulk Modulus, (Symbol: B or K)

MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 8/13

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE is weight per unit area of air above a datum.

It is also called barometric pressure for the reason it is usually measured by

It a device used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

Let two points A and B on the

Calculation of Atmospheric Pressure:

Note: For Mercury = 13.6 and = 760 = 0.76

= = 13.6 9.81 1000 0.76 = 101.3

MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 9/13

PIPE FLUID PRESSURE

II- Vacuum Pressure:

C- U Tube Differential Manometer

Two pipes at same levels:

MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 10/13

Bourdon Tube Gauge Bourdon Tube Gauge Mechanisms

Bollows Gauge Bollows Gauge Mechanisms

MET 4402-20151 Module 01 Page: 11/13

= = = 13.6 9810 0.76 = 101.3 /2

= = 6278.4 1.2 = 7534.08 /2 = 7.5 /2

1 = 30 = 0.30 ; = 20 = 0.20 ; 2 = 30 + 20 = 0.50

= 1 1 2 1 1 = 13.6 9.81 1000 0.5 9.81 1000 0.3

= 66708 2943 = 63765 /2 = 63.8 /2

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