2.

1 LINEAR MOTION

Physical Definition, Quantity, Symbol and unit

Quantity
Distance is the total path length traveled from one location
to another.
Distance, l
Quantity: scalar SI unit: meter (m)

Displacement, (a) The distance in a specified direction.

l (b) The distance between two locations measured along the
shortest path connecting them in a specific direction.
(c) The distance of its final position from its initial position in
a specified direction.

Quantity: vector SI unit: meter (m)

Speed,v Speed is the rate of change of distance

Speed = Distance, s
Time taken,t

Quantity: scalar SI unit: m s-1

Velocity, v Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.

Velocity = Displacement, s
Time taken,t

Direction of velocity is the direction of displacement

Quantity : Vector SI unit: m s-1

Average v = Total distant traveled, s Example: A car moves at

speed Total time taken , t an average speed / velocity
of 20 ms-1 .On average, the
car moves a distance /
displacement of 20 m in 1
Average v = Displacement, s
second for the whole
velocity Time taken, t
journey.

1
Uniform Speed that remains the same in magnitude regardless
speed of its direction.

Uniform Velocity that remains the same in magnitude and

velocity direction.

An object has (a) The direction of motion changes or the motion is not
a non-uniform linear.
velocity if: (b) The magnitude of its velocity changes.

Acceleration,a When the velocity of an object changes, the object is said to

a =v-u be accelerating.
t
unit : ms-2 Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

Acceleration = Change in velocity

Time taken

= Final velocity, v - Initial velocity, u

Time taken, t

acceleration The velocity of an object increases from an initial

is positive velocity, u, to a higher final velocity, v
Deceleration The rate of decrease in speed in a specified direction.

acceleration The velocity of an object decreases from an initial

is negative. velocity, u, to a lower final velocity, v.
Zero An object moving at a constants velocity, that is, the
acceleration magnitude and direction of its velocity remain
unchanged - is not accelerating
Constant Velocity increases at a uniform rate.
acceleration When a car moves at a constant or uniform
acceleration of 5 ms-2, its velocity increases by 5 ms-1
for every second that the car is in motion.

2
 1. Constant = uniform
2. increasing velocity = acceleration
3. decreasing velocity = deceleration
4. zero velocity = object at stationary / at rest
5. negative velocity = object moves at opposite
direction
6. zero acceleration = constant velocity
7. negative acceleration = deceleration

Comparisons between distance Comparisons between speed and

and displacement. velocity

Distance Displacement
Total path length The distance
traveled from between two
one location to locations
another measured along
the shortest path
connecting them
in specific
direction
Scalar quantity Vector quantity

It has magnitude It has both

but no direction magnitude and
direction
SI unit : meter SI unit : meter

Speed Velocity
The rate of change The rate of change
of distance of displacement
Scalar quantity Vector quantity

It has magnitude It has both

but no direction magnitude and
direction
SI unit : m s-1 SI unit : m s-1

Fill in the blanks:

1. A steady speed of 10 m/s = A distance of is traveled every _________
2. A steady velocity of -10 m/s = A ___________ of 10m is traveled every
________ to the left.

3
3. A steady acceleration of 4 ms-2 = Speed increases by 4 m/s every ____
4. A steady deceleration of 4 ms-2 = Speed ___________ by 4 m/s
Every ________
5. A steady velocity of 10 m/s = ___________________________________
____________________________________________

4
Example 1
Every day Rahim walks from his
house to the junction which is
1.5 km from his house. Then he
turns back and stops at warung
Pak Din which is 0.5 km from his
warung
rumah Rahim
house.
Example 2
Every morning Amirul walks to
Ahmads house which is situated
80 m to the east of Amiruls
house. They then walk towards
their school which is 60 m to the
south of Ahmads house.
(a)What is the distance traveled
by Amirul and his
displacement from his
house?

(b)If the total time taken by

Amirul to travel from his
0.5 km 1.5 km
house to Ahmads house and
(a)What is Rahims displacement
then to school is 15 minutes,
from his house
what is his speed and
when he reaches the junction. velocity?

When he is at warung Pak

Din.

(b)After breakfast, Rahim

walks back to his house.
When he reaches home,
(i) what is the total distance
traveled by Rahim?

(ii) what is Rahims total

displacement from his
house?

Example 3
Syafiq running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s.
(a) What is his speed in m/s
(b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his distance covered?
Example 4
An aeroplane flys towards the north with
a velocity 300 km/hr in one hour. Then,
the plane moves to the east with the
velocity 400 km / hr in one hour.
 (a)What is the average speed
of the plane?
(b)What is the average
velocity of the plane?
(c)What is the difference
between average speed and
average velocity of the
plane?

Example 5
The speedometer reading for a car
traveling north shows 80 km/hr. Another
car traveling at 80 km/hr towards south. Is
the speed of both cars same? Is the
velocity of both cars same?

A ticker timer

> Use: 12 V a.c power supply

> 1 tick = time interval between two dots.
> The time taken to make 50 ticks on the ticker tape is 1 second.
Hence, the time interval between 2 consecutive dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s.
> 1 tick = 0.02 s
Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker tape.

FORMULA
VELOCITY Time, t = 10 dots x 0.02 s =
10 dots 0.2 s displacement, s = x cm
velocity = s = x cm t 0.2 s
* 4

x cm

ACCELERATION


x, cm
x2 cm Initial velocity,
u = x1
0.2
final velocity,
v=
0.2
acceleration, a
=v-ut

elapse time, t = (5 - 1) x 0.2 s = 0.8 s or t =

(50 - 10) ticks x 0.02 s = 0.8 s

TICKER TAPE AND TYPE OF MOTION

CHARTS
Constant velocity
- slow moving

Constant velocity
 - fast moving

> Distance between the dots

increases uniformly
> the velocity is of the object is
increasing uniformly
> The object is moving at a
uniform / constant
acceleration.
Example 6
The diagram above shows a ticker tape chart for a
moving trolley. The frequency of the ticker-timer used is
50 Hz. Each section has 10 dots-spacing.

> Distance between the dots

decrease uniformly
> The velocity of the object is
decreasing uniformly
> The object is experiencing
uniform / constant deceleration

(a) What is the time between two dots.

(b) What is the time for one strips.
(c) What is the initial velocity
(d) What is the final velocity.
(e) What is the time interval to change from initial
velocity to final velocity?
(f) What is the acceleration of the object.
 THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION

u = initial velocity v =
final velocity t = time
taken s = displacement
a = constant
accleration

v =u+at
12S =Ut+-r-
at

v2= u l +las
2.2 MOTION GRAPHS
D DISPLACEMENT - Velocity is obtained from the gradient of
G TIME iRAPH the graph.
/m B C
s
\ A - B : gradient of the graph is +ve and
J constant /. velocity is constant.
B - C : gradient of the graph = 0 the
velocity = 0, object at rest.
t 1IJ<i*T C - D : gradient of the graph -ve and
constant. The velocity is negative and
object moves in the opposite direction.

VELOCITY-TIME Area below Distance / displacement

GRAPH graph
\ Positive Constant Acceleration (A -
gradient B)
Negative Constant Deceleration (C -
gradient D)
; / \D Zero Constant velocity / zero
iiai 5*r gradient
acceleration (B - C)
GRAPH s versus t v versus t a versus t
Zero
velocity

Negative
velocity

Constant
velocity

12
13
 GRAPH s versus t v versus t a versus t
Constant
acceleration

Constant
deceleration

Example 6

Example 7

velocity/ m/s
iContoh 11 s I m

time/s

Based on the s - t graph above:

(a) Calculate the velocity at (i) AB (a) Calculate the acceleration at:
(ii) BC (iii) CD (i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM

(b) Describe the motion of the object at:

(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD
(b) Describe the motion of the object at:
(i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM

(c)Find:
(i) total distance

(ii) total displacement Calculate the total displacement.

(d) Calculate
(i) the average speed
(c) Calculate the average velocity.
(ii) the average velocity of
the moving particle.
2.3 INERTIA

Inertia The inertia of an object is the tendency of the

object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue
its motion.

Newtons first law Every object continues in its state of rest or of

uniform motion unless it is acted upon by an
external force.
Relation between The larger the mass, the larger the inertia
inertia and mass
SITUATIONS INVOLVING INERTIA
SITUATION EXPLAINATION
When the cardboard is pulled away quickly, the
coin drops straight into the glass.
The inertia of the coin maintains its state at rest.
The coin falls into the glass due to gravity.

s
Chili sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out
if the bottle is moved down fast with a sudden
stop. The sauce inside the bottle moves together
with the bottle. When the bottle stops suddenly,
the sauce continue in its state of motion due to
the effect of its inertia.

Body moves forward when the car stops suddenly

The passengers were in a state of motion when
the car was moving. When the car stopped
suddenly, the inertia in the passengers made
them maintain their state of motion. Thus when
the car stop, the passengers moved forward.

A boy runs away from a cow in a zig zag motion.

The cow has a large inertia making it difficult to
change direction.

16
 The head of hammer is secured tightly to its
handle by knocking one end of the handle, held
vertically, on a hard surface.
This causes the hammer head to continue on
its downward motion when the handle has
been stopped, so that the top end of the handle
is slotted deeper into the hammer head.

The drop of water on a wet umbrella will fall

when the boy rotates the umbrella.
This is because the drop of water on the
surface of the umbrella moves simultaneously
as the umbrella is rotated.
When the umbrella stops rotating, the inertia of
the drop of water will continue to maintain its
motion.
Ways to reduce
the negative
effects of inertia

1. Safety in a car:
(a)Safety belt secure the driver to their seats.
When the car stops suddenly, the seat belt
provides the external force that prevents
the driver from being thrown forward.
(b)Headrest to prevent injuries to the neck
during rear-end collisions. The inertia of the
head tends to keep in its state of rest when
the body is moved suddenly.
(c)An air bag is fitted inside the steering
wheel. It provides a cushion to prevent the
driver from hitting the steering wheel or
dashboard during a collision.

Relationship
between mass 2. Furniture carried by a lorry normally are tied
and inertia up together by string. When the lorry starts to
move suddenly, the furniture are more difficult
to fall off due to their inertia because their
combined mass has increased.
Two empty buckets which are hung with rope

17
from a the ceiling.
One bucket is filled with sand while the other
bucket is empty.
Then, both pails are pushed.
It is found that the empty bucket is easier to

18
 push compared to the bucket with sand.
The bucket filled with sand offers more
resistance to movement.
When both buckets are oscillating and an
attempt is made to stop them, the bucket filled
with sand offers more resistance to the hand
(more difficult to bring to a standstill once it
has started moving)
This shows that the heavier bucket offers a
greater resistance to change from its state of
rest or from its state of motion.
An object with a larger mass has a larger inertia.

2.4 MOMENTUM
Definition Momentum = Mass x velocity = mv SI unit: kg
ms-1

Principle of In the absence of an external force, the total

Conservation of momentum of a system remains unchanged.
Momentum

Elastic Collision Inelastic collision

U1 U2 V1 v2 -- - V
U
2 wn 4. m
m1 m2
U
1

m1 n m2 m1 n m2 L
o-oJ O 0 0 o1

r Jf / Jf
/ QSflBsBgp g j GElIMaii g
Both objects move
independently at their
respective velocities after the
collision.
Momentum is conserved.
Kinetic energy is conserved.
Total energy is conserved.
The two objects combine and
move together with a
common velocity after the
collision.
Momentum is conserved.
Kinetic energy is not
conserved.
Total energy is conserved.
 '
Total Momentum Before = Total Momentum Before = Total
total momentum After Momentum After
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v

Explosion

Before explosion both object stick

together and at rest. After collision,
both object move at opposite
direction.
Total Momentum Total Momentum after collision : m1v1 +
before collision Is m2v2
zero From the law of conservation of
momentum:
Total Momentum = Total Momentum
Before collision after collision 0 = m1v1
+ m2v2 m1v1 = - m2v2

-ve sign means opposite direction

EXAMPLES OF EXPLOSION (Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum)
When a rifle is fired, the bullet of mass m,
moves with a high velocity, v. This creates a
momentum in the forward direction.
From the principle of conservation of
momentum, an equal but opposite momentum
is produced to recoil the riffle backward.
>

Application
> in the jet engine:
A high-speed hot gases are ejected from the back
with high momentum.
This produces an equal and opposite momentum
to propel the jet plane forward.
 The launching of rocket
Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen fuels
burn explosively in the combustion
chamber.
Jets of hot gases are expelled at very
high speed through the exhaust.
These high speed hot gases produce a large
amount of momentum downward.
By conservation of momentum, an equal but
opposite momentum is produced and acted
on the rocket, propelling the rocket upwards.
>

>

>

In a swamp area, a fan boat is used.

The fan produces a high speed movement of
air backward. This produces a large momentum
backward.
By conservation of momentum, an equal but
opposite momentum is produced and acted
on the boat. So the boat will move forward.
>

>

A squid propels by expelling water at high

velocity. Water enters through a large opening
and exits through a small tube. The water is
forced out at a high speed backward.
Total Mom. before= Total Mom. after 0
=Mom water + Mom squid 0 = mwvw + msvs
-mwvw = msvs The magnitude of the
momentum of water and squid are equal but
opposite direction.
This causes the squid to jet forward.
 Example Example
20 ms" 10 ms"
------------^ ^
*L , A A !u
^ j2 plunger 4 4
IP PI. PI fP
m, = 1 000 kg mj = 1 200 kg
iiil MMHSBB (a)
Car A of mass 1000 kg moving at 20
ms-1 collides with a car B of mass Ma = 4 kg
Before collision After collision
1200 kg moving at 10 m s-1 in same Mb = 2 kg UA = 10 m/s to the left UB =
direction. If the car B is shunted 8 m/s to the right VB = 4 m/s to the
forwards at 15 m s-1 by the impact, left.
what is the velocity, v, of the car A Calculate the value of VA .
immediately after the crash?

Example
Example 4 v 300 m s_

30 m s_1 20 m sH v

ESSSL
(a) Before collision (b) After collision (a) Before shooting (b) After shooting

A man fires a pistol which has a

A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at
30 m/s collides with a car of mass
1000 kg which is traveling in the
opposite direction at 20 m/s. After
the collision, the two vehicles move
together. What is the velocity of
both vehicles immediately after
collision?
mass of 1.5 kg. If the mass of the
bullet is 10 g and it reaches a
velocity of 300 m/s after shooting,
what is the recoil velocity of the
pistol?

23
2.5 FORCE

Balanced Force When the Example:

forces acting on an object
are balanced, they cancel
each other out.
The net force is zero.

Effect :
the object at is at rest
[ velocity = 0] or moves at lift, u
constant velocity [ a = 0]
thrust, F drag, G

Weight, W
Weight, W = Lift, U Thrust, F = drag, G

Unbalanced Force/ Resultant When the forces acting on an object are

Force not balanced, there must be a net force
acting on it.

The net force is known as the unbalanced force or the resultant

force.

Effect : Can cause a body to

- change it state at rest (an object will
accelerate
- change it state of motion (a
moving object will decelerate or
change its direction)
______________________________

24
2.5 FORCE

Force, Mass & Acceleration

Newtons Second The acceleration produced by a force on an object
Law of Motion is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net
force applied and is inversely proportional to the
mass of the object. The direction of the acceleration
is the same as that of the net force.
^ k9
Force = Mass x Acceleration F = ma
When a net force, F, acts
on a mass, m it causes
an acceleration, a.

25
Relationship
between a & F

a aF
The acceleration, a, is directly
proportional to the applied force,
F.
Relationship
between a and
m

1
a <x
m

26
 The acceleration of an object is
inversely proportional to the mass,

Experiment to Find The Relationship between Force, Mass & Acceleration

Relationship a&F a&m
between
Situation JL >

tf- J

Both men are pushing Both men

erted the
the same mass but man ex strength.
same man B
A puts greater effort. So But faster
moves an A.
he moves faster. than m
Inference The acceleration The acceleration
produced by an object produced by an object
depends on the net force depends on the mass
applied to it.

Hypothesis The acceleration of the The acceleration of the

object increases when object decreases when
the force applied the mass of the object
increases increases

Variables:
Manipulated Force Mass
: Acceleration Acceleration
Responding Mass Force
: Constant :
Apparatus Ticker tape and elastic cords, ticker timer, trolleys,
and Material power supply and friction compensated runway and
meter ruler.

27
 ^Retort
Ticker timer stand
Ticker tape
-Elastic cords

Friction-compensated
a.c. power / / runway
supply

Procedure : The elastic cord is hooked over a trolley.

- Controlling stretched until the end of The elastic cord is
manipulate the trolley. The trolley is stretched until the end of
d variables. pulled down the runway the trolley. The trolley is
An elastic with the elastic cord pulled down the runway
cord is being kept stretched by with the elastic cord
hooked over the same amount of being kept stretched by
the trolley. force the same amount of
An elastic cord is force

Controlling Determine the

responding acceleration by analyzing
variables. the ticker tape.
Determine the
acceleration by analyzing
the ticker tape.

28
 v - u v - u
Acceleration a = Acceleration a =

t t

Repeat the experiment Repeat the experiment

Repeating by using two , three, four by using two, three, four
experiment. and five trolleys.
and five elastic cords

Recording
data

Analysing
data

29
 1. What force is required to move a 2
kg object with an acceleration of
3 m s-2, if
(a) the object is on a smooth
surface?
(b) The object is on a surface where
the average force of friction
acting on the object is 2 N?
Ali applies a force of 50 N to
move a 10 kg table at a constant
velocity. What is the frictional
force acting on the table?

3. A car of mass 1200 kg traveling at (b) the average braking force.

20 m/s is brought to rest over a 4. Which of the following systems
distance of 30 m. Find will produce maximum
(a) the average deceleration, acceleration?

12 N 8N
* *

m
r
100 -*V" , 80
N N

5N 15 N

52 N 28 N

D
2.6 IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE

Impulse m = mass u =
The change of momentum mv - mu initial velocity v
Unit : kgms-1 or Ns = final velocity t
Impulsiv The rate of change of momentum in a = time
e collision or explosion
Force mv - mu
t
Unit = N
Effect of Impulsive Longer period of time ^Impulsive force
time force is decrease
inversely Shorter period of time ^Impulsive force
proportional increase
to time of
 Situations for Reducing Impulsive Force in Sports
Situations Explanation
Thick mattress with soft surfaces are used in
events such as high jump so that the time
interval of impact on landing is extended, thus
reducing the impulsive force. This can prevent
1. - injuries to the participants.

M-atlrci - i

Goal keepers will wear gloves to increase the

collision time. This will reduce the impulsive
xrr :. *) r\T *.*: force.
A
n s
c y - y ,spots]

A high jumper will bend his legs upon landing.

This is to increase the time of impact in order
to reduce the impulsive force acting on his
legs. This will reduce the chance of getting
f serious injury.
*

A baseball player must catch the ball in the

direction of the motion of the ball. Moving his
hand backwards when catching the ball
prolongs the time for the momentum to
change so as to reduce the impulsive force.

Situation of Increasing Impulsive Force

Situations Explanation
A karate expert can break a thick wooden slab
1 with his bare hand that moves at a very fast
speed. The short impact time results in a large
impulsive force on the wooden slab.

A massive hammer head moving at a fast

speed is brought to rest upon hitting the nail.
The large change in momentum within a short
time interval produces a large impulsive force
J which drives the nail into the wood.
A football must have enough air pressure in it so the contact time is short. The

impulsive force acted on the ball will be bigger and the ball will move faster
and further.

Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to pound chilies
the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar cause the pestle to be stopped
in a very short time. A large impulsive force is resulted and thus causes these
spices to be crushed easily.
 Example 1
A 60 kg resident jumps from the
first floor of a burning house. His
velocity just before landing on the
ground is 6 ms-1.
(a) Calculate the impulse when his
legs hit the ground.
(b)What is the impulsive force on
the residents legs if he bends
upon landing and takes 0.5 s to
stop?
(c) What is the impulsive force on
the residents legs if he does not
bend and stops in 0.05 s?
(d) What is the advantage of bending
his legs upon landing?

Example 2
Rooney kicks a ball with a force of
1500 N. The time of contact of his
boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is
the impulse delivered to the ball? If
the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what
is the velocity of the ball?
2.7 SAFETY VEHICLE

Component Function
Headrest To reduce the inertia effect of the drivers head.
Air bag Absorbing impact by increasing the amount of time the
drivers head to come to the steering. So that the
impulsive force can be reduce
Windscreen The protect the driver
Crumple Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase
zone the amount of time the car takes to come to a complete
stop. So it can reduce the impulsive force.
Front Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel,
bumper aluminium, plastic or rubber.
ABS Enables drivers to quickly stop the car without causing
the brakes to lock.
Side impact Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase
bar the amount of time the car takes to come to a complete
stop. So it can reduce the impulsive force.
Seat belt To reduce the inertia effect by avoiding the driver from
thrown forward.

35
2.8 GRAVITY

Gravitationa Objects fall because they are pulled towards the Earth
l by the force of gravity.
Force
This force is known as the pull of gravity or the earths
gravitational force.

The earths gravitational force tends to pull everything

towards its centre.

Free fall > An object is falling freely when it is falling under the
force of gravity only.
> A piece of paper does not fall freely because its fall
is affected by air resistance.
> An object falls freely only in vacuum. The absence of
air means there is no air resistance to oppose the
motion of the object.
> In vacuum, both light and heavy objects fall freely.
They fall with the same acceleration ie. The
acceleration due to gravity, g.
Acceleratio > Objects dropped under the influence of the pull of
n due to gravity with constant acceleration.
gravity, g > This acceleration is known as the gravitational
acceleration, g.
> The standard value of the gravitational acceleration, g is
9.81 m s-2. The value of g is often taken to be 10 m s -2 for
simplicity.
> The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity
depends on the strength of the gravitational field.

Gravitationa The gravitational field is the region around the earth in

l which an object experiences a force towards the centre
field of the earth. This force is the gravitational attraction
between the object and the earth.

The gravitational field strength is defined as the

gravitational force which acts on a mass of 1 kilogram.
-1
g = Its unit is N kg .
m

36
2.8 GRAVITY

Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg-1 Acceleration

due to gravity, g = 10 m s-2

The approximate value of g can therefore be written

either as 10 m s-2 or as 10 N kg-1.

Weight The gravitational force acting on the object.

Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration W = mg SI
unit : Newton, N and it is a vector quantity

Comparison Mass Weight

between The mass of an object is The weight of an object is
weight & the amount of matter in the force of gravity acting
mass the object on the object.
Constant everywhere Varies with the magnitude
of gravitational field
strength, g of the location
A scalar quantity A vector quantity
A base quantity A derived quantity
SI unit: kg SI unit: Newton, N
The
difference 4-----Innul poiltlon 11 11 1
1 1

between a
fall in air
and a free If
fall in a Feither

vacuum of a CM y
coin and a
feather.
i
Both the At vacuum state: At normal state:
coin and the There is no air resistance. Both coin and feather will
feather are The coin and the feather fall because of
released will fall freely. gravitational force.
simulta- Only gravitational force Air resistance effected by
neously acted on the objects. the surface area of a fallen
from the Both will fall at the same object.
same time. The feather that has large
height. area will have more air
resistance.
The coin will fall at first. 37
 aa (a)The two sphere are (b)The two spheres are
w falling with an falling down with the
acceleration. same acceleration

The distance between The two spheres are at
two successive the same level at all
images
of the sphere times. Thus, a heavy
Two i l increases
showing that the two object and a light object
stee
spheres are spheres are falling fall with the same
falling under with
increasing velocity; gravitational
gravity. The falling with an acceleration.
two spheres acceleration.
are dropped Gravitational
at the same acceleration is
time from independent of mass.
the same
height.

Motion graph for free l

fa Free fall object object
Object thrown upward

Object thrown upward and fall

38
Example 1
A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the
ground. What is
(a) its speed when it strikes the
ground
(b) the height of the coconut tree.

39
2.9 FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM

When an object is in equilibrium, the resultant force

acting on it is zero.
The object will either be
1. at rest
2. move with constant velocity.
Newton
s 3rd Law
Examplesf Label the forces acted on the objects)

Resultant A single force that represents the combined effect of

Force two of more forces in magnitude and direction.

Addition of Forces
Q F, Resultant force, F = +
Forces in
Equilibrium
r.-Q 1 Resultant force, F = +

40
 Two forces acting at a point at an angle [Parallelogram method]

STEP 1 : Using ruler and protractor, STEP 3

draw the two forces F1 and F2 from a Draw the diagonal of the
point. parallelogram. The diagonal
F, represent the resultant force, F in
magnitude and direction.
<<60 0

F
/ \ .-'''Resultant force\.

STEP 2
Complete the parallelogram "Vt, ----------------------------1--------i**

scale: 1 cm =.......

Resolution of
Forces

A force F can be resolved into components which are perpendicular to each

other:
(a) horizontal component , FX
(b)____________________________________ vertical
component, FY__________________________
F I
\

Inclined Plane
Fx = F cos 0 Component of weight parallel to the
plane = mg sin 0
Fy = F sin 0 Component of weight normal to the plane
= mg cos 0
_____________________________________
 find the resultant force
20 N
A
(a) >5
f
N
(b ) 3N - SN 12 N
'12
N

TTTTTTTTTTT
(d) (e)

+ F N
2 N'
12
0
<
FN 5N

Lift
Stationary Lift 1 Lift accelerate upward 1 Lift accelerate
downward

t a

A a
a
0

1
w

Resultant Force = Resultant Force = Resultant Force =

The reading of The reading of The reading of

weighing scale = weighing scale = weighing scale =
Pulley

1. Find the
resultant force,
F

2. Find the
moving mass,m

3. Find the
accelerations

4. Find string
tension, T
 2.10 WORK, ENERGY, POWER & EFFICIENCY

Work Work done is the product of an applied force

r- $ and the displacement of an object in the
K| i !i

direction of the applied force W = Fs W = work,

1A
F = force s = displacement

The SI unit of work is the 1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 N

joule, J moves an object 1 m in the direction of the
force
- i iii 1 m
IN - 1 n ..............................................
:
//////////////////
Calculation of Work

The displacement, s of the object is in the The displacement , s of

_________direction of the force, F the object is not in the
________________ direction of the force, F

W = Fs s F

W=Fs

45
 No work is done when:

Example 1 Example 3
A boy pushing his bicycle
A manwith
is pulling
a force aofcrate
25 Nof
through
fish along
a distance
the floor
of with
3 m. a force of 40 N through a distance of 6 m.

What is the work done in pulling the crate?

Calculate the work done by the boy.

Example 2
A girl is lifting up a 3 kg
flower pot steadily to a
height of 0.4 m.

What is the work done by

the girl?

46
The object is stationary The direction of motion of
the object is perpendicular
to that of the applied force.
A waiter is carrying a tray
A student carrying his bag
while waiting at the bus stop_ of food and walking
No force is applied on the
object in the direction of
displacement (the object
moves because of its own
inertia)
A satellite orbiting in space.
There is no friction in
space. No force is acting in
the direction of movement
of the satellite.

Concept Definition Formula & Unit

Power The rate at which work is
p=W
done, or the amount of work t
done per second. p = power, W = work /
energy t = time
Energy > Energy is the capacity to do work.
> An object that can do work has energy
> Work is done because a force is applied and the
objects move. This is accompanied by the transfer
of energy from one object to another object.
> Therefore, when work is done, energy is
transferred from one object to another.
> The work done is equal to the amount of energy
transferred.

m = mass h = height
Gravitational potential energy g = gravitational
is the energy of an object due acceleration
to its higher position in the E = mgh
Potential gravitational field.
Energy
Ji

Kinetic Kinetic energy is the energy m = mass v = velocity

Energy of an object due to its motion.
E = / mv2
*
 Energy can be changed from one form to another, but
it cannot be created or destroyed.
Principle of The energy can be transformed from one form to
Conservation another, total energy in a system is constant.
of Energy
Total energy before = total energy after

Example 4
A worker is pulling a wooden block of Example 5
weight,W,with a force of P along a A student of mass m is climbing up a
fritionless plank at height of h. The flight of stairs which has the height of h.
distance traveled by the block is x. He takes t seconds..
Calculate the work done by the worker to
pull the block.

Example 6
A stone is thrown upward with initial Example 7

velocity of 20 ms-1. What is the maximum

height which can be reached by the
stone?

A boll is released from point A of height

49
 0.8 m so that it can roll along a curve
frictionless track. What is the velocity of
the ball when it reaches point B?

Example 8 Example 9

50
A trolley is released from rest at point X A ball moves upwards along a frictionless
along a frictionless track. What is the track of height 1.5 m with a velocity of 6
velocity of the trolley at point Y? ms-1. What is its velocity at point B?

Example 10
A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a
concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he
slides down the slope, he does work to
overcome friction of 140 J. What is his
velocity at the end of the slope?
2.12 ELASTICITY

Elasticity A property of matter that enables an object

to return to its original size and shape when
the force that was acting on it is removed.

No external force is applied.

Molecules are at their equilibrium
separation. Intermolecular force is equal
zero.

Compressing a solid causes its molecules to

be displaced closer to each other.
Repulsive intermolecular force acts to push
the molecules back to their original positions.

Stretching a solid causes its molecules to be

displaced away from each other.
Attractive intermolecular force acts to pull
back the molecules to their original positions.

Stretching a wire by
an external force: > Its molecules are slightly displaced away
from one another.

52
> Strong attractive
forces act between
the molecules to
oppose the
stretching
When the external
force is removed:
> The attractive
intermolecular
forces bring the
molecules back to
their equilibrium
separation.
> The wire returns to
its original position

53
 The extension of a spring is directly
proportional to the applied force provided the
Hookes Law elastic limit is not exceeded.

F = kx

F= force on the spring x = extension

k = force constant of the spring

' Spring J ' Weight J

Force extension Relationship between F & x :

graph F is directly proportional to x
F/N

The gradient of the graph represent =

force constant of the spring, k

Area under the graph equal to the work done

to extent the spring:
x (cm) = elastic potential energy = 1% Fx = 1% kx2
Based on the graph:

The elastic limit of a The maximum force that can be applied to a

spring spring such that the spring will be able to be
FfN
restored to its original length when the force
is removed.
elastic
If a force stretches a spring beyond its elastic
limit limit, the spring cannot return to its original
length even though the force no longer acts on it.
x (cm)
The Hookes law is not obeyed anymore.

Force constant of The force required to produce one unit of

the spring, k
F ( N) F
k=
7
stiff spring / 5

soft
1
spring 2.
5 x(m)
extension of the
spring.
unit N m-1 or N cm-1
or N mm-1
x

k is a measurement
of the stiffness of
the spring
> The spring with a
larger force
constant is harder
to extend and is
said to be more
stiff.
> A spring with a
smaller force
constant is easier
to extend and is
said to be less
stiff or softer.
 Factors that effect elasticity
Factor Change in factor How does it affects the
elasticity
Length Shorter spring Less elastic
Longer spring More elastic
Diameter of spring Smaller diameter More elastic
wire Larger diameter Less elastic
Diameter spring Smaller diameter Less elastic
Larger diameter More elastic
Type of material Springs made of different materials Elasticity
changes according to the type of material

Arrangement of the spring

In series In parallel

The same load is applied to each

spring.
W
Tension in each spring = W 2
Extension of each spring = x Total
extension = 2x If n springs are
2
used:
The total extension = nx
The load is shared equally among
the springs. Extension of each spring = If n
Tension in each spring = springs are used:
 The total extension =
n
yy^yyyyyy

Example 1

The original length of

each spring is 10 cm.
With a load of 10 g, the
extension of each spring
is 2 cm.
What is the length of the
spring system for (a), 40 E

(ID) and (c)?

x
 37

SECTION A QUESTION 1

Figure 1.1 shows a car moving along a straight line but hilly road.

Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2 shows how the velocity of the car varies with time as it
travels from A to E. The car travels at 60 kmh-1 from A to B for
two minutes.
 Figure 1.2
(a) Describe the acceleration of the car as it travels from A to
E.
2
........................................................................ m

(b) Compare the resultant force as it travels along AB and CD. 59

1
........................................................................ m
(c) Give a reason to your answer in (b)

1
........................................................................ m
(d) Calculate the distance AB

60
2
m
(e) The velocity of a car increases if the force
exerted on the accelerator of a car
increases. Explain why the velocity of the
car increases from D to E although the
force on the accelerator of the car is the
same as a long C to D.
2 61
........................................................................ m
QUESTION 2 (SPM 1999)
QUESTION 3 ( SPM 2000) passenger. . in t.hebu.S.
J.S. .4.0. mass, of
Figure 2 .th.e..bus..with .the ,ca
and the average frictional f<
Figure 2 shows a car of mass 1 000kg moving a bus tire. .and. .t.he.rp.a.d. for.
straight but hilly road. QRST and TU is the part the.. The biis. moves,
of the hill that have constant slope where the .at.a.v.er.age. sp
slope of QRST is higher that the slope of TU. Kota Bharu before stopover
The frictional force that acts along QRSTU is 2 a at 12:00 mid night on the s
000N. The velocity if the car at P is 80kmh -1 and hour later the bus continue
takes 3 minutes to move from point P to Q. The Kuala Lumpur with average
motion of the car along PQRSTU represent by a The bus arrived at 6:00 am
velocity-time graph in Figure 3. on
(e) Why is it necessary to ha capacity limit for (a) Put in a table all the
the safe A bus buSeled from Kota Lumpur at
phys involved in the
9:00 pm. The cap
informatic two groups.

(b) Calculate the total distan

the bus.

(c) Sketch a distance-time

gr the motion of the bus.

(d)
(i) What is the value of the
ti the bus when it moves
at speed?

(ii) .......................................

Give a reason for the ans

(a) Classify the physical quantity into two groups.

2m
(b) From the graph in Figure 3, explain the acceleration of the car from
point P to S.

........................................................................................................................... 2m
(c) (i) Compare the resultant force of the car when the move along PQ and
ST.
1m

(ii) State a reason for your answer in c(i)

1m

(d) Calculate the distance form point P to Q

2m

QUESTION 4 (SPM 2002)

Figure 3(i)

Figure 3(ii)
Figure 3(i) shows a sky diver start to make a jump from an aircraft at a
certain height. Figure 3(ii) shows a velocity-time graph for the skydiver at
position S, T, U, V and W from the earth surface.

(a) (i) At which point the parachute start to open?

..................................................................................................................... 1m
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a)(i)

..................................................................................................................... 1m
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the diver at ST.

63
 (c)Sketch an acceleration-time graph for the motion of the skydiver at point
S, T, U, V and W at the space below. 2m

V
w

Time

3m
(d) Suggest one way that can the skydiver apply to reduce injuries on his
leg during landing. Explain your answer.

2m

QUESTION 5 (SPM 1988)

64
Figure 4(i)

65
Figure 4(i) show a gun fires a bullet of mass 5g to an object. (a) (i)

What happen to the gun during the shot?

1m

(ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i)

1m

(b) The bullet shot the object of mass 0.495kg.

(i) If the bullet speed is 400ms-1, what is the momentum of the bullet?

2m

(ii) What is speed of the object after the bullet obscured into the object after
the gunshot?

2m

(c) The object and the bullet that obscured in the object aloft at a maximum height
of H, as shown in Figure 4(ii).

Figure 4(ii)

(i) What is the value of kinetic energy of the object together with the bullet
inside the object?
2m
 (ii) Calculate maximum height, H achieved by the object?
2m

1m
(iii) In real situation it is possible to achieved maximum height, H.
Why?

QUESTION 6 (SPM 1994)

Figure 5 shows a man standing on a stationary boat. He then jumps out of

the boat onto the jetty. The boat moves a way from the jetty as he jumps.

Figure 5

(a) State the physics principle that is involved in the movement of the boat
as the man jumps onto the jetty.

........................................................................................................................... 1m
(b) Explain why the boat moves away from the jetty when the man jumps.

........................................................................................................................... 1m
(c) The mass of the man is 50 kg and he jumps at a velocity 2ms -1. The
mass of the boat is 20kg. Calculate the velocity of the boat as the man
jumps.

2m
(d) Name one application of the physics principle stated in (a) in an
exploration of outer space.

m
45

68