I.

Project Description

The proposed project is entitled as Touch-tone-Based Multiple-Appliance

Wireless Switch via Frequency Modulation Radio Technology. It is an application of

radio technology, more specifically, FM (Frequency Modulation) radio technology. It

works based on the principle that one can transmit and receive data or information by

radio (wireless) means.

The project can switch on and off individually or simultaneously four different

appliances or gadgets that run on AC electricity wirelessly. In this project, five different

touch tones (dial tones) are generated by a tone generator circuit. Each tone acts as a

modulating signal that will be processed and transmitted by the FM transmitter circuit.

The tone is received by the FM receiver and being decoded by the tone decoder circuit

which then converts that analog data into a digital one. In addition to that, each tone

functions not just a trigger but also a unique identification for every appliance, thus

providing security. Also, once the fifth tone is generated and then transmitted,

simultaneous switching of appliances in the receiver happens. Triac-based solid-state

relay is used to switch AC lines instead of electromechanical relays to ensure better

lifespan for the equipment.

The project is built by using locally available electronic devices and components.

No microcontrollers or microprocessors are used, thus no programming skill is required

to build the project.

51
II. Scope and Limitations

This proposed project aimed to produce a Touch-tone-Based Multiple-Appliance

Wireless Switch via Frequency Modulation Radio Technology that can be used to

remotely control AC appliances.

The project has two features, the individual appliance switching and the

simultaneous appliance switching.

The project utilizes the generation of touch-tones (DTMF/dial tones) as a unique

identification for every appliance.

FM or frequency modulation transmitter and receiver are used as a wireless

medium.

The project is tuned at around 78 MHz as its carrier frequency.

Based on experimentations and trials, wireless switching is limited within a range

of only about 25 meters.

A manual/emergency reset switch in the receiver section is provided in case of

faults in the transmitter section.

Triac-based solid state relays are used as a switch for AC lines instead of

electromechanical ones.

LED indicators are added to monitor which appliances are on or which are off.

All materials were bought locally.

No microcontrollers or microprocessors were used in building the project.

52
III. Design Procedures

In order to come up with the present and working design, the proponents of the project

conducted several steps. The following are as follows:

1. Brainstorming

This is the initial stage of the process wherein each of the proponents had ideas

that were shared together within the group. This is also the stage wherein the group

decided to make this project.

2. Gathering of Data and Designing the circuits

Books, internet, online forums and consultation to some profession electronics

engineers were the source of data and information of the proponents. Data such as

sample circuit diagrams, specification sheets, computational analysis samples and

parallel projects were gathered from the afore-mentioned sources. All the acquired

knowledge from such sources were combined together in order to come up with a single

and working design prototype of the project. The designs were simulated and then tested

using a prototyping kit (circuit trainer board).

3. Gathering of Materials

After the proponents gathered the sufficient data related and helpful to the project,

buying of electronic devices and components and tools was the next step. All materials

were bought locally via retail and on-line store.

53
 4. Construction of the Project

When the design was finally working and all the materials were already available, the

proponents started to finalize the final output. The circuits were put in a printed circuit board

in order to hold the components mechanically and connect them electronically. Several

holes in the chassis were drilled in strategic positions in order to place external components

such as LED indicators, switches and AC sockets.

5. Testing and Troubleshooting

Several trials were conducted in order to check all the circuits functionality. Also,

possible faults were checked via a multi-meter. Once the desired output was reached, the

design prototype was already finalized.

6. Documentation

After the design was completed and fully tested, the documentation for the project was

started.

54
 IV. Functional Block Diagram

Figure 4.1
Functional Block Diagram

Figure 1 shows the functional block diagram of Touch-tone-Based Multiple-Appliance

Wireless Switch via Frequency Modulation Radio Technology. The transmitter section is

composed of a keypad, touch-tone generator circuit and the FM transmitter stage. The

receiver section consists of a FM receiver, touch-tone decoder circuit, a BCD (Binary-

Coded Decimal) to decimal converter stage, flip-flops stage, triac-based solid-state relay

stage and the appliances connected to it.

When a key is pressed in the keypad, say key 1, a unique touch tone is produced

by the tone generator circuit. This tone becomes a modulating signal which modulates

the higher frequency carrier in the FM transmitter. This tone is transmitted in free space

via a propagating antenna. The transmitter unit is powered with a single 9-V dc battery.

55
 The transmitted tone is a sine wave (an analog quantity) since it is a form of sound.

This tone is picked up by the FM receiver unit. The FM receiver then outputs this tone

and feeds it to the tone decoder circuit. The tone decoder circuit decodes what key was

pressed by the user based on the touch-tone that it received. Once decoded, the tone is

converted to its 4-bit binary equivalent. In our example, key 1 is pressed by the user, thus

touch tone 1 is generated and decoded. Since it is tone 1, its 4-bit binary equivalent is

0001. This 4-bit output from the tone decoder circuit is converted back to its decimal

equivalent through the BCD to decimal converter/decoder. The 4-bit will then be a single

bit data. This single bit becomes a trigger for the flip flop unit which toggles the triac-

based solid state relay, thus turning the corresponding appliance connected to it. Once

the key that was used to turn a particular on is pressed again, that appliance turns off,

thats why the word toggle comes into play. All the circuits in the receiver section are

powered with a regulated 5-V power supply while all the appliances connected to it are

powered with a 220-V ac power.

All the circuits functionalities and working will be discussed in detailed in the later

parts of this paper.

56
5. Schematic Diagrams, PCB Foil Patterns and Placement Guides

5.1 Schematic Diagrams

Transmitter Section:

Tone Generator Circuit

Figure 5.1
Tone Generator Circuit

57
 Figure 5.1 shows the Tone Generator Circuit. The heart of this circuit is the TP5089

DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency) Generator IC. According to its specification sheet, it

is fabricated using ISO-CMOS high density technology and offers low power and wide

range of voltage operation. An inexpensive 3.579545 MHz TV crystal oscillator completes

the built-in oscillator circuitry. From this frequency are derived 8 different sinusoidal

frequencies which, when appropriately mixed, provide Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency

(DTMF) tones.

The inputs are compatible with a standard 2-of-8 active-low 4x3 matrix keypad and

the keypad entries determine the correct division of the reference frequency by the row

and column counters. D-to-A conversion (digital to analog), using R-2R ladder networks,

results in a staircase approximation of a sinewave with low total distortion (see Figure

5.2).

58
 When a particular key is pressed by the user, two single tone (low and high

frequencies) are generated and then mixed together to form a DTMF tone With the use

of inexpensive 3.579545 MHz crystal oscillator as a reference, these tones are generated

with low amount of deviation.(See Figure 5.3).

Figure 5.2
Typical sine wave outputs a) column tones b) row tones
59
 Figure 5.3
Output frequency outputs and deviations

Frequency and amplitude stability over operating voltage and temperature range

are maintained within industry specifications.

A particular DTMF tone (touch-tone) is generated corresponding to the key

pressed by the user. Each DTMF tone is unique which makes it applicable for secured

wireless switching of electrical appliances. The tone output of this circuit is fed to the input

of the FM transmitter circuit. It serves as a modulating frequency for the high-frequency

carrier provided by the FM transmitter circuit.

60
FM Transmitter Circuit

Figure 5.4
FM Transmitter Circuit

Figure 5.4 shows the schematic diagram of the FM transmitter circuit. The circuit

uses 2N3904 NPN transistor Q1 which acts as a non-linear device for modulation

purposes. The initial stage of the circuit is composed of R1, C3, C4 and R2 which serve

as a filter stage which blocks the dc component of the input tone signal. RB and RE act

together as biasing elements. The oscillator stage which produces a high frequency

carrier is composed of variable capacitor C8, C7 and coil L1. This oscillator is designed

in such a way that it can generate high frequency range of about 68-85 MHz. The

modulating signal for this FM transmitter will be the generated tones of the tone encoder

circuit. The modulated signal will be radiated as a radio wave in free space via an antenna.

The circuit is powered with a single 9-V battery.

61
Receiver Section:

Tone Decoder Circuit

Figure 5.5
Tone Decoder Circuit

The circuit shown in Figure 5.5 is the Tone-Decoder Circuit. This circuit is capable

of decoding DTMF tones (touch tones) that are received by the FM receiver. According

to its specification sheet provided by California Micro Devices, the CM8870 is a full DTMF

Receiver that integrates both band split filter and decoder functions into a single 18-pin

DIP or SOIC package. Manufactured using CMOS process technology, the CM8870

offers low power consumption (35 mW max) and precise data handling. Its filter section

uses switched capacitor technology for both the high and low group filters and for dial

tone rejection. Its decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16

62
DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. External component count is minimized by provision

of an on-chip differential input amplifier, clock generator, and latched tri-state interface

bus. Minimal external components required include a low-cost 3.579545 MHz color burst

crystal, a timing resistor, and a timing capacitor.

A green LED is added as an indicator that a DTMF signal is being received and

decoded. The output of the CM8870 IC is a 4-bit binary code which corresponds to the

decoded DTMF tone. Say for example, the decoded tone is Tone 1, the 4-bit output will

be 0001. This 4-bit code is also a BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal). This BCD code is

converted to its decimal equivalent using the CD4028 IC which is a BCD to decimal

decoder.

The active-high outputs of the CD4028 IC is fed to 74LS86 Quad 2-Input XOR gate

which is configured as a controlled inverter. This particular circuit of the section makes

the simultaneous switching possible. If tone 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 is decoded, individual

switching happens. After the system has been reset, whenever tone 9 is decoded, all

outputs of the four XOR gates will be active high thus turning all flip flops (which will be

discussed later) which then turns on all appliances simultaneously.

63
Flip-Flop Circuit

Figure 5.6
Flip Flop Circuit

Figure 5.6 shows the flip flop circuit which is used for toggling the solid state relay

switch on or off. Four toggle flip flops are utilized. These flip flops are based on CD4013

Dual D-type Flip Flop IC wired in toggle mode. Each output of the preceding circuit is fed

to each input of this circuit. All the Reset pins are tied together and feeding an active

high signal to these pins will reset all the flip flops. Each flip flop changes state on the

positive going of the input pulse. The truth table is shown below:

64
 TOGGLE FLIP FLOP TRUTH TABLE

Reset IN/CLK D Q Q'

LOW LOW HIGH LOW HIGH

LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW

LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH

HIGH X HIGH LOW HIGH

From the truth table presented above, it can be gleaned that each flip flop changes

its outputs (Q) state on the positive going of the input signal (IN/CLK) provided that the

Reset is held low. Once the Reset becomes high, all the Q outputs will be low regardless

of the last state of the inputs. The outputs of the flip flops are fed to the inputs of the solid-

state relay switch.

65
Solid-State Relay Switch Circuit

Figure 5.7
Solid State Relay Circuit

Figure 5.7 shows the schematic diagram of the solid-state relay circuit. This circuit

uses a triac as an alternating current switch. This particular semiconductor device has the

characteristic of bidirectional switching thus it fits for AC line switching. Each triac is

connected to an opto-triac (MOC3041). It is an optoisolator with triac-driver output. The

MOC3041 has an infrared-emitting diode optically coupled to a monolithic detector. This

particular device is designed for use with a triac interface of logic systems to equipment

powered from AC mains. Its optoisolation is guaranteed for as much as 7.5kV. On the

other hand, the transistors Q1-Q4 are just NPN LED drivers. Each transistor switches a

66
particular LED which then serves as an indicator if a certain AC appliance has been turned

on or off.

Solid state relays are used in the project design because of its bounce less

switching action for it has no moving parts which can be worn out unlike the

electromechanical types.

67
5.2 PCB Diagrams

Real World Views

68
Foil Patterns

Figure 10: PCB Foil Pattern of A) Tone encoder B) FM transmitter C) Tone decoder D) Flip-flop
E) Solid State Relay

69
Placement Guides

Figure 11: Placement Guide of A) Tone encoder B) FM transmitter C) Tone decoder D) Flip-flop
E) Solid State Relay

70
VI. Computational Analysis

FM Transmitter Circuit Analysis

The Circuit

Figure 6.1
FM transmitter Circuit Diagram

The goal of this circuit analysis is to identify the dc bias or quiescent points (Q-

points), the ac voltages, output power and various frequency modulation-related

parameters of the FM transmitter circuit.

DC Equivalent Circuit

Figure 6.2
DC equivalent circuit of FM transmitter circuit

71
 In direct current circuit analysis of the circuit, all capacitors will appear as open

circuit. Also, since there are capacitors which are parallel with the coil L1, L1 will also

appear as short. Hence, the dc equivalent circuit will be as shown above in Figure 6.2

and it is a Common Collector BJT amplifier.

The dc parameters are calculated as follows:

The dc base current is

Vcc RBIB VBE RE IE = 0

Vcc RBIB VBE RE IB ( + 1) = 0
9V ( 39k )IB 0.7V (100 )(100 + 1)IB = 0
IB = IB Q = 169.04 A

The dc collector current is

IC Q = IB Q = (100 )(169.04 A)
IC Q = 16.90mA

The dc emitter current is given by

IE Q = IB Q ( + 1) = (100 + 1)(169.04 A)
IE Q = 17.07mA

The dc emitter voltage is

VE Q = IE Q RE = (17.07mA )(100 )
VE Q = 1.707V

72
 Since the transistor is in Common Collector configuration, the output will be taken

at the emitter terminal. Therefore, the quiescent points will be at IE Q = 17.07mA and at

VE Q = 1.707V .

The power dissipated in the transistor is

PBJT = PDC = VCE IC Q

= (Vcc VE Q )IC Q = ( 9V 1.707V )(16.90mA)
PDC = 123.25mW

AC Analysis

For the ac analysis of the circuit, the following calculations are performed.

The ac emitter resistance external to the transistor is

Re = RE RL = 100 50
Re = 33.33

The internal ac emitter resistance of the transistor is

25mV 25mV
r 'e = = = 1.46 = r 'e
IEQ 17.07mA

The resulting base resistance is given by

Rin( base ) = ( r 'e + Re )

= 100(1.46 + 33.33 )
Rin( base ) = 3.5k

73
 The total input equivalent resistance will be the parallel combination of resistor RB

and the base resistance and is given by

Rin( total ) = RB Rin( base ) = 39k 3.5k

Rin( total ) = 3.21k

The common collector amplifier is also an emitter follower circuit thus its maximum

voltage gain is unity. The exact ac voltage gain of the circuit is now

Re 33.33
Av = = = 0.958 = Av
Re + r 'e 33.33 + 1.46

Because of the presence of R1, C3, C4 and R2, the maximum amplitude of the

input signal of 1Vp will be attenuated and is calculated as follows:

The reactance of C1 and C2 at the input frequency of 2 kHz are

1 1
Xc 4 = = = 79.58k
2 fC4 2 ( 2000Hz )(1x109 farad )
1 1
Xc3 = = = 1.69
2 fC3 2 ( 2000Hz )( 47 x106 farad )

The total resistance of the network is

Ra = R1 X c1 = 47k 79.58k = 29.55k

Rb = X c 2 + R2 = 1.69 + 22k 22k
Rtotal = Ra + Rb + Rin( total ) = 29.55k + 22k + 3.21k
Rtotal = 54.76k

The rms attenuated input ac voltage is calculated as follows:

74
By voltage division rule;

Vs 1Vp
( R
in( total ) ) ( 3.21k )
v in =
2
=
2
= 41.45mV = v in
Rtotal 54.76k

Thus, the effective input signal voltage (modulating signal voltage) appearing at

the base is 41.45mV.

The ac emitter voltage is given by

v e = Av v in = ( 0.958 )( 41.45mV ) = 39.71mV

v e = 39.71mV

Finally, the effective ac output power across the antenna load of resistance 50

ohms of the FM transmitter circuit is

v e 2 ( 39.71mV )
2

Pout ( ac ) = = = 31.54W
RL 50
Pout ( ac ) = 31.54W

The power of 31.54W will be the radiated power of the FM transmitter circuit.

75
FM-related Parameters Calculations

Now, the dc and ac parameters are already calculated. The succeeding

calculations were done in order to determine the different parameters which are related

to frequency modulation.

The oscillator network that produces a high frequency carrier is composed of C6,

C7, variable capacitor C8 and coil L1. The combination of these devices forms an LC tank

circuit. The high frequency sine wave is fed to the emitter terminal of the transistor Q1 via

a 10pF ceramic capacitor. This signal is combined with the ac emitter voltage in order to

produce a frequency modulated wave. The FM-related parameters of the FM transmitter

circuit are calculated using the following analysis:

First, the inductance of coil L1 was determined using a formula relating its physical

dimensions. The coil has the following dimensions:

length,l = 10 mm
turns,N = 5
diameter ,d = 0.25in = 6.35mm

Its inductance is calculated as follows:

N o A
2 ( 5 )( 4 x10 ) 4 ( 6.35x10 )
2 7 3 2

L= =
l 10 x103
L = 99.49nH 99.5nH

76
 The effective capacitance of the tank circuit is then the parallel combination of

capacitors C7 and C8. The range of variable capacitor C8 is 2-22pF. Thus,

Cmin = C7 + C8 min
Cmin = 33pF + 2 pF
Cmin = 35pF
Cmax = C7 + C8max
Cmax = 33pF + 22 pF
Cmax = 55 pF

The maximum and minimum carrier frequencies can now be calculated as follows:

1 1
fcmin = = = 68.03MHz
2 L1Cmax 2 ( 99.5nH )( 55pF )
1 1
fcmax = = = 85.29MHz
2 L1Cmin 2 ( 99.5nH )( 35pF )

The project is tuned at around 78MHz, the capacitor value for this carrier frequency

is

1
78MHz =
2 ( 99.5nH ) C
C 42 pF

77
 Now, as simulated using NI Multisim 14, the center frequency is around 78MHz as

seen in the spectrum analyzer screen shot in Figure 6.3 below:

Figure 6.3
Center Frequency as viewed using NI Multisim 14

In the simulation, the signal frequency deviates from about 76.884MHz to

79.116MHz. From these data, the frequency deviation can now be calculated as follows:

= fsig(max) fc = 79116
. MHz 78MHz = 112
. MHz

Or

= fc fsig(min) = 78MHz 76.884MHz = 112

. MHz

The FM deviation sensitivity is

1.12MHz MHz
kf = = = 19.11
Em ( 41.45mV ) ( 2 ) V

78
The modulation index (also the number of sidebands, N) is given by

. MHz
112
mf = = = 560
fm 2kHz

The exact bandwidth is calculated as follows:

BW = 2Nfm = 2 ( 560 )( 2kHz ) = 2.24MHz

Or by

BW = fsig(max) fsig(min) = 79116

. MHz 76.884MHz = 2.232MHz

Also, the approximate bandwidth determined by using Carsons Rule is

BW = 2( + fm ) = 2 (112
. MHz + 2kHz ) = 112
. MHz

To summarize the preceding calculations, the following results are as follows:

Output Power: Pout ( ac ) = 31.54 W

Deviation: = 112
. MHz

MHz
FM sensitivity: kf = 19.11
V

Exact Bandwidth: BW = 2.24MHz

Approximate Bandwidth: BW = 1.12MHz

79
VII. Troubleshooting Procedure

Transmitter/Receiver

RF Devices communicate through radio signal between the receiver and the

transmitter. If the receiver in the RF device fails to respond to the signal coming from the

transmitter, then there are ways to check where and what the fault is:

1. Adjust the Frequency

Adjust the frequency of the transmitter by adjusting the variable capacitor C8 until it

resonates or matches the tuned frequency of the receiver.

2. Check the Antenna

The signal between the transmitter and the receiver is sent and received via an

antenna. Making sure that both antennas are properly installed, not twisted nor broken,

not being touch by other metallic objects is essential for better functionality.

3. Check the circuitry of both transmitter and receiver

The circuitry of both transmitter and receiver should be at its best, checking for voltage

shorts, wrong connections and wrong placements of the polarity of the components.

Power Supply

A bad power supply can cause a system failure in one of two ways. First it may not

provide sufficient power to the system at all. Secondly, it may not provide the correct

voltages to the various components or circuitry that it supplies. These are steps in

resolving some of the issues regarding power supply:

80
 1. Determine if there is any power at all.

Check the power supply button, LED indicators, and if the power supply cord is

properly plugged in.

2. If there is still no sign of power, check also the following:

Check the circuitry of the power supply, the arrangement and the polarities of each

passive component. Check if there are short and open circuits with the use of multi-

meters continuity function.

For PCBs with Integrated Circuits (IC)

1. Check the orientation of the placement of the IC ion the circuit.

2. Trace the PCB layout if it matches the corresponding schematic diagram.

3. Check if there are short or open circuits by using a multi-meter.

4. Measure the output voltages using a voltmeter and see if the measured voltages

match those of in the specification sheet of the device.

81
VIII. Conclusions and Recommendations

After several experimentations and trials, the following conclusions and

recommendations were drawn:

Conclusions:

1. Wireless switching of four appliances can be done with the use of radio frequency;

2. Utilizing DTMF tones is an efficient way for industrial remote control applications;

3. The transmitter unit radiates a power output of about 32W;

4. The carrier frequency of the equipment is about 78 MHz;

5. Wireless switching is limited only within a range of approximately 25 meters due

to lack of power amplifier in the transmitter circuit;

6. The sensitivity of the receiver and the tone decoder circuit needs to be increased;

7. The user is not notified whether the switching is successfully done.

Recommendations:

1. Replace the analog modulation (FM) scheme with a digital one in order to provide

better efficiency and functionality;

2. Modify or change the FM transmitter in such a way that it can radiate more power

for it to cover greater range of operation, that is, add a power amplifier in it;

3. Look for way/s that can be used in order to improve the sensitivity of the tone

decoder circuit as well as the receiver circuit.

4. Add a feedback system so that the user will be notified if a certain action (switching)

is successfully done.

82
IX. Bill of Materials

Bill of Materials

Cost
Section Quantity Particulars
(Php)

1 12-0-12V Transformer 90

1 1A Fuse with Holder 15

1 Rocker Switch 15

5 1N4007 10

1 2200uF/35V Elec. Cap. 20

Power Supply
1 0.33uF Elec. Cap 0.5

1 0.1uF Ceramic Cap. 0.5

1 LM7805 IC 15

1 1k-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

1 Red LED 1.5

1 2-22pF Trimmer Cap. 20

1 47k-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

1 39k-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

1 22k-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

FM Transmitter
1 100-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

1 33pF Ceramic Cap. 0.5

1 10pF Ceramic Cap. 0.5

2 47uF /16 V Elec. Cap. 2

83
 1 #22 Solid Wire 4

1 Audio Mono-Plug 10

1 2N3904 NPN Transistor 3

1 9-V Battery 60

1 Antenna 25

1 TP5089 Tone Generator IC 250

Tone Generator 1 4x3 Matrix Keypad (N.O) 125

1 3.5798 MHz Crystal Oscillator 20

1 CM8870 Tone Decoder IC 150

1 CD4028 1 of 10 Decoder IC 20

1 74LS86 Quad 2-Input XOR Gate 25

1 3.5798 MHz Crystal Oscillator 20

Tone Decoder 1 100k-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

1 70k-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

1 220k-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

1 150-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

1 Green LED 1.5

FM Receiver 1 Commercial FM Radio Receiver 275

2 CD4013 Dual D-Flip-Flop IC 32

4 100-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

Flip-Flop 1 10k-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

1 N.O Push Button Switch 17

1 10uF/16V Elec. Cap 2

84
 4 MOC3041 Optocoupler 192

4 Q4004L4 Triac 160

4 BC548 NPN Transistor 20

Solid-State Relay 4 1k-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

4 150-Ohm 1/4 W Resistor 0.4

4 Yellow LED 6

4 AC Socket 40

1 HC-001 Chassis 40

1 HC-841 Chassis 250

1 AC Chord 75

1 PCB 10x10 114

1 Ferric Chloride 48
Miscellaneous
1 AC Inlet 20

4 6-Pin DIP IC 16

2 14-Pin DIP IC 10

2 16-Pin DIP IC 12

1 18-Pin DIP IC 14

TOTAL 2252.2

85
X. Major Components Description

X.1 4x3 Matrix Keypad

A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or pad which usually bear digits,

symbols and usually a complete set of alphabetical letters. Keypads are found on many

alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices such as calculators, push-button

telephones, combination locks and digital door locks, which require many numeric inputs.

X.2 TP5089 Touch Tone Encoder IC

The TP5089 is a low-threshold voltage, field-implanted, metal gate CMOS

integrated circuit. It is interfaced directly to a standard telephone keypad and generates

all dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) pairs required in tone-dialing systems. The tone

synthesizers are locked on an on-chip reference oscillator using an inexpensive 3.579545

MHz crystal for high tone accuracy.

X.3 CM8870 DTMF Decoder IC

The CM8870 is a complete DTMF receiver/decoder integrating both the band-split

filter and digital decoder functions. The filter section uses switched capacitors techniques

for high and low group frequency filters. The decoder uses digital counting techniques to

detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone-pairs into a 4-bit code.

X.4 CD4028 IC

The CD4028B is a 4-bit BCD to decimal decoder, a 4-bit BCO to octal decoder

with active LOW enable or an 8-output (Y0 to Y7) inverting demultiplexer. The outputs

are fully buffered for best performance.

86
 When used as a BCD to decimal decoder a 1-2-4-8 BCD code applied to inputs

A0 to A3 causes the selected output to be HIGH. The other nine outputs will be LOW.

To use the HEF4028B as a BCO to octal decoder, input A3 is an active LOW

enable pin and outputs Y8 and Y9 are not used. A 1-2-4 BCO code applied to inputs A0

to A2 causes the selected output (Y0 to Y7) to be HIGH. The other seven outputs will be

LOW. When A3 is HIGH outputs (Y0 to Y7) will be forced LOW.

When used as an 8-output (Y0 to Y7) inverting demultiplexer A0 to A2 are used as

address inputs and A3 is the data input. Outputs Y8 and Y9 are not used.

It operates over a recommended VDD power supply range of 3 V to 15 V

referenced to VSS (usually ground). Unused inputs must be connected to VDD, VSS, or

another input.

X.5 CD4013 Dual D-type Flip-flop IC

The CD4013 dual D-type flip-flop is a monolithic complementary MOS (CMOS)

integrated circuit constructed with N- and P-channel enhancement mode transistors.

Each flip-flop has independent data, set, reset, and clock inputs and Q and Q outputs.

These devices can be used for shift register applications, and by connecting Q output

to the data input, for counter and toggle applications. The logic level present at the D

input is transferred to the Q output during the positive-going transition of the clock pulse.

Setting or resetting is independent of the clock and is accomplished by a high level on the

set or reset line respectively.

87
X.6 MOC3041 Optoisolator

The MOC3041 device consists of gallium arsenide infrared emitting diodes

optically coupled to a monolithic silicon detector performing the function of a Zero Voltage

Crossing bilateral triac driver. They are designed for use with a triac in the interface of

logic systems to equipment powered from AC lines, such as solidstate relays, industrial

controls, motors, solenoids and consumer appliances, etc.

X.7 Q4004L4 Triac

The Q4004L4 Triac is a 4-Amp bi-directional solid state switch that is designed for

AC switching and phase control applications such as motor speed and temperature

modulation controls, lighting controls, and static switching relays.

X.8 2N3904 NPN Bipolar-junction Transistor (BJT)

The 2N3904 is a general purpose NPN BJT which is ideal for small signal

applications such as for low-current switching and small signal amplification.

X.9 Variable Capacitor, C8 and Coil L1

The combination of C8 and L1 generates the necessary high frequency carrier

range of about 68-85 MHz. Capacitor C8 is just a variable capacitor which has 2 pins and

has an adjustable capacitance value ranging from 2pF to 22pF. Coil L1 is an air core-

inductor which has an inductance of about 99.5nH.

88
XI. Exploded View

1 2

8
5
7
6
9

Figure 11.1
LEGEND: Transmitter Unit
Exploded view of the Transmitter Unit Part
Part Description
#
1 Keypad
2 Antenna
3 Upper Cover
4 Tone Decoder PCB
5 FM Transmitter PCB
6 9-V Battery
7 Power ON Switch
8 Power ON LED Indicator
9 Bottom Cover

89
 1

3 4

9
10
5
11 12
13
6

7 14

8 15

LEGEND: Receiver Unit

16 Part
Part Description
#
1 Antenna
2 Upper Cover
3 Speaker
19
17 4 FM Receiver PCB
18 5 Transformer
6 Power Supply PCB
Figure 11.2 7 Tone Decoder PCB
Exploded view of the Receiver Unit 8 Flip Flop PCB
9 Solid State Relay PCB
10 Fuse
11 Power ON LED Indicator
12 AC Inlet
13 Power ON Switch
14 AC Sockets
15 Rear Panel/Cover
16 Bottom Cover
17 Front Panel/Cover
18 Reset Switch
19 LED Indicators

90
XII. Construction Pictures

Brainstorming and circuit simulation.

Buying of components.

91
Breadboard simulation of transmitter circuit.

Circuit design on a breadboard

92
Circuit board designing and lay outing.

Circuit board drilling and soldering of components.

93
Finished printed circuit boards

Initial prototype assembly.

94
Planning of the exploded drawing.

Documentation writing and publication.

Finalizing the prototype physical design and layout.

95
96