Chapter 4

Thermochemistry
 A. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Thermochemistry
The study of changes in heat energy which take place
during chemical reactions
Classify into:
Exothermic reaction
Endothermic reaction
TIPS:
EX mean to go out/exit
EN mean to come in/enter
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
 Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that gives out heat to A chemical reaction that absorbs heat
Definition
the surroundings from the surroundings
During exothermic reaction,
During endothermic reaction,
temperature of the surrounding
temperature of the surrounding
increases.
What happen? decreases.
This is because heat given out from
This is because the reactants absorb
the reaction is transferred to the
heat energy from the surroundings.
surroundings.
Heat of reaction, H
The change in the amount
H negative: heat is given out H positive: heat is absorbed
of heat in a chemical
reaction.
Energy Energy

Reactants Products

H = negative H = positive
Energy level diagram
Products Reactants

The energy of the products is lower than The energy of the products is higher than
the total energy of the reactants the energy of the reactants
Step to construct energy level diagrams
Identify whether the reaction is exothermic or
Step 1
endothermic
Step 2 Draw and label the energy axis
Draw the energy level for reactants and
Step 3
products
Draw an arrow from reactants level to the
Step 4
products level
Write the reactants and products based on the
Step 5
balanced chemical equations
Step 6 Label H as positive or negative
 Construct energy level diagrams for the following
thermochemical equations

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 H = -152 kJ

N2 + 2O2 2NO2 H = +220 kJ
KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O H = -57 kJ
C + 2S CS2 H = +220 kJ
Ca(NO3)2 + K2CO3 CaCO3 + 2KNO3 H = +12 kJ
 Energy change during
formation and breaking of bonds

Usually a chemical reaction involves bond breaking and bond

formation.
Bond breaking : always requires energy
Bond formation : always releases energy
Type of Reaction Energy Change Sign of H

Energy absorb for bond breaking is

Exothermic less than energy released from bond H negative
formation

Energy absorb for bond breaking is

Endothermic more than energy released from bond H positive
formation
 Application of
exothermic and endothermic reaction

Cold packs
Contain chemicals (water & solid ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3) that
react to absorb heat from surroundings.
Help to reduce high temperature
Help to reduced swelling
 Application of
exothermic and endothermic reaction

Hot packs
Contain chemicals (calcium chloride, CaCl2
or magnesium sulphate, MgSO4 and water)that react to release
heat.
Help to warm up something
Help to lessen the pain of aching muscles
 Application of
exothermic and endothermic reaction

Reusable heat pack

Contain sodium acetate crystallization and re-solution system

Lye (drain cleaner)

Contain sodium hydroxide, NaOH
 Heat of Reaction
The change in the amount of heat in a chemical reaction.
Symbol: H
Different types of reactions

Types of Reaction Heat of Reaction

Precipitation Heat of Precipitation

Displacement Heat of Displacement

Neutralization Heat of Neutralization

Combustion Heat of Combustion

 Heat of reaction Definition

The heat change when one mole of a precipitate is

Heat of Precipitation
formed from their ions in aqueous solution

The heat change when one mole of a metal is

Heat of Displacement displaced from its salt solution by a more
electropositive metal

The heat change when one mole of water is formed

Heat of Neutralization
from reaction between an acid and an alkali

The heat change when one mole of a substance is

Heat of Combustion completely burnt in oxygen under standard
conditions
The Ways to Calculate Heat of Reaction
 Heat of Precipitation
Experiment to investigate the heat of precipitation between
silver nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution
 Heat of Precipitation
Procedure:
1. Measure 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride, NaCl solution using
a measuring cylinder and pour the solution into a polystyrene cup.
2. Measure and record the initial temperature of sodium chloride
solution.
3. Measure 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution using a
measuring cylinder and pour the solution into another polystyrene
cup.
4. Measure and record the initial temperature of silver nitrate solution.
5. Pour silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution into the polystyrene containing
sodium chloride, NaCl solution.
6. Stir the mixture and record the highest temperature, 3
Tabulation of data:

Initial temperature silver nitrate solution :

Initial temperature sodium chloride solution :
Highest temperature :
 Heat of Displacement

Experiment to investigate the heat of displacement of copper

by zinc

0.5 g zinc powder

Polystyrene cup

Copper(II) nitrate
 Heat of Displacement

Procedure:
1. Measure 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(II) nitrate solution
using a measuring cylinder.
2. Pour the solution into a polystyrene cup.
3. Measure and record the initial temperature, 1 of
copper(II) nitrate solution.
4. Measure 0.5 g of zinc powder and added into the
polystyrene quickly.
5. Stir the mixture and the highest temperature is recorded,
2
Tabulation of data:

Initial temperature copper(II) nitrate solution :

Highest temperature :
 Heat of Neutralization
Describe an experiment to determine the heat of
neutralization between dilute hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide solution.
100cm3 of 2 mol dm-3
dilute hydrochloric acid

100 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3

Plastic cup aqueous sodium hydroxide
Procedure:
1. 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is
measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into a
plastic cup.
2. The initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution is
measured after a few minutes.
3. 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is measured using
another measuring cylinder and poured into a plastic cup.
4. The initial temperature of hydrochloric acid solution is
measured after a few minutes.
5. The hydrochloric acid is then poured quickly and carefully
into the sodium hydroxide solution.
6. The mixture is stirred using thermometer and the highest
temperature reached is recorded.
 Heat of Neutralization

All neutralization process can be presented by the following ionic

equation
H+ + OH- H2O H = -57 kJ mol-1

Heat of neutralization for strong acid and strong alkali is same,

that is -57 kJ mol-1
Heat of neutralization for weak acid and strong alkali is less than
-57 kJ mol-1
Heat of neutralization for weak acid and weak alkali is much
lesser
 Strong acid & strong alkali

Explanation:
Strong acid ionise completely in water to produce high
concentration of hydrogen ions
HCl H+ + Cl-
1 mol of hydrogen ions reacts with 1 mol of hydroxide
ions to form I mol of water to release 57 kJ of heat
energy
KOH/NaOH with HCl/HNO3
 Weak acid & strong alkali

Explanation:
Weak acid ionise partially in water to produce low
concentration of hydrogen ions
CH3COOH + CH3COO- + H+
Most of the ethanoic acid still remains in the form of
molecule
Thus the heat release is always less than 57 kJ
 Weak acid & weak alkali

Explanation:
More heat energy is needed to dissociate both the
weak acid and weak alkali completely to produce
hydrogen ions.
 Monoprotic acid & Diprotic acid

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O H = - 114.6 kJ

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H = - 57.3 kJ

Explain the differences of heat of reaction.

1. H2SO4 is a diprotic acid while HCl is monoprotic acid.
2. H2SO4 will produce 2 mole of H+ ions and HCl produce 1 mole of
H+ ion
3. Neutralization of a diprotic acid will produce twice heat energy
than monoprotic acid
 Heat of Combustion

Describe an experiment to determine the heat of

combustion of butanol in the laboratory.
In your description include a labelled diagram,
procedure and tabulation of data
 Heat of Combustion

Procedure:
1. 100 cm3 of water is measured using a measuring cylinder.
2. Poured into a copper tin.
3. The initial temperature of water is measured and
recorded, 1 .
4. The spirit lamp is filled with butanol and weighed, x g
5. A spirit lamp is light and put under the copper tin.
 Heat of Combustion

Procedure:
6. The water is stirred continuously with a thermometer
7. When the temperature of water increased by 30 C, the
flame is put off
8. The spirit lamp is weighed again, y g
9. The highest temperature is recorded, 2
 Heat of Combustion

Results:

Mass of weight of spirit lamp + butanol / g x

Final mass of spirit lamp + butanol / g y
Mass of butanol used / g x-y = z
Highest temperature of water / C 2
Initial temperature of water / C 1
Increased in temperature / C 2 - 1 = 3
 Heat of Combustion

When 2.7 g of glucose (C6H12O6) is burnt

completely in excess oxygen, the heat released
increases the temperature of 600 g of water by
12.5 C. Calculate the heat of combustion of
glucose.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 C-1,
density of water = 1.0 g cm-3, RAM: H = 1, C = 12,
O = 16]
When 1 mole of butanol is burnt in excess of
oxygen, 2600 kJ of heat is produced. Calculate
the mass of butanol needed to burn completely
in oxygen in order to raise the temperature of
250 cm3 of water by 30 C.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 C-1,
density of water = 1.0 g cm-3, RAM: H = 1, C = 12,
O = 16]
 Comparing & contrasting heats of combustion
Draw a graph of the number of carbon atoms in alcohol
againts the magnitude of the heat of combustion.
Heat of combustion
Alcohol Molecular formula
(kJ/mol)
Methanol -728
Ethanol -1376
Propanol -2016
Butanol -2678
Pentanol - 3332
Hexanol
From the graph:
1. State the relationship between the number of
carbon atoms in an alcohol and the heat of
combustion
2. Predict the heat of combustion of hexanol
Compare the heat of combustion between ethanol and
butanol. Explain why there is a difference in the heat of
combustion between ethanol and butanol.
1. The heat of combustion of butanol is higher than
ethanol.
2. Butanol has higher number of carbons per molecules
than ethanol
3. Butanol will produced more carbon dioxide and water
than ethanol
4. The combustion of butanol produced more heat than
ethanol.