MET 4402-01 Module 07 Heat Transfer

YANBU TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Mechanical Skills Department

Program: Diploma Certificate Instructor: Muhammad Rafique
Subject: MET 4402: Fundamentals of Thermofluid Contact: rafiquem@rcyci.edu.
Systems sa
Handout Module 7: Introduction to heat transfer Office : C2B5F3
Module 7: FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT TRANSFER
The flow of heat from one object to the other is called Heat Transfer (HT).
1. It flows when there is temperature difference between the two objects,

i.e. one body is hotter than the other.
2. It flows from hot to cold body.
Heat
Illustration
HT occurs at Boiler, Condenser, and Cooling Tower.
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MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
There are three modes of Heat Transfer:
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction: By touch of atoms
Convection: By motion of fluid particles
Radiation: By light rays
Examples
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CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
It was studied by Fourier. According to him, Conduction

HT is
1. Directly proportional to Temperature difference

2. Directly proportional to Area of HT
3. Inversely proportional to Length of conductor
A ( T 1T 2 )

Q
L
A ( T 1T 2 )

Q=k
L
k [W /mK ] is called thermal conductivity
Temperature profile is as shown in figure.
Illustrations:
In solids atoms are arranged in a fixed network. Upon heating, they vibrate
and transfer heat to the neighboring atom when get in contact with it.
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CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
Convection is the mode of energy transfer

between a solid surface and the adjacent
liquid or gas that is in motion.
It involves the combined effects of
1. conduction and
2. fluid motion
The rate of convection heat transfer is

observed to be
1. Directly proportional to the temperature difference and

2. Directly proportional to the area
According to Newtons law of cooling

A ( T sT f )
Q

Q=hA ( T sT f )
2
h[ W / m K ] is called convection heat transfer
coefficient
Temperature profile is shown in figure.
Illustrations:
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RADITION HEAT TRANSFER
Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the

form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a
result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or molecules.
The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface is

observed to be
1. Directly proportional to the 4th power of surface temperature and

2. Directly proportional to the
area
As stated by the StefanBoltzmann

law
A T 4S
Q

Q=A
4
TS
[W /m 2 K 4 ] : is called StefanBoltzmann constant. Its value is
5.67 108 kW /mK

No heat transfer media is required.
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Illustrations:
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HEAT EXCHANGER
A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more

fluids.
APPLICATION
Heat exchangers are used in
1. Oil and petrochemical Industry (upstream and down stream)

2. Sugar industry
3. Power generation industry
4. Air-cooling and refrigeration industry
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

There are two approaches that are normally taken.
1. By the flow configuration
2. By construction.
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Classification of Heat Exchangers by Flow Configuration

There are four basic flow configurations:
1. Counter Flow
2. Cocurrent Flow
3. Crossflow
4. Hybrids such as Cross Counterflow and Multi Pass Flow
Counterflow Heat Exchanger:
The two fluids flow parallel to each other but in opposite directions. This type of flow arrangement
allows the largest change in temperature of both fluids and is therefore most efficient (where
efficiency is the amount of actual heat transferred compared with the theoretical maximum amount
of heat that can be transferred).
Figure 1. Countercurrent flow.
Cocurrent Flow Heat Exchangers:
The streams flow parallel to each other and in the same direction as shown in Figure 2, This is less
efficient than countercurrent flow but does provide more uniform wall temperatures.
Figure 2. Cocurrent flow.
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Crossflow Heat Exchangers:
These are intermediate in efficiency between countercurrent flow and parallel flow exchangers. In
these units, the streams flow at right angles to each other as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Crossflow.
Hybrid Heat Exchangers:
In industrial heat exchangers, hybrids of the above flow types are often found. Examples of these are
combined crossflow/counterflow heat exchangers and multi pass flow heat exchangers. (See for
example Figure 4.)
Figure 4. Cross/counter flow.
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Classification of Heat Exchangers by Construction
By considering construction, Heat Exchangers are classified as shown in fig,
Heat
Exchang
er
Regenerativ
Recuprative
e
Indirect Direct
Special Static Dynamic
Contact Contact
Direct
Cooling Scared Reciprocatin
Tubular Contact
Towers Surface g
Condenser
Wet
Steam Direct Surface
Plate Rotary
Injectors Heating Air
Coolers
These are explained as under:
1. A Regenerative Heat Exchanger has a single flow path, which the

hot and cold fluids alternately pass through.
In a regenerative heat exchanger, the flow path normally consists of a

matrix, which is heated when the hot fluid passes through it (this is
known as the "hot blow"). This heat is then released to the cold fluid
when this flows through the matrix (the "cold blow"). Regenerative
Heat Exchangers are sometimes known as Capacitive Heat Exchangers
Regenerators are mainly used in gas/gas heat recovery applications in

power stations and other energy intensive industries.
The two main types of regenerator are Static and Dynamic.
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Static Regenerative Heat Exchanger
During a heating period of matrix I (the warmer working fluid Gh flows

through it) the matrix II is cooled by a stream Gc of the colder working fluid.
The streams of working fluids are changed-over by means of the valves A, B,
C, D and the process of heat transfer is
alternated.
Peri Proce Matr Op Close

od ss ix en
Heatin I A, C B, D
g
1
Coolin II B, D A, C
g
Heatin II B, D A, C
g
2
Coolin I A, C B, D
g
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Rotary Regenerative Heat Exchanger
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2. A Recuperative Heat Exchanger has separate flow paths for each

fluid and fluids flow simultaneously through the exchanger exchanging
heat across the wall separating the flow paths.
Indirect contact heat exchangers keep the fluids exchanging heat

separate by the use of tubes or plates etc.. Direct contact exchangers
do not separate the fluids exchanging heat and in fact rely on the fluids
being in close contact.
Tubular heat exchangers are very popular due to the flexibility the
designer has to allow for a wide range of pressures and temperatures.
Tubular heat exchangers can be subdivided into a number of
categories, of which the shell and tube exchanger is the most common.
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SHELL and TUBE HX
It consists of a number of tubes mounted inside a cylindrical shell.
Figure illustrates a typical unit that may be found in a petrochemical plant.

Two fluids can exchange heat, one fluid flows over the outside of the tubes
while the second fluid flows through the tubes. The fluids can be single or
two phase and can flow in a parallel or a cross/counter flow arrangement.
The shell and tube exchanger consists of five major parts:
Front endthis is where the fluid enters the tubeside of the exchanger.
Rear endthis is where the tubeside fluid leaves the exchanger or

where it is returned to the front header in exchangers with multiple
tubeside passes.
Tube bundlethis comprises of the tubes, tube sheets, baffles and tie
rods etc. to hold the bundle together.
Shellthis contains the tube bundle.
Baffles- These plates make the flow of fluid in the shell
The heat transfer is a combination of convection on the inner and outer sides
of the wall plus conduction through the wall.
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EXERCISE:
Question 1
Identify the direction of heat transfer.
Hot Body HT Direction Cold Body

T/F
2
3
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Question 2
Identify the heat transfer mode:

Q
Q

Q
--------------------------- ------------------------------ -------------------------------------

------ -------- ---------
Question 3
Identify the three modes of heat transfer
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
Question 4
Two radiations are shown in figure. One of them is long wave length (A)
whereas the other is short wave length (B). Which one carries more energy?
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Question 5
Identify the TYPE and the following parts of a shell and tube HX
Type: ______________________________________________________
_____ Shell Inlet _____ Tube Inlet _____ Baffles

_____ Shell Outlet _____ Tube Outlet
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Question 6
The interior wall of a furnace is maintained at a temperature of 900C. The
wall is 60
cm thick, 1 m wide, 1.5 m broad of material whose thermal conductivity is
0.4 W/m K. The temperature of the outside surface of the wall is200C
.Determine the heat through the wall.
Question 7
Calculate the rate of heat loss by radiation from unit surface area of a perfect
radiating body at 1100 C.

MET 4402-01 Module 07 Heat Transfer

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YANBU TECHNICAL INSTITUTE

Mechanical Skills Department

Module 7: FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT TRANSFER

1. It flows when there is temperature difference between the two objects,

HT occurs at Boiler, Condenser, and Cooling Tower.

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

There are three modes of Heat Transfer:

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction: By touch of atoms

Convection: By motion of fluid particles

Radiation: By light rays

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

It was studied by Fourier. According to him, Conduction

1. Directly proportional to Temperature difference

k [W /mK ] is called thermal conductivity

Temperature profile is as shown in figure.

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

Convection is the mode of energy transfer

It involves the combined effects of

The rate of convection heat transfer is

1. Directly proportional to the temperature difference and

According to Newtons law of cooling

Temperature profile is shown in figure.

RADITION HEAT TRANSFER

Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the

The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface is

1. Directly proportional to the 4th power of surface temperature and

As stated by the StefanBoltzmann

[W /m 2 K 4 ] : is called StefanBoltzmann constant. Its value is

5.67 108 kW /mK

A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more

Heat exchangers are used in

1. Oil and petrochemical Industry (upstream and down stream)

CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

Classification of Heat Exchangers by Flow Configuration

Counterflow Heat Exchanger:

Figure 1. Countercurrent flow.

Cocurrent Flow Heat Exchangers:

Figure 2. Cocurrent flow.

Crossflow Heat Exchangers:

Hybrid Heat Exchangers:

Figure 4. Cross/counter flow.

Classification of Heat Exchangers by Construction

By considering construction, Heat Exchangers are classified as shown in fig,

These are explained as under:

1. A Regenerative Heat Exchanger has a single flow path, which the

In a regenerative heat exchanger, the flow path normally consists of a

Regenerators are mainly used in gas/gas heat recovery applications in

The two main types of regenerator are Static and Dynamic.

Static Regenerative Heat Exchanger

During a heating period of matrix I (the warmer working fluid Gh flows

Peri Proce Matr Op Close

Rotary Regenerative Heat Exchanger

2. A Recuperative Heat Exchanger has separate flow paths for each

Indirect contact heat exchangers keep the fluids exchanging heat

SHELL and TUBE HX

It consists of a number of tubes mounted inside a cylindrical shell.

Figure illustrates a typical unit that may be found in a petrochemical plant.

Rear endthis is where the tubeside fluid leaves the exchanger or

Shellthis contains the tube bundle.

Baffles- These plates make the flow of fluid in the shell

Hot Body HT Direction Cold Body

Identify the heat transfer mode:

--------------------------- ------------------------------ -------------------------------------

___ Shell Inlet _ Tube Inlet ___ Baffles