REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

EULOGIO AMANG RODRIGUEZ

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NAGTAHAN, SAMPALOC MANILA

ANTENNA
Submitted by:
Murillo, Darwin E.
Apuan, Monica Pamela M.
Landoy, Kristine P
Bulusan, Mark Jhon S.

Submitted to:
Engr. Bernardito Fabro
HISTORY OF ANTENNA
The first experiments that involved the coupling of electricity and
magnetism and showed a definitive relationship was that done by Faraday
somewhere around the 1830s. He slid a magnetic around the coils of a wire
attached to a galvanometer. In moving the magnet, he was in effect creating a time-
varying magnetic field, which as a result (from Maxwell's Equations), must have
had a time-varying electric field. The coil acted as a loop antenna and received the
electromagnetic radiation, which was received (detected) by the galvanometer - the
work of an antenna. Interestingly, the concept of electromagnetic waves had not
even been thought up at this point.

Heinrich Hertz developed a wireless communication system in which he

forced an electrical spark to occur in the gap of a dipole antenna. He used a loop
antenna as a receiver, and observed a similar disturbance. This was 1886. By 1901,
Marconi was sending information across the atlantic. For a transmit antenna, he
used several vertical wires attached to the ground. Across the Atlantic Ocean, the
receive antenna was a 200 meter wire held up by a kite .

In 1906, Columbia University had an Experimental Wireless Station where

they used a transmitting aerial cage. This was a cage made up of wires and
suspended in the air, resembling a cage .A rough outline of some major antennas
and their discovery/fabrication dates are listed:

Yagi-Uda Antenna, 1920s

Horn antennas, 1939. Interesting, the early antenna literature discussed
waveguides as "hollow metal pipes".
Antenna Arrays, 1940s
Parabolic Reflectors, late 1940s, early 1950s? Just a guess.
Patch Antennas, 1970s.
PIFA, 1980s.

Current research on antennas involves metamaterials (materials that have

engineered dielectric and magnetic constants, that can be simultaneously negative,
allowing for interesting properties like a negative index of refraction). Other
research focuses on making antennas smaller, particularly in communications for
personal wireless communication devices (e.g. cell phones). A lot of work is being
performed on numerical modeling of antennas, so that their properties can be
predicted before they are built and tested.
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Computation:
Speed of Light:
C=11802852677.2 s

10 cm
2.9979 x 108 m/s x =2997900000 cm/s
1m

F= Dipole/C
1
= 45.75 cm/2997900000 cm/s =Hz
sec

1.526068248 x 108 Hz

=F/C

1.526068248 x 108 Hz
=1 cycle/ sec
11802852677 s

1.292965599 x 1018

Dipole
91.5 cm /2

45.75 cm

Distance
20 x

0.20 x 1.292965599 x 1018

19
2.585931198 x 10
Director
95 x Dipole

0.95 x 45.75 cm

43.4625 cm

Reflector
1.05 x Dipole+ Dipole

0.0105 x 45.75+ 45.75

46.230375 cm
 105 cm
1 inch

7 inches
Reflector

Dipole
91.5
inches

30
inches
7 inches

2.5
inches 12 inches
3 inches
Director
12 inches
(64.1 cm) 3 inches
12 inches
1 inch