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3/3/2017 IntroductionApproachtoDataManagementfromfilestoDatabase

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Chapter1:IntroductiontoDatabaseManagementSystems

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Index
1.1.IntroductionApproachtoDataManagementfromfilestoDatabase(/communities/aspire2016/content/introductionapproachtodatamanagementfromfile0)

1.2.TypesofDatabases(/communities/aspire2016/content/typesofdatabases0)

1.3.AdvantagesofDatabasesystem(/communities/aspire2016/content/advantagesofdatabasesystem0)

1.4.FunctionsofDatabase(/communities/aspire2016/content/functionsofdatabase0)

1.5.RoleofaDatabaseAdministrator(/communities/aspire2016/content/roleofadatabaseadministrator0)

GotoDoubts

1.1.IntroductionApproachtoDataManagementfromfilestoDatabase
A file is a collection of records or documents dealing with an organization, person, area or subject. A file, in the computer world, is a self contained piece of
informationavailabletotheoperatingsystemoranynumberofindividualprograms.Inacomputer,afilesystemisthecollectionoffiles,wherethefilesareplaced
logicallyforstorageandretrieval.

FileBasedSystem

AdvantagesofFileBasedsystem

Filebasedsystemswasthefirstmethodtostoredataincomputers.Thedatawasstoredandretrievedsequentiallyfromthedisk.
Filebasedsystemsareanearlyattempttocomputerisethemanualfilingsystem(organizingthefileswiththehelpofpapers).Forexample,amanualfilecan
besetuptoholdallthedetailsrelatingtoaparticularmatterasaproject,product,task,clientoremployee.Inanorganisationtherecouldbesuchfileswhich
maybelabeledandstored.
Themanualfilingsystemworksgoodwhenthenumberofitemstobestoredissmall.Itevenworksquitewellwhenthenumberofitemsstoredisquitelarge
andtheyareonlyneededtobestoredandretrieved.However,amanualfilesystemcrasheswhenthereferencingoffilesarenotproperandprocessingof
informationinthefilesarecarriedout.

DrawbacksofFileBasedsystem
Therewerecertaindrawbacksinusingthefilebasedapproachwhichwillbediscussedindetailusingthebelowexample.
Example:
Inauniversity,alargenumberofstudentsareenrolledandtheyhavetheoptionofchoosingvariouscourses.Thepersonaldetailsofstudents,feespaidby
them,thenumberanddetailsofthecoursesavailable,thenumberandthedetailsoffacultymembersinvariousdepartmentsaretheseparatefilesintheuniversity
system.Considertheefforttoanswerthefollowingqueries.

Figure1.0:FileBasedSystem

AnnualfeespaidbythestudentsofComputersciencedepartment.
Numberofstudentsrequiringtransportationfacilityfromaparticulararea.
Thisyear'srevenuefromstudentsascomparedtolastyear.
Numberofstudentschoosingdifferentcoursesindifferentdepartments.

AsshowninFigure1.0,inafilebasedsystem,differentprogramsinthesameapplicationmaybeinteractingwithdifferentprivatedatafiles.

Thusthedrawbacksofthefilesystemare:
a.DataRedundancyandInconsistency
Sincedataresidesindifferentprivatedatafiles,thefilesystemleadstouncontrolledduplicationofdata.Thisduplicationleadstowastageofalotofstoreroom.
Thisalsocoststimeandmoneytoenterthedatamorethanonce.Forexample,theaddressinformationofstudentmayhavetobeduplicatedintransportdetails
https://campuscommune.tcs.com/communities/aspire2016/content/introductionapproachtodatamanagementfromfile0 1/5
3/3/2017 IntroductionApproachtoDataManagementfromfilestoDatabase
datafile(Figure1.0).Thedatainafilesystemcanbecomeinconsistentifmultiplepersonsmodifythedataconcurrently.Forexample,ifanystudentchangesthe
residenceandthechangeisnotifiedtoonlyhis/herfileandnottobuslist.Enteringwrongdataisalsoanotherreasonforinconsistency.
b.UnanticipatedQueries
Handlingsudden/adhocqueriescanbedifficultinafilebasedsystem,becauseitrequireschangesintheexistingprograms.Forexample,findingthenumberof
faculty members(Faculty Details Data file in figure1.0) who used the transport facility (Transport Details Data File in figure1.0) in this year may be difficult as
separatefilesystemisusedtostorethedetails.
c.DataIsolation
Thoughdatausedbydifferentprogramsintheapplicationmayberelated,theyresideinisolateddatafiles.Forexample,thereisarelationshipbetweenthecourse
details(CourseDetailsdatafile)andstudentdetails(StudentPersonalDetailsdataFile),buttheystandisolatedasshowninFigure1.0.
d.ConcurrentAccessAnomalies
Inlargemultiusersystemsthesamefileorrecordmayneedtobeaccessedbymultipleuserssimultaneously.Handlingthisinafilebasedsystemisdifficult.For
example,thetransportdetailsmaybeaccessedbybothfacultyandstudentssimaltaneously(Figure1.0)
e.SecurityIssues
Indataintensiveapplications,securityofdataisamajorconcern.Usersshouldbegivenaccessonlytorequireddataandnotthewholedatabase.Thedataina
filebasedsystemcanbemadesecureonlybyadditionalprogrammingineachapplication.Forexample,thestudentmarksshouldbeaccessedonlybythefaculty
membersandnotbythefellowstudents(Figure1.0).
f.IntegrityIssues
Inanyapplication,therearesomedataintegrityrulesthatneedtobemaintained.Thesecouldbeintheformofcertainconditions/constraintsontheelementsofthe
datarecords.Inafilebasedsystem,alltheserulesneedtobeexplicitlyprogrammedintheapplicationprogram.Forexample,thesalarystructureofeachfaculty
willbedependantontheirdesignationaswellasonanyotherconditionswhichneedstobeexplicitlyprogrammed(Figure1.0).
g.RecoveryIssues
Systemfailuresorlossofconnectiontoremotesystemsshouldbedealtbythefilesystem.Intheeventofoperatingsystemfailureor"soft"powerfailure,special
routinesinthefilesystemmustbeinvokedsimilartoindividualprogramfailure.Thedamagedstructuresmustalsobecorrectedbythefilesystem.Thesemay
occurasaresultofanoperatingsystemfailureforwhichtheOSisnotabletonotifythefilesystem,powerfailureorreset.Thefilesystemmustalsorecordevents
toallowtheanalysisofsystemicissuesaswellastheproblemswithspecificfilesordirectories.Forexample,duringtheadmissionprocessofstudentsifthereisa
systemfailure,thenonrecoveryofdatawillcauseissues(Figure1.0).

It may be noted that, facing the above issues like concurrent access, integrity security problems, etc., is possible in a filebased system. Though all these are
generalissuesofconcerntoanydataintensiveapplication(Anapplicationwhichprocesseshugevolumeofdatasimultaneously),eachapplicationhastohandleall
theseproblemsonitsown.Theapplicationprogrammershouldbothernotonlyaboutimplementingtheapplicationbusinessprocessbutalsoabouthandlingthese
generalissues.

DatabaseApproach
Inordertoovercomethelimitationsofthefilebasedapproach,theconceptofdatabaseandtheDatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)wasintroducedin1960's.
TheDatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)istheSystemthatworksonadatabasewhichisastaticstorage.TheuserinteractswithdatabasethroughDBMS.The
purposeofaDBMSistoprovideanefficientwayofstoringandretrievingthedataquickerforbothsingleuserandmultiusersystems.

DatabaseManagementlargelyinvolves:

StorageofData
Manipulationofthedata
Accessrestrictionforunauthorizedusers

Weshalldiscussindetailaboutthisinthenextsection.

Forfurtherreadingyoumayreferthewebsitesbelow.

http://www.careerbless.com/db/rdbms/c1/traditionalApproach.php(http://www.careerbless.com/db/rdbms/c1/traditionalApproach.php)

www.sparkledb.net/SPARQLDatabaseServer/Faq/advantagesofadbms.aspx (http://www.sparkledb.net/SPARQLDatabaseServer/Faq/advantagesofa
dbms.aspx)

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