CIRCULAR MEASURE

1. RADIAN
1.1 Converting Measurements in Radians to Degrees and Vice Versa

S
Definition: rad = A
r
where S is the length of the arc AB, S
r is the radius of the circle, and r
is the angle subtended at the centre O by the arc AB.

o
O r B
For the full circle, the circumference is 2r and the angle is 360 .
2r
Therefore, =
r .
= 2 rad
Hence, 2 rad = 360o => rad = 180o

For each of the following measurement in degree, change it to radian.

Example: 25.8o A (a) 30o =

Since 180o = rad

o
25.8 = 25.8 25.8
180 O B
= 0.4504 rad

[0.5237 rad]
(b) 45o = (c) 81.5o =

[0.7855 rad] [1.423 rad]

o o
(d) 122.8 = (e) 154 20 =

[2.144 rad] [2.694 rad]

(f) 225o 36 = (g) -50o =

[3.938 rad] [-0.02773 rad]

Circular Measure 1
For each of the following measurement in radian, change it to degree.
Example: 0.75 rad (a) 0.6 rad =
Since rad = 180o Q
180 P
0.75 rad = 0.75
0.75 rad
= 42.97
O
Always use = 3.142
[34.37o]
(b) 1.54 rad = 18
(c) rad =
5

[88.22o] [206.24o]
3 (e) 1.2 rad =
(d) 2 rad =
7

[139.13o] [216o]
(g) -0.25 rad =
(f) rad =
3

[60o] [-14.32o]
1 (i) (1 + ) rad =
(h) - 2 rad =
3

[-133.67o] [237.29o]

Circular Measure 2
2. ARC LENGTH OF A CIRCLE
S
2.1 Arc Length, Radius and Angle = => S = r
r
For each of the following, find the length of the arc S given the values of r and .
Example: (a) r = 20 cm and = 0.6 rad
P
r = 10 cm and = 1.5 rad 10
Since S = r cm
= 10 1.5 S 1.5 rad O
= 15 cm

Q [12 cm]
(b) r = 15 cm and = 1.4 rad
(c) r = 30 cm and = rad
6

[21 cm] [15.71 cm]

o
(d) r = 10 cm and = 60 (e) r = 1.5 m and = 82.8o

[10.47 cm] [2.168 m]

For each of the following, calculate the length of the radius r given the values of S and .
Example: A (a) S = 9 cm and = 1.5 rad
S = 4.5 cm and = 1.5 rad
Since S = r r
4.5 cm

4.5 = 1.5r
O 1.5 rad
4 .5
r=
1 .5
= 3 cm B [6 cm]
o
(b) S = 4.5 cm and = 1.8 rad (c) S = 9 m and = 30

[2.5 cm] [17.19 m]

(d) S = 15 cm and = 32.8o
(e) S = 10 cm and = rad
8

[26.20 cm] [25.46 cm]

Circular Measure 3
For each of the following, find the angle in radian given the values of r and S.
Example: A (a) r = 9 cm and S = 36 cm
r = 5 cm and S = 10 cm

cm
Since S = r

10 cm
10 = 5
10 O
=
5
= 2 rad
B [4 rad]
(b) r = 7 cm and S = 5.6 cm (c) r = 20 cm and S = 0.7 m

[0.8 rad] [3.5 rad]

(d) r = 1.2 cm and S = 20 cm (e) r = 3.5 cm and S = 112 cm

2
[16 cm] [32 cm]
3

For each of the following, find the angle in degree given the values of r and S.
Example: A (a) r = 10 cm and S = 6 cm
20

r = 8 cm and S = 20 cm
cm

Since S = r
8c

20 = 8
m

20 O
= rad
8
180
= 2 .5 B
[34.37o]
= 143.22o
(b) r = 5 cm and S = 5.4 cm (c) r = 5.6 cm and S = 12 cm

[57.29o] [122.76o]
(d) r = 7.15 cm and S = 0.28 m (e) r = 5.6 cm and S = 3 cm

[224.34o] [96.43o]
Circular Measure 4
3. AREA OF SECTOR P
3.1 Area of Sector, Radius and Angle
r
Area of a circle, A = r2

Area for a sector OPQ of angle o, A = r 2
360 O
rad
Converting to radian, = r 2 r
2 rad
1 Q
A = r2, must be in radian.
2

For each of the following, find the area of the sector A given the values of r and .
Example: (a) r = 5 cm and = 0.8 rad
r = 3 cm and = 1.8 rad P
1
Since A = r 2
m
3c

2
1 2 O 1.8 rad
= 3 1 .8
2
3c

= 8.1 cm2
m

Q
[10 cm2]
(b) r = 2.11 cm and = 1.78 rad 2
(c) r = 2.7 cm and = 1 rad
3

[3.962 cm2] [6.075 cm2]

4 (e) r = 1.5 m and = 122.8o
(d) r = 12 mm and = rad
5

[180.98 mm2] [2.411 m2]

3 (g) r = 13.2 cm and = 67.2o
(f) r = m and = 85o
5

[0.2671 m2] [102.19 cm2]

Circular Measure 5
For each of the following, find the length of the radius r given the values of and A.
Example: = 1.2 rad and A = 15 cm2 (a) = 3 rad and A = 6 cm2
1
Since A = r 2
2
1
15 = r 2 1.2
2
O
15 2
r =
2
r r
1 .2 1.2 rad
= 25
P Q
r = 5 cm

[2 cm]

(b) = 1.4 rad and A = 118.3 cm2

(c) = rad and A = 3 m2
6

[6 m]
[13 cm]
3 (e) = 102o and A = 215 cm2
(d) = 1 rad and A = 78.25 cm2
7

[109.55 cm] [15.54 cm]

o 2 o 2
(f) = 65 and A = 78 cm (g) = 102 and A = 1215 cm

[11.73 cm] [36.94 cm]

Circular Measure 6
For each of the following, find the angle in radian given the values of r and A.
3 (a) r = 2.4 cm and A = 1.44 cm2
Example: r = 5 cm and A = 9 cm2
8
1
Since A = r 2
2
3 1
9 = 52 O 5 cm
8 2 B
75 2

5 cm
=
8 25 _3
9 8 cm2
3
= rad A
4
[0.5 rad]
2 2
(b) r = 8 cm and A = 64 cm (c) r = 0.6 m and A = 3.24 m

[2 rad] [18 rad]

For each of the following, find the angle in degree given the values of r and A.
Example: r = 4 cm and A = 16 cm2 (a) r = 15 cm and A = 50 cm
1
Since A = r 2
2
A
1 2 4c
16 = 4 m
2
O
16 2
=
16 cm2
4 cm

16
= 2 rad
180
= 2 B
3.142
o
= 114.58

[80o]
(b) r = 8 cm and A = 48 cm2 (c) r = 3.2 m and A = 5 m2

[85.93o] [55.95o]

Circular Measure 7
2.2 Perimeter of Segments of a Circle

Example:
For the shaded segment in the given diagram beside, find its perimeter. A

cm
The perimeter of the shaded segment is the total length of the arc AB 10
and the chord AB.
O 1.2 rad
SAB = r
= 10 1.2 10
= 12 cm c m
To find the length of the chord AB, consider
the triangle OAB in the diagram beside. B
A
1
AB
2 m
= sin 0.6 rad 10c = Note:
10 ad
. 6 r The length of the chord
1 180 O 00
AB = 10 sin(0.6 ) .6 ra
AB = 2r sin
2 3.142 10 d = 2
AB = 2 5.646 cm
= 11.292 cm
perimeter of shaded segment = 12 + 11.292 B
= 23.292 cm

3.2 Area of Segments of a Circle

Example:
With reference to the sector in the same diagram beside, A
find the area of the shaded segment.
cm
10
The area of the shaded segment is the difference between
the area of the sector OAB and the triangle OAB. O 1.2 rad
1 2
Area of sector OAB = r 10
2 cm
1
= 10 2 1.2 B
2
2
= 60 cm
To find the area of the triangle OAB,
please refer to the diagram beside. A
AC is perpendicular to the radius OB.
AC cm
= sin 1.2 rad 10 Note:
AO Area of triangle OAB
O 1.2 rad
180 1
AC = AO sin 1.2 = r 2 sin
3.142 10 C 2
1 cm
Area of OAB = OB AC
2 B
1
= OB OA sin 68.75
2
1
= 10 10 0.9320
2 Area of segment
= 46.60 cm 2 1 1
= r 2 r 2 sin
2 2
Area of shaded segment = 60 46.60
= r 2 ( sin )
= 13.40 cm2 1
2

Circular Measure 8
For each of the following diagrams, find
(i) the perimeter and
(ii) the area of the shaded segment.
(b)
(a) A
Q
m P
5c

0.8 ra

6 cm
O 0.5 rad 6
cm

d
5c
m
O
B

[Perimeter = 4.974 cm, Area = 0.2579 cm2] [Perimeter = 9.472 cm, Area = 1.489 cm2]
(c) (d)
P
O 4.2 cm A
60o
cm
3.8

4.2 c

1 rad
m

O Q
3.8 cm
B

[Perimeter = 10.19 cm, Area = 1.145 cm2] [Perimeter = 8.599 cm, Area = 4.827 cm2]

Circular Measure 9
1. SPM 2003 Paper 2 Compulsory Question No. 4
P
The diagram beside shows a sector POQ with centre O
R
and radius 10 cm. Point R lies on the straight line OP
with condition that OR : OP = 3 : 5. Calculate
(a) the value of
, in rad, [3]
(b) the area, in cm2 of the shaded region. [4]
O Q
Answer: (a) 0.9274 rad (b) 22.37 cm2
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2. SPM 2004 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No.19

A
The diagram beside shows a circle with centre O.
Given that the length of the major arc AB is 45.51 cm, O 0.354 rad
find the length, in cm, of the radius.
(Use 6 = 3.142) [3]
B
2
Answer: 7.675 cm
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3. SPM 2004 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 9

The diagram beside shows a circle PQRT with centre O L

and radius 5 cm. JQK is the tangent to the circle at Q.
J K
The straight lines JO and KO, intersect with the circle Q
P R
at P and R respectively. OPQR is a rhombus. JLK is an
rad
arc of the circle with centre O. Calculate
O
(a) the angle , in terms of 6, [2]
(b) the length, in cm, of the arc JLK, [4]
T
(c) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region. [4]

2
Answer: (a) (b) 20.95 cm (c) 61.43 cm2
3
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4. SPM 2005 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No.18

A
The diagram beside shows a circle with centre O.
The length of the minor arc AB is 16 cm and the
angle of the major sector AOB is 290o. O
Using 6 = 3.142, find
(a) the value of
, in radians,
B
(Give your answer correct to four significant figures.)
(b) the length, in cm, of the radius of the circle. [3]

Answer: (a) 1.222 rad (b) 13.09 cm

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Circular Measure 10
5. SPM 2005 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 10
P
The diagram beside shows a sector POQ of a circle, centre O.
The point A lieson O P, the point B lies on OQ and AB is A

perpendicular to OQ. The length of OA = 8 cm and POQ = radian. 8 cm
6
It is given that OA : OP = 4 : 7.
_ rad
(Use 6 = 3.142) Calculate 6
(a) the length, in cm, of AP, [1] O B Q
(b) the perimeter, in cm, of the shaded region, [5]
(c) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region. [4]

Answer: (a) 6 cm (b) 24.403 cm (c) 37.463 cm2

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A
6. SPM 2006 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No.16
Y
The diagram beside shows sector OAB with centre O and X
sector AXY with centre A. Given that OB = 10 cm, AY = 4 cm,
POQ = 1.1 radians and the length of the arc AB = 7 cm, calculate O
(a) the value of
, in radian,
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region. [4]
B
2
Answer: (a) 0.7 rad (b) 26.2 cm
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7. SPM 2006 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 10

R
The diagram beside shows the plan of a garden. PCQ is a semicircle
with centre O and has a radius of 8 m. RAQ is sector of a circle with
centre A and has a radius of 14 m. Sector COQ is a lawn. The shaded C
region is a flower bed and has to be fenced. It is given that AC = 8 m
and POQ = 1.956 radians.
(Use 6 = 3.142) Calculate
(a) the area, in m2, of the lawn, [2] P
A Q
O
(b) the length, in m, of the fence required for fencing
the flower bed, [4]
(c) the area, in m2, of the flower bed. [4]

Answer: (a) 62.592 m2 (b) 38.252 m (c) 14.71 m2

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8. SPM 2007 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No. 18

The diagram beside shows a sector BOC of a circle with centre O.

B
It is given that (AD = 8 cm) AOD = 1.85 radians and
BA = AO = OD = DC = 5 cm. Find A C
(a) the length, in cm, of the arc BC, 1.85 rad D
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region. [4]
O
2
Answer: (a) 18.5 cm (b) 80.5 cm
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Circular Measure 11
9. SPM 2007 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 9
A B
The diagram beside shows a circle, centre O and radius 10 cm
m O
inscribed in a sector APB of a circle, centre P. The straight lines, 1 0c
AP and BP are tangents to the circle at point Q and R, respectively. Q
[Use 6 = 3.142] Calculate R
(a) the length, in cm, of the arc AB, [5] 60o
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region. [5]
P
Answer: (a) 31.41 cm (b) 88.6 cm2
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10. SPM 2008 Paper 1 Compulsory Question No. 18

The diagram beside shows a circle with centre O and

radius 10 cm. Given that P, Q and R are points such O 10 cm
that OP = PQ and OPR = 90o, find =
[Use 6 = 3.142] P R
(a) QOR, in radians, =
(b) the area, in cm2, of the shaded region. [4]
Q
2
Answer: (a) 1.047 (b) 30.72 cm
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11. SPM 2008 Paper 2 Selective Question No. 9

The diagram beside shows two circles. The larger circle has centre X
and rdius 12 cm. The smaller circle has centre Y and radius 8 cm. .
Q 8 cm
Y
The circles touch at point R. The straight line PQ is a common tangent
to the circles at point P and point Q.
[Use 6 = 3.142]
.R
Given that PXR =
radian,
(a) show that
= 1.37 (to two decimal places),
(b) calculate the length, in cm, of the minor arc QR,
[2]
[3]
P .12 c m
X
(c) calculate the area, in cm2, of the shaded region. [5]

Answer: (b) 14.176 cm (b) 40.616 cm2

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Circular Measure 12