Safety and Health

For
Engineers
Roger L. Brauer (2006), Wiley-Interscience

Occupational Safety and Health

For
Technologists, Engineers, and Managers

Goetsch DL (2005), , 5th ed, Prentice Hall

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 Session One
16 September 2016

Agenda
The Importance of Safety & Health for Engineers
General Understanding

Occupational Safety and Health

Safety & Health Profession

Management Science

Engineering

Health Science

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The Importance of Safety and Health for Engineers
General understanding

Technological change
Transportation:
Horse
Automobile
Airplane Weight

Communication & Electronics

Satellite Television
Video Recorder DVD children 3.5 hrs, adult 4 hrs
Telephones/place /person

Operational automation
Plant/manufacturing
Automobile/Airplane Analog DCS

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Technological change
Medicine & Medical Technology
Life Expectancy

Industrial Today
revolution
Working class 17 72 (male)

Gentry 35 80 (female)

The Worlds Population: 1.1 billions in 1850 and

more than 6 Billions today

Materials & Substances

5 billions (Registry Handbook)
100,000 chemicals in use & hundred each year

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The Risks
Accident
Rate
10,000 Acc. Death/year (increase for aged > 65)

10 Million disabling injuries/year

Cost:
US$600 billion/year

Hazards
Electricity (replaces gas and oil lighting, less hazardous)
Cause one every seven fires

100 electrocution death/year

Traffic
45,000 traffic death/year
2 million/year disabling injuries

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Society Responses
Regulation & Litigation

10 % of 15,000 new laws are safety & health related

Creation of safety and health agencies
60,000 140,000 product liability claims filed/year
Continuation of public requirement to government and society for
protection from technological risks

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Occupational Safety & Health

Safety Records
4,500 work related death/year. The highest 19,500 in 1937. Continue to decrease >< increase
workers
Death rate > 3/100,000 for all industries
3.5 million injuries/year involving one or more days away from work
Total cost (Work related accident) US$150 billion/year (excl.bus. interruption)
100 million lost word days/year resulted from work place injuries
Depnakertrans (work accidents):
2002 -2005 : 300,000 (5000 deaths, 500 disabling injuries, Direct cost Rp. 650 bio)
2007: 83,714
2009: 54,398 potential losses Rp. 50 trio (Direct cost Rp. 300 bio Jamsostek)

Difficulties
Distinguish job related injuries and job related illness
Establish that the illness is job related
Report occupational illness, and physicians fail to recognize job related disease

Influence Factors
Continual changes of the injuries and illness that are recognized under worker compensation
Silicosis was not compensable until 1940 to 1950
Hernia used to be work related

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Consumer Product & Home Accident

Home accident (National Safety Council)

12,000 deaths and 2.9 million disabling injuries caused by accidents at home

Death rate home accident 1.5 per 100,000 persons annually, decline over the
years
Total cost US$ 135 billion/year

Consumer Product (National Commission on Product safety)

20 million injuries/year at home associated consumer products

Consumer products cause (exclude foods, drugs, motor vehicles, cosmetics,

firearms)
110,000 permanent disabilities/year

30,000 death/year

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Transportation

Motor vehicles, Aircraft, Railroads, and Waterways

Motor vehicles is the greatest cause of the accidental death
50,000 people die/year
> 2 million sustain disabling injuries
Death rate 15/100,000 persons
25-33% of job related deaths involve motor vehicle

Aircraft
Death rate
General aviation 16/100,000 persons
Commercial aviation 0.1/100,000 persons

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Railroads
1500 people die/year
20,000 injuries/year
Grade Crossing
60% death
15% injuries.

Waterways
1,500 boating accidents every year
A Major accident can cause injuries, death and high cost,
Sunshine sky bridge, Florida (May 1980)
31 people died (vehicles plunged to the water)
About 500 m, ripping out
Seven year to fix (business interruption, traffics diversion)

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Environmental Problems
Difficulties
To assess the impact of air & water quality to human safety & health

To prove that a disease and illness is caused by exposure of certain substances

Scales & Costs (1980, EPA data)

60 million tons waste generated by industries

30,000-50,000 hazardous waste sites

US$9 billion to clean up partially

Claim & Health

US$3 billion lawsuits were filed in 1980

20,000 tons of waste cause US$36 million for

Clean up

Resident relocation

Health & environment testing

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Significance For Engineers

Erode public confidence in engineers
1940, collapse of the Tacoma Bridge in Washington
March 1979, nuclear accident in Middletown, Pennsylvania
December 1984, Toxic chemical release in Bhopal, India
January 1986, Challenger space shuttle in Cape Kennedy, Florida
Claims
Engineers do not know when it comes to safety and health aspects
Professional engineering examinations do not include or include questions dealing with
safety and health
The engineering curriculums do not include safety and health
Improvement
Resolution at National Congress on Engineering Education to strengthen the training for safety
and health
New criteria for Engineering Programs must include understanding responsibility to protect public
health and safety
Engineering understanding
To eliminate, reduce, or control safety and health within their responsibility

How to use other professions including safety professional (I do not know; I need other
expert)
Established standards

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Safety and Health Professions
General Understanding

Keeping people safe involves multi disciplines

Engineers and other Professions have helped to resolve many safety problems

An interdisciplinary effort is required

To identify hazards
To develop effective solutions to safety problems
To achieve safe products, buildings, operations, and systems
No individual can be expert in every aspect of safety and health
Law
Engineering
Management
Health sciences
Finance etc

People with limited safety training become involved in safety activities

Knowledge in plant operation
Have had accident and become safety proponent
May be a good leader and effective communicator

Achieving safety involves professionals

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Safety Professionals
Learning Process
Field experience and continuing education
Study in specialized program
Baccalaureate and advance degree in safety and health
Safety Professionals
Specialized knowledge and skill and/or
Educational accomplishment
Achieved professional status in the safety field

Safety Students
Solid foundation in mathematic and science (physic, chemistry, human behavior), in business
and technology
Specialized training in principle and practice safety, industrial hygiene, ergonomic and fire
protection
Specialized training in environmental matters and hazardous material management

Career
High level of satisfaction
90% satisfied with their career and salary
Accredited certification significantly support the career

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Engineering
By discipline
Contribute to make safety and health within area of specialization
Include a significant number of safety related tasks

Engineers work mainly on the preventive of safety

Identify hazards during design , eliminate or reduce them
Prevent unsafe behavior by designing products, workplaces, and environment
Mitigate the unsafe behavior through design

Roles by discipline (such as)

Chemical engineering
Design less hazardous process
Apply system safety technique to process design
Develop waste reclamation process

Safety Engineering
Devote to the application of scientific and engineering principles and methods
Recognize and control hazard
Work closely with other engineering and non engineering

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Management Science

Involvement of people in business and personnel management

Contribute in advancement on safety and health

Safety and health program is apart of personnel, human resources of the

organization
Marketing, advertising, sales and procurement contribute to safety

Risk Management
Reduce losses to an acceptable level and the lowest cost

Administer accident prevention, risk assessment, and insurance program

Loss Control Specialists

Develop programs to prevent or minimize business losses

Related to risk management

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Health Sciences

Occupational Medicine and Nursing

Prevent and Treat occupational injuries, illness and deceases

Limited Specialist: Train physicians in occupational medicine

Occupational nurses as back up

Industrial Hygiene
Recognize, evaluate and control environmental factors or stresses arising in or
from work situation that may cause illness or impaired health

Health Physics
Study of radiation problems and method to provide radiation protection

Study of the mechanism of radiation hazards and damage

Provide proper radiation protective equipments

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