Handbook For Drainage

HANDBOOK FOR DRAINAGE
DESIGN CRITERIA
Townsville City Council
Handbook for Drainage Design Criteria
Table of Contents
1. General 3
1.1 Intent 3
1.2 Application 3
1.3 Submission of Designs 3
1.4 Calculations 3
1.5 Notation 4
1.6 References 5
2. Design IFD Rainfalls for Townsville City 5
3. Percentages impervious for Specific Locations and Individual Zonings 5

3.1 Run Off Co-Efficients for Specific Locations and Individual Zonings 5
4. Sample Summary Sheet for Hydrological Calculations 5
5. Additional Requirements for use of Specified Computer Analysis Programs 6
6. Sample Summary Sheet for Hydraulic Calculations 6
7. Pit Capacities 6
8. Pressure Change Co-Efficient Ke Charts 6
9. Allowable Reductions in Ke due to Benching 6
10. Pit Pressure Change Co-Efficients at Bends 6
11. Chart for Pressure Change Co-Efficient Kp 6
12. Junction Pressure Change Co-Efficients Kl and Ku chart 6
13. Sudden Expansion and Contraction Losses 6
14. Details of Systems in Surcharge 6

14.1 Design Recurrence Intervals (Surcharge Conditions) 6
14.2 Avoidance of Damage to Property 7
15. Open Channel Flow Grass Retardance Factors 8

15.1 Concrete Open Channels 8
15.2 Grass Lined Channels 8
16. Culvert Design Charts Inlet and Exit Losses, Inlet and Outlet Control & Scour 8
Protection
17. Requirements for Stormwater Detention Design 9
18. Conduit and Material Standards 9
TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL Page 1 of 17 Issue Date: January 2005

Table of Contents Continued
19. Conduit Jointing Details 9

19.1 Design Method 9
19.2 System Layout 9
19.3 Components of a Stormwater Drainage System Preferred Components and 9
Characteristics to be Assumed in Design and Analysis
19.3.1 Pipes etc 10
19.3.2 Minimum Grade for Pipes etc 10
20. Typical Pit Designs, and Other Pit Design Requirements 10
21. Lists of Standards or Codes Relevant to Pit Design 10
22. Guidelines for Scour Protection at Outlets 10
23. Computer Software 10
24. Safety 11
Appendix 1: Intensity-Frequency-Duration table and chart for Townsville 12
Appendix 2: Sample Hydraulic Calculation Table 13
Appendix 3: Culvert Design Charts 14

TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL
HANDBOOK FOR DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA
1. GENERAL
1.1 Intent
This Handbook has been prepared to make Councils criteria for the design and
assessment of stormwater drainage works known to Councils staff, to Consulting
Engineers and to other persons concerned with the design of such works. It is a
supplement to the Queensland Development Design Specification D5 Stormwater
Drainage Design. All references in this handbook that refer to D5.XX.YY refer to
Queensland Development Design Specification D5 Stormwater Drainage Design.
It is intended that, by clarifying the basis on which designs will be checked and
approvals given and by reducing the need for amendments to submitted designs,
time and effort be saved on the part of both designers and Councils staff.
1.2 Application
The Queensland Development Design Specification D5 Stormwater Drainage

Design shall apply to the design of stormwater drainage that is to pass into the
ownership of the Council of the City of Townsville or where required by conditions of
development approval.
This Handbook shall apply also to the design of stormwater drainage that is to
remain in other ownership wherever such drainage is to discharge into land under
Council control, in-so-far as non-compliance with this Handbook may affect
adversely the performance of any stormwater drainage owned by the Council or
may affect adversely the surface flow of stormwater upon the Councils land or the
quality of the water being discharged onto Council land.
1.3 Submission of Designs
Every design of stormwater drainage to which this Handbook applies shall be

submitted for the approval of the Townsville City Council.
Where a designer considers that special circumstances may justify a departure from
the Handbook, the designer should obtain Council approval before detailed design
is commenced.
1.4 Calculations
Every submission for approval of a design of stormwater drainage shall be

accompanied by one copy of relevant calculations, which shall include:
A catchment plan showing boundaries and sub-areas of the catchment to be

catered for;

Calculations of the design flows and surcharge flows, indicating the design
recurrence intervals, rainfall intensities and runoff coefficients used in the
calculations;
A drawn longitudinal section of each drain showing the hydraulic grade line for
the design flows, with supporting calculations;
A drawn longitudinal section of each drain showing the hydraulic grade line for
the calculated surcharge flows, with supporting calculations;
Any other calculations or drawings necessary to show compliance with the

development Design Specification or this Handbook.
Calculations and drawings are to be submitted in the form described in this

Handbook or forms presented in Vol. 1 Book 8 of Australian Rainfall and Runoff
(ARR) 1998.
1.5 Notation
The symbols used in this Handbook shall have the following meanings:
A catchment area, ha
ARR Australian Rainfall & Runoff 1998
C runoff coefficient
D nominal diameter of a pipe, m or mm
I rainfall intensity, mm/h
Ks equivalent sand roughness, mm, for use in the Colebrook-White

formula
n Mannings n
Q flow or discharge, m3/s
QUDM Queensland Urban Drainage Manual, 1993
S hydraulic grade of flow in a conduit, m/m or %
sL grade at which a conduit is to be laid, m/m or %
V velocity of flow, m/s
Vo velocity of flow in the outlet conduit from a manhole or junction, m/s.

1.6 References
Refer to Stormwater Drainage Design Specification D5, Section D5.03.
ARR is the basic reference and the methods of runoff flow estimation, design and
analysis described in it are to be used except where those methods are
incompatible with the express requirements of the Queensland Development
Design Specification D5 Stormwater Drainage Design and this Handbook.
QUDM is the preferred reference and the design and analysis of stormwater
drainage is to be based on this wherever they are relevant and compatible with the
Queensland Development Design Specification D5 Stormwater Drainage Design
and this Handbook and with ARR.
2. DESIGN IFD RAINFALLS FOR TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL
An Intensity-Frequency-Duration table and chart for the whole of Townsville is

provided as Appendix 1.
3. PERCENTAGES IMPERVIOUS FOR SPECIFIC LOCATIONS AND INDIVIDUAL

ZONINGS
3.1 Run Off Co-Efficients for Specific Locations and Individual Zonings
Zoning Coefficient (10 year ARI)

Residential zones 0.8
Commercial 0.9
Industrial 0.9
The frequency factors given in ARR, Vol 1, Book 8, Table 1.6, are to be applied but
the maximum runoff coefficient calculated need not exceed 1.0.
Otherwise the calculation of runoff coefficients is to be based on ARR, Vol 1, Book

8 Section 1.5.5(iii).
4. SAMPLE SUMMARY SHEET FOR HYDROLOGICAL CALCULATIONS

Refer to Appendix 2 for sample Hydraulic Design Table.
5. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR USE OF SPECIFIED COMPUTER

ANALYSIS PROGRAMS
Operators should be able to demonstrate familiarity with the methods used in the
software.
Computer generated calculation formats will be acceptable provided they contain

summaries of all of the data columns listed in Appendix 2 to this handbook.
6. SAMPLE SUMMARY SHEET FOR HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS

Refer Appendix 2.
7. PIT CAPACITIES
8. PRESSURE CHANGE CO-EFFICIENT KE CHARTS
9. ALLOWABLE REDUCTIONS IN KE DUE TO BENCHING
10. PIT PRESSURE CHANGE CO-EFFICIENTS AT BENDS
11. CHART FOR PRESSURE CHANGE CO-EFFICIENT KP
12. JUNCTION PRESSURE CHANGE CO-EFFICIENETS KL AND KU CHART
13. SUDDEN EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION LOSSES
Manhole and junction losses shall be determined from QUDM or by a method

supported by calculation and satisfactory to Council.
At a manhole or junction, the level of the hydraulic grade line at the manhole, shall
be taken to be the highest hydraulic grade line level of all entering pipes or
immediately upstream of the manhole.
14. DETAILS OF SYSTEMS IN SURCHARGE
14.1 Design Recurrence Intervals (Surcharge Conditions)
The recurrence intervals that shall be the basis of estimation of rainfall shall be as
follows:

Recurrence Interval Type of Catchment Drain

50 years Any catchment in surcharge conditions.
50 years For the design storm for bridges and
culverts under arterial roads.
50 years For the design storm for any open drain in
an urban area.
20 years For the design storm for road table drains
and open drains in rural areas including
park residential areas.
20 years For the design storm for culverts under
major and minor collector roads.
The analysis of performance in surcharge conditions shall be by methods basically

the same as are used in the analysis of performance during design flows; however
the analysis shall include analysis of surface flows in roads and other land.
Hydraulic grade lines of the system in surcharge are to be shown on longitudinal
sections of the drawings.
It is not permissible to assume that in surcharge conditions an underground

stormwater drainage system will carry the same flows as during design runoff flows,
or will even flow at all.
The underground system is to be re-analysed taking into account the effects of

submergence of inlets and outlets on its hydraulic grade line.
Where adequate inlet capacity for surcharge conditions will be provided account
may be taken of increased capacities of reaches of an underground drainage
system due to increased hydraulic grades, if appropriate.
Roads and surface drainage paths are to be analysed as open channels, taking into
account the probable effects of parked cars, footpath plantings and park
development.
Storage of stormwater in detention basins and roads may be taken into account.
There is no restriction on maximum velocity in conduits.
Potential damaging effects of high-velocity surface flows on roads and services are
to be identified and means of abatement proposed.
14.2 Avoidance of Damage to Property
In surcharge conditions surface flows and ponded water shall be contained within
roads (road reserve widths), parks, open space and designated detention basins
(which shall be to the approval of Council) and shall not enter any other lands
including private property.
The design of the stormwater drainage system and of surface gradings shall be
such that there shall be no isolated basins, in roads or elsewhere, where the
capacity of the surface drainage path is inadequate for surcharge flows.

In the design storm and in surcharge conditions the peak outflow from any detention
basin shall not exceed the peak flow at the same point as calculated for the
catchment without development.
Notwithstanding the above requirements, where the Council is satisfied that a

surface path for surcharge flows cannot be provided, it may approve a design in
which the capacities of underground conduits are adequate for the whole flow in
surcharge conditions and the capacities of inlets are at least twice the calculated
flows in surcharge conditions. Flow paths for flows greater than the surcharge flow
must be identified and reasonably available to convey these excess flows without
risk to adjoining property.
15. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW GRASS RETARDANCE FACTORS
15.1 Concrete Open Channels
Acceptable structures include reinforced concrete channels and where wall heights
are greater than 800 mm, appropriately designed handrails will be installed adjacent
to the top of the wall. Supporting posts will be fitted in sleeves.
All materials will be appropriate for the environment in which they are to be used
(eg, saline conditions).
15.2 Grass Lined Channels
The design of grass lined channels is to recognise the scour-prone nature of the
soils commonly encountered in the City and is to incorporate measures to counter
scouring and silting.
The design is to provide for access for maintenance at any time or is to provide for
reserve flow capacity where maintenance may be impracticable from time to time.
The batters to grass lined channels (other than road table drains) are to be not
steeper than 1 vertical to 6 horizontal.
All grass lined channels are to be grassed or revegetated.
In general n for the unpaved portion of grass lined channel are shown in
Stormwater Drainage Design Specification D5, Section D5.13.3. Where trees or
shrubs are to be planted or where lack of maintenance may permit the growth of
trees and shrubs a variation of the n value may be approved by Council, where it is
shown that grass will be mown and maintained a lesser value of n (but no less
than 0.030) may be adopted.
16. CULVERT DESIGN CHARTS INLET AND EXIT LOSSES, INLET AND OUTLET
CONTROL AND SCOUR PROTECTION

Refer to Appendix 3 for Culvert Design Charts.

17. REQUIREMENTS FOR STORMWATER DETENTION DESIGN
Council may require onsite detention to prevent increased downstream flow rates
from the development/construction under consideration.
18. CONDUIT AND MATERIAL STANDARDS
19. CONDUIT JOINTING DETAILS
19.1 Design Method
There is no restriction on the method of design or on the selection of components of

a stormwater drainage system from those specified below.
19.2 System Layout
Unless otherwise approved:
Longitudinal underground drains in straight sections of roads shall be parallel to

the adjacent kerb, in the location shown on Drawing No 46062.
Notwithstanding the above, approval may be given for the location of a drain on
chords of a curve such that the drain is closer to the kerb than is shown on
Drawing No 46062, including encroachment into the area of the roadway. (The
construction of such a drain shall be as required for a road crossing).
At a turnout, underground drains may cross the footpath between manholes

adjacent to the tangent points of the turnout;
Manholes at turnouts shall not be located in the footpath reservations for

underground electricity mains, gas pipes, telephone cables or water mains.
All road crossings shall, as far as practicable, be perpendicular to the road.

Alternative alignments will be considered in the interests of hydraulic efficiency.
19.3 Components of a Stormwater Drainage System Preferred Components and

Characteristics to be assumed in Design and Analysis
Conduit friction losses may be determined by the Colebrook-White relationship (in

accordance with ARR) or by the Manning equation. The Colebrook-White
relationship is preferred for circular pipes.
The components of a stormwater drainage system shall be selected from those

specified herein and their characteristics shall be taken to be as specified below or
as shown by the sources referred to below.

19.3.1 Pipes etc
Reinforced concrete pipes and box culverts
Ks shall be taken to be 0.06 mm; n shall be taken to be 0.012.
Fibre reinforced cement pipes.
Corrugated metal pipes in across-road culverts, provided that the diameter of

the pipes shall not be less than 600 mm and that it can be shown that the
predicted life of the pipe is not less than 100 years.
Ks, or n, shall be taken to be such values as are advised by the pipe

manufactured as being appropriate for the pipe diameter and corrugation size.
Such other pipes etc as are approved by Council.
Ks, or n, shall be taken to be such values as are shown to be appropriate to the

material.
Pipes or culverts used shall be appropriate for application which they will be
used in eg, saline water will require appropriate cover to reinforcement.
19.3.2 Minimum Grade for Pipes etc
No pipe, on box culvert or other conduit shall be designed to be laid at a grade

which will produce less than the minimum specified water velocity.
20. TYPICAL PIT DESIGNS, AND OTHER PIT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
21. LISTS OF STANDARDS OR CODES RELEVANT TO PIT DESIGN
Kerb inlet manholes and extension approved by Council are shown on Drawing
No 50822.
Such other forms of inlet structure as are approved by the Council.
22. GUIDELINES FOR SCOUR PROTECTION AT OUTLETS
Designers should consider the local conditions and soils in the design of outlet
protection and apply acceptable best practice.
23. COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Operators using computer software must be able to demonstrate familiarity with the
methods utilised by that software.
24. SAFETY
Provision shall be made for the safety of the public, including children.
Refer to ARR, Vol 1, Book 8 Section 1.10.4. The recommendations of ARR, as

amended by this Handbook, shall be implemented in the design storm and in
surcharge conditions.
Except at end walls to pipes and box culverts, no opening into an underground
stormwater drain shall be wider than 150mm.
At an inlet end wall to a pipe or box culvert either the opening area shall be
sufficient and the drain shall be sufficiently clear of obstruction to permit the free
passage of a human body or the inlet shall be protected by a barricade with
openings not wider than 100 mm, designed to permit the escape of a child trapped
against it.
Any grates over inlets shall be so designed as to deflect debris and minimise the
opportunity for blockage. Ideally the bars in the grate will be set at an acute angle
to the inflowing water.

Appendix 1 Intensity-Frequency-Duration for Townsville
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
Return Period (years)
Time of
Concentration 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
5min 114 148 193 220 256 303 339
6min 110 142 185 211 245 290 325
7min 105 135 177 201 234 277 310
8min 99.8 129 169 193 224 265 296
9min 95.6 124 162 184 214 254 284
10min 91.9 119 156 177 206 244 273
11min 88.5 115 150 171 198 235 263
12min 85.5 111 145 165 192 227 254
13min 82.7 107 140 160 186 220 246
14min 80.3 104 136 155 180 214 239
15min 78.0 101 132 151 175 208 233
16min 76.0 98.5 129 147 171 202 227
17min 74.1 96.1 126 143 166 197 221
18min 72.3 93.8 123 140 163 193 216
19min 70.7 91.7 120 137 159 188 211
20min 69.2 89.7 117 134 156 184 207
21min 67.8 87.9 115 131 152 181 202
22min 66.4 86.2 113 129 149 177 199
23min 65.2 84.6 111 126 147 174 195
24min 64.0 83.0 109 124 144 171 191
25min 62.9 81.6 107 122 142 168 188
26min 61.8 80.2 105 120 139 165 185
27min 60.8 78.9 103 118 137 162 182
28min 59.8 77.6 102 116 135 160 179
29min 58.9 76.4 100 114 133 157 176
30min 58.0 75.3 98.5 112 131 155 174
40min 50.8 65.9 86.3 98.6 115 136 152
50min 45.5 59.1 77.4 88.4 103 122 137
60min 41.5 53.8 70.5 80.6 93.7 111 125
1.5hrs 33.1 42.9 56.4 64.4 75.0 89.0 99.9
2hrs 27.8 36.1 47.7 54.2 63.1 75.0 84.2
3hrs 21.4 27.8 36.6 42.0 48.9 58.1 65.3
4hrs 17.7 23.1 30.4 34.8 40.6 48.3 54.2
6hrs 13.7 17.8 23.4 26.9 31.3 37.3 4.02
9hrs 10.7 14.0 18.4 21.1 24.7 29.4 33.1
12hrs 9.18 12.0 15.8 18.2 21.2 25.3 28.4
15hrs 8.22 10.7 14.2 16.3 19.1 22.7 25.6
18hrs 7.55 9.85 13.1 15.0 17.6 21.0 23.7
24hrs 6.63 8.66 11.6 13.3 15.6 18.7 21.1
30hrs 5.95 7.80 10.5 12.1 14.2 17.1 19.3
36hrs 5.39 7.07 9.57 11.1 13.1 15.8 17.9
42hrs 4.88 6.42 8.76 10.2 12.1 14.6 16.6
48hrs 4.40 5.82 8.00 9.38 11.1 13.5 15.4
60hrs 3.54 4.71 6.61 7.82 9.37 11.5 13.2
TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL Page 12 of 18 Issue Date: September 2004

1
CATCHMENT REFERENCE NO.
LOC
72hrs
m
LENGTH OF SECTION
m
LENGTH
4
%
SLOPE
5
n
SURFACE OVERLAND FLOW
2.78
TIME
min
7
m
LENGTH
TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL

3.73
%
SLOPE
GUTTER FLOW
SUB-AREA TIME OF CONCENTRATION
9
TIME
mins
5.35
10
MAX. FLOW TIME (min 6min)

mins
11
AVERAGE RECURRENCE INTERVAL

6.41
12
RAINFALL INTENSITY
years mm/hr
ha
13
SUB-CATCH AREA
7.76
%
14
IMPERVIOUS AREA (%)

C
15
RUNOFF COEFF.
9.63
Page 13 of 17
ha
16
SUB-AREA C20 x A
fy
17
FREQUENCY FACTOR
11.1
Cy
18
EQUIVALENT IMPERVIOUS AREA
RUNOFF COEFF.
ha
19
SUB-AREA E.I.A.
20
SUB-AREA
m3/s
21
UPSTREAM BYPASS
m3/s
FLOW
22
TOTAL
m3/s
-
23
INLET TYPE
INLET DESIGN
24
AMOUNT BYPASSING
m3/s
25
TIME IN CULVERT
mins
CRITICAL TIME OF
26
mins
CONCENTRATION
Issue Date: January 2005

27
RAINFALL INTENSITY
mm/hr
ha
28
TOTAL C20 x A
Appendix 2 Sample Hydraulic Calculation Table
ha
29
TOTAL E.I.A.
DRAIN DESIGN
30
DISCHARGE
m3/s
31
SIZE OF CULVERT
mm
32
CULVERT VELOCITY
m/s
-
33
INLET / BEND No.

-
34
K HEAD CHANGE COEFF.

m
35
Hp PRESSURE HEAD CHANGE

H.G.L. DESIGN
%
36
MIN. FRICTION GRADE

COMMENTS
Appendix 3 Culvert Design Charts Townsville City
Council
TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL Page 14 of 18 Issue Date: September 2004




Handbook For Drainage

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Handbook For Drainage

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

HANDBOOK FOR DRAINAGE

2. Design IFD Rainfalls for Townsville City 5

3. Percentages impervious for Specific Locations and Individual Zonings 5

4. Sample Summary Sheet for Hydrological Calculations 5

5. Additional Requirements for use of Specified Computer Analysis Programs 6

6. Sample Summary Sheet for Hydraulic Calculations 6

8. Pressure Change Co-Efficient Ke Charts 6

9. Allowable Reductions in Ke due to Benching 6

10. Pit Pressure Change Co-Efficients at Bends 6

11. Chart for Pressure Change Co-Efficient Kp 6

12. Junction Pressure Change Co-Efficients Kl and Ku chart 6

13. Sudden Expansion and Contraction Losses 6

14. Details of Systems in Surcharge 6

15. Open Channel Flow Grass Retardance Factors 8

17. Requirements for Stormwater Detention Design 9

18. Conduit and Material Standards 9

TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL Page 1 of 17 Issue Date: January 2005

Table of Contents Continued

19. Conduit Jointing Details 9

20. Typical Pit Designs, and Other Pit Design Requirements 10

21. Lists of Standards or Codes Relevant to Pit Design 10

22. Guidelines for Scour Protection at Outlets 10

23. Computer Software 10

Appendix 1: Intensity-Frequency-Duration table and chart for Townsville 12

Appendix 2: Sample Hydraulic Calculation Table 13

Appendix 3: Culvert Design Charts 14

TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL Page 2 of 17 Issue Date: January 2005

TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL

HANDBOOK FOR DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

The Queensland Development Design Specification D5 Stormwater Drainage

1.3 Submission of Designs

Every design of stormwater drainage to which this Handbook applies shall be

Every submission for approval of a design of stormwater drainage shall be

A catchment plan showing boundaries and sub-areas of the catchment to be

TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL Page 3 of 17 Issue Date: January 2005

Any other calculations or drawings necessary to show compliance with the

Calculations and drawings are to be submitted in the form described in this

ARR Australian Rainfall & Runoff 1998

D nominal diameter of a pipe, m or mm

I rainfall intensity, mm/h

Ks equivalent sand roughness, mm, for use in the Colebrook-White

Q flow or discharge, m3/s

QUDM Queensland Urban Drainage Manual, 1993

S hydraulic grade of flow in a conduit, m/m or %

sL grade at which a conduit is to be laid, m/m or %

V velocity of flow, m/s

Vo velocity of flow in the outlet conduit from a manhole or junction, m/s.

TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL Page 4 of 17 Issue Date: January 2005

Refer to Stormwater Drainage Design Specification D5, Section D5.03.

2. DESIGN IFD RAINFALLS FOR TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL

Refer to Stormwater Drainage Design Specification D5, Section D5.04.

An Intensity-Frequency-Duration table and chart for the whole of Townsville is

3. PERCENTAGES IMPERVIOUS FOR SPECIFIC LOCATIONS AND INDIVIDUAL

Refer to Stormwater Drainage Design Specification D5, Section D5.06.

Zoning Coefficient (10 year ARI)

Otherwise the calculation of runoff coefficients is to be based on ARR, Vol 1, Book

4. SAMPLE SUMMARY SHEET FOR HYDROLOGICAL CALCULATIONS

Refer to Stormwater Drainage Design Specification D5, Section D5.07.

5. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR USE OF SPECIFIED COMPUTER

Computer generated calculation formats will be acceptable provided they contain

6. SAMPLE SUMMARY SHEET FOR HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS

Refer to Stormwater Drainage Design Specification D5, Section D5.08.

Refer to Stormwater Drainage Design Specification D5, Section D5.10.