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Although most fermentation companies rely upon the pleated membrane, fixed
pore (absolute rated) filter systems it is necessary to consider the theory of
depth filtration. Aiba et al. (1973) have given detailed quantitative analysis of
these mechanisms but this account will be limited to a description of the overall
efficiency of operation of fibrous filters. Several workers (Ranz and Wong, 1952;
Chen, 1955) have put forward equations relating the collection efficiency of a
filter bed to various characteristics of the filter and its components. However, a
simpler description cited by Richards (1967) may be used to illustrate the basic
principles of filter design.
If it is assumed that if a particle touches a fibre it remains attached to it, and that
there is a uniform concentration of particles at any given depth in the filter, then
each layer of a unit thickness of the filter should reduce the population entering
it by the same proportion; which may be expressed mathematically as:
The log penetration relationship [equation (5.15)] has been used by Humphrey
and Gaden (1955) in filter design, by using the concept XyO ' the depth of filter
required to remove 90% of the total number of particles entering the filter; thus:
Equation (5.15), the log penetration relationship, is the same form as equation
(5.3) in the derivation of thermal-death kinetics. In the case of heat sterilization
the theory predicts that an infinite time is required to reduce the population to
zero, whereas the theory of filtration predicts that a filter of infinite length is
required to remove all organisms from an air stream. Thus, it is not surprising
that the same approach is adopted in the design of filters and heat-sterilization
cycles, in that an acceptable probability of contamination is determined. The
probability of one fermentation in a thousand being contaminated is frequently
used in filter design, as it is in the design of heat-sterilization cycles. Having
arrived at an acceptable probability of contamination and determined the
filtration characteristics (i.e. the value of K) of the material to be used, a filter
may be designed to filter a certain volume of air containing a certain number of
organisms; the following example illustrates the design calculation approach
used by Richards (1967): It is required to provide a 20-m3 fermenter with air at a
rate of 10 m3 min -I for a fermentation lasting 100 hours. From an investigation
of the filter material to be used, the optimum linear air velocity was shown to be
0.15 m sec-I, at which the value of K was 1.535 em-I. The dimensions of the filter
may be calculated as follows:
However, as Humphrey (1960) pointed out, the efficient operation of the filter is
dependent on the supply of air at the optimum linear velocity. If the air velocity
increase or decreases the value of K will decrease, resulting in a loss of filtration
efficiency. Considering the example calculation, if the linear air velocity were to
drop to 0.03 m sec-I, then the value of K would decline to 0.2 em-1. The number
of organisms which would enter the fermentation in 1 minute at this reduced air-
flow rate would be as calculated below:
Therefore, 19.24 organisms would have entered the fermenter in 1 minute at the
decreased air-flow rate. If the filter had been designed to meet this contingency,
then the length would have been:
Thus a filter length of 64.4 em would have been required to have maintained the
same probability of contamination over the 1 minute of reduced air flow. This
example illustrates the hazards of attempting very precise design and the
necessity to consider the reliability of ancillary equipment in any design
calculation.
Teori filter kedalaman
Jika diasumsikan bahwa jika partikel menyentuh serat itu tetap melekat
padanya, dan bahwa ada konsentrasi seragam partikel pada setiap kedalaman
tertentu di filter, kemudian masing-masing lapisan ketebalan unit filter harus
mengurangi populasi memasuki itu dengan proporsi yang sama; yang dapat
dinyatakan secara matematis sebagai:
Hubungan penetrasi log [persamaan (5.15)] telah digunakan oleh Humphrey dan
Gaden (1955) dalam desain filter, dengan menggunakan konsep XyO 'kedalaman
filter diperlukan untuk menghapus 90% dari jumlah total partikel memasuki
filter; demikian:
Persamaan (5.15), hubungan penetrasi log, adalah bentuk yang sama seperti
persamaan (5.3) di derivasi dari kinetika termal-kematian.Dalam kasus sterilisasi
panas teori memprediksi bahwa waktu tak terbatas diperlukan untuk
mengurangi populasi ke nol, sedangkan teori filtrasi memprediksi bahwa filter
panjang tak terbatas diperlukan untuk menghapus semua organisme dari arus
udara. Jadi, tidak mengherankan bahwa pendekatan yang sama diadopsi dalam
desain filter dan siklus panas sterilisasi, di bahwa probabilitas diterima
kontaminasi ditentukan. Probabilitas dari satu fermentasi dalam seribu yang
terkontaminasi sering digunakan dalam desain filter, seperti di desain siklus
panas sterilisasi. Setelah tiba di probabilitas diterima dari kontaminasi dan
menentukan karakteristik filtrasi (yaitu nilai K) dari material yang akan
digunakan, filter dapat dirancang untuk menyaring volume tertentu dari udara
yang mengandung sejumlah organisme; contoh berikut mengilustrasikan
pendekatan perhitungan desain yang digunakan oleh Richards (1967): Hal ini
diperlukan untuk memberikan fermentor 20-m3 dengan udara pada tingkat 10
m3 min -I untuk fermentasi berlangsung 100 jam. Dari penyelidikan dari bahan
filter yang akan digunakan, kecepatan udara linear optimum terbukti 0,15 m
detik-I, di mana nilai K adalah 1,535 em-I.Dimensi filter dapat dihitung sebagai
berikut:
Namun, seperti Humphrey (1960) menunjukkan, operasi yang efisien dari filter
tergantung pada pasokan udara pada kecepatan linear optimal. Jika kecepatan
udara meningkatkan atau mengurangi nilai dari K akan menurun, yang
mengakibatkan hilangnya efisiensi filtrasi.Mengingat contoh perhitungan, jika
kecepatan udara linear yang turun ke 0,03 m detik-I, maka nilai K akan menurun
ke 0,2 em-1.Jumlah organisme yang akan masuk fermentasi dalam 1 menit pada
tingkat aliran udara berkurang ini akan seperti berikut ini:
Oleh karena itu, 19,24 organisme akan masuk fermentor dalam 1 menit pada
tingkat aliran udara menurun. Jika filter telah dirancang untuk memenuhi
kontingensi ini, maka panjang akan menjadi: