Primary Sources

An Act to Prevent Interstate Commerce in the Products of Child Labor, and for Other Purposes,

September 1, 1916; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-; General Records of the

United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.

We downloaded the Keating-Owen Act and uploaded it into our website onto the Lasting

Impacts page. The document informed us of the things that congress proposed with the Keating-

Owen Act. This document is a primary source because it was proposed in 1916 and Lewis Hine

was working then.

Byerly, Victoria. Hard Times Cotton Mill Girls. Personal Histories of Womanhood and Poverty

in the South. New York, ILR Press, 1986.

We used this source to show the conditions and point of views the children had while

working. This quote showed us the statistics of child labor in 1890. This source is primary

because it was written at the time child labor was a problem.

"Childhood Lost: Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution." Eastern Illinois University,

www.eiu.edu/eiutps/childhood_set.php. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016.

From this site we gained access to poems, letters, and pictures, a few of which we used

on our website. This source is primary because there are artifacts included.

"Child Labor in the Canning Industry of Maryland." Canneries3.pdf, www.loc.gov. Accessed 30

Nov. 2016
 We used this website to get some background information on what it was like for families

in the 1900s. This website gave us insight of a family in the canning industry and their life. It is

primary because it is an interview with the people who experienced it.

Child Labor Scholarship. Girl securing her weekly allowance from the New York Child Labor

Committee, that permits her parents in school. June 1913. Location: [New York (State)].

The picture shows a child laborer receiving her weekly allowance from a member of the

National Child Labor Committee (NCLC). This photo supports the information on our site that

suggests the NCLC helped to create child labor laws. This photo is primary because it includes a

picture of a child laborer.

Hine, Lewis. 2 A.M. February 12,1908. Papers just out. Boys starting out on morning round.

Ages 13 years and upward. At the side door of Journal Building near Brooklyn Bridge. New

York, New York (State). Feb. 1908. Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor

Committee (U.S.).

We used this photo of the newsies on our slideshow. This source is primary because it

was taken during the time of Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis. Breaker boys working in Ewen Breaker of Pennsylvania Coal Co. For some of their

names see labels 1927 to 1930. Location: South Pittston, Pennsylvania. Jan. 1911. Photographs

from the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.).

We also used this photo in our slideshow. This source is primary because it was taken in

1911.
Hine, Lewis. Two of the tiny workers, a raveler and a looper in Loudon Hosiery Mills. Location:

Loudon, Tennessee. Dec. 1910. Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor

Committee (U.S.).

We used this picture, too, in our slideshow on the picture page. This source is primary

because it was taken by Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis W. All these children five years, six years, seven years, nine years and two a little

older, were picking cotton on H.M. Lane's farm Bells, Tex. Only one adult, an aunt was picking.

Father was plowing. Edith five years, (see preceding photo) picks all day. "Hughie" six years old,

girl, picks all day. Alton, seven years old, picks fifty pounds a day. Ruth, nine years old, picks

seventy-five pounds a day. Rob and Lee are about ten or eleven years old. The very young

children like to pick, but before long they detest it. Sun is hot, hours long, bags heavy. Location:

Bells, Texas. Sept. 1913. Oct. 1913.

We used this picture on our site in the slideshow. This photo is primary because it was

taken by Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis W. Group of workers stringing beans in J. S. Farrand Packing Company, Baltimore,

Md. Many youngsters work here. Photo July 7, 1909. Location: Baltimore, Maryland. 7 July

1909.

I used this picture in the slideshow. This source is primary because Lewis Hine took it

with his camera.

Hine, Lewis W. Laura, a nine-year-old berry picker on Rock Creek, near Baltimore, Md. Been

working in the South two winters. (See my report July 10, 1909.) Location: Baltimore,

Maryland. July 1909.

We used this picture in our slideshow on the pictures page. It is primary because it was

taken by Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis W. Richard Tevor, 73 Jones St., W. Maniyunk (near Philadelphia) 8 years old. 5

years picking cranberries. Theodore Budd's Bog at Turkeytown, near Pemberton, N.J. This is the

fourth week of school in Philadelphia and people will stay here two more Sept. 27, 1910.

Location: Pemberton, New Jersey. 27 Sept. 1909.

We used this picture in our site and we used the information in the caption on our

working conditions page.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Boys at Lehr, Economy Glass Works. Location: Morgantown, West Virginia.

Oct. 1908. Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.).

We used this picture in our slideshow. This source is primary because it was taken by

Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Boy Working at the Saw, N.Y. Dimension Supply Co. ,Evansville, Ind.

Location: Evansville, Indiana Prints and Photographs . Eastern Illinois University,

www.eiu.edu/eiutps/childhood_set.php. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016.

We used this picture on the pictures page, in the slideshow. It shows the dangers of child

labor. It is primary because it was taken by Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Construction of the Empire State Building, 1930. 1930.

We used the information on this site in the Adulthood section on our website. This source

is primary because the photos were taken by Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Garment Workers, New York, NY. 25 Jan. 1908. National Archives and

Records Administration, Records of the Department of Commerce and Labor, Children's Bureau

This source taught us about the effect of the Industrial Revolution on America and on

child labor. We used the understanding we gained to write our Historical Context. This site is

primary because the information on it is from 1908, when Lewis Hine was around.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Group of Workers Stringing Beans in J. S. Farrand Packing Company. 17

July 1909. Digital Docs in a Box, Library of Congress, www.digitaldocsinabox.org Accessed 2

Nov. 2016.

We used this photograph in our project by putting it in the working conditions section to

show how the working conditions were in the factories. This photograph showed us what it

looked like to be a child in the early 1900s. It is primary because it is a photograph taken during

that time.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Laura, a Nine-year-old Berry Picker on Rock Creek, near Baltimore, Md.

Been Working in the South Two Winters. (See My Report July 10, 1909.) Location: Baltimore,

Maryland. July 1909. Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor Committee

(U.S.), nclc 00018.

 We used this picture on our slideshow. This picture is primary because it was taken by

Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Millie, Four Years Old and Nellie Five Years Old. Cotton Pickers on a

Farm near Houston, Millie Picks Eight Pounds a Day and Nellie Thirty Pounds. This Is Nearly

Every Day. Home Conditions Bare and Bad. Location: Houston [vicinity], Texas. Oct. 1913.

Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.).

We used this picture in our slideshow on the Picture page and we used the information

from the caption on the conditions page.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. "Poem." 1913. Photographer.

We used the feeling illustrated to us by this poem to put feeling into our words, so that we

could make other people who read our work feel the hardships and the horror of child labor. This

poem illustrated to us the adverse effects child labor has on the children and the benefits factory

owners receive. It is a primary source because it is thought to have been published in 1913.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Rose Biodo, 1216 Annan St., Philadelphia. 10 Years Old. Working 3

Summers. Minds Baby and Carries Berries, Two Pecks at a Time. Whites Bog, Brown Mills, N.J.

This Is the Fourth Week of School and the People Here Expect to Remain Two Weeks More. Sept.

28, 1910. Witness E. F. Brown. Location: Browns Mills, New Jersey / Photo by Lewis W. Hine. 28

Sept. 1910. Photographs from the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.).

We used this picture in our slideshow on the Picture page. This source is primary because

the picture was taken by Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis Wickis. Vera Hill, 5 years old picks 25 pounds a day. See 4580 Location: Comanche

County, Oklahoma/Lewis W. Hine. Prints and Photographs. East Illinois University,

www.eiu.edu/ eiutps/childhood_set.php. Accessed 7 Dec. 2016.

We used this photo on our pictures page, in our slideshow. This picture further proved the

horror of child labor to readers. This is a primary source because it was taken by Lewis Hine.

Hine, Lewis Wickes. Young Drivers and Trapper Boy, Brown Mine, Brown, W. Va. (Underground

from 7 A.M. to 5:30 P.M.) Sept., 1908. Location: Brown, West Virginia. Sept. 1908. Photographs

from the records of the National Child Labor Committee (U.S.).

We used this photo in our slideshow. This source is primary because Lewis Hine took it.

In 1909 Lewis Hine Spoke at a Social Work Conference on the Subject of Photography and

Social Reform." Spartacus Educational, 2016, spartacus-educational.com Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.

We used the information on this source to piece together Lewis Hines Childhood and

Adulthood pages. In his speech, Lewis Hine explained his photography technique. It is primary

because the speech is from that time period; he said it.

Jackson, Robert H. "Children Of The Rich And Children Of The Poor." Vital Speeches Of The

Day 3.17 (1937): 526. History Reference Center. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

We used this source to get a better understanding of the differences of the rich children

and poor children. We learned that there are many differences between the rich and poor children
in the 1900s. It is primary, because it was written about the topic in the time period the topic was

occurring.

"Keating-Owen Child Labor Act Of 1916." Keating-Owen Child Labor Act Of 1916 (NARA)

(2011): 1. History Reference Center. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

We used the information on this site to learn more about the Keating-Owen Act and what

it proposed. This source also exposed us to more of Lewis Hines photographs. This source is

primary because the Act was actually written in 1916.

Miller, Bertha. "Excerpt 1." Hard Times Cotton Mill Girls, by Victoria Byerly, pp. 48-50.

We used the information in this excerpt on our Conditions page under the factory section.

This excerpt showed us the memories Bertha Miller, once a cotton mill girl, had of her

childhood. It is primary because is was written by a girl who worked in the cotton mills in the

early 1900s.

Quote from a Business Owner. 1883. Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor.

We used this quote in the Working Conditions page. This quote portrays the business

owners little regard for his workers. It is primary because it was written in 1883

Selected letters and photographs of Lewis W. Hine. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992.
 We used the photos in this book on our website, on the Pictures page. From this site,

we learned just how horrible the conditions of child labor were. This was a primary source

because the letters were written and the pictures were taken at the time.

The History Place. 1998-2016, www.historyplace.com. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016.

We used the information on the captions in the Factory section of the Working Conditions

page. This site gave us access to many of the pictures Lewis Hine took of child laborers and the

things her learned from the children. This source is primary because it includes pictures Lewis

Hine took and the things he observed and was told during his life.

United States, Congress. Child Labor in the Carolinas: Account of Investigations Made in the

Cotton Mills of North and South Carolina. 1909

We used this source to get a better understanding of the laws passed that included child

labor. From this artifact, we learned more about Lewis Hines discoveries while photographing

child labor, both from his photographs and his personal accounts. It is primary because there are

photographs included that Lewis Hine took.

United States, Congress, Senate. THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT OF 1938, AS

AMENDED (29 U.S.C. 201,et seq.). Government Printing Office.

We used this source to read and understand the Fair Labor Standards act. We learned the

formatting of the acts, and the topics it covers. It is primary, because it is the original digital copy

from 1938.
Wright, Carrol D. Influences of Machinery on Labor. 1886.

We used this source to gain knowledge of the value of products in this day and age. This

source is primary because it was written during the time child labor was a new problem in

America.

Secondary Sources

AZ Quotes. azquotes.com. Accessed 29 Jan. 2017.

This website gained us access to many of Lewis Hines quotes. This is a secondary source

because it was created long after Lewis Hine was around.

Biography.com Editors. "Lewis Hine Biography." Biography.com, A&E Television Networks,

2016, www.biography.co Accessed 27 Oct. 2016.

This website gave us information about the history of Lewis Hines work. This site is

secondary because none of it is written by someone at that time.

Burgan, Michael. Breaker Boys. Compass Point books, 2012.

 This book showed us how Lewis Hines photographs actually helped change the laws

regarding child labor and how child labor looked from the eyes of the children. This book is

secondary because it is not written by anyone at that time.

Child Labor." History.com, Television Networks, 2016, www.history.com/topics/child-labor.

Accessed 15 Dec. 2016.

This website illustrated to us the effects of child labor on the economy. This source is

secondary because it is written by people who analyzed child labor after it was no longer such a

huge problem in America, therefore, they werent alive during that time period.

Cowan, Mary Morton. "Seeing Is Believing." Cobblestone 32.4 (2011): 15. MasterFILE Premier.

Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

This magazine showed us how Lewis Hines photographs continue to affect society. This

is a secondary source because it was written in 2011.

Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Lewis W. Hine." Encyclopedia Britannica, 2017,

www.britannica.com Accessed 13 Feb. 2017.

This page helped us in writing our adulthood page. This source is secondary because it is

not a firsthand account.

Freedman, Russell. Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade against Child Labor. Illustrated

by Lewis Hine, New York, Clarion, 1994.

 From this book, we learned that Lewis Hines photographs were so devastating that they

made Americans dislike child labor. This is a secondary source because it was published in 1994.

Gutman, Mara. Lewis W. Hine and the American Social Conscience. Walker Publishing

Company, 1967

The book taught use about the effect Lewis Hines photographs actually had on America.

This is a secondary source because it was written by someone who was analyzing Lewis Hines

effect on child labor.

Hindman, Hugh D. Child Labor an American History. New York, M. E. Sharpe, 2002.

We used some of the information in this book on our conditions page. This is a

secondary source because it was published in 2002, long after Lewis Hine died.

"Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 (1916)." www.ourdocuments.gov. Accessed 14 Feb.

2017.

I used this source for my Lasting Impacts page. It gave me information on the Act and

what it was. This is a secondary source because the website was not created by someone who

was alive during that time.

Lewis Hine: A Crusader with A Camera. ewishinenhd.weebly.com. Accessed 13 Feb. 2017.

This site informed me on the effect Lewis Hines photos had on child labor as a whole. This is a

secondary source because it was not written by someone who was alive during the time of child

labor.
"Lewis Hine." International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum, iphf.org. Accessed 25 Jan.

2017.

This website was a huge help when we were writing the adulthood section of our website.

This site is secondary because it was written about Lewis Hines life after it was over.

"Lewis Hine." Spartacus Educational, 1997-2016, spartacus-educational.com Accessed 3

Nov. 2016.

This website gave me information for the adulthood page. The source is secondary

because it was written about Lewis Hines life after it was over.

"Lewis W. Hine." Encyclopedia Britanica, 2016, www.britannica.com . Accessed 3Nov. 2016.

This site, also, gave us information for the adulthood page. It is secondary because it, too,

was written after Hines life was over.

"Lewis Wickes Hine." PhotoQuotes.com, 1997, photoquotes.com. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016.

We used one of the quotes on this page on the Lewis Hine page on our website. This

source is primary because it was put together after Lewis Hine died.

LOCKETT, TERRY E. "Remembering Lewis Hine." Humanist 71.5 (2011): 18. MasterFILE

Premier. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

 The information on this site helped us when we were writing the Childhood and

Adulthood pages on our website. This is a secondary source because it is written in past tense

and about Lewis Hine (hence the Remembering Lewis Hine part).

Lusted, Marcia Amidon. "The Power Of Pictures: How Lewis Hine Changed Children's Lives."

Appleseeds 15.7 (2013): 14. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

This article reflects on how photographs were used to change the rights of children. This

is a secondary source because it was published in 2013.

"Mastering the Camera: Lewis Hine at Ethical Culture School, New York." The Free Library,

2017 www.thefreelibrary.com. Accessed 13 Feb. 2017.

This page was very helpful in writing the adulthood page. This is a secondary source

because it was written by someone who was not alive during that time.

Mornings on Maple Street. Joe Manning, morningsonmaplestreet.com/. Accessed 1 Dec. 2016.

This site was useful in exposing us to other sites. This is a secondary source because it

was written created after Lewis Hine died.

Documenting, "The Other Half." xroads.virginia.edu. Accessed 2 Dec. 2016.

PetaPixel. 7 Sept. 2013, petapixel.com. Accessed 2 Dec. 2016.

The information on this site was very helpful when we were writing the Adulthood page.

This source is secondary because it was not written by someone who was alive during the time of

Lewis Hine.
"Political Cartoons Regarding Child Labor." Child Labor Annihilator, 2 June 2014,

dshulmanjustice.blogspot.com. Accessed 19 Feb. 2017.

I used a picture on this site on my Lasting Impacts page. This is a secondary source

because it was created in 2014.

Pusey, Allen. "June 3, 1918: Child Labor Law Declared Unconstitutional." ABA Journal (2015):

1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Dec. 2016.

This website gave us information about the public reaction to the Keating Owen Child

Labor Act. This is a secondary source because it is was written in 2015.

Sullivan, Robert, editor. 1oo Photographs That Changed the World. New York, Andrew Blau.

This book helped us write the adulthood page. This is a secondary source because it was

not written by someone who was alive during the time of or involved with Lewis Hine and child

labor.

The Child Labor Public Education Project. "Child Labor Reform and the U.S. Labor

Movement." Child Labor Education Project, www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/.

This site contained a very helpful timeline that taught us about the steps that led up to the

Fair Standards Act. This is a primary source because it was written long after Lewis Hine died.

Vo, Lam Thuy. "Child Labor in America, 1920." Planet Money, 17 Aug. 2012, npr.org. Accessed

1 Dec. 2016.
 This site gave us helpful statistics. This is a secondary source because it analyzes child

labor.

Wilson, P., 71. "Lewis Hine." Time Toast, 2007, WWW.TIMETOAST.COM. Accessed 8 Feb.

2017.

We used some of the information on this site to help use write our adulthood page. This

source is secondary because it was created in 2007.