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Echo and singing are two important impairments that impact QoS. Echo is when a talker
hears her/ his own voice delayed. The annoyance is a function of the delay time (i.e., the
time between the launching of a syllable by a talker and when the echo of that syllable
is heard by the same talker). It is also a function of the intensity (level) of the echo, but
to some lesser extent. Singing is audio feedback. It is an ear-splitting howl, much like
the howl one gets by placing a public address microphone in front of a loudspeaker. We
will discuss causes and cures of echo and singing in Chapter 4.
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