imutils Documentation

Release 0.0.dev116

STScI

December 09, 2015

 Contents

I Imutils Overview 1
1 Installation 5
1.1 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Installing Imutils Using pip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Obtaining the Source Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Testing an Installed Imutils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Changelog 7
2.1 0.1 (unreleased) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

II Tools Documentation 9
3 Command-line Scripts 11
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4 Statistics 13
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 Image Arithmetic 15
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6 Interpolation 17
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

7 Filtering Tools 19
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8 Misc Tools 21
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

9 Reference/API 23
9.1 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.2 Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.3 Class Inheritance Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

i
III Reporting Issues 37

IV Contributing 41
Python Module Index 45

ii
 Part I

Imutils Overview

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Imutils is an open-source Python package to provide convenience tools, including some command-line tools, for
image statistics, interpolation, filtering, and arithmetic. It is an open source (BSD licensed) Python package. Bug
reports, comments, and help with development are very welcome.

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4
 CHAPTER 1

Installation

1.1 Requirements

Imutils has the following strict requirements:

Python 2.7, 3.3, 3.4 or 3.5
Numpy 1.6 or later
Astropy 1.0 or later
Some functionality is available only if the following optional dependencies are installed:
Scipy 0.15 or later

1.2 Installing Imutils Using pip

To install the latest imutils stable version with pip, simply run:
pip install --no-deps imutils

To install the current imutils development version using pip:

pip install --no-deps git+https://github.com/spacetelescope/imutils.git

Note: The --no-deps flag is optional, but highly recommended if you already have Numpy and Astropy installed,
since otherwise pip will sometimes try to help you by upgrading your Numpy and Astropy installations, which may
not always be desired.

Note: If you get a PermissionError this means that you do not have the required administrative access to install
new packages to your Python installation. In this case you may consider using the --user option to install the package
into your home directory. You can read more about how to do this in the pip documentation.
Do not install imutils or other third-party packages using sudo unless you are fully aware of the risks.

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1.3 Obtaining the Source Package

1.3.1 Stable Version

The latest stable source package for imutils will be available from PyPI once released.

1.3.2 Development Version

The latest development version of imutils can be cloned from github using this command:
git clone https://github.com/spacetelescope/imutils.git

1.4 Testing an Installed Imutils

The easiest way to test your installed version of imutils is running correctly is to use the imutils.test() function:
>>> import imutils
>>> imutils.test()

The tests should run and print out any failures, which you can report to the Imutils issue tracker.

Note: This way of running the tests may not work if you do it in the imutils source distribution directory.

6 Chapter 1. Installation
 CHAPTER 2

Changelog

2.1 0.1 (unreleased)

imutils requires Astropy version 1.0 or later.

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8 Chapter 2. Changelog
 Part II

Tools Documentation

9
 CHAPTER 3

Command-line Scripts

3.1 Introduction

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12 Chapter 3. Command-line Scripts

 CHAPTER 4

Statistics

4.1 Introduction

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14 Chapter 4. Statistics
 CHAPTER 5

Image Arithmetic

5.1 Introduction

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16 Chapter 5. Image Arithmetic

 CHAPTER 6

Interpolation

6.1 Introduction

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18 Chapter 6. Interpolation
 CHAPTER 7

Filtering Tools

7.1 Introduction

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20 Chapter 7. Filtering Tools

 CHAPTER 8

Misc Tools

8.1 Introduction

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22 Chapter 8. Misc Tools

 CHAPTER 9

Reference/API

This is an Astropy affiliated package.

9.1 Functions

basic_fits_to_nddata(filename[, exten]) Read a single FITS extension into a NDData object.

basic_nddata_to_fits(nddata, filename[, clobber])
circular_annulus_footprint(radius_inner, ...)
circular_footprint(radius[, dtype])
elliptical_annulus_footprint(a_inner, ...[, ...])
elliptical_footprint(a, b[, theta, dtype])
imarith(nddata1, nddata2, operator[, ...])
imstats(nddata[, sigma, iters, cenfunc, ...])
listpixels(data, position, shape[, ...])
mask_databounds(nddata[, mask, lower_bound, ...])
minmax(data[, mask, axis])
radial_distance(shape, position)
test([package, test_path, args, plugins, ...])
Write a NDData object to a FITS file.
Create a circular annulus footprint.
Create a circular footprint.
Create an elliptical annulus footprint.
Create an elliptical footprint.
Perform basic arithmetic on two NDData objects and return a new NDData obje
Compute image statistics.
Return a Table listing the (row, col) ((y, x)) positions and data values fo
Update a NDData mask by masking data values that are below a lower bound,
Return the minimum and maximum values of an array or the minimum and m
Return an array where each value is the Euclidean distance from a given posit
Run the tests using py.test.

9.1.1 basic_fits_to_nddata

imutils.basic_fits_to_nddata(filename, exten=0)
Read a single FITS extension into a NDData object.
This is an extremely simple reader that reads data from only a single FITS extension.
Parameters
filename : str
The path to a FITS file.
exten : int, optional
The FITS extension number for the data array. Default is 0.
Returns
nddata : NDData
An NDData object with a data attribute containing the FITS data array and a meta
attribute, containing the FITS header as a python dict.

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9.1.2 basic_nddata_to_fits

imutils.basic_nddata_to_fits(nddata, filename, clobber=False)

Write a NDData object to a FITS file.

9.1.3 circular_annulus_footprint

imutils.circular_annulus_footprint(radius_inner, radius_outer, dtype=<type int>)

Create a circular annulus footprint.
A pixel is considered to be entirely in or out of the footprint depending on whether its center is in or out of the
footprint. The size of the output array is the minimal bounding box for the footprint.
Parameters
radius_inner : int
The inner radius of the circular annulus.
radius_outer : int
The outer radius of the circular annulus.
dtype : data-type, optional
The data type of the output ndarray.
Returns
footprint : ndarray
A footprint where array elements are 1 within the footprint and 0 otherwise.

9.1.4 circular_footprint

imutils.circular_footprint(radius, dtype=<type int>)

Create a circular footprint.
A pixel is considered to be entirely in or out of the footprint depending on whether its center is in or out of the
footprint. The size of the output array is the minimal bounding box for the footprint.
Parameters
radius : int
The radius of the circular footprint.
dtype : data-type, optional
The data type of the output ndarray.
Returns
footprint : ndarray
A footprint where array elements are 1 within the footprint and 0 otherwise.

9.1.5 elliptical_annulus_footprint

imutils.elliptical_annulus_footprint(a_inner, a_outer, b_outer, theta=0, dtype=<type int>)

Create an elliptical annulus footprint.
A pixel is considered to be entirely in or out of the footprint depending on whether its center is in or out of the
footprint. The size of the output array is the minimal bounding box for the footprint.

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Parameters
a_inner : int
The inner semimajor axis.
a_outer : int
The outer semimajor axis.
b_outer : int
The outer semimajor axis.
theta : float, optional
The angle in radians of the semimajor axis. The angle is measured counterclockwise
from the positive x axis.
dtype : data-type, optional
The data type of the output ndarray.
Returns
footprint : ndarray
A footprint where array elements are 1 within the footprint and 0 otherwise.

9.1.6 elliptical_footprint

imutils.elliptical_footprint(a, b, theta=0, dtype=<type int>)

Create an elliptical footprint.
A pixel is considered to be entirely in or out of the footprint depending on whether its center is in or out of the
footprint. The size of the output array is the minimal bounding box for the footprint.
Parameters
a : int
The semimajor axis.
b : int
The semiminor axis.
theta : float, optional
The angle in radians of the semimajor axis. The angle is measured counterclockwise
from the positive x axis.
dtype : data-type, optional
The data type of the output ndarray.
Returns
footprint : ndarray
A footprint where array elements are 1 within the footprint and 0 otherwise.

9.1.7 imarith

imutils.imarith(nddata1, nddata2, operator, fill_value=0.0, keywords=None)

Perform basic arithmetic on two NDData objects and return a new NDData object.

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Parameters
nddata1 : NDData or scalar
nddata1 and nddata2 cannot both be scalars.
nddata2 : NDData or scalar
nddata1 and nddata2 cannot both be scalars.

9.1.8 imstats

imutils.imstats(nddata, sigma=None, iters=1, cenfunc=<function median>, varfunc=<function var>,

columns=None, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None, mask_value=None)
Compute image statistics. Set the sigma keyword to perform sigma clipping.
Parameters
nddata : NDData or list of NDData
NDData object containing the data array and optional mask on which to calculate statis-
tics. Masked pixels are excluded when computing the image statistics.
sigma : None or float, optional
The number of standard deviations to use as the sigma clipping limit. If None (default),
then sigma clipping is not performed.
iters : int or None, optional
The number of sigma clipping iterations to perform, or None to clip until convergence
is achieved (i.e. continue until the last iteration clips nothing).
cenfunc : callable, optional
The technique to compute the center for the sigma clipping. Must be a callable
that takes in a masked array and outputs the central value. Defaults to the median
(numpy.ma.median).
varfunc : callable, optional
The technique to compute the standard deviation about the center for the sigma clipping.
Must be a callable that takes in a masked array and outputs a width estimator. Masked
(rejected) pixels are those where:

deviation**2 > sigma**2 * varfunc(deviation)

Defaults to the variance (numpy.var).

columns : str or list of str, optional
The names of columns, in order, to include in the output Table. The column names
can include any of the statistic names: biweight_location, biweight_midvariance,
kurtosis, mad_std, max, mean, median, min, mode, npixels, nrejected,
skew, std or a name of a key in the astropy.nddata.NDData.meta dictionary. The
default is [npixels, mean, std, min, max].
lower_bound : float, optional
The minimum data value to include in the statistics. All pixel values less than
lower_bound will be ignored. None means that no lower bound is applied (default).
upper_bound : float, optional

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The maximum data value to include in the statistics. All pixel values greater than
upper_bound will be ignored. None means that no upper bound is applied (default).
mask_value : float, optional
A data value (e.g., 0.0) to be masked. mask_value will be masked in addition to any
input mask.
Returns
table : Table
A table containing the calculated image statistics. Each table row corresponds to a
single data array.

Examples

>>> import numpy as np

>>> from imutils import imstats
>>> data = np.arange(10)
>>> columns = ['mean', 'median', 'mode', 'std', 'mad_std', 'min', 'max']
>>> tbl = imstats(data, columns=columns)
>>> tbl
<Table masked=False length=1>
mean median mode std mad_std min max
float64 float64 float64 float64 float64 int64 int64
------- ------- ------- ------------- ------------- ----- -----
4.5 4.5 4.5 2.87228132327 3.70650554626 0 9

9.1.9 listpixels

imutils.listpixels(data, position, shape, subarray_indices=False, wcs=None)

Return a Table listing the (row, col) ((y, x)) positions and data values for a subarray.
Given a position of the center of the subarray, with respect to the large array, the array indices and values are re-
turned. This function takes care of the correct behavior at the boundaries, where the small array is appropriately
trimmed.
Parameters
data : array-like
The input data.
position : tuple (int) or SkyCoord
The position of the subarray center with respect to the data array. The position can
be specified either as an integer (row, col) ((y, x)) tuple of pixel coordinates or a
SkyCoord, in which case wcs is a required input.
shape : tuple (int)
The integer shape ((ny, nx)) of the subarray.
subarray_indices : bool, optional
If True then the returned positions are relative to the small subarray. If False (default)
then the returned positions are relative to the data array.
wcs : WCS, optional
The WCS transformation to use if position is a SkyCoord.

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Returns
table : Table
A table containing the x and y positions and data values.
See also:
astropy.nddata.utils.overlap_slices()

Notes

This function is decorated with support_nddata and thus supports NDData objects as input.

Examples

>>> import numpy as np

>>> from imutils import listpixels
>>> data = np.arange(625).reshape(25, 25)
>>> tbl = listpixels(data, (10, 12), (3, 3))
>>> print(len(tbl))
3

>>> tbl.pprint(max_lines=-1)
x y value
--- --- -----
11 9 236
12 9 237
13 9 238
11 10 261
12 10 262
13 10 263
11 11 286
12 11 287
13 11 288

9.1.10 mask_databounds

imutils.mask_databounds(nddata, mask=None, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,

mask_value=None)
Update a NDData mask by masking data values that are below a lower bound, above an upper bound, equal to
particular value, or are invalid (e.g. np.nan or np.inf).

9.1.11 minmax

imutils.minmax(data, mask=None, axis=None)

Return the minimum and maximum values of an array or the minimum and maximum along an axis.
Parameters
data : array-like
The input data.
mask : array_like (bool), optional

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A boolean mask, with the same shape as data, where a True value indicates the corre-
sponding element of data is masked.
axis : int, optional
The axis along which to operate. By default, flattened input is used.
Returns
min : scalar or ndarray
The minimum value of data. If axis is None, the result is a scalar value. If axis is
input, the result is an array of dimension data.ndim - 1.
max : scalar or ndarray
The maximum value of data. If axis is None, the result is a scalar value. If axis is
input, the result is an array of dimension data.ndim - 1.

Notes

This function is decorated with support_nddata and thus supports NDData objects as input.

9.1.12 radial_distance

imutils.radial_distance(shape, position)
Return an array where each value is the Euclidean distance from a given position.

9.1.13 test

imutils.test(package=None, test_path=None, args=None, plugins=None, verbose=False, pastebin=None,

remote_data=False, pep8=False, pdb=False, coverage=False, open_files=False, **kwargs)
Run the tests using py.test. A proper set of arguments is constructed and passed to pytest.main.
Parameters
package : str, optional
The name of a specific package to test, e.g. io.fits or utils. If nothing is specified all
default tests are run.
test_path : str, optional
Specify location to test by path. May be a single file or directory. Must be specified
absolutely or relative to the calling directory.
args : str, optional
Additional arguments to be passed to pytest.main in the args keyword argument.
plugins : list, optional
Plugins to be passed to pytest.main in the plugins keyword argument.
verbose : bool, optional
Convenience option to turn on verbose output from py.test. Passing True is the same as
specifying -v in args.
pastebin : {failed,all,None}, optional

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Convenience option for turning on py.test pastebin output. Set to failed to upload
info for failed tests, or all to upload info for all tests.
remote_data : bool, optional
Controls whether to run tests marked with @remote_data. These tests use online data
and are not run by default. Set to True to run these tests.
pep8 : bool, optional
Turn on PEP8 checking via the pytest-pep8 plugin and disable normal tests. Same as
specifying --pep8 -k pep8 in args.
pdb : bool, optional
Turn on PDB post-mortem analysis for failing tests. Same as specifying --pdb in
args.
coverage : bool, optional
Generate a test coverage report. The result will be placed in the directory htmlcov.
open_files : bool, optional
Fail when any tests leave files open. Off by default, because this adds extra run time to
the test suite. Requires the psutil package.
parallel : int, optional
When provided, run the tests in parallel on the specified number of CPUs. If parallel is
negative, it will use the all the cores on the machine. Requires the pytest-xdist plugin
installed. Only available when using Astropy 0.3 or later.
kwargs
Any additional keywords passed into this function will be passed on to the astropy test
runner. This allows use of test-related functionality implemented in later versions of
astropy without explicitly updating the package template.

9.2 Classes

ImageStatistics(nddata[, sigma, iters, ...]) Class to calculate (sigma-clipped) image statistics.

NDDataCutout(nddata, position, shape)
ShepardIDWInterpolator(coord, vals[, ...]) Class to perform Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation on unstructured data
StdUncertainty(value) NDData uncertainty class to hold 1-sigma standard

9.2.1 ImageStatistics

class imutils.ImageStatistics(nddata, sigma=None, iters=1, cenfunc=<function median>, var-

func=<function var>, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
mask_value=None)
Bases: object
Class to calculate (sigma-clipped) image statistics.
Set the sigma keyword to perform sigma clipping.
Parameters
nddata : NDData

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NDData object containing the data array and optional mask on which to calculate statis-
tics. Masked pixels are excluded when computing the image statistics.
sigma : None or float, optional
The number of standard deviations to use as the sigma clipping limit. If None (default),
then sigma clipping is not performed.
iters : int or None, optional
The number of sigma clipping iterations to perform, or None to clip until convergence
is achieved (i.e. continue until the last iteration clips nothing).
cenfunc : callable, optional
The technique to compute the center for the sigma clipping. Must be a callable
that takes in a masked array and outputs the central value. Defaults to the median
(numpy.ma.median).
varfunc : callable, optional
The technique to compute the standard deviation about the center for the sigma clipping.
Must be a callable that takes in a masked array and outputs a width estimator. Masked
(rejected) pixels are those where:

deviation**2 > sigma**2 * varfunc(deviation)

Defaults to the variance (numpy.var).

lower_bound : float, optional
The minimum data value to include in the statistics. All pixel values less than
lower_bound will be ignored. None means that no lower bound is applied (default).
upper_bound : float, optional
The maximum data value to include in the statistics. All pixel values greater than
upper_bound will be ignored. None means that no upper bound is applied (default).
mask_value : float, optional
A data value (e.g., 0.0) to be masked. mask_value will be masked in addition to any
input mask.

Attributes Summary

Attributes Documentation

biweight_location
The biweight location of the pixel values.
biweight_midvariance
The biweight midvariance of the pixel values.
kurtosis
The kurtosis of the pixel values.
mad_std
A robust standard deviation using the median absolute deviation (MAD). The MAD is defined as

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median(abs(a - median(a))).
The standard deviation estimator is given by:
MAD
1.4826 MAD
1 (3/4)

where 1 ( ) is the normal inverse cumulative distribution function evaluated at probability = 3/4.
max
The maximum pixel value.
mean
The mean of pixel values.
median
The median of the pixel values.
min
The minimum pixel value.
mode
The mode of the pixel values.
npixels
The number of unclipped pixels.
nrejected
The number of rejected (clipped) pixels.
skew
The skew of the pixel values.
std
The standard deviation of the pixel values.

9.2.2 NDDataCutout

class imutils.NDDataCutout(nddata, position, shape)

Bases: object

Attributes Summary

Attributes Documentation

bbox_large

bbox_small

9.2.3 ShepardIDWInterpolator

class imutils.ShepardIDWInterpolator(coord, vals, weights=None, leafsize=10)

Bases: object

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Class to perform Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation on unstructured data using a modified version
of the Shepards method (see Notes section for details).
Parameters
coord : int, float, 1D vector, or NxM-array-like of int or float
Coordinates of the known data points. In general, it is expected that these coordinates
are in a form of a NxM-like array where N is the number of points and M is dimention of
the coordinate space. When N=1 (1D space), then the coord parameter may be entered
as a 1D-like array (vector) or, if only one data point is available, coord can be a simple
number representing the 1D coordinate of the data point.

Note: If dimensionality of the coord argument is larger than 2, e.g., if it is of the form
N1xN2xN3x...xNnxM then it will be flattened down to the last dimention to form an
array of size NxM where N=N1*N2*...Nn.

vals : int, float, complex, or 1D vector of int, float, or complex

Values of the data points corresponding to each point coordinate provided in coord. In
general a 1D-array like structure is expected. When a single data point is available, then
vals can be a scalar (int, float, or complex).

Note: If dimensionality of vals is larger than one then it will be flattened.

weights : None, int, float, complex, or 1D vector of int, float, or complex (Default = None)
Weights to be associated with each data point value. These weights, if provided, will be
combined with inverse distance weights (see Notes section for details). When weights
is None (default), then only IDW will be used. When provided, this input parameter
must be of the same form as vals.
leafsize : float
The number of points at which the k-d tree algorithm switches over to brute-force.
leafsize must be positive. See scipy.spacial.cKDTree for further information.

Notes

The interpolator provided by ShepardIDWInterpolator uses a slightly modified Shepards method. The es-
sential difference is the introduction of a regularization parameter r that is used when computing the inverse
distance weights:

= 1/((, ) + )

By supplying a positive regularization parameter, one can avoid singularities at locations of the data points as
well as control the smoothness of the interpolation (e.g., make weights of the neighors less varied). The
smoothness of interpolation can also be controlled by the power parameter p.

Examples

This class can can be instantiated using the following syntax:

>>> import imutils.ShepardIDWInterpolator as idw
>>> import numpy as np

Example of interpolating 1D data:

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>>> x = np.random.random(100)
>>> y = np.sin(2.0*x)
>>> f = idw(x, y)
>>> f(0.4)
0.38939783923570831
>>> np.sin(2.0*0.4)
0.38941834230865052
>>> xi = np.random.random(10)
>>> print(xi)
[ 0.36959095 0.13393148 0.06462452 0.12486564 0.85216626 0.26699299
0.18332824 0.07311128 0.41488567 0.75356603]
>>> f(xi)
array([ 0.6908391 , 0.25915542, 0.12856382, 0.2471138 , 0.98924021,
0.51959816, 0.35847361, 0.16208274, 0.73641671, 0.9979987 ])
>>> np.sin(2.0*xi)
array([ 0.67368354, 0.2646712 , 0.12888948, 0.24714359, 0.99109728,
0.50896845, 0.35849616, 0.14570204, 0.73777703, 0.99797412])

NOTE: In the last example, xi may be a Nx1 array instead of a 1D vector.

Example of interpolating 2D data::

>>> x = np.random.rand(1000,2)
>>> v = np.sin(x[:,0]+x[:,1])
>>> f = idw(x, v)
>>> f([0.5,0.6])
0.88677703934471241
>>> np.sin(0.5+0.6)
0.89120736006143542

Notice that when a single coordinate is passed as an argument to the interpolator, then a single (interpolated)
value is returned (instead of a 1D vector of values).

Methods Summary

Methods Documentation

__call__(self, pts, nbr=8, eps=0.0, p=1, reg=0.0, confdist=1e-12, dtype=np.float)

Evaluate interpolator at given points.
Parameters
pts : int, float, 1D vector, or NxM-array-like of int or float
Coordinates of the point(s) at which the interpolator should be evaluated. In general,
it is expected that these coordinates are in a form of a NxM-like array where N is the
number of points and M is dimention of the coordinate space. When N=1 (1D space),
then the pts parameter may be entered as a 1D-like array (vector) or, if only one data
point is available, pts can be a simple number representing the 1D coordinate of the
data point.

Note: If dimensionality of the pts argument is larger than 2, e.g., if it is of the form
N1xN2xN3x...xNnxM then it will be flattened down to the last dimention to form an
array of size NxM where N=N1*N2*...Nn.

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Warning: The dimensionality of coordinate space of the pts must match the
dimensionality of the coordinates used during the initialization of the interpolator.

nbr : int (Default = 8)

Maximum number of closest neighbors to be used during the interpolation.
eps : float (Default = 0.0)
Use approximate nearest neighbors; the kth neighbor is guaranteed to be no fur-
ther than (1+eps) times the distance to the real k-th nearest neighbor. See
scipy.spacial.cKDTree.query for further information.
p : int, float (Default = 1)
Power parameter of the inverse distance.
reg : float (Default = 0.0)
Regularization parameter. It may be used to control smoothness of the interpolator. See
Notes section in ShepardIDWInterpolator for more details.
confdist : float (Default = 1.0e-12)
Confusion distance below which the interpolator should use the value of the closest
data point instead of attempting to interpolate. This is used to avoid singularities at the
known data points especially if reg is 0.0.
dtype : data-type (Default = numpy.float)
The type of the output interpolated values. If None then the type will be inferred from
the type of the vals parameter used during the initialization of the interpolator.

9.2.4 StdUncertainty

class imutils.StdUncertainty(value)
Bases: object
NDData uncertainty class to hold 1-sigma standard deviations.

Attributes Summary

uncertainty_type

Attributes Documentation

uncertainty_type

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9.3 Class Inheritance Diagram

StdUncertainty

ShepardIDWInterpolator

NDDataCutout

ImageStatistics

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 Part III

Reporting Issues

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If you have found a bug in imutils please report it by creating a new issue on the imutils GitHub issue tracker.
Please include an example that demonstrates the issue that will allow the developers to reproduce and fix the prob-
lem. You may be asked to also provide information about your operating system and a full Python stack trace. The
developers will walk you through obtaining a stack trace if it is necessary.
Imutils uses a package of utilities called astropy-helpers during building and installation. If you have any build or
installation issue mentioning the astropy_helpers or ah_bootstrap modules please send a report to the astropy-
helpers issue tracker. If you are unsure, then its fine to report to the main imutils issue tracker.

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 Part IV

Contributing

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Like the Astropy project, imutils is made both by and for its users. We accept contributions at all levels, spanning the
gamut from fixing a typo in the documentation to developing a major new feature. We welcome contributors who will
abide by the Python Software Foundation Code of Conduct.
Imutils follows the same workflow and coding guidelines as Astropy. The following pages will help you get started
with contributing fixes, code, or documentation (no git or GitHub experience necessary):
How to make a code contribution
Coding Guidelines
Try the development version
Developer Documentation

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 Python Module Index

i
imutils, 23

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46 Python Module Index

 Index

Symbols minmax() (in module imutils), 28

__call__() (imutils.ShepardIDWInterpolator method), 34 mode (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 32

B N
basic_fits_to_nddata() (in module imutils), 23 NDDataCutout (class in imutils), 32
basic_nddata_to_fits() (in module imutils), 24 npixels (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 32
bbox_large (imutils.NDDataCutout attribute), 32 nrejected (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 32
bbox_small (imutils.NDDataCutout attribute), 32
biweight_location (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 31 R
biweight_midvariance (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), radial_distance() (in module imutils), 29
31
S
C ShepardIDWInterpolator (class in imutils), 32
circular_annulus_footprint() (in module imutils), 24 skew (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 32
circular_footprint() (in module imutils), 24 std (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 32
StdUncertainty (class in imutils), 35
E
elliptical_annulus_footprint() (in module imutils), 24 T
elliptical_footprint() (in module imutils), 25 test() (in module imutils), 29

I U
ImageStatistics (class in imutils), 30 uncertainty_type (imutils.StdUncertainty attribute), 35
imarith() (in module imutils), 25
imstats() (in module imutils), 26
imutils (module), 23

K
kurtosis (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 31

L
listpixels() (in module imutils), 27

M
mad_std (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 31
mask_databounds() (in module imutils), 28
max (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 32
mean (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 32
median (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 32
min (imutils.ImageStatistics attribute), 32

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