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R. Sivagamasundari
Assistant Professor, Department of Structural Engineering,
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
Key words: ASTM methods, Hybridisation, GFRP and Steel reinforcements, Tensile
Properties, Transverse shear, strength property.
Cite this Article: S. Dhipanaravind and R. Sivagamasundari, Strength Characterization of
Glass-Caron Hybrid Reinforcements - An Experimental Investigation. International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(2), 2017, pp. 338346.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=2
1. INTRODUCTION
More than two decades, the polymeric based composites materials play a vital role in many application
such as automotive, sporting goods, marine, electrical, industrial, construction, household appliances,
etc. The high strength and stiffness, light weight, and high corrosion resistance characteristics of
polymeric composites were ascertained by so many researchers [1-16]. The formation of hybrid
reinforcements is achieved by the continuous fiber rovings glass and carbon fiber reinforced polymer
matrix composites. Hybrid reinforcements used in this study were manufactured by Meena Fiberglass
Industries Puducherry, India. The fibres are reinforced with epoxy resins and are manufactured by
pultrusion process.
Antonio Nanni (1994) [4] presented an initial evaluation of hybrid rods for prestressed and non-
prestressed concrete member which consist of an FRP (Fibre-Reinforced-Plastic) skin with a steel
core. Tensile tests have shown that changing the FRP skin material, FRP skin thickness, steel core
diameter, and steel core yield strength resulted in various stress-strain behaviours. The tensile stress-
strain curves of the hybrid rods displayed a bilinear nature. It was demonstrated that the law of
mixtures can be used to predict the stress-strain behaviour of the hybrid rods.
Saito et al. (2002) [5] investigated the properties of Braided pultruded rods under crush test and
showed that these reinforcements had a better performance in comparison to the unidirectional rods in
terms of energy absorption capabilities and concluded when subjected to compressive loads the
braided layer protects the unidirectional core fibers against axial splitting and consequently makes the
structure absorb more energy before failure.
Satish (2010) [6] studied the effect of hybrid composite specimen subjected to in-plane tensile and
compressive loading and found that the hybrid laminated specimen with higher percentage of steel
sustains greater loads irrespective of fiber orientation. From the literature study it has been concluded
that the hybridization of two different materials improves the strength and stiffness and many more
qualities of the composite reinforcements which are practically needed for many industrial
applications.
Chensong Dong and Ian J Davies (2012) [7] studied the exural behaviour of Hybrid- three types
of combinations of the carbon and glass fibers, and evaluated the exural modulus, exural strength
and strain up to failure under three point bend configuration in accordance with ASTM. .Devendra et
al., (2013) [8] made an investigation on the mechanical properties of E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy
composites filled by various filler materials. The test results showed that composites filled by 10%
volume Mg (OH)2 exhibited maximum ultimate tensile strength and hardness. Fly ash filled
composites exhibited maximum impact strength.
Sakthivel et al., (2014) [9] studied the performance of banana-glass-hybrid composite epoxy
reinforcement under tensile, flexural and impact loadings by increasing volume fraction and by giving
the chemical treatment on the rods according to ASTM standard. In this regard, two important
mechanical behaviours of glasscarbon hybrid reinforced epoxy composites were studied using ASTM
Standards. The first property is tensile strength which is an important characterization of
reinforcements when used as internal reinforcements of concrete members. The second property is
transverse shear strength which provides the strength of the reinforcements while transversely loaded
when used as stirrups or as shear reinforcements.
and the density of 2.5 gm/cc are used. The carbon fiber of bi-directional woven mat with 200 gsm and
the density of 1.78 gm/cc are used. The glass fiber and carbon fiber used in the fabrication of hybrid
fiber reinforced composites are shown in Fig.1.
3. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The experimental details regarding the strength characterization of Hybrid reinforcements are
explained as follows.
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
STRESS
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
STRAIN
The assembled fixture is inserted into a universal compression machine, compressing the upper blade
with the machine in displacement control. The displacement rate was selected as 1.84mm/min so that
the test article fails at a time between 1 and 3 minutes. Two shear planes are formed during the test so
that the bar fails in double shear, along with a section of 8 mm diameter smooth reinforcement that has
been sheared in the fixture itself. The peak load at which the specimen fails was noted and the
transverse shear stress, was calculated as the one-half of the peak failure load (to account for double
shear) divided by the cross-sectional area of the specimen. The experimental test set up is shown in
Fig.6 and the experimental observations are shown in Table.3.
Figure 6 Transverse shear Test setup and Shear failure of Hybrid reinforcements
According to the Specification of the standards, for each series of test five samples have been
tested and the average (), Standard deviation () and coefficient of variation (COV) were calculated
using the following expressions 1 to 3.
= (1)
(2)
( )/( )
= 100 (3)
Where =Mean of the samples; S n-1=Standard deviation of the sample; n=Number of samples and
xi=Experimental value of each sample.
5. CONCLUSION
This paper contributes an experimental program to develop the tensile and transverse shear strength
characterization of hybrid reinforcements. As per the results the hybrid reinforcements show superior
performance in both the cases. The tensile strength of hybrid reinforcements is 50% higher than steel
reinforcements and 45% higher than GFRP reinforcements whereas the tensile modulus is found to be
10 times lesser than that of steel and 5 times greater than GFRP reinforcements. The transverse shear
strength of Hybrid reinforcements is 2-3 times higher than that of GFRP reinforcements and steel
reinforcements. It has been noted that the strength varies according to the test speed and the time taken
by the specimen at failure. The volume fraction of carbon and glass may be varied in the future study.
Also the future tests may be carried out for Hybrid reinforcements with a bigger cross sectional area.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to express their gratitude and sincere thanks to the Meena Fiberglass Industries
Puducherry, India for manufacturing and providing the Hybrid Reinforcements from their industry and
also like to thank the technical staff in the strength of materials laboratory Annamalai University for
their assistance in testing the specimens.
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