2002

H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E
E X A M I N AT I O N

Chemistry

Total marks 100

General Instructions Section I Pages 223

Reading time 5 minutes 75 marks
Working time 3 hours This section has two parts, Part A and Part B
Write using black or blue pen
Draw diagrams using pencil Part A 15 marks
Board-approved calculators may Attempt Questions 115
be used Allow about 30 minutes for this part
A data sheet and a Periodic Table
Part B 60 marks
are provided at the back of this
paper Attempt Questions 1627
Write your Centre Number and Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part
Student Number at the top of
Section II Pages 2530
pages 9, 13, 17 and 21
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 2832
Allow about 45 minutes for this section

115
Section I
75 marks

Part A 15 marks
Attempt Questions 115
Allow about 30 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval
completely.

Sample: 2+4= (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the
new answer.
A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then
indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.
correct

A B C D

2
1 Which conditions would be best for the fermentation of sugars by yeast?

(A) Low oxygen concentration and a temperature between 25C and 35C
(B) High oxygen concentration and a temperature between 25C and 35C
(C) Low oxygen concentration and a temperature between 45C and 60C
(D) High oxygen concentration and a temperature between 45C and 60C

2 What is the catalyst for the conversion of ethanol to ethene?

(A) NaOH
(B) H2SO4
(C) HNO3
(D) Pt

3 Which explanation best describes why an understanding of electrolysis has made a

significant impact on the production of materials?

(A) Electrolysis reactions do not require an energy source.

(B) Electrolysis can be used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
(C) Electrolysis provides a way to make non-spontaneous reactions occur.
(D) Electrolysis can be used to produce aluminium.

4 Which statement concerning galvanic cells is correct?

(A) Oxidation occurs at the anode.

(B) They are also known as electrolytic cells.
(C) The cathode is assigned a negative charge.
(D) An external power source must be present.

5 What arrangement of an electrolytic cell would electroplate a silver coin with copper?

Cathode Anode Electrolyte

(A) copper silver coin copper sulfate
(B) silver coin copper silver nitrate
(C) copper silver coin silver nitrate
(D) silver coin copper copper sulfate

3
6 Which is amphiprotic?

(A) H2SO4
(B) NH4+
(C) HCO3
(D) SO42

7 What did the BrnstedLowry definition of acids identify that made it a significant
improvement over earlier definitions?

(A) Acids contain hydrogen.

(B) Acids are proton donors.
(C) Acids contain oxygen.
(D) Acids are electron-pair acceptors.

8 In a titration, an acid of known concentration is placed in a burette and reacted with a

base that has been pipetted into a conical flask.

Burette (acid)

Pipette
(transfers base to conical flask)

Conical flask (base)

What should each piece of glassware be rinsed with immediately before the titration?

Burette Pipette Conical flask

(A) acid base water
(B) water water water
(C) acid base base
(D) water water base

4
9 The following list of steps refers to an experimental plan for making an ester in a flask.
Some of the steps in the list may NOT be required for this experiment. The steps are NOT
in the correct sequence.

1. Heat the mixture under reflux.

2. Add three drops of concentrated sulfuric acid.
3. Add 1 mL of ethanol.
4. Add 1 mL of ethene.
5. Add 1 mL of ethanoic acid.
6. Distil the mixture.
7. Add three drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

Which alternative is the best sequence for making an ester?

(A) 3, 5, 7, 1
(B) 4, 3, 7, 6
(C) 5, 4, 2, 6
(D) 5, 3, 2, 1

10 Which equation represents esterification?

O O
H+
(A) CH3OCCH3 + H2O CH3OH + CH3COH

O O
(B) CH3OCH + NaOH HCONa + CH3OH

O O
H+
(C) CH3OH + CH3COH CH3CH2OCH + H2O

O O
H+
(D) CH3OH + CH3COH CH3OCCH3 + H2O

5
11 A car engine burns fuel with insufficient air. Which substance would be emitted in the
exhaust in higher levels than from an engine with a correct fuel to air ratio?

(A) Carbon dioxide

(B) Carbon monoxide
(C) Oxygen
(D) Water

12 Oxides of nitrogen are produced by the combustion of coal. The percentage of these
compounds remaining in emissions can be reduced using the methods named in the
graph.

100
90
80
70
Oxides of
nitrogen 60
remaining 50
in emissions
40
(%)
30
20
10
0
Low Reburning Ammonia- Selective
nitrogen technologies injecting catalytic
oxide scrubbers scrubbers
burners

Which of the following is the most effective method for removing oxides of nitrogen
produced by the combustion of coal?

(A) Low nitrogen oxide burners

(B) Reburning technologies
(C) Ammonia-injecting scrubbers
(D) Selective catalytic scrubbers

6
13 The Haber Process for producing ammonia was developed early in the twentieth century.
What was the major advantage of its development?

(A) A government sold the process to other governments.

(B) The inventor sold the process for a great deal of money.
(C) It provided a source of nitrogen for farming and industry.
(D) It provided jobs for many who were unemployed.

14 Ammonia is produced from hydrogen and nitrogen, according to the equation:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

The graph shows the yield of ammonia produced at 200C and 100 kPa.

Yield of 200C
ammonia

Time

Which graph shows a correct comparison of the yield of ammonia produced at a

temperature of 400C and 100 kPa with the yield produced at 200C and 100 kPa?

(A) (B)

400C 200C
Yield of Yield of
ammonia ammonia
200C 400C

Time Time

(C) (D)
400C
200C
Yield of Yield of
200C
ammonia ammonia
400C

Time Time

7
15 The table gives the results of chemical tests for some cations and anions.

(ppt = precipitate)

Ion Add cold Add Add Add

0.1 M HCl 0.1 M KSCN 0.1 M Na2CO3 0.1 M AgNO3
Ca2+ no change no change white ppt no change
Fe3+ no change red colour brown ppt no change
Ba2+ no change no change white ppt no change
Pb2+ white ppt no change white ppt no change
Cl no change no change no change white ppt

When a group of students performed the above tests on an unknown solution they
obtained the following results:

Add cold Add Add Add

0.1 M HCl 0.1 M KSCN 0.1 M Na2CO3 0.1 M AgNO3
no change no change white ppt white ppt

Which conclusion is consistent with these results?

(A) The sample contained both CaCl2 and BaCl2.

(B) The sample contained both CaCl2 and PbCl2.
(C) The sample contained both FeCl3 and PbCl2.
(D) The sample contained both FeCl3 and BaCl2.

8
Board of Studies NSW 2002
 2002 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I (continued)

Part B 60 marks Student Number

Attempt Questions 1627
Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Marks
Question 16 (6 marks)

You have carried out a first-hand investigation to compare the reactivity of an alkene
with its corresponding alkane.

(a) State the name of the alkene. 1

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(b) Outline a procedure to compare the reactivity of this alkene with its 2
corresponding alkane.

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(c) Describe the results obtained from this first-hand investigation and include 3
relevant chemical equations.

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116 9
 Marks
Question 17 (3 marks)

Explain why alkanes and their corresponding alkenes have similar physical properties, 3
but very different chemical properties.

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 Marks
Question 18 (6 marks)

(a) Name the type of polymerisation shown in the following reaction: 1

O O
n HO C C OH + n HO CH2 CH2 OH

O O
O C C O CH2 CH2 O + H2O
n

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(b) Assess current developments in the use of biopolymers. 5

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12
Board of Studies NSW 2002
 2002 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)

Student Number

Marks
Question 19 (5 marks)

(a) Describe the conditions under which a nucleus is unstable. 2

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Question 19 continues on page 14

117 13
 Marks
Question 19 (continued)

(b) The following is a flow diagram showing the sequence of products released 3
during the decay of uranium.

238 U

Th Pa U

230
Th
Mass number

Ra
222
Rn
Po
214 Bi Po
Pb
Bi Po
Pb
206 Pb

82 84 86 88 90 92
Atomic number

Use examples from the flow diagram to describe processes by which an unstable
isotope undergoes radioactive decay.

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End of Question 19

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 Marks
Question 20 (4 marks)

(a) Identify ONE common household base. 1

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(b) A student used indicators to determine whether three colourless solutions were 3
acidic or basic. The indicators used are shown in the table.

Indicator Colour change pH range

Methyl orange red to yellow 3.24.4
Methyl red red to yellow 4.86.0
Thymol blue yellow to blue 8.09.6
Alizarin red to purple 11.012.4

Samples of each solution were tested with the indicators. The colours of the
resulting solutions are shown in the table.

Indicator added Colour of Colour of Colour of

solution A solution B solution C
Methyl orange yellow yellow yellow
Methyl red yellow yellow yellow
Thymol blue blue blue yellow
Alizarin purple red red

The student concluded that each of the three solutions tested was basic. Assess
the validity of this conclusion.

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 Marks
Question 21 (7 marks)

Evaluate the impact of industrial sources of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides on the 7
environment, making use of appropriate chemical equations.

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16
Board of Studies NSW 2002
 2002 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)

Student Number

Marks
Question 22 (5 marks)
Solutions of hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sulfuric acid were prepared. Each of
the solutions had the same concentration (0.01 mol L1). The pH of the acetic acid
solution was 3.4.

0.01 mol L1 0.01 mol L1 0.01 mol L1

hydrochloric acetic acid sulfuric acid
acid
pH = 3.4

(a) Calculate the pH of the hydrochloric acid solution. 1

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(b) Compare the pH of the sulfuric acid solution to the pH of the hydrochloric acid 2
solution. Justify your answer. (No calculations are necessary.)
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(c) Explain why the acetic acid solution has a higher pH than the hydrochloric acid 2
solution.
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118 17
 Marks
Question 23 (4 marks)

A bottle of soft drink was placed on an electronic balance and weighed. The cap was
removed and placed next to the bottle on the balance. The mass of the cap, bottle and
its contents was monitored. The results are shown in the graph. The experiment was
conducted at 25C and 101.3 kPa. Assume that no evaporation has occurred.

630

625
Mass of cap,
bottle and
contents (g)
620

615
Time

(a) Identify the gas released. 1

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(b) Calculate the volume of the gas released. 3

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 Marks
Question 24 (4 marks)

Assess the impact of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) on the scientific 4

understanding of the effects of trace elements.

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20
Board of Studies NSW 2002
 2002 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)

Student Number

Marks
Question 25 (6 marks)

(a) What is the systematic name of the CFC in the diagram? 1

Cl Cl
F C C F
F F

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(b) Identify the bonding within ozone, using a Lewis electron-dot diagram. 2

(c) Discuss how CFCs damage the ozone layer, using relevant equations. 3

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119 21
 Marks
Question 26 (5 marks)

Water can be described as either hard or soft.

(a) Describe a test you have used to determine whether a given sample of water is 2
hard or soft.

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(b) A sample of hard water contains 6 104 mol L1 of magnesium carbonate. 3

Calculate the mass, in mg, of magnesium carbonate in 150 mL of this sample.

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 Marks
Question 27 (5 marks)

Describe the physical and chemical processes needed to purify and sanitise a town 5
water supply.

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24
Board of Studies NSW 2002
 2002 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry
Section II

25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 2832
Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Page

Question 28 Industrial Chemistry ................................................................... 26

Question 29 Shipwrecks and Salvage ............................................................ 27

Question 30 The Biochemistry of Movement ................................................ 28

Question 31 The Chemistry of Art ................................................................. 29

Question 32 Forensic Chemistry .................................................................... 30

120 25
 Marks
Question 28 Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)

(a) (i) Define saponification. 1

(ii) Account for the cleaning action of soap. 3

(b) One of the reactions used to form sulfuric acid is the reaction of oxygen with 4
sulfur dioxide under equilibrium conditions to form sulfur trioxide.

Before the reaction, the concentration of sulfur dioxide was 0.06 mol L1 and
the concentration of oxygen was 0.05 mol L1. After equilibrium was reached,
the concentration of sulfur trioxide was 0.04 mol L1.

Calculate the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction. Show relevant working.

(c) (i) Use a chemical equation to describe what happens when sulfuric acid is 2
added to water in a laboratory.

(ii) Describe the use of sulfuric acid as an oxidising agent, as a dehydrating 3

agent and as a means of precipitating sulfates. Use chemical equations to
illustrate your answer.

(d) During your practical work, you performed a first-hand investigation involving
an equilibrium reaction.

(i) Outline the procedure you used. 2

(ii) Explain how you analysed the equilibrium reaction qualitatively. 4

(e) Evaluate changes in industrial production methods for sodium hydroxide. 6

26
 Marks
Question 29 Shipwrecks and Salvage (25 marks)

(a) (i) Name the type of electrochemical cell that produces a spontaneous 1
reaction.

(ii) Calculate the voltage required to operate the cell shown in the diagram as 3
an electrolytic cell, showing relevant half-equations in your working.

V Salt bridge

Iron Copper

Fe2+ Cu2+
(1 mol L1) (1 mol L1)

(b) Describe how the work of early scientists increased our understanding of 4
electron transfer reactions.

(c) (i) Name ONE method for removing salt from an artefact recovered from a 1
wreck.

(ii) Explain, using an example, chemical procedures used to clean and 4

preserve artefacts from wrecks.

(d) During your practical work you performed a first-hand investigation to compare
and describe the rate of corrosion of materials in different acidic and neutral
solutions.

(i) Outline the procedure used. 2

(ii) It is hypothesised that acidic environments accelerate the corrosion of 4

shipwrecks.

Explain how data obtained from the procedure in part (d) (i) does or does
not support this hypothesis.

(e) Analyse the effect of ocean depth on corrosion of metallic objects. 6

27
 Marks
Question 30 The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)

(a) (i) To what class of compounds do these molecules belong? 1

H CH3 O H H O
HNCCOH HNCCOH
H H

(ii) Using the two compounds in part (a) (i), describe the formation of a 3
peptide bond, illustrating your answer with a chemical equation. Clearly
indicate the peptide bond.

(b) Explain why triacylglycerols (TAGs) are an important energy store for humans. 4

(c) (i) Name the acid that builds up in muscles in anaerobic respiration. 1

(ii) Discuss the characteristics of muscle cells used for light exercise and 4
those of muscle cells used for heavy exercise.

(d) During your practical work you performed a first-hand investigation to

demonstrate the effect of various factors on the reaction of a named enzyme.

(i) Name the enzyme and outline the procedure used to demonstrate the 2
effect of ONE of these factors on the reaction.

(ii) Explain how the results obtained from the experiment in part (d) (i) can 4
be used to indicate changes in the structure of the enzyme investigated.

(e) Discuss the oxidation of fatty acids as an inhibitor of the conversion of pyruvate 6
to acetyl CoA, with reference to the dietary needs of sprinting athletes.

28
 Marks
Question 31 The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify the metal ion that will produce a yellow colour in a flame test. 1

(ii) Explain how some metal ions produce a characteristic colour in a flame. 3

(b) Using an example from medicine or biological research, describe the bonding 4
in a coordination complex.

(c) (i) Explain what is meant by a reflectance spectrum. 2

(ii) Outline how infrared light and ultraviolet light are used to determine the 3
chemical composition of pigments.

(d) During your practical work you performed a first-hand investigation to determine
the oxidising strength of potassium permanganate.

(i) State the electronic configuration of manganese in terms of subshells. 1

(ii) Outline the procedure used to determine the oxidising strength of 2

potassium permanganate.

(iii) Using your results from the procedure in part (d) (ii), justify a conclusion 3
about the oxidising strength of potassium permanganate. Use
half-equations in your answer.

(e) Analyse trends in the physical properties of the first transition series. 6

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 Marks
Question 32 Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)

(a) (i) Identify the functional group in glycerol. 1

(ii) Compare the reactions of both glycerol and 1-propanol when they react 3
with cold dilute KMnO4.

(b) Discuss the value of electron spectroscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy 4
in the analysis of small samples in forensic chemistry.

(c) (i) What class of compounds is used to break proteins into fragments of 1
different lengths?

(ii) Describe the processes of electrophoresis and chromatography in 4

separating organic compounds.

(d) During your practical work you performed a first-hand investigation to describe
the emission spectrum of sodium.

(i) Name the piece of equipment you used to analyse the emission spectrum 1
of sodium in the laboratory.

(ii) Outline the procedure that you used in this investigation. 2

(iii) Explain how the emission spectrum was produced. 3

(e) Discuss the uses of DNA analysis in forensic chemistry. 6

End of paper

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32
Board of Studies NSW 2002
 2002 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

Chemistry

DATA SHEET
Avogadros constant, NA ............................................................... 6.022 1023 mol1
Volume of 1 mole ideal gas: at 101.3 kPa (1.00 atm) and
at 273 K (0C) ........................... 22.41 L
at 298 K (25C) ......................... 24.47 L
Ionisation constant for water at 298 K (25C), Kw ...................... 1.0 1014
Specific heat capacity of water ..................................................... 4.18 103 J kg1 K1
Some useful formulae
pH = log10 [H+ ] H = m C T
Some standard potentials
+
K +e
K(s) 2.94 V
Ba 2+
+ 2e
Ba(s) 2.91 V
Ca 2+
+ 2e
Ca(s) 2.87 V
+
Na + e
Na(s) 2.71 V
Mg 2+
+ 2e
Mg(s) 2.36 V
Al3+
+ 3e
Al(s) 1.68 V
Mn2+ + 2e Mn(s) 1.18 V
H2O + e
12 H2(g) + OH
0.83 V
Zn 2+
+ 2e
Zn(s) 0.76 V
Fe2+
+ 2e
Fe(s) 0.44 V
Ni2+
+ 2e
Ni(s) 0.24 V
Sn 2+
+ 2e
Sn(s) 0.14 V
Pb 2+
+ 2e
Pb(s) 0.13 V
H+ + e 12 H2(g) 0.00 V
+
SO4 2
+ 4H + 2e
SO2(aq) + 2H2O 0.16 V
Cu 2+
+ 2e
Cu(s) 0.34 V
12 O2(g) + H2O + 2e
2OH
0.40 V
+
Cu + e
Cu(s) 0.52 V
12 I2(s) + e I
0.54 V
12 I2(aq) + e I 0.62 V
Fe 3+
+e

Fe 2+
0.77 V
+
Ag + e
Ag(s) 0.80 V
12 Br2(l) + e Br
1.08 V
12 Br2(aq) + e Br
1.10 V
12 O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e H2O 1.23 V
12 Cl2(g) + e Cl
1.36 V
12 Cr2O72 + 7H+ + 3e Cr3+ + 72 H2O 1.36 V
12 Cl2(aq) + e Cl
1.40 V
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn 2+
+ 4H2O 1.51 V
12 F2(g) + e F
2.89 V

Aylward and Findlay, SI Chemical Data (4th Edition) is the principal source of data for
120a this examination paper. Some data may have been modified for examination purposes.

33
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
1 2
H He
1.008 4.003
Hydrogen KEY Helium

3 4 Atomic Number 79 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Au Symbol of element B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 Atomic Weight 197.0 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
Lithium Beryllium Gold Name of element Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 [98.91] 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

55 56 5771 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 [210.0] [210.0] [222.0]

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Caesium Barium Lanthanides Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 88 89103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
[223.0] [226.0] [261.1] [262.1] [263.1] [264.1] [265.1] [268]
Francium Radium Actinides Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununquadium Ununhexium Ununoctium

Lanthanides
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 [146.9] 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

Actinides
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
[227.0] 232.0 231.0 238.0 [237.0] [239.1] [241.1] [244.1] [249.1] [252.1] [252.1] [257.1] [258.1] [259.1] [262.1]
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Where the atomic weight is not known, the relative atomic mass of the most common radioactive isotope is shown in brackets.
The atomic weights of Np and Tc are given for the isotopes 237Np and 99Tc.