Manner of Articulation Lail

In the previous presentation, it was stated that in consonant sounds the a

airflow is interrupted, diverted or restricted as it passes the oral cavity.
The respective modifications which are made to make that sounds are
referred as their manner of articulation. The manner of articulation,
therefore, describes how the different speech organs are involved in
producing a consonant sound, basically how the airflow is obstructed.
Thus, the manner of articulation is a distinctive feature in the English
language.
Before learning about the manner, we have to know wheter a
consonant is voiced or voiceless. So,...
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WHAT IS A VOICED CONSONANT?
A simple explanation of voiced consonants is that they use the voice. This i
is easy to test by putting your finger on your throat. If you feel a vibration
the consonant is voiced. Here is a list of some voiced consonants.
Pronounce each consonant sound (not the letter) and feel the vibration of
your vocal chords.

WHAT IS VOICELESS CONSONANT?

Voiceless consonants do not use the voice. They are percussive and use
hard sounds. Once again, you can test if a consonant is voiceless by
putting your finger on your throat. You will feel no vibration in your throat,
just a short explosion of air as you pronounce. Pronounce each of these
consonant sounds and feel NO vibration in your throat.

A voiced sound comes from the throat.

An unvoiced sound is made by air coming from the mouth.
If you put your finger on your throat and practice saying /g/ and /k/, you
can feel the vibration in your throat when you say /g/, so this consonant is
voiced.
All the vowels and diphthongs are voiced Rur
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1. Stops (plosives)
The set [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are all produced by some form of
stopping of the airstream (very briefly) then letting it go abruptly.
This type of consonant sound, resulting from a blocking or Shopping
effect on the airstream, is called a stop (or a plosive). A full
description of the [t] sound at the beginning of a word like ten is as a
voiceless alveolar stop. In some discussions, only the manner of
articulation is mentioned, as when it is said that the word bed, for
example, begins and ends with voiced stops.
2. Nasals
Most sounds are produced orally, with the velum raised, preventing
airflow from entering the nasal cavity. However, when the velum is
lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose to
produce [m], [n], and [], the sounds are described as nasals. These Lar
 three sounds are all voiced. The words morning, knitting and name as
begin and end with nasals.
3. Fricative
In the production of some consonants, the airflow is so severely
obstructed that it causes friction, and the sounds are therefore called
Fricatives. Fricatives are consonant produced with a continuous airflow
through the mouth.
English has voiceless and voiced labiodental fricatives at the
beginnings of the words fat and vat, voiceless and voiced interdental
fricatives word-initially in the words thin and those, alveolar fricatives
word initially in sing and zip, and a voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
initially in ship. The voiced palato-alveolar fricative is rare in English. It
is the first consonant in the word azure, and is also heard in the words
pleasure and rouge. The voiceless glottal fricative of English is heard
in hole and hat.
4. Affricative
These sounds are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by
a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic
of a fricative. Some non-continuant consonants show a slow release of
the closure; these sounds are called Affricates.
English has only two affricates, both of which are palato-alveolar. They
are heard word-initially in church and jump, and are transcribed as [t] Lail
and [d], respectively. (The IPA transcription of an affricate using a a
symbol for a stop, such as [t] or [d], followed by symbol for a fricative
like [] or [] is meant to reflect the fact that an affricate is a stop that
it released gradually so that in its final phase it is fricative).
5. Liquids
In the production of the sounds [l] and [r], there is some obstruction of
the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to cause any real
constriction or friction. These sound are Liquids.
a. Lateral
Varieties of [l] are called laterals. As laterals are articulated, air
escapes through the mouth along the lowered sides of the tongue.
When the tongue tip is raised to the dental or alveolar laterals are
produced. Because laterals are generally voiced, the term lateral
used alone usually means voiced lateral. Voiceless laterals can be
heard in pronunciation of the English words please and clear.
b. English r-sounds
1) Tap or Flap: Produced when the tongue tip strikes the
alveolar ridge as it passes across it. It is heard in the North
American English pronunciation as bitter and butter, and in
some British pronunciation of very. It is commonly transcribed
as [] and is generally voiced.
2) Approximant: A consonant with a manner of articulation that
involves bringing the articulators quite close together while at
the same time leaving a sufficiently large gap between them
for air to escape without causing audible turbulence. The IPA
symbol for this sound is [], but for convenience the symbol [r]
 is normally used. A voiceless approximant can be heard in the
pronunciation of words like pray, tree.
3) Trill: A trill consonant is a consonant that is made by vibrating
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an articulator, or hitting it many times against something else. a
Trill can be made by passing air over the raised tongue tip and
allowing it to vibrate. For example, the <rr> in the Spanish
word "perro" is an alveolar trill, where the tongue is hit many
times against the alveolar ridge, or the place just behind the
teeth. This vibration is caused by a flow of air.
6. Glides [j] [w]
The sounds [j] and [w], the initial sounds of you [ju] and we [wi], are
produced with little obstruction of the airstream. They are always
followed directly by a vowel and do not occur at the end of words
(dont be fooled by spelling; words ending in y or w like say and saw
end in a vowel sound). After articulating [j] or [w], the tongue glides
quickly into place for pronouncing the next vowel, hence the term
glide.
Glides is a consonant produced when the tongue approaches a point
of articulation within the mouth but does not come close enough to
obstruct or constrict the flow of air enough to create turbulence.
The flow of air is not redirected into the nose. Instead, the air is still
allowed to escape via the mouth, but its direction of flow is altered
by having it glide over the tongue before exiting the lips. The
unique sound of each glide is affected by the point at which the
tongue is brought closest to the point of articulation.
The glide [j] is a palatal sound; the blade of the tongue (the front
part minus the tip) is raised toward the hard palate in a position
almost identical to that in producing the vowel sound [i] in the word
beat [bit]. The glide [w] is produced by both rounding the lips and
simultaneously raising the back of the tongue toward the velum. It
is thus a labio-velar glide. Where speakers of English have different
pronunciations for the words which and witch, the labio-velar glide
in the first word is voiceless, symbolized as [] (an upside-down w).
The position of the tongue and the lips for [w] is similar to that for
producing the vowel sound [u] in suit [sut].
7. Approximants
In some books the sounds [w], [j], [r], and [l] are alternatively called
approximants because the articulators approximate a frictional
closeness, but no actual friction occurs. The first three are central
approximants, whereas [l] is a lateral approximant. Although in this
chapter we focus on the sounds of English, the IPA has symbols and
classifications for all the sounds of the worlds languages. For
example, many languages have sounds that are referred to as trills,
and others have clicks.