Respiratory rate

The foundation of the theory:

The main function of respiration in humans and animals in general is to take oxygen from
outside the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body. If the muscles between the ribs
interacting, then the ribs are lifted and enlarged accompanied by diaphragm muscle contractions
and increases the volume of the chest cavity to allow the lung tissue expands. When the lungs
expand, air pressure in the lungs decreases. If the muscles between the ribs in the diaphragm in a
state of relaxed chest cavity volume decreases. respiratory movement thus oxygen to enter into
the lungs and remove carbon dioxide.
Respiratory rate varies with age according to Van Hurkar Mathur (1976). Adult respiratory rate
of approximately 15-20 times per minute. Besides respiratory rate can influence several factors:

a. Body temperature
Breathing rate increases when body temperature maningkat

b. Oxygen levels
When low oxygen levels within the respiratory rate will increase
for example if someone goes kepegunungan where low oxygen levels
c. CO2 levels in the blood
Increased CO2 levels can raise the blood respiratory rate. It can happen to someone who is doing
sports.

Destination
Determine the effect of body activity against breathing rate.

Tools and materials

Stopwatch and probandus (the test)

Procedure

1. Keep your body in a relaxed state (relaxed). By using a stopwatch and count how many you
draw breath for a minute and record the result.

2. Then you try to jog for five minutes. In the same way calculate how much you draw breath for
a minute and record the result.

3. Next, set the breathing or try to relax your body back like before doing the activity.
4. After making sure your body in a relaxed state, doing activities down stairs for about three
menit.then, count and record the result.

5. To obtain more accurate data, calculation of how many times you should inhale (within a
minute) performed up to two times to three times and take the average.

6. Compare the data with the data you have received your friend.

Question
1. Do you get the same results with your friends?
Answer: different
2. If the volume of normal breathing air without exercise is 500ml, you try to count and compare
vital capacity and total respiratory capacity of the person exercising and not exercising?

Relax Small running Running up and down average

stairs
22 x 25 x 27 x 22,33
23 x 24 x 25 x 24,33
22 x 24 x 25 x 25,667

Total amount:
relaxed state 67x
Jogged 73 x
Up and down the stairs 77 x

Total respiratory capacity: 500 ml X sports <=> 25 x 500ml/22, 33 = 559.785 ml

Silent

Comparison: before exercise: after exercise => 500ml: 559.785 = 1: 1.11957

Conclusion: From the above data shows that on average in a relaxed state and in running up
and down stairs and do not differ much this may be because it depends on the weight and also
how often sports. The greater the weight (in terms of ideal) then faster and faster heart rate and if
the person who rarely exercise heart rate strong despite new exercise 5mn.

Nerve reaction

The foundation of the theory:

1. Nerve cells (neurons)
Neural networks are composed of cells that have a particular form. The cells are called neurons
and neuroglia. Both of these cells are like inseparable couple that make neural networks. If there
are neurons, neuroglia cells would accompany definitely. The neuroglia cells function is to
provide nutrients and other ingredients that are used to living neurons. In other words, neuroglia
neurons serve to ensure that life can still carry out the activities. Neurons are the structural and
functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons have the ability as conductivity (conductor) and
eksistabilitas (can be stimulated, and have the ability to respond very well stimulation. Neurons
consist of three distinct parts with each other, which is as follows.

a. Cells Agency (Perikarion)

Part storing cell nucleus (nucleus) and child nuclei (nucleoli), amounted to one or more
surrounded by granular cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm of the cell bodies also contained Nissl
bodies which is a modification of the rough endoplasmic retikum. Nissl bodies contain a protein
that is used to replace the depleted protein. During metabolism, this protein is also beneficial for
the growth of neurons. If the cell body is damaged, the fibers of the neuron will die.

b. Dendrites
As already indicated that the dendrites are protrusions from the cell body cytoplasm. Compared
axons, dendrites is smoother, shorter, and have a lot more branching. The function of dendrites is
to continue receiving excitatory stimulation of organs (receptors) to the cell body.

c. Axon
Axons often called neurites. This is part of the long cytoplasmic protrusions and serves to
continue in the form of nerve impulses from the cell body of news information. Axons have
specific parts, as follows.

1) Neurofibril
Neurofibril is the deepest part of the axon in the form of subtle serabutserabut. The parts that has
the main duty to continue implus.
2) Myelin
This section is composed of flat cells called Schwann cells. Myelin sheath is the outermost part
of the axon that serves to protect the axon. In addition, part of this reason that provide nutrients
and ingredients needed to maintain the activity of the axon.
3) Nodes of Ranvier
Nodes of Ranvier are part narrowed axon and myelin sheath are not coated. This section is
composed of flattened cells. With the existence of this part, look the part axons appear jointed-
books.

Reflex motion
Reflex is a movement we do not realize. Motion process is faster than the conscious movement.
This reflex is actually a mechanism in order to escape from a dangerous stimuli, such as the
example above. The above is a reflex withdrawal reflex. Aksiaksi happened at the event, among
others:
1. External stimuli received by receptors;
2. Nerve impulses in the sensory neuron receptors proceed to the central nervous system, the
spinal cord;
3. In the spinal cord interneurons of impulses followed by sensory neurons to motor neurons;
4. Of neurons, motor impulses proceed to the effector effector then stimulated to contract,
resulting in spontaneous movement by pulling the leg while screaming.
After watching the video above that is the reflex mechanism of stimulation through sensory
nerves to the brain but not through a reflex arc. Reflex arc process can be explained by the video
above. If you pay attention to the process, we can know that the reflex motion different from
ordinary we are aware of, especially the differences in sensory nerve impulses from the brain are
sent to and processed in the first there, then the impulse response by
Nervous system abnormalities may experience the following.
1. Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease usually affects people aged 40 years and over. This disease is caused by the
reduction in the basal ganglia neurotransmitters dopanmin. Symptoms of this disease, which is
trembling in the hands, stiff muscles, making it difficult to move.
2. Epilepsy
Epilepsy is caused by several things, among others, due to the presence of scar tissue in the
brain, tumors, metabolic disturbances, and others. Epilepsy is characterized by seizures and loss
of consciousness.
3. Stroke
Stroke can be triggered by high blood pressure (hypertension). Hypertension can lead to rupture
of blood vessels in the brain, so that would interfere with brain function. Symptoms of stroke
include dizziness, if you have severe symptoms followed by another, which is difficult to speak,
unable to see, the lame, half dead even.
4. Neuritis
Nerve neuritis is an inflammatory disease caused by physical impact such as punches, broken
bones. There is also caused by vitamin deficiency, such as vitamin B1, B6, and B12. Neuritis
symptoms, such as tingling and pain in the area disarafi.

aim:
Measure and compare the speed of the body's reaction to commands.

Tools and materials

1. Ruler 2. An eye cover 3. Two probandus

Procedure
1. The first person (Arif) hold a ruler at the end position, while the B put your thumb and
forefinger in a pinching position about to about 2.5 cm at the bottom end of the ruler.
2. When releasing wise ruler, alfi trying pinned.
3. Observe how the numbers are alfi hand tongs. Record results and repeat for 5 times.do the
activities interchangeably.
4. Repeat the above activities, but the people who catch a ruler using a blindfold. At the time of
release wise ruler and say "now", alfi immediately catch the ruler.
5. Perform this activity as much as 5 times and alternately.
6. Put all these experimental results as in the following table.

Table numbers are legible on the ruler (in cm)

Probandus 1 2 3 4
Arif (no blinkers) 13cm 14,5 cm 18cm 14cm
Alfi (no blinkers) 19cm 5,5cm 13cm 12cm
Arif with 1,5cm 18cm 12cm 8cm
blinders
Alfi with 0,5cm 29,5cm 24cm 2cm
blinders

Question
1. What can you conclude from these experiments?
Answer: apparently everyone has the reflex motion different if the experiment above if caught
ruler 0cm-5cm position means he has a good reflex.

2. Is there a relationship between the experimental vehicle to a safe distance on the road? Explain
your answer!
Answer: because the reflex influence because if there is a car in front suddenly brakes jamming
then we use a reflex.

3. What is the difference experiment using an eye patch to not use blinkers?
Answer: apparently reflex motion of the experimental results better when using a blindfold.

Blind spot
Basis Theory:
Objects are exposed to light will refract light through the cornea and forwarded to aqeus humor,
pupil, lens of the eye, vitreous humor, and retina. Light entering the retina yellow spots will be
part of the rod cells and cone. Cone photoreceptor cells as sensitive to light and turn it into a
catch excitatory impulses are delivered to the optic nerve to the back of the brain (occipital lobe).
The occipital lobe occurs in the form of associations impression of looking at things
Refraction of light from an object if the object will cast a shadow that falls on the light yellow
spots on the retina, because the light that falls on this section of the stem cells and cones are
forwarded to the optic nerve and optic nerve passes into the brain resulting in the impression of
view . In contrast, the shadow of an object will not be visible, if the refraction of light from an
object that crashed at the blind spot on the retina.

aim :
Knowing the distance blind spot.

Tools and materials:

10x5 cm sized manila paper, rulers and markers

Procedure:

1. Draw an X and sign ( ) on manila paper with a distance of 6 cm as shown below!

X ------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
 6cm

2. Hold the paper with the right hand and straighten your arms forward.
3. Close your left eye with his left hand and focus your eyes right on the mark (X)
4. Gently pull your right hand so that the trial closer to the face. Notice in both of these markers.
5. Draw closer to the sphere does not appear at a certain distance.
6. Measure the distance between the eyes with the point of view of the trials.
7. Repeat the experiment with the left eye circles mark the concentrated attention.

Question
1. Why is one of the signs to be gone from your sight?
Answer: one of the signs to be missing from my view because of the refraction of light from an
object falling section blind spot on the retina. Will shadow appears if the refraction of light from
an object fall on the yellow spots on the retina.

2. At what distance the signs disappear from view?

Answer: The sign disappeared at a distance of 25cm
X marks disappear at a distance of 29 cm.

3. Whether the observed differences using the left eye and the right eye is different?
Answer: Right eye sight distance is greater than the use of the left eye. if the average frequency
of eye clarity ketch in the eye to see objects better still if the average of the frequency of the
clarity of the eye to see objects less well.

4. Is the distance the same for everyone?

Answer: every person has a different distance, but very small.

Conclusion:
Refraction of light from an object if the object will cast a shadow that falls on the light yellow
spots on the retina, because the light that falls on this section of the stem cells and cones are
forwarded to the optic nerve and optic nerve to the brain, causing forward impression view. In
contrast, the shadow of an object will not be visible, if the refraction of light from an object that
crashed at the blind spot on the retina.

the
picture
Daftar pustaka : buku biology 2 sma (airlangga) dan yudhistira, media
internet.
nama: arif satriya .w

kelas: 11 ipa 1

SMA NEGERI 1 KAB. TANGERANG

Alamat jln raya serang km 23,5 balaraja
15610 TANGERANG BANTEN
TAHUN 2013-2014