Cultivation of Tropical, Subtropical, Vegetables, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Cultivation of Tropical,
Subtropical, Vegetables, Spices,

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Introduction
Plant spices grown in tropical countries on small scale

family farms of commercial farms, to provide foods for
human or live stock, in dry or humid regions are highly
abundant and taxonomically diversified. Vegetables
comprise of a large number of plants, mostly annual, of
which different parts like leaf, steam, flowers, fruit, root etc.
are eaten. T hey are rich in nutrients and are essential items
of a balanced diet. Vegetables are called protective food as
their consumption can prevent several diseases. M any
vegetables are important items of commerce and thus can
play a major role in the economic development. G enerally
classification of horticulture plants are based on nature of
growth climatic requirement continuation of growth
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types of fruit parts used botanical relationship, salinity
tolerance, ripening behaviour , botanical relationship,
hardness or temperature tolerance, cool season vegtables,
warm season vegetables, parts used as food, methods of
raising, etc. Medicinal and aromatic plants are important
for human health. T hese plants have been used from the
prehistoric times to present day. T hese plants based
medicines are consumed in all civilizations. It is believed
that the herbal medicine can give good effect to body
without causing side effects to human life. Besides, the
usage of medical plants has been increasing as an important
role that can support the economic system. T he medical and
aromatic plants for health are used as herbal treatments and
therapies that can be new habits for culture.
Medicinal and aromatic plants constitute a large segment of
the flora, which provide raw materials for use by various
industries. T hey have been used in the country for a long
time for their medicinal properties. T he decision to cultivate
medicinal herbs should only be made in response to demand
for particular herbs. T he market is very competitive and
could easily be oversupplied.
T his book majorly deals with classification of horticultural

plants, classification of flowers, classification of spices, soil
and climatic requirements of horticultural plants, beet root,
bottle gourd, har vesting and post har vest management, poly
house vegetable production in temperate regions, vegetables
growing in containers, tea, performance of plants from
cutting, vegetative propagation, rubber
Biofertilizers in vegetable cultivation, posthar vest
management of tropical tuber crops, etc.
T his is an informative resource of the cultivation,

irrigation, manuring, fertilization, har vesting and post
har vest management of tropical, subtropical, vegetables,
spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. T his book is useful
for entrepreneurs, ayur vedic institutes, libraries and
consultants.
Table of Contents
VEGETABLE CROPS
1. CLASSIFICATION OF HORTICULTURAL
PLANTS
Plant Kingdom
C lassification of Fruits
Based on Nature of G rowth
Based on C limatic Requirement
Based on C ontinuation of G rowth
Based on Types of Fruit
Based on Parts Used
Based on Botanical Relationship
Based on Salinity Tolerance
Based on Ripening Behaviour
Based on Ethylene Evolution
Based on Bearing Behaviour
C lassification of Vegetables
Based on Hardness or Temperature Tolerance
C ool S eason Vegetables
W arm S eason Vegetables
Based on Tolerance to S oil Acidity
Based on Tolerance to Salt
Based on Parts Used as Food
Based on M ethods of Raising
Based on Forcing
Based on Rate of Respiration
C lassification of Flowers
Based on S eason of G rowing
Based on C olour of Flower
Based on Purpose of G rowing
Based on Nature of G rowth
Based on M ode of Propagation
Based on G rowth Behaviour
C lassification of Spices
Based on C ompletion of Life C ycle
Based on Importance
Based on Part Used
Based on Utility
Based on C ultural M anagement
C lassification of Plantatoin C rops
Based on Utility
Based on Extent of G rowing
Based on Intensity of C ultivation
2. SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS
S oil
Alluvial S oils
Tarai S oils
Arid S oils
Black S oils
Red S oils
Laterite S oils
M arshy S oils
C limate
Temperate C limate
Tropical C limate
S ub-Tropical C limate
Different Types of Horticulturally Potential Zones of

the C ountry
Temperate Zone
North-W estern S ub-Tropical Zone
North-Eastern S ub-Tropical Zone
C entral Tropical Zone
S outhern Tropical Zone
C oastal/Tropical Zone
Influence of C limatic Factors
O n the G rowth of Plants
Temperature
Humidity
W ind
Rainfall
S olar Radiation
3. VARIETAL WEALTH OF HORTICULTURAL

CROPS
Fruits
Vegetables
Flowers
Plantation C rops
S eed S pices
4. AGATHI Climate and Soil
Varieties
C ultivation
M anuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Yield
5. AMARANTH Climte and Soil
Varieties
Badi C haulai
C hhoti C haulai
Pusa Kiran
Pusa Lal C haulai
Pusa Kirti
C ultivation
S owing
Irrigation
Interculture
S eed Production
Har vesting and Posthar vest M anagement
6. ASH GOURD
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Apau S hakthi
C ultivation
Irrigation
C rop Regulation
7. BEET ROOT
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Detroit Dark Red
C rimson G lobe
Propagation and Rootstock
C ultivation
Planting
Training and Pruning
Aftercare
Irrigation
Physiological Disorders
8. BITTER GOURD
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
S owing
Irrigation
Intercultural O perations
9. BOTTLE GOURD
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Arka Bahar
K alyanpur Hari Lambi
Punjab Komal
Punjab Long
Punjab Round
Pusa M anjari
Pusa M eghdut
Pusa Naveen
Pusa S ummer Prolific Long
Pusa S ummer Prolific Round
Rajendera C hamatkar
C ultivation
Field Preparation
S owing
Training
Interculture
Irrigation
10. BRINJAL
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
S owing
Interculture
Irrigation
11. BROCCOLI
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Palam Samridhi
C ultivation
Irrigation
Interculture
12. BRUSSELS SPROUT

C limate and S oil
Varieties
Jade C ross
Hilds Ideal
Rubine
C ultivation
Irrigation
Interculture
13. CABBAGE
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C openhagen M arket
Drumhead Savoy
G olden Acre
Pride of India
Pusa Drumhead
Pusa M ukta
Red C abbage
S eptember
C ultivation
Planting
Interculture
Irrigation
14. CAPSICUM
C limate and S oil
Varieties
S owing
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
15. CARROT
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Tropical or Asiatic Types
Temperate or European Types
C ultivation
Land Preparation
S owing
Aftercare
Irrigation
16. CAULIFLOWER
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Raising of Nursery
Transplanting
Aftercare
Irrigation
Riceyness
Fuzziness
Leafy C urds
Blindness
Buttoning
C hlorosis
Hollow S tem
Browning (brown-rot or red-rot)
W hiptail
17. CELERY
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Fork Hook Emperor
S tandard Beared
W right G rove G iant
C ultivation
Irrigation
Interculture
18. CHILLI
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Raising S eedlings
Irrigation and Interculture
W eed C ontrol
19. COWPEA
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Arka G arima
Pusa Barsati
Pusa Dofasali
Pusa Komal
Pusa Phalguni
Pusa Rituraj
Philippines Early
Yard Long Bean
C ultivation
S owing
Irrigation
Aftercare
20. CUCUMBER
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Himangi
Japanese Long G reen
Poinsett
Poona Khira
Pusa Sanyog
S heetal
C ultivation
S owing
21. CURRY LEAF
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Propagation
Planting
Aftercare
22. DRUMSTICK
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C havakacheri M uringai
C hemmurungai
Jaffna Type
K attumurungai
Kodikalmurungai
Palmurungai
Punamurungai
Yazphanam M uringa
C ultivation
S owing
C rop Production
Aftercare
W eeding
Intercropping
23. FRENCH BEAN
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Arka Komal
Bountiful
C ontender
Jampa
Kentucky W onder
Lakshmi
Pant Anupma
Premier
Pusa Par vati
C ultivation
S owing
Aftercare
Irrigation
24. GARLIC
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Propagation and Planting M aterial
C ultivation
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
25. KALE
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Irrigation
Interculture
Interculture
26. KNOL-KHOL
C limate and S oil
Varieties
King of North
Large G reen
Purple Vienna
W hite Vienna
C ultivation
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
27. LABLAB BEAN
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Pusa Early Prolific
C ultivation
Field Preparation
Aftercare
28. LETTUCE
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Propagation
Planting
M anuring
Aftercare
Irrigation
29. MUSKMELON
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Arka Jeet
Arka Rajhans
D urgapura M adhu
Hara M adhu
Hisar M adhur
Hisar Saras
Punjab Hybrid
Pusa M adhuras
Pusa Rasraj
Punjab Rasila
Pusa S harbati
Punjab S unehri
C ultivation
S owing
Land Preparation
Hoeing and W eeding
Irrigation
30. OKRA
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Arka A bhay
Arka Anamika
Azad Kranti
Harbhajan Bhindi
Hisar Unnat
Parbhani Kranti
Perkins Long G reen
Punjab Padmini
Pusa M akhmali
Pusa Sawani
Red Bhindi
Varsha Uphar
C ultivation
S owing
Aftercare
Irrigation
31. ONION
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Planting
Transplanting
Planting by Bulbs
Direct S owing
Planting by S ets
C ultural O perations
Irrigation
32. PALAK OR INDIAN SPINACH

C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
S owing
Planting
M anuring
Aftercare
Irrigation
33. PARSLEY
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Irrigation
Interculture
34. PEA
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Arkel
Bonneville
Harbhajan
Lincoln
C ultivation
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
35. POINTED GOURD
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C HES Elite Line
C hhota Hilli
Dandali
Hilli
S hankolia
S warna Alaukik
S warna Rekha
Propagation
C ultivation
Planting
Training
Interculture
Irrigation
36. PUMPKIN
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Ambili
Arka C handan
Pusa Vikas
C ultivation
S owing
Land Preparation
Interculture
Irrigation
O ff-season C ultivation
S eed Production
Hybrid S eed Production
37. RADISH
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Asiatic or Tropical
Arka Nishant
Japanese W hite
Jaunpuri G iant or Newari
K alyani W hite
Nadauni
Punjab Safed
Pusa C hetki
Pusa Desi
Pusa Himani
Pusa Reshmi
European or Temperate Varieties
C hinese Pink
Rapid Red W hite Tipped
Scarlet G lobe
W hite Icicle
C ultivation
Preparation of Land
S owing
Interculture
Irrigation
G rowth Regulators
S eed Production
Posthar vest M anagement
38. RIDGE GOURD
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Pusa Nasdar
Satputia
C ultivation
S owing
Interculture
39. ROUND MELON

C limate and S oil
Varieties
Arka Tinda
Tinda Ludhiana
Tinda Tonk
Tamil Nadu S election
C ultivation
Planting
Interculture
Irrigation
40. SNAKE GOURD
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
S owing
Interculture
41. SPINACH
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Propagation
Planting
M anuring
Aftercare
Irrigation
42. SPONGE GOURD
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
S owing
Interculture
43. TOMATO
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Raising seedlings
Direct S eeding
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
S eed Production
44. TURNIP
C limage and S oil
Varieties
Early M ilan Red Top
G olden Ball
Purple Top W hite G lobe
Pusa C handrima
Pusa K anchan
Pusa S warnima
Pusa S weti
Snow Ball
C ultivation
Irrigation
Interculture
S eed Production
Physiological Disorder
45. WATERMELON
C limage and S oil
Varieties
Arka Jyoti
Arka M anik
Asahi Yamato
D urgapura Kesar
D urgapura M eetha
Improved S hipper
New Hampshire M idget
Pusa Bedana
S ugar Baby
C ultivation
Pruning and Training
Aftercare
Forcing W atermelons out of S eason
Irrigation
46. POLYHOUSE VEGETABLE

PRODUCTION IN SUBTROPICS
S election of S ites
Polyhouse S tructures
Frames and C ladding M aterial
Environment C ontrol
S election of Vegetables
Nursery Raising
O ff-season Vegetables Production
Aftercare
47. POLYHOUSE VEGETABLE
PRODUCTION IN TEMPERATE REGIONS
Polyhouses
Benefits
S tatus
Indian Polyhouses
Plastic Low Tunnels
S oil Trench
S ite S election
Polyhouse S tructure
Vegetable Production
Nursery Raising
Vegetable Production
S eed Production
Hydroponics and M icropropagated Vegetables
Polyhouse Pests and Diseases
S ome Problems
Prospects in India
48. VEGETABLES GROWING IN

CONTAINERS
Types of C ontainers
Tools, M anures, S eeds, Fungicides and Insecticides
S uitable Vegetables and their Varieties
C ultivation
S owing/planting
Aftercare
PRO PAG ATIO N O F PLANTATI O N CROPS
49. TEA
S eed Propagation
S torage
G ermination
S eed-S ize
S eed-C oat
Treatment with G rowth S ubstance
Treatment with Fungicides
Temperature
Biochemical C hanges during G ermination
S eedling G rowth
S eed S ize
Effect of Insecticides
Irradiation
Vegetative Propagation
C utting
Type of C utting
Etiolation and G irdling
M edia
S eason
C lonal Variations
Effect of G rowth S ubstances
S tock Plant
O xygen
Fungicide and Nematicide
Type of C utting and G rowth S ubstances
Type of C utting and M edia
Type of C utting and S eason
Type of C utting, M edia and Temperature
Type of C utting, S eason and G rowth S ubstances
Type of C utting, M edia and G rowth S ubstance
Type of C utting and Treatment with Nutrients
G rowth S ubstance, M edia and Temperature
Type of C utting, Light, Humidity, M edia and G rowth
S ubstance
S torage of C utting
O ther Treatments
Root C utting
Performance of Plants from C utting
Layering
G rafting
M ethods
Budding
Rootstock
Effect on G rowth and Yield
M icropropagation
50. CACAO
S eed Propagation
S torage and Viability
G ermination
S tage of Har vest
Depth of S owing
Air Drying
S ize of Pod
Position of S eed in Pod
Temperature
M edia
S ugar
Endogenous S ubstances
S eedling S ur vival and G rowth
S tage of Har vest of S eeds
C ontainer and M edia
Effect of G rowth S ubstance and Antitranspirant
Hybrids
A ge of S eedling at Transplanting
C utting
S tock Plant
Type of C utting
M edia
Humidity
Light
Type of S hoot and G rowth S ubstances
Etiolation
G rowth S ubstance and Fungicides
Type of C utting and G rowth S ubstance
M edia and Light
M edia and G rowth S ubstance
Type of cutting and Humidity
Type of C utting, M edia and Humidity
Type of C utting, G rowth S ubstance and M edia
Type of C utting, M edia, Humidity and Temperature
Type of C utting, M edia, Light and G rowth S ubstances
Humidity, Temperature, G rowth S ubstance and Light
C lonal Variation
Hardening of C utting
Layering
G rafting
Budding
M ethods
Preparation of Budwood
Top W orking
Rootstock
Incompatibility
Effect of Different M ethods of Propagation
M icropropagation
51. COFFEE
S eed Propagation
Viability
G ermination
C ollection of S eed
M oisture C ontent of S eed
Effect of C over
M edia
S eed Treatment
S eedling G rowth
Depth of S owing
C ontainer
M edia
G rowth S ubstances, Fungicides and Nutrition
Root S ucker
C utting
Type of C utting
Time of Taking C utting
M edia
Humidity
Temperature
Type of C utting, M edia and Temperature
Type of C utting, M edia and G rowth S ubstances
G rowth S ubstances and M edia
M edia, Temperature and Humidity
Root C utting
Leaf C utting
Layering
S tooling
G rafting
M ethods
Type of Scion
S eason
Effect of Leaves
G rowth of G rafted Plants
Top W orking
Budding
S torage of Budwood
Rootstock
C ompatibility
G rowth and Adaptibility to Environment
Nematode, Disease and Pest Resistdant Rootstock
M icropropagation
52. RUBBER
S eed Propagation
Har vesting
Viability
G ermination
S eedling G rowth
C utting
Type of C utting
Juvenility
Ringing
Effect of Light
Effect of Fungicides
Humidity and Temperature
G rafting
M ethods
Performance of G rafted and Budded Plants
Budding
M ethods
S election of Budwood
A ge of Rootstock
Budding M aterial
Treatment
C are of Budded Plants
Performance of Budded Plants
Top W orking
Rootstock
Resistant to Pests and Diseases
Influence of Scion on G rowth and Yield
M icropropagation
53. OIL PALM
S eed Propagation
S torage and Viability
G ermination
Effect of M edia and Temperature
Effect of O xygen
Effect of Irradiation
Biochemical C hanges
S eedling G rowth
S torage of C lone
M icropropagation
54. ARECANUT
S eed Propagation
S election of S eed Nuts and Viability
G ermination
Raising of S eedling
S election of S eedlings
Layering
SPIC ES
55. BETELVINE
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Propagation
C ultivation
C onstruction of Bareja or Boroj
Raising of S upport Plant in O pen C ultivation
Land Preparation
S oil Treatment
Planting
Training/pruning
Aftercare
Irrigation
56. BLACK PEPPER

C limate and S oil
Varieties
Propagation
C ultivation
Planting
Training/pruning
Aftercare
Irrigation
57. CARDAMOM (SMALL)
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Propagation
C ultivation
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
58. CARDAMOM (LARGE)

C limate and S oil
Varieties
Bebo
Bharlangey
G olsey
Ramla
Ramsey
Sawney
Propagation
Primary Nursery
S econdary Nursery
C ultivation
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
S hade Regulation
Roguing and G ap-filling
59. CINNAMON
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Propagation
C ultivation
Planting
Irrigation
60. CLOVE
C limate and S oil
Propagation
C ultivation
Planting
M anuring and Aftercare
Irrigation
61. CORIANDER
C limate and S oil
Varieties
S idhu
Sadhna
S wathi
C ultivation
S owing
W eed C ontrol
Irrigation
62. CUMIN
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
S owing
W eed C ontrol
Irrigation
62. FENNEL
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
S owing
W eed control
Irrigation
Physiological Disorder
64. FENUGREEK
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Rajendra K anti
Hissar S onali
C ultivation
S owing
W eed C ontrol
Irrigation
65. GINGER
C limate and S oil
Varieties
C ultivation
Planting
W eeding and M ulching
Rotation and Intercropping of G inger
66. NUTMEG
Varieties
Propagation and Rootstock
C ultivation
Nursery
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
67. TAMARIND
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Urigam
C ultivation
Propagation
Planting
Aftercare
68. TURMERIC
C limate and S oil
Varieties
Propagation
C ultivation
Aftercare
Intercropping
Irrigation
Har vesting and Posthar vest Technology
M EDIC INAL PLANTS
69. ASGAND
70. DILL
71. GUGGAL
72. HENBANE
73. ISABGOL
74. KHASI KATERI
75. LIQUORICE
76. OPIUM POPPY
77. PERIWINKLE
78. PIPALI
79. RAUVOLFIA
80. SENNA
AROMATIC PLANTS
81. AMBRETTE SEED OR MUSKDANA
82. CELERY
83. CHAMOMILE
84. DAVANA
85. FRENCH JASMINE
86. INDIAN BASIL
87. JAVA CITRONELLA
88. KEWADA
89. LEMON GRASS
90. MINT
Peppermint
Spearmint
Bergamot M int
91. PALMAROSA OIL GRASS
92. PATCHOULI
93. ROSE GERANIUM
94. SCENTED ROSE
95. VETIVER
96. BIOFERTILIZERS
Nitrogen Fixing Biofertilizers
S ymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
Asymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
Azotobacter
Phosphate S olubilizing Biofertilizers
M ycorrhizal Fungi
Actinorhizal Plants
Biofertilizers in Vegetable C ultivation
S eed Treatment
C utting/S et Treatment
S eedling Treatment
97. MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES

Disease M anagement
Escape From Pathogen
Preventing Entry of Inoculum
Eradication
Protection
Reaction of Host C rop
Prophylactic M easures (T herapeutics)
Biological C ontrol
C hemical C ontrol
98. POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT OF

POTATO
Har vesting
Drying, C uring and G rading
Dormancy
Posthar vest Losses
Physiological Losses
Pathogenic Losses
Refrigerated S torage
TROPICAL TUBER CROPS
C assava
Har vesting and Handling
S torage
Utilization
Processing
Toxic Principles
S weet Potato
S torage
Utilization
Processing
Anti-nutritional Factors
Elephant-Foot Yam
S torage
Utilization
Processing
Elephant-Foot Yam
Utilization
Taro
S torage
Utilization
Anti-Nutritional Factors
Tannia
S torage
Utilization
Anti-Nutritional Factors
Lesser Yam
S torage
Utilization
G reater Yam
S torage
Utilization
W hite Yam
Har vestinig and Handling
S torage
Utilization
Arrow-Root
Utilization
C hinese Potato
S torage
Utilization
Yam Bean
S torage
Utilization
W inged Bean
W inged Bean
S torage
Utilization
MUSHROOM
Posthar vest Technologies
Handling Fresh M ushrooms
Har vesting
Pre-C ooling
S orting
Dipping/Treatments
Packaging
Transportation
S torage
Processing
Low Temperature
High Temperature
Drying
C hemicals
Pickling and Lactic Acid Fermentation
Irradiation
M inimal Processing
O ther Products
Future T hrust and Export
101. Tools and Equipments used in

Horticulture
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Cultivation of Tropical, Subtropical, Vegetables, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

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Cultivation of Tropical, Subtropical, Vegetables, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

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Cultivation of Tropical,

Subtropical, Vegetables, Spices,

Plant spices grown in tropical countries on small scale

T his book majorly deals with classification of horticultural

T his is an informative resource of the cultivation,

Based on Nature of G rowth

Based on C limatic Requirement

Based on Types of Fruit

Based on Parts Used

Based on Botanical Relationship

Based on Salinity Tolerance

Based on Ripening Behaviour

Based on Ethylene Evolution

Based on Bearing Behaviour

Based on Botanical Relationship

Based on Hardness or Temperature Tolerance

C ool S eason Vegetables

W arm S eason Vegetables

Based on Tolerance to S oil Acidity

Based on Tolerance to Salt

Based on Parts Used as Food

Based on Rate of Respiration

Based on S eason of G rowing

Based on C olour of Flower

Based on Purpose of G rowing

Based on Nature of G rowth

Based on G rowth Behaviour

Based on C ompletion of Life C ycle

Based on G rowth Behaviour

Based on Part Used

Based on Botanical Relationship

C lassification of Plantatoin C rops

Based on Botanical Relationship

Based on G rowth Behaviour

Based on Extent of G rowing

Based on Intensity of C ultivation

Different Types of Horticulturally Potential Zones of

North-W estern S ub-Tropical Zone

North-Eastern S ub-Tropical Zone

C entral Tropical Zone

S outhern Tropical Zone

Influence of C limatic Factors

O n the G rowth of Plants

3. VARIETAL WEALTH OF HORTICULTURAL

4. AGATHI Climate and Soil

M anuring and Fertilization

5. AMARANTH Climte and Soil

Pusa Lal C haulai

M anuring and Fertilization

Har vesting and Posthar vest M anagement

M anuring and Fertilization

C limate and S oil

Detroit Dark Red

Propagation and Rootstock

Training and Pruning

M anuring and Fertilization

Har vesting and Posthar vest M anagement

M anuring and Fertilization

Har vesting and Posthar vest M anagement

K alyanpur Hari Lambi

Pusa S ummer Prolific Long

Pusa S ummer Prolific Round

M anuring and Fertilization

Har vesting and Posthar vest M anagement