CHARLESTILLY SOCIALMOVEMENTS

Content Actorsandevents Concepts

Social (before1750):Protestant Socialmovementsareinclusiveorganisationscomprisedofvariousinterestgroups.(Zimbabwe'sHarareDailyNewson5
Movements CatholicdivisionsinEurope: December2002)
asPolitics civilwarsandrebellions Socialmovementemergedfrom:
1.Asustained,organizedpubliceffortmakingcollectiveclaimsontargetauthorities(letuscallitacampaign).Linksat
Late18thand19thcentury leastthreeparties:agroupofselfdesignatedclaimants,someobject(s)ofclaims,andapublicofsomekind.Interactions
ProletarianRevolution amongthethree,constituteasocialmovement.
Workersincapitalist 2.employmentofcombinationsfromamongthefollowingformsofpoliticalaction:creationofspecialpurpose
countries.TheCommunist associationsandcoalitions,publicmeetings,solemnprocessions,vigils,rallies,demonstrations,petitiondrives,
Manifesto statementstoandinpublicmedia,andpamphleteering(callthevariableensembleofperformancesthesocial
movementrepertoire)
1990s,USA:thesocalled 3.Participants'concertedpublicrepresentationsofWUNC:worthiness,unity,numbers,andcommitmentonthepartof
militiamovement.declared themselvesand/ortheirconstituencies(callthemWUNCdispalys).Displayscantaketheformofstatements,slogans,
theirindependencefromU.S. orlabelsthatimplyworthiness,unity,numbers,andcommitment:CitizensUnitedforJustice,SignersofthePledge,
jurisdictionincludingthe SupportersoftheConstitution,andsoon.Yetcollectiveselfrepresentationsoftenactthemoutinidiomsthatlocal
obligationtopaytaxes,and audienceswillrecognize
preparefortheArmageddon Marx&Engels(1958)Allprevioushistoricalmovementsweremovementsofminorities,orintheinterestofminorities.
in2000 Theproletarianmovementistheselfconscious,independentmovementoftheimmensemajority,intheinterestsofthe
immensemajority
2000,USA:Klamathbasin Mostnineteenthcenturyanalystsofsocialmovementsdifferentiatedthembyprogram,organization,andsetting.
controversyonfisheries. Booksmainarguments:Thesearediscussedandevaluatedineachchapterforeachperiodoftimeexplained.
Fromtheireighteenthcenturyoriginsonward,socialmovementshaveproceedednotassoloperformances,
butasinteractivecampaigns.
Socialmovementscombinethreekindsofclaims:program,identity,andstanding.
Therelativesalienceofprogram,identity,andstandingclaimsvariessignificantlyamongsocialmovements,
amongclaimantswithinmovements,andamongphasesofmovements
Socialmovementsassertpopularsovereignty.
Ascomparedwithlocallygroundedformsofpopularpolitics,socialmovementsdependheavilyonpolitical
entrepreneursfortheirscale,durability,andeffectiveness.
Oncesocialmovementsestablishthemselvesinonepoliticalsetting,modeling,communication,and
collaborationfacilitatetheiradoptioninotherconnectedsettings.
Theforms,personnel,andclaimsofsocialmovementsvaryandevolvehistorically.
Thesocialmovement,asaninventedinstitution,coulddisappearormutateintosomequitedifferentformof
politics.
Inventions 18thcentury
ofthe
Social 1760s
Movement London:JohnWilkes. theirclaims)andrelativelyorganizedsegmentsoftheworkingclasses(whohadthebenefitsofnumbers,internal
Resistancetoarbitrarypower.
UnitedStatesand
Canada:Mercantile
communityandstreet
activists(patriots).Protests
aboutthecolonies.
1780santiCatholic
ProtestantAssociation.Also
workerbourgeoisalliances
againstcoalitionsoffinance
andCourt.
During1770sand1780s:
Emancipationandslavery
ban.
17801787:Netherlands.
Citizens'committeesbeganto
formalongwithcitizens'
militias.1789to1805:
widespreadofpopular
mobilization,producedthe
majorpoliticalchanges.
17891799FrenchRevolution
ThesocialmovementemergedinEnglandandAmericaagainstthebackgroundofprofoundpoliticalandeconomic
changes.Fourcatchwordstagtheessentialchanges:war,parliamentarization,capitalization,andproletarianization.
Intheearlystagesofsocialmovements,coalitionsbetweenelitepoliticalfigures(whoenjoyedadegreeofprotectionfor
connections,andlocalgrounding)playedanexceptionalpart.
JohnWolkebecameafigureagainstthearbitraryroyalpower.Althoughnoonethenusedthetermsocial
movement,theassociationlaidsomeofthefoundationsforthesocialmovementasanewformofpublicpoliticsin
GreatBritainandinfluencedtheactionsinAmericaagainstthecolonialcontrol.
Thenfromtheauthoritiesperspective,Britishsubjectscouldgroupintolegallyrecognizedbodies,suchasguilds,
communities,andreligioussects,whichexercisesomespecifiablecollectiverights,forexampletherighttomeet
regularlyindesignatedplacesofassemblyandthelawprotectssuchcollectiverights.
InAmericaandEurope,membersoftherulingclasseshadlessriskywaysofmakingclaims.Authoritiestolerated
theirclubs,dinners,pamphlets,andsometimesboisterouslegislativeassemblies.
CapitalizationoccurredonbothsidesoftheAtlantic,asagrarian,commercial,andindustrialcapitalallgreatly
increasedinscope.GreatBritainwasbecomingtheworld'sgreatestcenterofmanufacturingandtradewhileits
agriculturalproductionincreaseddramaticallyinscale.TheolderAmericancoloniesandtheirsuccessorUnited
StatesservedchieflyastributariestotheBritisheconomy,buttheytooexperiencedmomentousagrarian,
commercial,andindustrialexpansionsafter1750.
Parliamentarizationoccurredmoresubtlythanmakingwar,butwithnolesseffectonpublicpolitics.Ithadtwo
relatedcomponents:ageneralexpansionofParliament'spowerandashiftofnationalpolitidstrugglesfromthe
kingandhisclientstowardParliament(Tilly1997,Tilly&Wood2003).TheAmericansreplacedthekingwithweak
executives,investingheavilyinparliamentarypoweratthenationaland,especially,statelevels.
GratBritain:Proletarianizationoccurredevenmorerapidlyinmanufacturing,whereselfemployedartisanslost
groundtowagedependentworkersinshops,factories,andtheirownhouseholds.
NorthAmerica:slavesperformedanincreasingproportionofalllaborinsouthernagriculture,proletarianization
resemblingitsBritishcounterpartoccurredinthecoastalzonesofcommerceandmanufacturing,butthe
expandingfrontierprovidedabundantopportunitiesforsmallholdersandpettytraders.
Frenchrevolution:greatestsurgeofassociationalactivityoccurredduringitsearlyyears.Elitedemandsfor
parliamentaryreformthathadbeenactivefortwodecadescoupledwithpopulardemandsfordemocratizationin
theFrenchstyle,bothbasedinclubs,societies,andpopularassociationsaswellasreligiouscongregations.
InGreatBritain,theproliferationofinterconnectedassociationsfrom1765onwardtransformedpopularpolitics
andlaidthebasisforemergenceoffullfledgedsocialmovements.Butitstilltookdecadesbeforethefullsocial
movementapparatusbecamewidelyavailabletopopularclaimants.
Inthetransitionfromtheeighteenthtothenineteenthcentury,weseeemergingadurablecombinationofthethreesortsof
claimsinpublicmeetings,petitiondrives,publicdeclarations,demonstrations,andsharedsymbolsofmembership.