BURMA LAW REPORT-S

SUPREME COURT

1960

~containing ca.ses determined by the Supreme

Court of the Union of Burma.

Index prepared by-MR. K.. NGYI PEIK, B.A., B.L. (Advocate), Editor.
U MYINT SOE, M.A., .(Bar.-a~-Law), REPO.RTER.

Published under the authority of the President of ll"te Union of

Surm~ by the Superintendent, GovClnment Printing and Sta tionery,
Burma, Rangoon

[AIL_rights re~rvedJ
HON'BLE JUDGES OF THE suf:'kEME COURT OF THE
UNI0~...9F BURMA Dui:ING THE YEAR 1960 -

CHIEF JUSTICE
The Hon'ble Justice Agga Maha Thray Sithu U MYINT
THEIN, O.B.E., A.T.M., M.A., LL.B. (Cantab.), LL.D ..
(Ran.), Barrister-at-Law, Chief Justice of the Union.

PUISNE JUDGES
The Hon'ble Justice Thado Maha Thray Si_thu U CHAN.
HTOON, LL.B: (Lond.), Barrister-at Law.
The Hon'ble Justice Thado Maha Thray Sithu, Maha Thiri'
Thudhamma U Bo GYr, B.A., B.L., LL.D. (Ran.).
The Hon'ble Justice Maha Thray Sithu U AuNG THA GYAW..
B.A., B.L.
 ~~~

LAW OFFJ:GERS OF THE UNfON OF BURMA DURING

THE YEAR 1960
A.ttorneyGeneral
Tbiri Pyanchi Sithu UBA SEIN, B.Sc., B.L.. High Court
Advocate, up to 4th April 1960.
U YAN AUNG, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate, from
5th April 1960.
Legal Remembrancer
U YAN AUNG, B.A., B.L., up to 4th April r960.
Thiri Pyanclli~Sithu U BA SIN, B.Sc., B.L., from 4th
July r96o.
Assistant Attorney-Genera)
DR. MAUNG MAuNe. LL.D., Barrister-at-Law, up to 4th
April 1960.
u KYA\"l THOUNG, Barrister-at-Law, from sth April
1960.

Officiating Assistant Attorney-General

vVunna Kyow Htin U CHrr, B.A .. B.L., High Court
Advocate (8th March 1960 to 4th April 1960).

GoverJtment Advocate
vVzmna Kyaw Htin U Cl-HT, ~.A., B.L., High Court
Advocate.
vVunna Kyaw Htin u HLA MAUNG, High Court
Advocate.
U BA KYAW, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocat~.
U ToE MAVNG. B.A., B.L.. High Court Advocate.
U BA KYINE, B.Sc., B.L., High Court_Advocate.
U BA PE, B.A .. B.L., High Court Advocate.
U B.A.- PE, B.Sc., B.L*High Court Advocate.
 2

Government Advocate-concld.
U MIN HAN, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U HLA THrN, B.A., B.L., High Court Adv.gcate.
U BA THIN, Barrister-at-Law.
U TrN MAUNG, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U TuN LwrN, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
MR. C. GANGOOLY, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
Wunna Kyaw Htin U TUN NYo, B.A., B.L., High Court
Advocate.
U KHIN Mi\UNG, High Court Advocate.
MR. S. K. GHOSH, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U MYo KHIN, M.A., Barrister-at-Law.
Assistant Government Advocate
U HNIT, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U KHrN SEIN, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U MYA SHEIN, B.A., B.L., High Court Advocate.
U TrN 0HN~ B.A. (Hons.), B.L., LLB. (Lond.), Barrister
at-Law.
Legal.:Qraftsman
..
Tliiri Pyanchi Sith.u 0 CHIT TuN, Banister-at-Law.
Wunna Kyaw Htin U (uN PE, B.A., B.L.
DAW AYE Kyr, B.A., B.L.
Assistant Legal Drafts~an
U HLA THAUNG, B.Sc., B.L.
u MAUNG MAUNG LWIN, B.A., B.L.
 CORRIGENDUM

In the Burma Law Reports, 1957 (S.C) at page 76, r2th

and 13th lines of the head note :
For the words " lay Ft complaint for offence under
s. 195 (r) (b) or (c) of the Penal Code." Read" lay a com-
plaint in respect of an offence under s. 195 (r) (b) or (c) of
the Criminal Procedure Code."

A~
At page 79, 19th and 2oth lines of the judgment :
For the words " lay a complaint for offences under
section I!)5 (r) (b) or (c) of the Penal Code." Read "lay a
complaint in respect of offences specified in section 195 (1)
{bfror {c) of the Criminal Procedure Code.''
 LIST OF CASES REPORTED

SUPREME COURT.

PAGB

Daw Nyein v. U Thet and one

Evgoni T. Kovtunenko v. U Law Yone 51
Hamsaveni Company l
Hamsaveni Company ... ~ v. The Union of Bunna 65
G. Ramachandra ... J
Lim Cyan Hwat (a) Lim $\vay Gaung l
1
T~e .secrerary,
Mmtstry of
Lun Kwin Kee (a) Htwa Kong (a) ~v. Home Affairs
Htwa Tong j
and one. 128
Maung Ba Sein v. The Union of Burma .,. 139
Mohamed Farooq (a) Maung Maung and one v. Sahib
Jan and one... 4
P. Karapaya v. The Union of Burma 230
Pun Za Cin (a) P. Khup Za Cin v. The Financial. Com-
misioner (Commerce), Government of the Union
of Burma and two others 142
State Agricultural ' Marketing Board v. Messrs. The
Burmese Agencies Ltd. . . . 206
. ( Maung Sh'we N\ and
The Union of Burma ... -{ 'li two others
l Thakin Tin Mya 74
.U San } v. U _Win Htain and three others 151
Daw Khin Nyun
U L_u Gi* v. Maung Thaun~'Tin and three others 156
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LIST OF CASES REPORTED lli

PAGE

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 LIST OF CASE5 ClTED

SUPREME COURT.

PAGB

A. M. Eusoof v. S.V.S.T. Chettyar Firm, \1940) Ran. 72,

approved 262
Abdul Hussein v. Mussamah Umbda Bibi, (1896-97) r,
C.W.N. 93, referred to ... 262
Aggali Pradhania v. Emperor, I.L.R. 61 Cal. 54 14-7
Ah Fat v. U Tha Win, (1950) B.L.R. (S.C.) 53 160
Allied N~wspaper Ltd. v. Hindsley, (1937) 2 Nll. E.R ..
0 (' c: ('
663. o:>,:'l~eH : 0-)2' - 11
- -- - - - - - v . . Hit:~dsley. (1937) .4 All. ~.R.
66 a C" <'" c . . . :
7 <Xl.'l~21r=o.:>e . ~! .. \
Basant Lal Saba v. P. C. Chakra.vartv, A.I.R. (l950) Cal. ..
249 at 251 ... , ., , . . .". . :,. . i62
~urma Oil Co. v. The Court of industria!"Arbitration,
(1951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 48 ... : .. . .
C.. Ah Foung v. K. Mohamat Kaka, (1950) B.L.R_.' (t-(C.)
346 .
. 162
. ~ . . ... .- :. . '. . '~ ;, . ; !
Compagma Mercanttlc Argentma
v: ' The Umted .States
) I

S:hipping Board, 40 T.L.R. (1924) 601, re'ferred 'to 56
!
D. D. ~rover v.(' A. C: Koonda and
0 0 c .
one(. (1~55) B:L.i~.
. l -
54 l :' ;

ro,a:p);;.,o.:>e; , . . . . ...: . ,. 97
Danmal Parshotamdas v. Baburan1 Chht>telal, LL.R. 58.
All. 495 at 498, referred to ' 78
Daw Ngwe Nu v. Kalokwin Village Agricultural Board,
(1949) B.LR. (S.C.) 32 ... 160
Dr. R. C. Das v. The Controller of Rents, .Rangoon,
(1951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 225 ... 161
Kri~hnaswamy Ayyar v. Mohanlal Bingani and
another, I.L.R. (1949) Mad. 657 159
Vl LIST OF CASES CITED

P.\GE

Gomer Sirda v. Queen-Empress, 25 Cal. 86'!4, referred to 236

,Gree<lle v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs, (1942) <
A.C. 284 136-
Gwan Kee v. Union of Burma, (1949) B.L.R. (S.C.) 151
at 153 161
Holland's Diplomatic I:nmunity ~n English Law (Cur-
rent Legal Proble;ns) (1951 ) p. 97, referred to ... 60
Hup For v. Deputy Commissioner. lnsein, (1950) B.L.R.
(S.C.) 86 16(}
In re A Debtor (1936) r Ch. 237 at 242, referred to ... 79
- - Joseph Suche & Co., (1875) r Ch.D. 48, 5c,
referred to . .. 79-
Kedarnath Gupta v. Nagendra Narayan Sinha, A.I.R.
(1954) Pat. 97 161
King-Emperor v. Nga Pe, 2 L.B.R. J7, approved 235-236
King v. Thorpe and three others, (1947) R.L.R. 279 at
286, referred to 77
Kisoki Mohan Pal v. Provast Chandra Mudul and
others, A.I.R. {1924) Cal. 351, referred to 262
Kraiina v. The Tass Agency, {1949) (2) A.E.R. 274
Blackstone Bk. T, Chap. VII " of the Royal Preroga-
tive" referred
... . to
~
53-
Lal Singh v. The Minister for Finance and Revenue and
~hree oth~rs, (1958) B.L.R. {S.C.) 195 144
Lim Lyan Hwat (a) Lim Sway Gaung v. The Secretary,
Ministry of Home Affairs and one, (1960) B.L.R.
(S.C.) July issue cq9 ~~~1o.e 179
Liversidge v. Sir John Anderson, (1942) A.C. 206 136
Lubhsing v. Emperor, A.l.R. (1934) Sind 106, referred
to 236
..
Ma Asha and others v.. B. K. Haldar, 14 Ran. 439, re-
furr~ro 5
M. E. Bhaiyat & Sons v. The Chief Judge of the Rangoon
City Civil Court, (1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) 40 161
 LIST OF CASES CITED

approved
.
Maung Po Kyaw v. Ma Lay and others, 7 Ran. r8 .
262
Maxw~ll on the Interpretation of Statutes, 9th Ed.,
p. 404,~rerred to 77
Mighell v. The Sultan of j ohore, (1.894) I Q.B. 149,
referred to 55
Mohamed Haniff v. Flnancial Commissioner, Burma,
(1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) I I lAO
Mohamed Moosa v. Goolam Rasco!, (1923) 2 B.L.J. r6r
at p. r62 163 .
Narayaswami Pillai v. Emperor, A.I.R. (1932) Ma:l. 507 148.,
Narotamdas L. Shah v. Pathak Nathalal Sukhram and
another, A.I.R. (1935) Saurashtra 151, referred to 236.
Noor Mohamed v. Financial Commissioner, Burma,
(1951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 94 .. . 161 .
Oppenheim's International Law, pp. 791-86o, referred
to 61.
-------~---8th Edn. by Lauterpacht
at pp. 39-42; referred to 5T
Overseas of the Poor of Walsall v . L & N. W. Railway
Co .. L.R. (1879) 4 A.C. 30 159
Po Kin v. King-Emperor, 2 L.B.R. 320, approved 140"
Porte Alexandre, (1920) P.D. 30, referred to 56-
Queen-Empress v. Ramakka, (1885) I.L.R. 8 Mad. 5 147
Quilter v. Mapleson, {1882) 9 Q.D.B. 672, referred to 79
,.
R. v. A.B. (1941) I K.B. 454, referred to . . . 57
- v. Guerchy, I Win, BI. 545, referred to ... 57
- v. Taylor (1859) 1 F & F 511 148.
Rahmat Bibi v. Maung Po Sein and others, 14 Ran. 485,
referred to 6.
Ramachandra Nahar v. Emperor, A.I.R. (1944) Born. 14,
referred to . . . 236
Ramdas v. Gangasagar, A.l.R. (1924) Pat, 421, referred
ro 2~.
Vlll LIST OF CASES CITEI):

PAGB

Rameshwar Singh v. Homeswar Singh, A.I.R. (1921)

P.C. 31, refened to . .. u .. . 262-263'
,.
Ram Singh v. The Crown, A.I.R. _(1950) E. Punj. 21),
referred to . .. ... .. . '' ::.. 77
Report of Diplomatic Immun~ty _(Lord Justice Somer-
vell), referred to 62
:Rex v. Furnished Houses Tribunal of Paddington and
St. Marylebone Ex-parte Kendal, (1947) All. E.R.
448 at 449 159
- v. MacCrea, I.L.R. 15 All. 173 147
Russell v. Town and County Bank Ltd., (1887-88) (13
Appeal cases) p. 418 a{ 9 e~=:ne 10
.Sarkar v. Madorane, A.LR. (1950) Rajasthan 34, ex-
plained 235
'Sahib Din v. King-Emperor, A.I.R. (1922) Lah. 49,
referre::l to 236
.Sri Ramachandra Mardaray Deo v. Bhalu Patnaik and
others, A.LR. (1950) Orissa 125, referred to 262-2::3
.State v. Amba~am, A.I.R. (1953). Madhya Bharat (r)
explained 235
Statha:n v. Statham & Gaekwar of Baroda, (1912) P.D.
92, referred to 55
State through Ram Laut and others v. Bansu and
others, A.I.R. (1950) All. 669, referred to 234-235
State of Bombay v. Laxkaidas, A.I.R. _(1952) Born. 468
at 471 154
'T. Sriramulu and three others v. K. Veerasalingam,'
I.L.R. 38 Mad. ~85, explained 235
The Union of Burma v. U Sa\v L,vin and others, B.L.R.
(I952} (H.C.) 394, approved 235
Tinsa iVfaw Naing's case, (1950) B.L.R. (S.C.) 17 132
U Ba Tu v. Returning Officer, Lashio, (1952) B.L.R. (S.C.)
I 160
-- Ht\ve v. U Tun Ohn and one, {1948) B.L.R. (S.C.) 541
at 551 159
 LIST OF CASES CITED. IX

PAGE

. U Ko Ko GY.i v. Engineer-in-charge, Rangoon Corpora-

tion, (1f952) B.L.R. (S.C.) 266 t60
..
- Kyorl -M~i"ng v. Financial Commissioner, Burma,
(1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) 214 160
- Khin v. Maung Sa, 3 L.B.R. 62, approved 262
- Mya v. U Tun Ohn, :(1948) B.L.R. (S.C.) 733 160
- Pit v. Thegon Village Agricultural Board, (1948) B.L.R.
(S.C.) 759 160
Venkaturaya Gomudan v. Malappa and others, A.I.R.
(r947) Mad. 348, referred to 262
o 0 00 C' C" OC' C'Q 0 C C
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3l:J~:.>l~;~joof31(~hs :r.>?~9 S<>]~ro:>(c0) (A.I.R. (1936) All. 3
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 lNPEX

SUPREME COURT

P.lOB
ACTs:
BURM.I. LAWS ACT.
CIVIL PROCEDURE Coo.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNION OF BURMA.
CoNsTrru;rioN oF BunMA.
CoNTRACT AcT.
CRIMINAL LAW AMENDMENT AcT, .1951.
- - -- - -'TEMPOR.I.RY PROVISIONS A CT, 1958.
Cnt1>'l:INA.L PROCEDURE Cool!.
FoREIGN EXCHANGE REGULATION ACT.
GENERAL CLA.USf,S ACT.
LIABlLtTfES (WAR TIME ADJUSTMENT) ACT.
MuNICIPAL AcT .
PF.NAL CODE.
PuaLtc ORDER (PRESI!RVATlON) ACT.
SEA CUSTOMS AcT.
TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT.
URBAN RE."'T CoNTROL ACT.
ATTEMPT-Under s. x67-B-Sea Customs Act-and" preparation,.
under the P o!nal Co::l!--criminal conspiracy a basic ingredient in
"preparation" ... J.ol-2
ATTEMPT-D::finition of Attempt under Sea Customs Act, sr x67- B-
powers vested in the Customs Collector under that section seems
to be bo,;tndless, and does not seem to be i n consonance with the
provisionsofs. 15ooftheConstitution ... .. 142
BURMA LAWS AcT, s . 13 (z)- Omission-Ef/ect of-Gt"fts of immoveable
property among Mohamedans in Rangoon-Law applicable- Letters
Patent-Article 17. The effectofthe omi:;sion of s. 13 (z) from
the Burma Laws Act wou ld seem to make it clear that the law
governing 1\llahomed:m gifts has now become uniform throughout
the Union. The l aw applicable to gifts of immoveable property
among l\llohamedans in Rangoon is the ordinary law of the land
viz. s. 123 of the Transfer of Property Act. The e.xpression
"the laws which wou ld have been applied by the Chief Court of
Law!r B:.trm'l" occurring in Article 17 of the Letters Patent
would m!!lln just the law for the time being in force at present if
the ChiefCourtw~re stillin existence today.
MOHAMED FARO.CQ(a) MAUNG MAUNGAND ONE tl. SAHIB }AN
~D~U 4
 Xll GENERAt: INPEX

l'AGE
BURMA LAWS AcT, s. 13 (J)-REcoqNISED PRINCIPLES OF INTER-
NATIONAL LAW MAY BE ACCEPTED jN.M...Kli.;G DECISIONS AS BEING
IN ACCORDANCE WITH" }USTICE, EQUITY AND GOOD CONSCIENCE" 51

C ERTIORARI- Deals witT! jurisdiction-" Speaki11g orders"-Issue of-

Discretionary-When refused. Urban Rent ControlAct,s. 1 I (d)-
" Bona fide requirement" in-True test-Motive-Immaterial.
Certiorari deals with jurisdiction, which is diviped jnto two
categories," want ofjurisdiction" and" excess ofjurisdiction."
But actually both relate to the exercise of a power that a n inferior
tribunal d oes not possess. Rex v. Furnished Howes Tribunal of
Paddington and St. Marylebone Ex parte Kendal, (1947) All. E .R .
.44~ at 449, referred to. A third category has come to b e accepted
:tfid this relates to errors apparent on the face of the record and is
classified as " Speaking orders." Overseas of the Poor of Walsall
v.L. & N.W. Raihqay Co., L.R. (1879) 4 A.C. 30; Burma
Oil Co. v. The Court of Industrial Arbitration, (1951) B.L.R.
(S.C.) 48 ; Dr. R. C.Dasv. The CorztrollerofRents,(I951)B.L.R.
(S.C.) z25; M. E. Blzaiyat & S07lS v. The Chief :Judge of the
Rangoon City Civil Court and two others, (1952) B.L.R. (S.C.)
40, referred to. But such errors are always treated as errors
of jurisdiction. Dr. Krislmaswamy Ayyar v. Mohanlal Dingani
and m:other, I.L.R. (1949) Mad. 657, referred to. Failure to
act according to law does not in every case give rise to a right to
seek directions. The issue ofdirectionsisdhcretionaryandsuch
directions may be refused when thereis an al ternative and effective
r emedy. UMya v. UTunO/m,(x948) B.L.R. (S.C.)733 ;Ah
Fat v. U Tha Win, (1950) B.L.R. (S.C.) 53, referred to. Direct-
ions would be issued where t he available alternative remedy
would be ineffective. U Ba Tu v. Returning Officer,-Lashio,
(1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) I, referred to. D i rections would be
refused i f the act comphined of i s purely administrative as
distinct from judicial or quasi-judicial action. Hup For v.
Deputy Commissioner, Insein, (1950) B.L.R. (S.C.) 86 ;
Mohamed Hanijj and another v. Fi1zancial Commissioner,
Burma and others, (1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) II ; U Kyo11e
1Yfyaing v. The Firzancial Commissioner, Burma, (1952)
B.L.R. (S.C.) 214 ; UKo Ko Gyiv. E11gineer-in-Charge, Rangoon
Corporation, (1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) 266, referred to. The control
exercised !s s upervisory rather than appellate. Daw Ngwe Nu v.
Kalokz(Jin Village Agricultural Board, (1949) B.L.R. (S.C.) 32,
referred to. There would be no interference if an inferior
tribunal had jurisdiction to dea l with a matter and had dealt it
even though this Court may not agree with the tribunal one
questions of either law or fact. Gwan Kee v. Union of Burma,
(1949) B.L.R. (S.C. ) 151 at 153 ; Noor 1.Yfo!zamed v. Financial
Commissioner, Burma, (1<951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 9 4 , referred to.
"Bonafide requirement" ins. I I (d) of the Urban Rent Control
Act is restricted to "requirement to build." The true test
therefore is wheth er the landlord reallY intends to build. The
question of motive is hardly of importru1cc. l"vlohamed Moosa v.
Goolam Rasool, (1923) B.L.}. 161 at 162; C. Ah Foung v .
K -..Mo!zamat K aka, (1950) B.L.R. (H.C.) 346, r eferred t o .
U Lu GALEV. MAUNG THAUNC TIN AND THREE OTHERS 156
CONFFSSION-CONFESSION REcORDED UNDER s. 2 OF THE CRIMINAL
LAW (TEMPORARY PROVISIONS) ACT, 1958-CANNOT BE TAKIIN
INTO CONSIDERATION . ON A PPEAL OR REviSION AFTER THE AcT
HAS CEASED TO BE OPERATIVE 74
 GENERAL INDEX

PAGill
CONSTITUTION OF BURMA, s. 2II-ENSUnES THE ACCEPTANCE OF
RECOGNISED PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AS ITS RULE OF
CoNDUCT IN ITS RELATION WITH FoREIGN STATFS-BUT A RuLE
OF CON~O'C WHICH THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD FOLLOW IS NOT
NECESSARILY THE PROCEDURE THAT A BURJ\<IESE GOVRNMENT
MUST OBSERVE IN THE ABSENCE OF A SPECIFIC ENACTMENT WHICH
WOULD MA.K OBSERVANCE LEGAL 5I
CoNSTITUTION OF BuRMA, s. xzx-Power of Union Government to
exercise Exetut i ve Powers in the name ofthe President I 28
CONTRACT-ex-TJopperCONTRACT-PASSING OF TITLE 206

CONTRACT AcT, s. 60-PAYMENT RECEIVED FROM DEBTOR-WlmN

CAN BE APPLIEDBYCREDITORTOWARDSANY DEBT DUE 206
CRIMINAL LAW AMENDMENT ACT, 1951 ,s.u (x)-FIXTUREOFAMOUNT
OF GAIN OF THE ACCUSED-MUST CORRESPOND TO THE BENEFIT
GAINED AS ARESULT OF THE OFFENCE COMMITTED 6S

CRIMINAL LAW (TEMPORARY PROVISIONS) AcT, 1958-Ajter repeal-

S. z-Confessilinrecorded under-Could not be taken into consider a-
t ion in appeal or revision by High Court-Consideratio11 of admissi-
bility-Matter of procedure-Non-acquisition of substantive right
in-General Clauses Act, s. s-Not applicable to matters of proce-
dure-S. 5 (b)-" Anytlziug duly done'' in-How considered-
Meatling of. A confession recorded under s. 2 of the Crimind
Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1958 could not be taken
into consideration by the High Court in coming to a decision
on appeal orin revision after the Act had ceased to become opera-
tive. The question whethei" a confession recorded unde~: s. 2
of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1958 could be
taken into consideration in coming to a decision on appeal or in
revision after the Act had ceased to be opemtive is a matter of
procedure and in matters of procedure no substantiverights can be
acquired. The provisions of s. 5 of the Burma General Clauses
Act do not apply to mere matters of procedure. In considering
the effect of the saving of the expression ' ' anything duly done''
occurdng.in clause (b) of s. 5 ofthe Burma General Clauses Act
the words should not be considered divorced from the conte.xtin
which they occur and when these words. are read in the light of
the context, particularly in conjunction with the words''anything
suffered thereunder" they mean not procedural matters such as
the atlmissibility of confessions recorded in the present ca~e,
which are merely incidental to pending proceedings, but sub-
stantive acts which have been finally done such as convictions
recorded on the basis of the confessions wh,ch convictions were
confirmed o n appeal before the Act was repealed. King v .
Thorpe and tlzree others, (1947) R.L.R. 279 at z86 ; Maxwell on
the Interpretation of Statutes, 9th Ed. p. 404 ; Damna[ Parsho-
tamdas v. Baburam Clz!zotelal, I.L.R. 58 All. 495 at 498 i In
re A Debtor, (1936) l Ch. 237 at242 ,r.!ferred to.
MAUNG SHWE Nr AND Two
THE UNION oF Buru.iA v. TH....KIN TIN MYA 74

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CoDE, s. 350 (I)-Course to be followed by

mcceeding Magistrate-Effect of "De novo" trial-Powers of
i\IIagistrate and right of accused under-Division of proceedings
into two separate stages of enquiry and trial not warranted by.
xiv GENERAL INDEX

PACE
When one Magistrate succeeds another and acts under s. 350 {1)
of the Criminal Procedure Code, he must either take up the case
atthe point at which his predecessor ceased to exercise jurisdic-
tion or he may resummon the witnesses and recollU'Ilftil'ce the
enquiry or trial, and that in the latter event, whether done on
his own initiative or at tbei nstance ofthe accused, all the previous
proceedings, whether a charge has been framed or not, are to be
treated as non-existent. King-Emperor v. Nga Pe, z L.B.R. I7 ;
Tile Union of Burma v. U Saw Lu:in and others, B.L.R. (I9SZ)
(H.C.) 394-, approved. State through Ram Laut and others v.
Bansuandothers,A. I.R.( I 950) All.669, referred to. T. Sriramulu
and three others v. K. Veerasaliugam, I.L.R. 38 Mad. 585 ;
Sarkar v. Madorane, A.I.R. ( 1950) Rajasthan 34 ; State v.
Ambaram, A.LR. (r953) Manhya Bharat I, explained. The
initiative for adopting the alternative course provided ins. 350 (z)
of the Criminal Procedure Oode rests with the tr iallV!agistrate.
It would however be open to the Advocate for the accused to
ask the Court to decide which course of action it proposed to take
in compliance with this provision oflaw and if the new Magistrate
decides to act on the evidence recorded by his predecessor and
commences the proceedings from the stage at which the latter
ceased to exercisejurisdiction, the accused could then exercise his
right unders. 35o(r) (a) of the Criminal Procedure Code and ask
the Court to resummon all or any of the prosecution witnesses.
Thelanguage of the Code used ins. 350 (I) and its provisos does
notappearto warrant the division or separation ofthe proceedings
in a warrantcaseintotwoseparatestages of enquiry and trial. An
enquiry obviously is a proceeding where the Magistrate is
competent either to make an enquiry with a view to committing
the accused person to be uied by Court of Session or to m2ke an
enquiry in a miscellaneous proceeding of the char3 ctcr sancticned
under the Code. The word "trial" embraces the whole
proceedings in a trial of a warrant case from its very inception.
In other words the trial in a warrant case commences when the
accused appears or is brought before a Magistrate with the
prosecution witnesses ranged against him. Narotamdas L.Shah v.
Pathak Natlzalal Sukhram and another, A.I.R. (1935) Saurashtra
ISI ; Lubhsingv. Emperor, A.LR. (I934) Sind xo6 ; SaJ1ib Din v.
King-Emperor, A.I.R. (1922) Lah. 4-9; Gomer Sirda v. Queen-
Empress, zs Cal. 864; Ramachandra Nahar v. Emperor, A.I.R.
{ 19-1-4)Bom. 14,referred to-
P. KARAPAYAV. THE UNION OF BURMA 230
CRIMINAL PROCEDUHE CovE-Differences between Prcvent\ve
Measures in Criminal Procedure Code and that in Public Order
(Preservation) Act-in thelatterthe person is not allowed to show
causeagainstactionproposed ... ... ... 128
De-Nooo TRIAL-EFFECT OF 230
DIPLOMATIC lMMUNITY-ACCEPT.~NCE OF THE PRINCIPLE IN REGARD
TO CRIMINAL PROSECliT!ONS WOULD HE IN CONFLICT WITH s. 2
"OF THE PENAL CODE WHICH.-~PPLIES TO EVERY PERSON 5I

EXECUTION OF DEcREE-Step in aid of-.4pplicatiottfor leave to exec11te

under Liabilities (War Time Adfustment) Act 'onstitutes-
Calculation of period of limitation. An application for leave to
execute a decree under the Liabilities (War Time Adjustment)
Act was an application necessary for execution under the l~w for
 GENERAL INDEX XV

the time being in force a~d it must also be held to be a step in

aid of the execution of the decree. Therefore the date from
which the period of! imitation is calculated to run must be from
the date 0'1\. 'vl'hich the leave to execute under the Act was granted.
D.~W NYEIN v. U THET AND ONE l

"EXISTING LA.W"-AN INTERNATIONAL AGHEEMENT lS NOT INCLUDED

lN EXISTING LAW-s. 22I (1) OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
UNION OF BURMA. 5I

FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGULATION AcT, s. 24-Con.fiscati011 u1lder-

Wizat is liable to-Property i11 respect of which contravetzliott may
not be deemed to have taken place-Criminal Law Ametzdmetzt
Act, s. 12 (I)-Fixation of amount under-Computation of amount
of benefit-What is twt relevant in-Employct-Liability of-
For offuzces of employees-Duty ojprosecution. \Vhat is liable to
confiscation under s. 24ofthe Foreign Exchange Regulation Actis
goods in respect of which the contravention has taken place.
The mere factthatin the application form A-7, the Bill of Lading
was referred to, would not make the goods covered by the bill,
" property in respect of which the contravention has taken place".
In fixing the amount under s . 12 ( 1) of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act, I 95 I, the figure must correspond to the benefit
gained as a result of the offence committed. Vlhat the offenders
had to spend on account of deposits i,n kyats in this country for
the purpose of mking the remittance i n foreign currency has no
relevance. what has accrued to them is the benefit gained.
lliMSAVENl COMPJI.NY }
HAMSAVlli"'I COMPANY v. THE UNION OF BURMA
S. RJI.MACHANDR.~

FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGULATIONS-Offences under -difficult to

connect with the Preservation of Pub! ic Order 128
FOREIGNER-MEMBER OF FOREIGN MISSION WITH DIPLOMATIC
STATUS-CRIMINAL PROSECUTION AGAINST-EXECUTIVE AUTHORI-
TY UNFETTERED REGARDING WITHDMWAL OF PROSECUTION ON
GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY 51
GENERAL CLAUSES ACT, s. S-DOES NOT APPLY TO MERE MATTERS OF
PROCEDURE-MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION "ANYTHING DuLY
Do~" IN s. 5 (b)-CRIMINAL LAW (Tlli<iPOMRY PROVISIONS)
ACT, 1958 ... ... ... ... 74-
GENERA.L CLAUSES ACT, s.r3-Powers of Union Government to
exercise Executive Powers in the name of'the President
GIFTS-GIFTS BY MAHOMEDANS-LAw GOVE&'l!NG SUCH GIFTS
NOW UNIF0&>1 THF.OUGHOUT UNION 4

lNTJ'lRN.-\.TlONAL LAW AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS-Not part of

Municipal Laws-S. 214 of Constitution- Existing Law, s. 226-
Meaning to be placed on s. 21 x-Pcual Laws ,no immunity from.
K was prosecuted upon a complaint for defamation in regard
to a statement which appeared in a periodical published by a
pepart~ent of a Foreign State. He claimed diplomatic
1rnmun1ty as an employee of a department of a Sovereign State.
Held: Though in Britain and in the United States international
law is deemed to be part of the law of the land, the position is
xvi GENERAL. INDEX

PAG!l
different in Burma. Even anin'ternational agreement, as such,is
not part of Burmese Municipal Laws save as may be determined
by Parliament (s. 214 of the Constitution). Nor is it included
in "existing law" which is deemed to remain in force ifttr the
change in Burma's Constitutional Status and which is defined in
s. 221 (1). Recognised principles of international law may be
accepted, not as such, but in accordance with s. 13 (3) of the
Burma Laws Act under which, in the absence of specific
enactments ,decisions are to be made in accordance with" justice,
equity and good conscience." S. 21 I ensures the aceeptance
by the Union of Burma of recognised principles of international
law as its rule ofconductin its relation with foreign States. But a
rule of conduct the Union Government should follow is not
necessarily the procedure that a Burmese Court must observe,
in the absence of a specific enactment which would make such
observance legal. To accept the principle of dip'lomatic
immunity in regard to criminal prosecution would be in conflict
with s. 2 of the Penal Code which applies to e\ery person.
Unlike the Code of Civil Procedure, the Penal Code makes
no reservations in regard to members of a foreign Mission. But
liability of such a person under criminallnw does not fetter
executive action in that a prosecution may be withdrawn on
grounds of public policy, so that it is unlikely that a member of
a foreign mission with diplomaticstatus would have to go through
a trial, there being other methods to deal with the situation.
Kraji11a v. Tass, (1949) (2) A.E.R. 274; BlackstoneBk. I Chap.
VII" of the Royal Prerogative ; Mighell v. The Sultan of:Johore,
(1894) IQ.B. 149; Statham v. Statham and Gackwar qf Baroda,
( 1912) P.D. 92 ; Compagnia !lifercantile Argentina v. The United
States Shipping B oard, 40 T.L.R. (1924) 6or ; Porte Alexandre,
(I 920) P.D. JO ; Holland's Diplomatic Immunity i11 English Law ;
Oppenhcims International Law; Report of Diplomatic Immu11ity
(Lord :Justice Somervell), referred to.
EvcoNI T. KoVTUNENKO v. U LAw YoNe 51
LEGISL..o.TORE--Supreme-can enact laws within the limits of the
Constitution 128
LETTERS PATENT-ARTICLE 17-MEANING OF 4
LTAUILTTIEs (WAR TIME ADJUSTMENT) AcT-APPLICATioN FOR
LEAVE TO EXECUTE UNDER-WHETHER STEP-1;:-;-A!D OF THE
EXECUTION OF THE DECREE ...
(

MAliOMEDAN-GtFT BY MAHOMEDAN-WHETHER GO\'ER..-.;ED BY

MAHOMEDAN LA\V OR THE TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT 4
MANDAl\'rus-Duties of Rangoon Corporation when acting under
s. 157 (1) Municipal Act-where power is given to the authority
to take a certain action, if certain named conditions arc prcstnt
and the authority e.-..:ercises the power in the absence of such
conditions-Mandamus will lie to restrain it from doing so lSI

IvlUNJCIPAL Ac:r, s. IS7 (I)-Duties of Rangoon Corporation v:hen

acting under-Power under-Not discrttionar)-Circumscrib~d by
co11ditions-When lvfandamus will lie. Interference tcith private
rights-Strict compliance tcith latu nuusary in-Reason for.
Where the action proposed to be taken by the Rangoon Cor-
poration under sub-s. (1) of s. 157 of the Iviunicipal Act involves
interference with or deprivation of rights to property, it is
 GENERAL INDEX XVll

PACB

incumbent upon the Rangoon Corporation authorities to comply

to the fullest possible extent with the requirements of the law
~anctioning such act of interference or deprivation. In other
words, tl'l.c !'ower to remove the occupiers and their property from
the bllildings is not one resting entirely in the discretion of the
Corporation authorities. The exercise of such power is limited
or circumscribed by the conditions set out in the sub-section by
the use of the words "if it appears to be necessary in order to
prevent imminent danger". The authorities cnncerncd must
first of all be satisfied that there was imminent danger calling for
immediate preventive action. Where power is given to the
Authority to take a certain action if cettain named conditicns arc
present and the Authority exercises the power in the absence of
such conditions, l\1andamus willlie to restrain it from doing so.
State of Bombay v. Laxkaidas, A.I.R. (1952) Born. 468,
referred to. Where intereference with privaterights as sanctionew
under the Municipal Act is contemplated, care should be
taken that the requirements of the law is complied with both in
I etter and spiritso that the bonafides of the Corporation authorities
should not be open to question.
uSAN
DAW KHIN NYUN v. U \VIN HTAIN AND THREE OTHERS 151

MUNICIPAL LAW-BURMESE MUNICIPAL LAW-AN INTERNATIONAL

ACREEMENT AS SUCH IS NOT PART OF THE BURMESE MUNICIPAL
LAW SAVE AS MAy BE DETERMINED BY PARLIAMENT-s. 214,
CoNSTITUTION OF THE UNION OF BuRMA 51

l\1uRDER-when exception 4 to s. 300 will apply in a case of murder-

use of deadly weapon by a person armed with it against unarmed
man 139
0Ptu~r-Sm'lgg I ing of Opium-d ifficu 1t to connect with the preserva-
tion ofPublicOrder .. . ... ... .. . 128

PENAL CODE, s. 300-Exception 4-When and tohen not applicable.

For Exception 4 to s. 300 of the Penal Code to apply to a case of
murder it would have to be shown that the fatal attack was made
bytheappellanton the deceased withoutpremeditationin a suddfn
fight,in the heat of passion, upon a sudden quarrel and without his
having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual
manner. The 4th Exception to s. 300 of the Penal Code cannot
poss.bly apply to a case where a person armed with a deadly
weapon uses the same against an unarmed man during a sudden
fight, in the heat of passion, upon a sudden quarrel. Po Kin v.
King-Emperor,zL.B.R.320,approved. ,
MAUNC Bll SE!N v. THE UtNON OF BURMA 139
PUBLIC ORDER (PRESERVATION) AcT-Ancestry- Original aim of-
Criminal Procedure Code-Chapter VIII-Used in normal times-
Difference between-Peace and order-Preservation of-lVhat
cannot be connected with-L~gislature-Power of-Public Order
Preservation Act, s. s-A-Exercise of power un.Ur-Need for
exercise of care-Preventive measures-When become fraud ou
statute. The Public Order (Preservation) Act has its ancestry
in the Defence of Burma Act, which is the Burmese counterpart
of the Defence of the Realm Act promulgated for the successful
prosecution of the war. In its origin it was meant to cope with
an abnormal situation which called for measures to be taken
XVlll GENERAL INDEX

PIIGE

against persons in order that they may be prevented frcrn com-

mitting offences which would adversely affect peace and order.
In its original form the Act was modest in its scope. Later
amendments have added within its scope offences against' the
Arms Act, Essential Supplies and Services Act, Opium Act, etc.
In normal times use is made ofthe provisions in Chapter Vlll cf
the Criminal Procedure Code, under which people who are a
danger to society, such as habitual offenders, may be required
to furnish security. But the difference between these preventive
measures and the Public Order (Preservation) Act is that in the
I atter, the person is not allowed to show cause against action pro-
posed. There is seldom any proof, as one understands the term
judicially, but more often than not, action is taken upon suspicion
based upon material which would not be evidence in a Court of
Law. Another difference is, under the Public Order (Preserva-
tion) Act, the orders is by the executive and not by the judiciary.
And furthermore, detention under the Pub! i< Order(Preservat icn)
Act may be indefinite. One can understand the relation of
offences under the Arms Act to the preservation of peace and
order butitis difficult to connectthe smuggling of opium or
iron scrap or an offence under the Foreign Exchange Regulations
with such preservation, but legid;;ture is supreme, within
the limits of the Constitution, to enact laws. The power
that is exercised under s. S-A of the Public Order (Preser-
vation) Actis by the President or by some one to whom his
powers are specifically delegated. The President in peFon
never deals with any case of this nature but it is the Union
Government which e:.,.ercises his executive powers under s. 13
of the General Clauses Act and s. 121 of the Constitution. In
respect ofa man suspected ofsmuggl ing opium, since it has hardly
anything to do with the preservation of peace and order, greater
care should be exercised in deciding upon the proper step that is
nec<:ssary, so as to prevent him from pursuing his activities.
Preventive measures arc not meant to be resorted to, by way of
penalty, and to invoke the Public Order (Preservation) Act as a
punishment is a fraud on the statute and an abuse of the powers
exercisable underi t.
LIM LYAN HWAT (alias) LIM SwAY GAUNG T
LIM KwrN KEE (alias)HTWII KoNG (alias) Hnv1> ToNG v. 1m
Sr:cru:.-rARY, MrNISTRYOF HoME AFFAIRS AND oNE 128

REIMBURSEMENT-Liability of priruipal to agent for-Contract Act,

s. 6o-Absence of specific direction-Liberty to apply pa:yme1zt
to a11y debt. Rice and rice-products bought ex-hopper and paid
for by the respondents acting as procurement agents for the
appellants were looted or destroyed b y insurgents who over-ran
the locality where the respondents operated. Under the
agreem.cnt entered into between the parties the appellants had
accepted all risks. The claim for balance of money due and
payable on account of the price of rice and rice-products looted
or destroyed by the insurgents was resisted on the ground that
the contract must be deemed to have become void unders. s6 of
the Cont ractAct, as one impossible of performance. Held :That
rice having been sold ex-hopper t i tie had pass~d to the appellants
and under the agreement the appell ants had accepted all risks
that furthermore the respondents havin~ paid the sellers in full
this sum in its entirety was recoverable trom the appellants and
that the fact that due to circumstances no despatch could be
made, would not absolve the appellants from theirliability to
 GENERAL INDEX XIX

PAGE
reimburse their agent;. 'Vhere it is contended that certain
payments received from the appellants and appropriated by the
.respondents towards their commission should have been credited
toward~.h11 dee bills. Hdd ; That in the absence of any specific
direction, the respondents were enti tied unders. 6o of the Contract
Act to apply them towards any debt due and payable to them by
theBoard.
STATE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING BOARD v. MESSRS. THE
BURMESE AGENCIES LTD. 20 6

SEA CuSToMs Acr, s. r67-n-Legality of-Constitution, s. rso-

Limited powers andfurzctions ofjudicial nature exercisable by persons
who are not judges-Attempt-No comprehensive definition-
! ntention-not punishable-Preparatio1z in certain cases punishable
because of element of criminal conspiracy. S. 167-B of the Sea
Customs Act defines "attempt" as "any act of concealment,
k~eping or conveying of goods under such circumstances as are
sufficient to satisfy the Customs Collector that the goods are
b~ing concealed, kept or conveyed with intent to import or export
goods contrary to the prohibition or restriction under s. 19."
Under s. rso of the Constitution a person may be authorised to
exercise limited powers and functions of a judicial nature.
The powers vested in the Customs Collector under s. 167-n of the
Sea Customs Act appear to be boundless and the provisions of the
o;ection arc not in consonance with the constitutional provision.
"Attempt" is nowhere comprehensively defined. The ordinary
meaning is "to try" or "to endeavour". It is more than a
state of mind and a definite stage in the commission of a crime:
If the attempt is successful it is a crime. Intention, evil though
it may be, is not punishable. Aggrali Pradhania v. Emperor,
I. L.R. 6r Cal. 54 ; Queen-E~~J:,'Jress v. Ramahha, (I88s) I.L.R. 8
Mad. s; Rex v. MacCrea, I.L.R. IS All. 173 ; R. v. Taylor,
(1859) r F. & F. 51 r ; Narayaswami Pillai v. Emperor, A.I.R.
(1932.) Mad. 507; Lal Singh v. The Nlinister for Fiuance and
Revwue and three others, (1958) B.L.R. (S.C.) 195, referred to.
Under the Penal Code "preparation'' to wage war, preparation
to commit depredation on the terri tor ies of a friendly power and
preparation to commit dacoity are punishable because the
element of criminal c:mspiraC}' is a basic ingredient . It cannot
be said that in sending gold from Rangoon to Kalewa, which
ir. 160 miles away from the Indian frontier, an "attempt" to
send it out of Burma had been made.
PUN ZA CIN (alias) P. KHuP ZA CIN v. Ttm FINANCIAL Coi\1-
~ MISSIONER (COMMERCE), GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF
BURMA AND TWO OTHERS I42
SMuGGLING-Smuggling of Opium- difficult to connect with the
Preservation ofPublic Order 128
SPEAKING ORDER-relates to errors apparent on the face oftherecord-
writ of certiorari 156
TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT, s. 1:2_3-VVHETHER APP!.ICABLE TO
GIFTS BY MAHOMMEDANS 4
TRIAL-MEANING OF-IN '\'ARRANT CASE-EMBRACES THE WHOLE
PROCEEDINGS FROM ITS VERY INCEPTION . . 230
URBAN RENT CoNTROL AcT, s. I I (r) {d)-" bonafide" requirement-
is restricted to "requirement to build". The true test
therefore is whether the landlord really intends to build. The
question of motive is hardly of importance 156
XX GENERAL INDEX

10C' ("Or.: ( OC"" 0("" (." C )

IS<~OCJ:.>e:f>:G'J= oo~:::o~:Go.,qG~pmlf,
c- (' C' ("
0~:m~:::l)ro :LJmeo,;;an
<:'
rocp:GmJqcq:euG:J n

~of~, 3:5G9: ( a;lG'j:GoT g.,f:<:>Jcrl\,lp:)

C' ~ OC' OC' r,:_ (" C
(l)illu:>:>Gl:l ~ ;cqc Dt."ZuG9: :JdmeoG!:l n
<:' <:' c <:'
9 .);;>GU:G9: :JdmeoGtll =>'@?~~~IV II
00 (" c
o;> illS?~~~ <:>,:PmeuG:J J\
'\ <:' <:'
::lJ~o~oJoo;.. ()';l:JJc:l!p:()';lroeoo:Ju
0 <:'
o;,:an: <ilJO:D:G']: rr.)CDCUG !311
o oc- ( c- cr.::.c-)
()';l11:98JI! eu0? tc<:qo:>i.jc:
:;r.lGi:Jdd.;euG:Ju
GENERAL INDEX XXl

::>Oj

::>oG
X::lGNI '1V1!::1N3!) nxx
 ;crB:CC~rw~cbrodoc.cooa:c.a:~:lhn
) .:;, 0 .,) \...}
II ccccdwro 'c.o(ts ~rTrr
..) .)00
'SS'6I ';)UO puc llpUOO)I ":) y a. J;IAOJ) a a ~ ItS' "U"T8:
'gt6I tf' Lo ~:fee:~ ::)~ (!Jcpcw :;r v) (leo) :to~:~ II 11~0
.. 1 <r If l 16 ,
oc:::c,.co:re
:;, .lo.:>
' :re~~(ll ea;co ,wc.rococrro~
.) -' o .)
c.ccece:oc.co~ so ro:o~coro
o .) .:J L ,
'::Jhlcco~~rec.(ll 1eo~ro wcco~~C:JI[f) oc.~:'lc.cc::>coen~:d<'>
.) .j
obco .);fla:: 0 :.J~ .) J.... ;:, ~ ,) ::=::1 ..)
.>
obc.irrchl c.ccero4bcor:.l:i:e ~~ro:c.~ro rw~cba::docco0a;c.w${;~
'j o J :;, :,j co :l o .J \ .) r
r!Gll,hl
~.,);:j
c.cc::.P~r.bgr.u ,J 0
c.cc~:d~::Jro .) ,
:>kJ...10::> .)codro~e.croe.c 0
c.~obgw .) 0
c.cce&-lccccccwlu<'l
.) 6.)0
rccccccwlu
.) 0.)0.)
o>hde:2r~:cca> c.cc~ncoo coecocc
~ ,j .,) .)
rba::c~o2:cc4 roo~fl~Oc.co 4bcoD:i:e :reo<c<l> 'w'Coobc.~rrchl c.cco(!o
.) 0.:> ).J~ .. .:> 0 0 . . ) ~
.)cccc<l-~.) .)cccc:c.~ ,lfh;J;J:l:cec 'S'J 'r.crn)(:.2:c.u:2<l> rbecc.ccocc !:>~'~"' rccccC!lr:J
0 I .) :> 00 .) .}:.:!
ccdb:reoa>a. ~&3t::1 'wccccccw1:ufl 1CCccccw'w o>f.ceo2:flco:ttC!l
.J. .:> .>~O.) eJO ~ 6.)0.) .> .:>
1
rbroc~o2;@~ ccco:hlc.@Pwo COM> rC2cc ro:de cro: Otc:J(DCCflt:C
.) f,j 0 0 .J 0 .l .:;, ..}
c.cc~c.co~wcbo 0.)
ooflfl rc.~4oc.co
00 .)
c.ccoba:i}:>ca:o
.) ..)
wlkbro
0
e4occo
.)
ococ.w~:l;o ,(,a:;c~o2:@J. c.cce::tea;cc ,owcc.c.:e:~:'l ::;o'?,a:; cbce:ree
\,) .) .)0 .,) \. .) .) '\
:ob::::torr
.> Jo
ucorecoC:l:i:err
:> ..) ~
ncaocror~c.coe:GI[f) I k5&3cco~te:6:')ro
~ ,) 'S .:> ..:>oo
rc.ccowi}ocre~
.) .) .)
'wheco
0
:<:b53o riEl ~.)
:>Pw~ce .)
:)>1G:'JOC :C!PC?:ca.we~occo
.) ...1 ..) .. .)
v 10 If " 1 1 1 i'.~r-> 1 l
OCiJC.CO:'l:l:>:'l
\. ..:>
I l'Jfl:1C::"c:co :re :cee~<l> CLJCCO:'l:IS W I :1 CCCOCOflCS"C:C
o .> .,o:>- .) .> ..) J
c.cc:;,tu46c.ohl:i:e
0.)..)~ . . . .
4~ec:c.~ro @ccgw &3C?6wt;oc.reeJ r~oc.co ~:l>~cbro
.:> o.> .J.:> .> ::>o
c~occo ~ococ.wed~~
.) \. .)
rbcsc:;,n2:C2~
.) \ ..)
~a:c.w~:t;:'l .,):)o'f.ro
\
cbre:re:'l :::>b::>Co
.) .)O
Ccc :oblo~:oo
.).::J.)o
wre~&cc:cooc
:> e
bee cr) ~C(' flCOGeo2 et:lero holrcc:ro
.>
-~ .J .:>
;@a'?,
..:>
rce!cc
'\ .:>
~l'lruro 'w::::Cl)(]@coe~:; olrec.~l::ou u&ru;;:,ClkolPc olPec.all.occc:'lcc
.> o L o ..>~:.JJ J o ') o .>::lo .>
"
cccoe~:;: r
6ecororo weec!3::>CO>' J o!i':
r becoecccc ' '" c.C?s r ~Q
J .J \ ..:> .) .> OO.J .J
' .) CO<"~cogcc
.> ,)
rg..):)\:cCOic:bC.O
.) ..;..)
C:c ;::>bl~cc:oefla 0 !ElC2co'~
.) :::J., ..:>!Jtec S'.)
e
.) ~IO:'JCC ..)wre:.chl~
..] _:j C.CC~:C?CC\P:J @roJhl :JC.E;:;):'lb;:, r:oi:lbco:'l 'ccce!cc
.) :J .) -- ,) ::J 0 .)
1'6 ~ r. t -..-,
1"0~:~o:ccc p :r.
" .CLJ1eoc.iill~
0 :,J ..)
] " .) 0 .)v .) :occoe:c.
.:J ..)oc. :;,Boc.ce:'l:CC:'l
.) ..) .) .) l:cec:c.lfle:coco

I i'. 11 I i'. r 1
::>10 :)oeo:>c.co:'l rs-o::>ue ::>>;:':re~:cc::>c.fl:'l
L )0 .> ~ .:>o .) "' ."1
Cbf
d [51 ( :beJcco;g:c
.,,<, """., <"""]
O~:l'leJl
OCLJOC.CDCD(\)) :J\;'OCC7:'l:f>CC:JC.fl:'l
.;. ...) 0 ..)
:0~ :OP.CCC::>CWCC
;) .J .) .) .)0 .;.
11 C2ccahl :>froc.cc1'lw[;oc.reo cbok:b:;,olPe
.) .J:J ,.) .) .) ~0 .)
otc Jcocob-Jrdod.u cb::>re :b:;,::>bro:cbco r:oScccc:::>Ocoro:c::xcl::o
.J \. .) .:> .j.)O .) 0 J .) ..) ::J..> 0 .:>
::>0::>00 :c.ec:Cco
.) .JO 0.
'b:::c.blcc ~ ~ 0 .) 0 .J .JO
::J 11G:f'>ccc~ 'ruoa>:Jro :hl:oeccl::o
(,'j ..>
cu~od~e
.) .)O
1bro
wfe:c.h:l~(2 l:l>:h:l:oe:c.co~cUkc r:o!:C2cc:oblw'co:ct:;:l:-1C2 <}b:r.o
,.) ~.:> .:;, ctJ .) ..J .;> ..) "~b 0 ~ .:> ,"1
, 1 ., " r rb "-~ 1 n
rocn
..J
OG~ro :c.a::cco cc:c.o:reB
,:). .10 o
o . ::>~-;: :P.ccc.uccros
o.,..j;.: .) .) .l o ..> .>
J ,cu::>Goro:o!:o::>
.;, o ,) .Jo eJ
rbec llt~ c~oc:al~~okcs :c.ec:oB~o:::l\.e IW:~;::JAC.co~c~cc :>c~~k
;J J l,; 0 .) .) :>o e.:::J .:J .} .) ~ 0
......
ucccc"o'1:
" 1 "0
:"'CCO~CCroJhl :hl:r.t> a.:Jc.ft"l
.:J o .,) .) :J o .J .) o eJ jo ..) o
.,:J :@ro'w:dfl:Js~ro r,)~hla;~cc:>t-:r.!CCCo
;.J ..) .
c. ~.?Jr"c.G
~!!XX X3<JNI ~V)!3N:ii~
xxiv. GENERAJ.:. INDEX
 GJ?NERAL INDEX XXV

Jjj

00

00

3
XXVI GENERAL INDEX
ccr ~ I,;ro :h-l~okSc.co~~eec
LJ.> .) .> .>
'::>!-:bc~cc .)o~::c.ec~kcc
.)
~dko
.:JO
nfeecotoft ~
c.ufecr; c.a:~::>o:lrcoes ::>rogco c.a:ell.o2a:4b:lirc.uft rcca:J.b:]rc.u
.) .) .) 0 .) ..) .) ..)
'w'~ahl
0 .>:.:I c.cc~:c.oo:k5hl.) ~.)::>eo (C) L1:1c
;; <"ch .) c~o2wcc .,) .)c.oo~wc.co~
.)
eG :::>c~~coro::>o c.~wrees ca:~'WC20::t;fl @a:lkauc.cc e :::>Q:re
.> ~ .> .> .> .> o .> o ..> .>~o
:;,e>cc 'w: :ffl: 2~o lf.:a.;cb~:ctc ::>Coa:cc :-hi CDI'l~cnJ. F:):f>a.;c re C2a::c.ffl
o J S"J J J J~.:> Oo.:> :> .> .>o .>
\Jcbec4c.5c.oo~wc.w~es
0 .) .)
1C2fto~bco~~oo
.J .) .)
l:o')(ll'l:::>Q:::>tt~oo
:_j ,:::J., .J
:->eo
.)
(C)
&~:~c flGr)loteec 'w:c.rftnb:ccoll' c.a:eco~coa: col'l4cnJ. 'Ct: 'a:l:o riGaR
.J .J Lt o o .) .> .> :J oo.> o \ o S' .>::.:1
c.ccea: c.a:eb::>c.ce~:P-co~occocb;,cc IGo..:cbe:c.'Cc ::.'Coa:cc:hl co<'>~
l .) .. .) ~ .) ~.) .) ..) .)~ .J 0 0
enol- ~~:>:Bwr.ce
.) :;,- .) .) 0
c.~cccea: l
hl:::>c.h1eb~
:J .) ::::::1 11 PeeO..:H">::? roefto~ro c.flc.Jca:l)l
.) L. ..L ;.J
c.a:eeo;:;::Ja:Pwcocc:::>'C.oec rC2a:f:::oa.cc:hl cofl~cnJ. :l"la:rre rC2cc
3...... .) .) .) .) .>:.3 .) 0 0.) ..> .)Of. .;)
cbhc.cc~:re:P.cc IGa.:cb:!>:c"cc 'w:c.rP.:@go ':lCh1ea.:'Cow'Cc nfee~roB
. o ~ ~.> o .J .:> ~ .> o ot...
:c.fflc:b:c.wll' ca:ell.o :f'lwc:rec.oo~a.:c.wecc ::>eo (t;) L~c flc'O
.) ' ' .> .) o .J .) n .> 9
:J .l
uC2cdeebwfroa:cb~ c.osocco 6?1'lbeaucQhl besflf::o::b ::> C.O roeesfll'l
.) 0.) .) .) .:J .) .) :,j .) .) .) ..J,;. 0 0
1
.)c.uJ.::> ..) Jhlco
03 ..)os@cca:cbe .,) ..) Cc IO~CCC~CC
0 ..,1... l
P P. :crl'l~C/:o ICl>e<r{;Jccccccft
00 ~ 0 .> - .> 0
-:J , --:J ,. o n --:JO J '"
ro:<>..l~a:cccc .> o o J
a.:a:cc::>co .>
a;;:~coccceco:.FI'I :cJe.:a::onsow:..,c.cc::.a:
o .> 1 ::foo ..> :;, 3
rr n '~
ure~::::ll <":o cncocw~ cn10ero wc.ore
~11 n , n
~ ~::>c. :l
l~6~ 11a::c.oococ.Jro~ .l .JO .> ..) ..l ~ 0 0 ..)
:k~Rc~oa IG:::>tc6?co 'c.ocnrgees r~:dt~r:b:c.a.:ll' c.a:~::>croe :>eo~ co
:J ~ ~ .J .J 0 .> l.O :> .> ..) I_; .> .>
c~o2 11 PeelXO~<" 'w2cc:c.oo:H'CC2bF 0 ..) .,J .)
<'itccc(')
0 .)
'w:c.fe.&c.ccebwl;::::c.ce~
0 .) .j
:cb~o :>eoc.cc~cc ccceea:ro 'w:c.rt~:C28o4l:o ro:!a:abloo
.,) 3 ..) 0 .) .) ..) .:>:!..) " .) ~
:::::Q
:c.cooco ..)
cc~6(')wfe'l!Jb'e
\. 0 .) :.:1.> !.:>:df~c:bro
::> 0
cc.o~a.:c.a.;::e.c
..) .)
'w:dl'l:C28o
0 .,)
~w cccz~w~ro~ro ro~ c.~:::>c.c.o~ Jc./,:cPP.ob:cwll' ccce:C':J:bzro
.> '" a.> .> ..;..; .> .> o.::i
c.oees 0
1 co~cc:c.Pe.r:b:c.c.oG> c.cce::>cro~'Co..,d. 1[1) 1o:!cc:cco:*c3hl:::roes
.) .) ..l 1....) .) ~ .) ..) ~,)
oocc :>eo (C) 0l>lc flCo ceo2wc.c ~'hc.oec.oca.:eeccnco::o l:n@flb
0 .) .:J ,) .) .) .)
1 9 v 1or 'I:~c. ] IT.J .) 1 .)
ll'eoccc.uoo
:; .) 0
auc
.;J
o~ :>co IOeeG:I'lccceo:
..) ~ ! .)
~l:le 1::>rcoe:::c.o cc roe
.) '\..) 0 4..,;
c.cc~cchl:::>c.Q~be 'w:d<":CX!ao
3 :j .J ~ 0 .)
sw .)
ccbbl'lwre')(l: ( ~~.:~>:c.re.[cbcc c.c.o~
\ 0 ..) . ~..) ::s 0 .)
cue. wecc r<":Gcoccc~cc c.ccec.ro::hl:oc.~ebecnro ::o'ec:~c.oc
.) 6 l . ) : J . ) ~J .) .) 0 .)
re41:o~ 6
..)0 .) .)
II ucurecohl:beu u@o:~~ofe ~ :::>c.~~:.a::c,~fl,.Qcc&:b~eslbro
;) .) :J. ..) .) ~.) ~
( C) L1:1c ~
<"co c~oca.;cc c.c.o~coc.a.;ero :::>cn~corooo ,:,c.~~c.cce
..) ..> ~ .) .) ~.) ...) .) ::::J
:,:)Cl>Q .J
::J ..)::>roaxc:.hlc.o~~ro~ .):,j.J 00.:> .
c.cc::~b::>cree:Pco4ccc.o:de~cbec::::b
.) .) .) 0 ..)
IGahl
~.) ~
oeo::>hlcnro::>o
.) .):J.) ..l
c.cce:O~c.w Fflcrw~ .)
ob .>::>10(') 'e:fla:Cce~losb .) .JO .> ..l
c.~cb~e
cccz:re:Pcc e ~
w:c.PP.I;c:bes o
c.c.o~wc.a.;~ro , ::>hlec@ccbfl :oO!;a:l'ltl
.l .> .:> :.:1 ..l o .l :::Joo oo
1 ,, ~ r f\ r
~
c.o: ::., c.ro::cceecn 0 a:c.cc~cccoa:
0.) ~ l 0
eccce 3:
cc CCP.CC c.a: ~c.rofl::<.w~ :>
c.o'eo~cbcc:H:h:l~i>:')J;J 'ofc:bcewll' 1!!-row
~ .>
oc.co:> o'co:c.fl'l:o:!~otokec L o o o :.:::::J ' o:::J.> .;, ..>~
"' :> ."1,9'? , ~ ' J ,.
ccce)we~':>c.ree:wcooc.roes
j i> ,J .)
::>c.oc.uc.esea:ro
.) .)
~fl t'C.Ues erect-f cucc
~-0 0 .:> 0 .)0 0 0
r.: ~
:cooc.uc.rro~ <>C.OCCCDo ::>!Saw cccca.;c.roo OJC.U ooo
re -.. 11 n r ., c ::>ewt: 1I,cc
..) ~ .) .) 0 .) .) 0.) .) . .)
( C) Ll>lc :J
ftco.)
cso2a.;e.c ..) ,
c.c.o~a.;c.a:ilec
.)
::xEUle.rr.ro::-o
.> .:.:...1 .) J .:>
::>ro,J..-;ro~cc
r 1 n -.-. ,,, " r.: v
oc.cc~cccc sc.cow a::a:G tflC.CC!>CC cocc cc:c.oo<,t;c rc"e rwcocc
J ,:,o ..> .:. t e .l - ....r .>.
&:lccfl:ce:F.ccl!.C'be
.:J a e J o o
'w:dl'l:C28mkco:es .) .)0 .;
i!2cc:,cc:r.~Aea:c.a.;eec
.> .> .:>
c.cte
c.~c.ui~G<ll
~
TIAXX XRCINI :1~3N3~
X3GNI '1\"d3N3!)
GENERAL INDEX
cb
XXX ,
GENERAL INDEX
Gel
Ccf
CCC
lloc
 c..*w- ~ccl!oc..ro~cc:o~~re_fc..o s-c:c..ibJo~~c.s~:jo .o::>[6f~;_r&c
a;l[fi .I CCCCC'u~:ccckco~ ::Jch-leb e:oewfe!::dilo <1-CI.:~4ftl'l I~c..h-le
s~ o.>~.J:::::I\ ..>.>:J..).) .)~
c..ccz;rowct:;Jol'lb:'G
.. ., .:>
'wttl'lco<w~ !G'F.'c: teesccce.~a:cbettrodt::l ~cc
:::::::1 "o .o o :J .:> ..> o 'S'o o L. o.> .J .,., ~
:h1~:cbcocoo.;,cb 'Cc.olPeesb ofro4o c.c:ool'lwfe!::c..Gb fbcoCI.:c.c; ll:l~c..cc
ELl ;, o .> \ ~ =
.> ...,J.' 'S'.J \
So .,
'- n 1~"fl:: :cccu:. -:J g ''co :=d:ole~e;,r.ewte:clil:e:~cocrcccc:oo::>cc
.J .> 0
o.> Ptees.,clli
I \ .-, d .> ..> =.1
,--- 1 \ .J ~ .> :Jn .:lo, "' .:> .>
~'Ccto:ob ::,~ccccoo::>~e l'l'axvce2cc:4o:2t2w~o~ ~4cS6 c..~:::>i:16:oe
..) 0 .) .J :::'1 .) 0 . 0 ..) ,) .) . .) .) ..) 0 '\. ~ ::J.
wPe~c..\ol'H': cob:4o:)c..P.e 'axcbcoe~esn nc.orecor::l:~u u:::>!:l:oo
.:> ~ ....Joo . .)~..J o .> .,:,-:1.. .:>~
1 1
.)ahles '$"~""
V' . fG;:;:Jcc 1; wwfe::c.Re ccco:F>ccr.&CC'cu4t::l Jecc&ccttl'l 1dccchl
0 .:> .J !j .) 0 .J .> ..) ~ L .) .J ~
1
cbroec..) :c0:..)2o .)co~co~;roo:coe .) < :ool'l 1:ooa;c .) lb:>ees0roesu u.)c.oreoc ,
t::le
;:;
tlcr .}c.5;r.1
o.::J.>~o:beccei:hl ..>
\ .> :J I .>SO:~CoeG :,-fl:P:f!
.:> e ~
(tee) ~:lWCD
.J o
II fe~~j'~l'l \:,ccceo2:cbco
cl'lw,e
r r. ~ :::-cl:olero ,.-, c.:cecncc:ccccnleCC
" -:J 1 ~ 1n1eP-occ1w:::cc:roc.cro ~ "
' <.:>cc:cro
:J :; =.1 ~ .J :J .> 0 .) .,) ,J :,-.
n: 1 , ':"') <1
WCICD~ ~C. ~fl1CO:::C CCC~COcc(')~COCOCC
] "~ . ] ::> l'l 6' : ~ :10:0 ::lCCOO::lCO
.> .> :> , o o 1u o .:t .J .;, .Jo.)
.-, I~ r p b _T_ ~- V 1 , , 1 ' 11
core ccro~
..) ) .} :J
~~:Clfl::) :=m~ c..cce()l~) cc.;c.c:occ:e coco:e :'>CC COl'l
.) ~ ""...) .) .) 0 .J 0 .) 0
l@cc~:c.cc:ocfco::. co:occvcro cb:::rea;cc uC2ccabiC2(') :ca>:c~:o'Cc
.) .) ..)O .)Q .) .> .J -J..> .l ~~ .>
~cc w~hcwcesl:o
.> .Jo o o .:.
lo@ccoa::tol'l :> o
,C2ccoesto
.J .J o .> .:>
::>nmwro .J~bcoPecclPe :J .. .:>
'eck ,:hl&!ccGtil@l'lb!; :ccorocc:cccees ccc~too'e Jbccceo2:cbco
0 o .>:j,_., .J:J.J 0 .> ..)O
.l
w'Coes~be~eJo~mfecolre acroec:cccwclb:>o :irocc:cP.zl5~:::hcvccc
_, .Jo.> .> .J .J .:> .:>o '
cb:::>CeCl.JCCII
.>o.:>
II re~(.co~::J~;Qe ::::>t;l:lre~l::l bhl;pa; IOa!i-t,cc:b C ro~e>
.:>o~ .>::I.> .J~.J:.l.Jo L.:\ .) .
1o~e o~tc 'oo;fla;::::ro t:cccb<t{)]hl:k~l:DCI.:C>cwces r:hcob c ro~eJ
.>' :..~ o .:> o ..) ->-OJ ., .) .J .>
,ofb o~~c tc.~~t>ro olreQ~:::frokcc~co~re bhi"Qs~ wb ~ rol::l~
,) ::; .} 0 ~" :::I .) ..) .) .J ~\ .) Q'J
I (j)~'h tJG~cll uwrec.ohl:kn nalccro~'JJm cc~re;P.ro ~Q:d(')wrc
.) :;, .) ~" .:> .J 0 .:> .:>o .lW .>
:l'lw:C2C>2cc()l :::>c.~~6JIJ('):::>I:I:ceclewro 'eccbb:c..l:lcr: ,cci;b~cbcc
.:J .J .:; .,) ~ :J .>::::1 l,;.) 0 :::J \ 0
~co~l'la;:,ecc a:>kS:t:;J~o ~::::>roescci'l~ro~ ~4k~b 1:::>cEU)ecoluJIJ
_,o J :> 0-::L.:> .::a .) oo..l 81 :> J .J __, .> o ~
"
oe::>cos~ 1 I '"'
l:le:oc ..-cos 'b rl'l~ :::cese>'>' t:ceccc:ccca:clroe>
.) .)O .;J
.l
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 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

SUPREME COURT.
fs.c
DAW NYEIN (APPLICANT) 196o _
v. Jaiz. 29.
u THET AND, ONE (RESPONDENTS).*

!Execution of decree-SteP in aid of-Application for lea~e to execute und~r

Liabilitfes (War Time Adjustmmt) Act constitutes-Calculatio1z of period of ,
~~~ ~
An application for leave to execute a decree under the Liabilities (War Time
.Adjustment) Act was an application necessary for execution under the law for
the time being in force and it must also be held to be a step in aid of the execution
.of the decree. Therefore the date from which the period of limitation is
.calculated to run must be from the date on which the leave to execute under
the Act was granted.

P. N. Ghosh for the applicant.

Ba On for the respondents.

U CHAN HTooN, J.-This application must be dismisse9-

.as being misconceived. The facts are quite simple. The
respondents obtained a final mortgage decree for K r6,soo
.against the applicant in the District Court of Myaungmya
on 25th January 1954. The respondents' application
for execution filed on rst March 1954 was dismissed
for want of leave to execute the decree as
required by the Liabilities (War Time Adjustment)
Act on ,4th May 1954- The respondents then
filed an application for leave to execute the decree
'Orr roth May 1954 under the said Act and the District
!Court of Myaungmya granted leave on 24th August I955
The applicant on her part applied for relief under the
Burma Agriculturists' Debt Relief Act on r6th July 1956
to the Agricult.ural Debt Settlement Board, Wakema. The
Board's order granting relief was set aside by the President
Civil Misc. Application No. I !2 of 1959.
t Present: U MYINT THEIN, Chief Jusice of the Union, U CHAN HTOON
and U Bo GYr, JJ.
2 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

S.C. of the Union of Burma on the r~spondents' appeal by an

1960
order dated 12th December I957 The respondents then
DAWNY.,IN
v. filed the present application for execution on 7th January
u THETAND
I 9 59 in the District Court of Myaungmya~
ONE.
The applicant objected to the execution on the ground
that it was time-barred. Her objection was overruled and
she appealed to the High Court ; but her appeal was.
summarily dismissed. In her application to this Court
for special leave to appeal she contended that under
section 9 of the Limitation Act the period of limitation
which began to run from the date of the decree should
not be held to have been interrupted and therefore the
execution application was very much time-barred.
It must however be noted that under Article 182, item
5, in the First Schedule to the Limitation Act, the period of
limitation of three years will run from " the date of the
final order passed on an application made in accordance
with law to the proper Court for execution or to take
some step in aid of execution of the decree or order.' r
The application for leave to execute under the Liabilities
(War Time Adjustment) Act was an application necessary
for execution under the law for the time being in force
and it must also be held to be a step in aid of the execution
of the decree. Therefore the date from which the period
of limitation is calculated to run must be the date on
which the leave to execute under the Act was granted,
namely, 24th August 1955. From that date 'to the date
of the present application for execution (7th January 1959)
the period would be 3 years, 4 months and 14 days. From
this period, r year, 4 months and 26 days must be excluded
under the provisions of section 28 of the Burma Agricul-
turists ' Debt Relief Act which read as follows-
" In calculating the period of limitation for any suit filed
in, or proceedings before, a Civil Court for the recovery of
a debt which was the subject of any proceedings under thi5
Act, the time during which such proceedings continued a_<;;
 1960] BT.JIRMA LAW REPORTS.
well as the time taken for obtaining a certified copy of the S.C.
60
order of the Board shall be excluded." t9
DA\v NYEIN
The proceedings under this Act started with the applicant's u T;~T AND
petition on r6th July 1956 and terminated with the order oNn.
of the President on 12th December I957, taking altogether
r year, 4 months and 2~ days, and this period must be
excluded from the period of 3 years, 4 months and 14 days,
as shown above, leaving r year, I I months and r8 days:
It must therefore be held that the present application for
execution was within time.
Special leave to appeal is therefore refused and the
application dismissed with costs. Advocate's fee is fixed
at K 8500.
4 BURMA 'LAW REPORTS.

SUPR,EME COURT.
ts.c.
1!)60 MOHA..MED FAROOQ (a) MAUNG MK0NG AND ONE

jan. zs .
(APPELLANTS)
v.
SAHIB JAN AND ONE (RESPONDENTS).*

Burma Laws Act, s.13 (z)-Omission-Effect of-Gifts of immoveable property

amotzg Mohameda11s in Ra11goo11-Law applicable--Letters Patent-Article
I7
The effect of the omission of s. 13 (2) from the Burma Laws Act would
seem to make it clear that the law governing !\1ohamedan gifts has now become
uniform throughout the Union.
The law applicable to gifts of immoveable property among iVlohamedans in
Rangoon is the or.dinary law of the land, viz. s. 123 of the Transfer of
J>roperty Act.
The expression " the law which would hnvc been applied by the Chief Court
-of Lower Burma" occurring in Article 17 of the Letters Patent would mean
just the law for the time being in force at present if the Chief Court were still in
existence today.

Kyaw Myint for the appellants.

E Mauna for the respondents.

U CHAN HTOON, J.-The parties in this appeal are Mos-

lems who are litigating in respect of a bui1ding and its site
known as No. 2o6-2ro, Mogul Street, together with the
business dealing in medical stores under the name of " Ma
Than Tin Medical Hall ". The respondents filed a suit in
the Original Side q~ the High Court against the appellants
for possession of the building and its site and also for posses-
sion and accounts of the business claiming to be the heirs of
one Rahmat Bibi alias,Ma Than Tin, a Sunni Muslim, who
died intestate at Rangoon on the 19th January 1950 without
leaving any issue. The appellants who are husband and
Civil Appeal No. 8 of 1957 from the judgment of the High Court in
-Civil xst Appeal No. 41 of 1957, dated the 19th June I957-
t Present: U MYTNT THEIN, Chief Jusice of the Union, U CHAN HToo.;
~nd U Do GYr, JJ.
 BURMA LAW Rli:PORTS. 5

S.C.
wife also filed a cross suit for declaration that they were the rg6o
owners of the property by virtue of an oral gift made to MOHAMED
them by the said deceased Rahmat Bibi at the time of their FAnooQ {a)
MAUNG
marriage on the 25th February 1949. MAUNG AND
ONil
Two issues were framed by the trial Court, viz., (r) v.
SAHIB JAN
Whether or not the oral gift was valid under the law for the l).ND ONE.
time being in force, and (2) whether the Medical Hall
business belonged to the deceased or to the appellants. The
second issue was decided in favour of the appellants. The
first raises an important question of law in view of the
amendment effected to the Burma Laws Act by the Repeal-
ing and Amendment Act of 1945 (Burma Act No.2 of 1945).
Under the provisions of the said Act of 1945, section 13 (2)
of the Burma Laws was omitted. The trial Court held that
on account of this amendment the law applicable to
Mohamedan gifts of immovable property in Rangoon is not
the Mohamedan Law but the ordinary law of the land as
laid down in section 123 of the Transfer of Property Act.
On appeal by the appellants, the Appellate side of the
High Court referred the following question to a Full Bench :
"What is the law applicable when the validity or otherwise
of a gift of immovable property between Mohamedans is in
issue in a case before the Courts at Rangoon? "

The Full Bench of the High Court held that the law appli-
cable in determining the validity or otherwise of S!Jch a gift
is the law as laid down in section 123 of the Transfer of
Property Act.
The question involved in the appeal before us is the same
as that was referred to the Full Bench of the High Court. It
is settled law that the provisions in section 123 of the Trans-
fer of Property Act apply to gifts of immovable property
among Mohamedans in the places outside the ordinary ori-
ginal civil jurisdiction of the High Court. Vide Ma Asha
-and others v. B. K. Haldar (1); but in view of the provisions
(r) 14. Ran. 439
6 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C. of section 13 (2) of the Burma Laws Act the law applicable
196o
MoH.~MED
to Mohamedan gifts in Rangoon was held to be the
FAROOQ'(a) Mohamedan Law. Vide Rahmat Bibi v. Maung Po Sr;in and
MAUNG
MAUNG AND others (1).
ONE
v. Section 13 (2) of the Burma Laws Act reads as follows:
ShHlB }AN
AND ONI!o "Subject to the provisions of sub-section (r) and of any
other enactment for the time being in force, all questions ari-
sing in civil cases instituted in the Courts of Rangoon shall be
dealt with and determined according to the law for the time
being administered by the High Court of Judicature at Fort
William in Bengal in the exercise of its ordinary original civil
jurisdiction. "
The law administered in such matters by the High Court of
Judicature at Fort William in Bengal was the Mohamedan
Law. The effect of the omission of this provision from the
Burma Laws Act would seem to make it clear that the law
governing Mohamedan _gifts has now become uniform
throughout the Union. However the appellants contended
at all stages of their case and before this Court that by virtue
of the provisions of Article 17 of the Letters Patent consti-
tuting the Hig}1 Court of Judicature at Rangoon and in view
of section 13 of the Union Judiciary Act, the law to be
administered by the Courts of Rangoon still must remain
the Mohamedan Law. Art. 17 of the Letters Patent reads :
''And we do further ordain that' with respect to the'law to
be applied to each case coming before the High Court of Judi-
cature at Rangoon in the exercise of its ordinary uriginal civil
jurisdiction, such law shall be the law which would have been
applied by the Chief Court of Lower Burma to such case if
these Letters Patent had not issued. "

We agree with the learned Judges of the High Court Full

Bench when they hold that the expression " the law which
would have been applied by the Chief Court of Lower
Burma " would mean just the law for the time being in force
at present if the Chief Court were still in existence today.
(x) 14 Ran. 485.
 BURiMA. LAW RgPORTS. 7

Section 30 of the Union Judiciary Act is as follows S.C.

'' Subject to the

.
provisions of the Constitution and
196o
MoHAMED
to >the provisions of this Act or any other law for the time F.!:ROOQ,(a)
MAUNG
being in force, the jurisdiction of and the law to be adminis- MAUNG AND
ONE
tered in the High Court and J:he respective powers of the Judges v.
SAHIB JAN
thereof in relation to the administration of justice in the AND ONE.
Court, including any power to make rules of Court, and to
regulate the sittings of the Court and of members thereof
sitting alone or otherwise, shall be the same as immediately
before the commencement of the Constitution. "

The provisions of this section would not carry the appel-

lants' case any further.
We therefore uphold the decision of the High Court that
the law applicable to gifts of immovable property among
Mohamedans in Rangoon is the ordinary law of the land,
viz., section 123 of the Transfer of Property Act. Accord-
ingly the appeal is dismissed.
As regards costs we feel that each party should bear
their own costs in this Cou.rt, in view of the fact that the
deceased owner Rahmat Bibi alias Ma Than Tin would have
made the gift by a registered deed had she not been advised
that no such registered deed was required under the existing
8 BURMA LAvV REPORTS. (1960

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BURMA LAW REPORTS.
10" BURMA LAW REPORTS.
BURMA LAW REPORTS. '11

(z) ( 1937) 4 All. E.R. 667.

12 BURMA LAW REPORTS'.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 13

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14 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

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20 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

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24 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

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G!Jd')(OOIGJ~c: ~ro~;::GC\:>:))211

"There is no legal obligation imposed upon either the

public prosecutor or the Court to advise the accused to
request the Court to refer to the statement of any witness
to the police under section r62, but it must ever be borne
in mind that it is the duty of the public prosecutor and
any other official who may be conducting a prosecution to
prosecute, not to persecute, the accused, and that responsi-
bility rests upon,him not to allow the Court or jury to place
reliance unwittingly upon the evidence of a witness who to
his knowledge made a contradictory statement to the police
in the course of the preliminary investigation, and in such
circumstances he ought to inform the Court that it might
be expedient that the accused should be made aware that
he would be entitled to be supplied with a copy of a witness'
statement to the police if he made a request to the Court in
that behalf."
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 25
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

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42 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
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50 BURMA LAW REPORTS~
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 51

SUPREME COURT

EVGONI T. KOVTUNENKO (APPLICANT) ts.c.

1960
v. March 18.
u LAw YONE (RESPONDENT).*

[ntemationallaw and International Agreements-Not part of Munici'pal laws-

S. 2If of Constitution-Existing Law, s. 226-Meaning to be placed on s.
z I x- Penal Laws, no immunity from.
K was prosecuted upon a complaint for defamation in regard to a statement
which appeared in a periodical published by a Department of a Foreign State.
He claimed diplomatic immunity as an employee of a department of a Sovereign
State.
Held : Though in Britain and in the United States international law is
deemed to be part of the law of the land, the position is different in Bunna.
Even an international agreement, as such, is not part of Bunnese Municipal
Laws save as may be determined by Parliament (s. 214. of the Constitution)
Nor is it included iri "existing law" which is deemed to remain in force after
the change in Burma's Constitutional Status and which is defined ins. 2:u (z).
Recognised principles of international law may be accepted, not as such,
but in accordance with s. 13 (3) of the Burma Laws Act under which,. in the
absence of specific enactments, decisions are to be made in accordance with
"justice, equity and good conscience ".
S. 211 ensures the acceptance by the Union of Bunna of recognised
principles of international law as its rule of conduct in its relation with foreign
States. But a rule of conduct the Union Government should follow is not
necessarily the procedure that a Burmese Court must observe, in the absence
of a specific enactment which would make such observance legal.
To accept the principle of diplomatic immunity in regard to criminsl
prosecutions JVould be in conflict with s. 2 of the Penal Code which applies
to every person. Unlike the Code of Civil Procedure, the Penal Code makes
no reservations in regard to members of~ foreign MisJiOn. But liability of such
a person under criminal law does not fetter executive action in that a prosecution
may be withdrawn on grounds of public policy, so that it is unlikely that a
member of a foreign mission with diplomatic status would have to go through
a trial, there being othet methods to deal with the situation.

Krajina v. Tass, (1949) (2) A.E.R. 274; Blackstone Bk. I Chap. VII "of
the Royal Prerogative; Miglzell v. The Sttltan of Johore, (1894) I.Q.B. 149 ;
Statham v. Statham & Gaekwar of Baroda, (1912) P.D. 92 ; Compagnia

Criminal Misc. Application No. 272 of 1959

t P1esent: U MYIN'! THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U CHAN HTooN,
J. and U Bo GY~, J.
5~. BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I960

S.C. J"Mercantile Argentina v. The United States Slzjpping Board, 40 T. L.R. (r924)
1960 6or ; Porte Alexandre, (I9ZO) P.D. 30; Holland's Diplomatic Immunity in
-,.... English Law ; Oppenheims International LatL' ; Report of Diplomatic Immunity
E VGONI .l . ll) f ,
KoVTUNENKO (Lord Justtce Somerve , re erred to.
l:'.
u LAw E Maung for the applicant.
Y,ONE;
Kyaw Min for the respondent.
Maung Maung (Assistant Attorney-General) as amicus
curiae,.

U MYINT THEIN, C.J .-In the " Tass " Bulletin of the
23rd April 1959. issued at Rangoon, an item of news
was published under. the date line " Delhi; April 2Ist."
the Editor.:.in-Chief of a leading English newspaper was
stated .to .have received a large sum of dollars from the
~0cal American Embassy. The suggestion was, the Editor
~ad..been paid this sum to agitate for a change in Burma's
policy and to bring her into the South East Asian Treaty
Organization.
The Editor naturally took grave exception to this and
therefore lodged a complaint against one Kovtunenko, the
loc~l representative of the "Tass" Agency, for criminal
defamation under section 500 of the Penal Code.
On the complainant's sworn statement, a warrant of
arrest bailable at K ro,ooo, was issued by the District
Magistrate, Rangoon. The accused took refuge in the
precincts of the Soviet .Embassy, and on approftch being
made by the officer executing the warrant, he was told
by a Secretary in 'the Embassy that the matter should
more fittingly be channelled t4rough the Foreign Office.
On the accused's failure to appear, the learned District
Magistrate enhanced the bail to one of K 25,000 (vide
Diary Order of the 8th May 1959). In the meantime,
it seems that representations were made by .the Embassy
to the Foreign Office and according to the information
contained in the Foreign Office's letter of the 23rd May
i959 addressed to the District Magistrate, the Embassy
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 53

S.C.
was informed that the accused should comply with the 1960
orders of the Court. EvGONl T.
Tqe applicant ultimately made his appearance in Court KoVTUNENKo
., 'V.
and deposited, the SUlJl of K 25,000, the amount of his U LAw
YONE,
baiL and claimed immunity from process. It is common
ground that his name is not among the list of diplomats
issued by the Foreign Office and the applicant does not
claim diplomatic status which would accord personal
immunity from process but maintains that the "Tass"
Agency, of which he is an official, is a department of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. He also filed a certi-
ficate to that effect, issued by the Charge d'Affaires of the
Soviet Embassy at Rangoon. He has thus claimed im-
munity of a Sovereign State, from process.
This averment that the "Tass" is a department of a
sovereign government will have to be accepted, coming
as it does from the Charge d'Affaires, though it would have
been more proper if such intimation had been conveyed
to us by our Foreign . Office. In this case, however, we
have not insisted upon this procedure since the aggrieved
party in his sworn statement had said : " The Tass is the
Telegraphic Agency of the Soviet Union " and we are
satisfied that it is.
Learned counsel for applicant Kovtunenko maintained
before the District Magistrate that the complaint .
in effect was against the "Tass" and that the
"Tass" ~ being part of a sovereign state, it
was not amenable to process of our Courts, unless of
course the Soviet Union voluntarily submits to the juris-
diction. Among the various authorities that he cited
before the District Magistrate, he relied greatly upon
Krajina v. The Tass Agency (r), a decision of the British
Court of Appeal in which it was held that the "Tass"
being a department of a foreign sovereign state was im-
mune from suit. The learned District Magistrate however
(x) (1949) (~) A.E.R. 274.
54 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C. seemed to have thought that there would be a distinction
1960
between a civil suit and criminal proceedings. He pointed
EVGONI T.
KOVTUNENKO out that Krajina's case was a claim for damages for libel
v. ..
u LAW while the case before him was a criminaL complaint for
YON. defamation. He therefore decided to proceed with the
hearing of the case, giving his reasons thus :
"But the case before me is a criminal one, and though
legal principles generally must apply to civil and criminal
proceedings alike, there is no ruling to show that in a crimi-
nal case of defamation, where it is alleged that the accused
himself had defamed the complainant, he may plead his
employer's sovereignty."

This order is now sought to be quashed.

Counsel for the applicant reiterated before us the sub-
missions that he had made before the District Magistrate.
He concedes that a person in applicant's position, because
of lack of diplomatic status, can be prosecuted for assault
or for an infringement of traffic regulations. He may
even be sued for the recovery of a private debt but it is
contended that the publication of the " Tass " Bulletin
was an official act of the Soviet government and if the
applicant in fact had published the item complained of,
it was within the scope of his duties authorised by his
government. The grievance of the complainant is in re-
gard to the action of a department of the Soviet govern-
ment, and though the complaint is levelled, at the
applicant formally, it is in effect against the Soviet
government. And " the Soviet government being a
sovereign state, learned counsel further contends, is im-
mune from the process of our Courts. Learned counsel
for the respondent stressed the fact that the applicant is
merely an official of a department of a sovereign govern-
ment and that therefore he is not cloaked with the same
kind of immunity which an Ambassador or his retinue
enjoy. He even maintained that diplomatic immunity
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 55

does not cover criminal process. The learned Assistant ~9~

Attorney-General, who appeared at our request, mentioned EvGoNr T.
that Government had taken a neutral attitude in the mat-
!!)
KoVTUNENKo
JJ v.
ter which had,, arisen out of a private complaint. He u LAw
. . . f YONil.
accepts that a sovereign state 1s 1mmune rom process
but maintains that as the "Tass" Agency has been operat-
ing in Rangoon as a private news agency the question of
sovereign immunity does not arise. He suggested also
that the matter is more the concern of the Foreign
Office rather than that of the Court, the Court's task being
to proceed with the trial in the absence of any bar to it.
A host of authorities were cited. We have been
referred to Blackstone who in his Commentaries* said that
no suit or action could be brought against the King and
that no jurisdiction upon earth would have the power to
try him in a criminal way, much less to condemn him to
punishment. And it would appear that no distinction can
be drawn between acts done by a sovereign in his political
and his private capacity. See Mig hell v. The
Sultan of ]ohore (I) where the action was
for breach of promise, undoubtedly an extreme
case of contract made in private. Also Statham
v. Statham and the Gaekwar of Baroda (2), where
the action was for divorce with the Prince as the co-
respondent. In both cases it was held that the Courts
had no jurisdiction over a sovereign. This concept of
sovereignty is now universally accepted and all states
have, as a matter of policy, agreed to certain limitations
of their territorial jurisdiction, such as personal jurisdic-
tion over a foreign sovereign within their territory, over
his army, over his property and over his ships of war.
These limitations naturally extend to the state itself
since the King's sovereignty is because of his representa-
tion of the state. The concept of state sovereignty, at
Bk. I, Chap. VII " Of the Royal Prerogative".
(r) (1894) xQ.B. 149. (2) (1912) P.D. 92.
5'6 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

S.C. least in England, is so well established that in Compagnia

1960
Mercantil Argentina v. The United States Shipping Board
EVGONI T.
KoVTUN,F.NKO (r), where the latter was sued for return of alleg~d over-
v. payment of freight, the Court of Appeal in setting aside
u LAW
YoNE. the proceedings said :
" it is established to the satisfaction of the Court that the
body against whom the proceedings are taken is a body
representing a sovereign state."
From the certificate furnished by the Ambassador of the
United States, the Court held that the Shipping Board was
"just as much a representative of the United States as
the Ambassador himself " and further that " there is no
authority anywhere to be found that the mere fact that a
sovereign in engaging in some trading business subjects
himself to the processes in the Courts of a foreign country_."
The latest decision cited to us is Krajina v. The Tass
Agency (2) which we have mentioned earlier, another deci-
sion of the Court of Appeal. On the certificate filed by the
Soviet Ambassador the Court accepted the statement there-
in that the " Tass " was a department of the Soviet Govern-
ment and held that the normal immunity attaching to a
department of a foreign state under international law would
prevail.
The concept of sovereign immunity, as understood in
England, seems limitless and many would share the anxiety
of Scrution. L. ]. expressed in the Porte Alexandre (3),
when he said :
"Now this State and other States proceed in their juris-
prudence on the assumption that sovereign states are equal
and independent and that as a matter of international
courtesy no one sovereign state will exercise jurisdiction over
the person or the property of any other sovereign state ;
and now that sovereigns move about more freely than they
used to do, and do things which they used not to do, and
(I) 40 T.L.R. (I924) POI. (2) (1949) (2) A.E.R. 274
(3) (192o)P.D. 30.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. ST

now that states do things which they used not to do, the S.C.
1960
question arises whether there are limits to the immunity
which international courtesy gives as between sovereign inde- EVGONI T.
KOVJ'UNENI\
pendent state~ and their sovereigns." v.
U LAW
3ut, be that as it may, Krajina's case is still authority for YONE.

he proposition that a department of a sovereign govern-

nent is immune from civil process.
The position in regard to immunity from criminal pro-
:ess however remains unclear. Judicial pronouncements
to not exist. Mention is made in text-books of R. v.
;uerchy (I) and R. v. A. B. (2). Neither case decided the
;sue, for in respect of the first a nolle prosequi was entered
nd in respect of the second, immunity had been waived.
tis inconceivable that a sovereign state as such would ever
e tried criminally. Satisfaction would have to be sought
1rough the usual diplomatic channels or through war.
In the case of a person of diplomatic status who has
ommitted a crime no doubt the Foreign Office will move
he Head of Mission to deal with the matter or even to
raive immunity. If neither is forthcoming the offender's-
:ay in the country could be terminated.
This then appears to be the position that prevails in
ngland.
After a hundred years of British rule and trained in the
w as we are according to Anglo-Saxon concepts, we tend
, rely upon English and American authorities but in deal-
,g with the matter before us, we must bear in mind thar-
tat in the Anglo-American systems tlj.ere is always the
}mmon Law to rely upon and that international law is
~emed to be part of the law of the land. According to
ppenheim *-
,, - . . . As regards Great Britain all such rules of
international law as are either universally recognised or have
at any rate received the assent of the country are per se
(x) I Wm. BL 545 (2) (1941) I K.B. 454
* Oppenheim's International Law, 8th Edn. by Lauterpacht at pp. 39-42.
58 BURMA LAVv REPORTS.

S.C. part of the law of the land. To that extent there is still
rg6o
valid in England the Common l!aw doctrine, to which Black-
stone gave expression in a striking passage that the Law of
Nations is part of the law of the land. It <.has been 1'epeatedly
acted upon by Courts. Apart from isolated obiter dicta it
has never been denied by Judges.

* * * *
In the United States the principle that International
Law is part of the law of the land has been adopted even
more clearly. Such customary International Law as is uni-
versally recognised or has at any rate received the assent of
the United States, and further all international conventions
ratified by the Unite::l States, are binding upon American
Courts even if in conflict with previous American statutory
law;"

The position prevailing in our country is not quite the

.me, in that section 2I4 of our Constitution provides
tat no international agreement as such shall be part of
te Municipal Law save as may be determined by Parlia-
ent. Under section 226 subject to the Constitution and
1 the extent to which they are not inconsistent therewith,

te " existing laws " continue in force. But the definition

: " existing law" in section 222(1) makes no mention of
ternational law. It is however urged that because of
ction 2I r of the Constitution which in part reads:
" The Union of Burma . . . . accepts the generally recog-
nised principle~ of international law as its rule of conduct
in its relation with foreign states.",

should be taken that International Law is recognised as

.. 1rt of the law of the land.
It is an attractive proposition, but in our judgment, a
rule of conduct that the Union Government should follow
" in its relation w.ith foreign states " is not necessarily
.the procedure that a Burmese Court is to observe in the
 ' 59
!J60] BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C.
:tbsence of a specific enactment which would make such 1960
)bservance legal. We interpret the section to mean that EVGONI T.
it is a declaration of policy which provides guidance to KOVTVNENKO
v.
::lVernm'ent in i-!:s international relations and makes it U LAW
YONE.
cumbent upon it to take such legislative measures as
ay be necessary to bring it in line with other states.
There is section I 3 (3) of the Burma Laws Act under
1ich, in the absence of a specific enactment, our Courts
ust decide " according to justice, equity and good con-
[ence." The law relating to Torts is an example where
is provision has to be invoked. It would thus be within
::! competence of the Courts to follow the principles of
:ernational law, not as such, but as being in accord with
;tice, equity and good conscience. However, in con-
lering whether a particular principle can be adopted,
~ provisions of sections 2 r I and 2 I 3 of the Constitution,
which reference has already been made, should not be
:t sight of. Thus, for a particular principle of inter-
tionallaw to be acceptable in our Courts, firstly it must
generally recognised customary law of the Nations and
:ondly it must not conflict with our Municipal Law.
illustrate the position, we shall take the case of an
1bassador who, according to accepted principles of inter-
:ional law, is immune from process. In this country,
Never, he may in theory be sued, but under section 86
the Civil Procedure Code, the President's consent is
:essary. The section itself restricts the grant of consent
y to cases specified in it and in actual practice the
~e for the President to accord such consent is unlikely
be reached.
In regard to criminal prosecutions in this country,
Penal Code, in view of section 2, applies to every
;on. Exemptions from the operation of the Code
are by way of exceptions enumerated in Chapter IV of
the Code. Thus, for example, section 82 provides that
nothing is an offence which is done by a child under
60 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [r960

S.C. seven years of age. No person, not even the President oi

J960
tl:le Union, merely by virtue 6f his status, can claim im-
mnity from the penal laws of this country <tnd, in so
u as the Courts are concerned, a complaint of the nature
:1Volved in the present case, will have to be dealt with
ccording to law. There is no provision in the Penal Code
[milar to section 36r (r) of the Indian Constitution in
iew of which the President or the Governor is not answer-
ble to any Court for the exercise and performance of
1e powers and duties of their office or for any act done
r purported to be done in pursuance thereof.
This, however, does not mean that every alleged
ffender without exception, has to undergo the indignity
f a trial, because it is within the competence of the exe-
utive to intervene by withdrawing the prosecution, a
rocedure which is often resorted to in many countries,
'n the ground of public policy. The incapacity of the
:ourt to reject a complaint, except for reasons permissible
1 law, does not in any way fetter the Union Government's
reedom of action in dealing with the matter.
We have no doubt that the Foreign Office will consider
he matter and in its wisdom decide upon what is appro-
riate. But calling to mind the Burmese adage that even
1e wise might be inadvertent, we quote below the opi-
ions of eminent authorities on International Law, on the
ubject of criminal process. .
Holland, dealing with Diplomatic Immunity in English
aw * said:
"Exemption from civil jurisdiction and all civil process
is, then, well established. The position with regard to crimi-
nal liability is, however, not clear. In works on Interna-
tional Law it is usually stated that persons enjoying diplo-
matic status are exempt from criminal jurisdiction as well as
civil jurisdiction. There is, however, not a single

Current Legal Problems, xgsx, p. 97

 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 61

judicial decision in English law as laying down the proposi- S.C.

xc;6o
tion. On the other hand, there is no case in which a foreign
rliplon;atic agent has been subjected to criminal liability in EvCoNI T.
KOYTUNENKO
his country, except where his Government had waived v.
nmunity on his behalf. The probable explanation of this U LAW
YoNE.
tck of judicial authority is that it is not the policy of the
xecutive to initiate criminal proceedings against persons
njoying diplomatic status, and for this reason, the Courts
ave never been called upon to adjudicate upon the matter."

:nheim * has this to say :

"As regards the exemption of diplomatic envoys from
:riminal jurisdiction, the doctrine and practice of International
.aw agree nowadays that the Receiving States have no right,
n any circumstances whatever, to prosecute and punish en-
oys. But this does not mean that a diplomatic envoy must
tave the right to do what he likes. The presupposition of
he privileges he enjoys is that he acts and behaves in such
, manner as harmonises with the internal order of the receiv-
ng state. He is therefore expected to comply with all such
:ommands and injunctions of the Municipal Law as do not
estrict him in the effective exercise of his functions. In
:ase he acts and behaves otherwise, and disturbs the internal
lrder of the state, the latter will certainly request his recall,
lr send him back at once."

"he above extracts deal with those who are accorded

1matic status. In regard to Commercial Agents, the
:ion as explained in Oppenheim t is this :
"Occasionally a state sends to the te1ritory of another
lgents to represent in some public service or business carried
m by it, for instance the management of a state railway or
1 State Tobacco Industry or even a Trade Delegation for the
Jurpose of general trading. Agents of these kind do not
possess diplomatic characters or immunities, and are fully
subject to the jurisdiction of the state in whose territory they
are. They only differ from their fellow nationals in the
respect that, being government agents, both prudence and
P. 791. t P. 86o.
62 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

international courtesy demand. that as far as possible special

consideration should be shown by the local authorities to
them and to premises occupied by them for official: purposes.
No distinct rules have been developed with regard to their
position, but in some cases the matter is dealt with by agree-
ment, between the two states."
In many countries diplomatic immunity is not con-
ned to persons enjoying diplomatic status but extends
, non-diplomatic personal such as the Ambassador's domes-
: servants, even if they should be nationals of the receiv-'
g State. Our attention has been drawn to the Report on
iplomatic Immunity * submitted to His Britannic
ajesty's Foreign Secretary by an inter-departmental Com-
ittee presided over by Lord Justice Somervell, in which
e following appears:-
" There are, for example, a limited number of States which
do not give full immunity to the clerical and similar staff of
foreign political Missions in their territory, although a great
majority of countries do so. Some of the personnel in this
category perform duties of a most important and secret nature
and are repositories of important and secret information.
The nature of their work and the practice of the majority
of the States seem to us to point to the conclusion that any
withholding of immunity would, or at any rate might, be
contrary to International Law.
* * * *
... . In our opinion under International Law full immunity
from civil and criminal process attaches not' only to the
Ambassador but to his staff dmvn to the secretaries and
attaches.. It also would, we think, attach to clerical and
similar staff where as in this and most other countries they
are recognised as having full diplomatic immunity from civil
process. With regard to domestic servants there is a good
deal of difference among writers on International Law."
As far as we can see, the purpose of the existence of
the " Tass " Agency in Rangoon is to gather informaiton
in Burma and to disseminate information obtained from
*Report of Diplomatic Immunity (Lord Justice Somervell), referred to.
 BURMA LAvV REPORTS. 63

sources which are not cqnfined to Burma, on behalf of S.C.

1960
the Soviet Government through the medium of the" Tass"
. w h'1ch Is
1lletm . d'1stn'buted f ree and WI'de1y, SIX
. d ays a KovruNENKa.
EVG.:'JNI T.

eek. If the applicant is concerned at all in the publica- u {~w

m of the bulletin including the item to which exception YoNE.
IS been taken, his act in publishing it might be an official
t authorised by his Government and within the scope
~ his official duties, as the applicant's learned counsel
mtends. But that in itself could not be a defence in
w in this country. However, it is a factor to be taken
to consideration if executive intervention is sought.
The contention m..ade b)[ the learned Assistant Attorney-
eneral that in the absence of formal or official accredita-
on the "Tass " should be regarded as operating as a
h-ate news agency, has no relevance. A sovereign can
take known his real character at any time, whereupon
~ assumes the privileges due to him, as did the Sultan
c Johore when the suit against him was launched.
Our attention has also been drawn to the United
ations Legislative Series Publication (1958) regarding
1iplomatic and Consular Privileges and Immunities. On
age 52 appears a memorandum relating to Privileges and
mnunities accorded to foreign Diplomatic and Consular
epresentatives by the Government of Burma, in which is
1entioned that immunity from legal process and criminal
rosecution is accorded to, among others, " officials not be-
lg citizens 'of the Union of Burma employed directly under
1e orders of the Ambassadors/Ministers of foreign embas-
.es/legations in their diplomatic capacity." Embassies
nd Legations accredited to Burma would expect the state-
lents in this memorandum to be observed, more so, be-
ause they are generally recognised principles of Inter-
national Law. To incorporate these principles into our
Municipal Law is the duty of Government under section
21 r of the Constitution and this we think can be achieved
as far as civil process is concerned by making suitable
64 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

S.C. amendments to sections 85 and _86 of the Civil Procedure

--&..-

)de and by restoring section 87 which had been deleted

i- the Adaptation Order, r948. In regard to criminal
ocess a provision requiring the President's sanction may
rhaps be incorporated in the Criminal Procedure Code.
We cannot anticipate what Government's action will
and the case may have to proceed ultimately. In the
cumstances prevailing in this case, we consider that it
one which should be tried in the High Court. Exercis-
~ our supervisory powers under section 4 of the Union
:liciary Act, we direct the High Court to transfer the
>e to its file under section 526 (2) of the Criminal Pro-
lure Code for disposal.
The application to quash the proceedings before the
;tri.ct Magistrate, Rangoon, is dismissed.

..
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 65

SUPR~ME COURT.
.~AMSAVENI COMPANY l ts.c.
~1960
HAMSAVENI COMPANY }-(APPELLANTS)
G.RAMACHANDRA ) March 25
v.
THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*
fi'oreign Exchange Regulation Act, s. 24-Conji!cation under-Wha -is liable
to-PI"operty in respect of which contravention may not be deemed to hava
taktm place-Criminal Law Amendment Act, s. 12 (x)-Fixation of amount
tmder-Computation of amount of benefit-What is not relevant in-
Embloyer-Liability of-For offences of employees-Duty of prosecution.
\Vhat is liable to confiscation under s. 24 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation
\ct is goods in re.~pect of which the contravention has taken place.
The mere fact that in the application Form A-7, the Bill of Lading was
eferred to, would not make the goods covered by the bill, "property in respect
,f which the contravention has taken place ".
In fixing the amount under s. 12 (r) of the Criminal L11w Amendment
'l.ct, 195 x, the figure must correspond to the benefit gained as a result of the
tffence committed. What the offenders had to spend on account of deposits
n. kyats in this country for the purpose of making the remittance in foreign
urrency has no relevance. \Vhat had accrued to them is the benefit gained.

Cyaw Min for the appellants.

;angooly for the respondent.

U MYINT THEIN, C.J.-In C.R.T. No. 24 of 1954 of the

;pecial Judge (2), Rangoon five accused namely, Gopalan,
>alanivelu, Shunmugam, Ramchandra and Mani, were sent
1p for trial under section I 2oB of the Penal Code read
vith section 468 (conspiracy to use a forged document
or the purpose of cheating) but were c-harged ultimately
.nder three counts of section I 20B of the Penal Code read
l'ith sections 23 and 24 of the Foreign Exchange Regula-
ion Act in that they had conspired to contravene the
\xchange Control regulations. Shunmugam was acquitted
while the other four were found guilty as charged and
Criminal Misc. Appeals Nos. r, 2. and 3 of 1959.
t Present: U MYINT THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U Bo Gvr, ]. and
u AU!<rG THA GYAW, J.
5
66 .BURMA LAW REPORTS.

sentenced to one and a half year's rigorous imprisonment

rm each count, a total of four and a half years.
~ learned Judge purporting to act under section
of the Foreign Exchange Regulation .Act, confiscated
~ proceeds of a sale, amounting to K 77,057, of
.ety bales of piec.!=!-goods belonging to Hamsaveni and
. in which the accused were employed. Further he
d under section r2 (r) of the Criminal Law Amendment
t, 1951 that the amount the accused had gained in com-
tting the offences was K 20,635. This finding would
tble Government to recover the amount and in point
f~ct, goods belonging to the company were attached.
they were perishable goods they were sold and part
the proceeds amounting to some K 5,20,887, are in
)Osit, awaiting further action. On appeal, Mani was
tuitted but the confiscation order as well as the fixation
the amount was confirmed. Presumably the amount
1fiscated was meant to be adjusted against the amount
:overable under the Criminal Law Amendment Act.
In C.R.T. No. 8 of 1955 of the same Court Palanivelu,
1palan and Mani were sent up under section I 20B of
~ Penal Code read with section 24 of the Foreign Ex-
:mge Regulation Act. All were found guilty on three
1nts and sentenced on each count to one and half years
orous imprisonment but the sentences were to run con-
rrently with those passed in the other trial. Fourteen
les of piece-goods were confiscated under se-::tion 24 of
; Foreign Exchange Regulation Act. The amount fixed
der section I 2 (r) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act
1s K 1,95,325. On appeal, the sentences on Gopalan
d Palanivelu and the confiscation were confirmed
uut the amount under section 12 (r) was varied to
K r,69,5I763. Mani was acquitted.
Gopalan, Palanivelu and Ramchandra sought special
leave t()_ appeal in this Court_ but the first two later with-
drew their applications. In addition, Hamsaveni and Co.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 67

have appealed against the order of confiscation and the S.C.

196o
fixation of the amount lUlder section r2 (r) in both cases,
the company's contention being that the contravention of ~~;~~
1:he Fo:ieign Exs_hange Regulations vvas by the employees ~=~~v~
of the company in their private capacity, unconnected G. RAMA
, CHANDRA
With the firm. The company also questloned the correct- .v.
. THE UNic
ness of t he amounts fixed under section r2 (r). Leave oF BuRMA
was granted to Ramchandra and to the company.
Tne modus operandi adopted by the accused was sim-
ple but effective. Goods were imported from India and
on the strength of the invoice and the Bill of Lading,
Indian currency was remitted through a Bank. But later
a false invoice to cover a lesser sum in respect of the
same Bill of Lading was produced and another remittance
sought through another bank. The offences committed
could be either, using a forged document for the purpose
of cheating or contravention of Foreign Exchange regula-
tions. The simplest course to adopt was to prosecute the
company under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, a
procedure permissible under section 24 of the Foreign
Exchange Regulation Act, and to join in the actual per-
petrators as co-accused. Instead of taking this course, in
C.R.T. No. 24 of 1954 of the accused were sent up under
section I 2oB read with section 468 of the Penal Code.
The trial of this case took a distressing course involving
much labour and time which could have been avoided.
The charge. of conspiracy was persisted in with the result
that the learned Judge was reduced to framing the follow-
ing charge : - ~
"That you between 15-9-53 and 25-I-54 agreed to do an
illegal act to wit, remit K r2,625 through the Indian
Overseas Bank by making a statement to the Controlle:t: of
Exchange which you knew to be false in Form A-7 Ex. J ~(?)
in respect of Bill of Lading No. 25 dated 15-9-53 by showing
a less amount than contained in original invoice Ex. J;;: (o)
and for which the money had already been remitted vide.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
s.c. Ex. J ~ (J) through the United Commercial Bank, and by
~1960
submitting with Ex. J ~ (?) a fo~ged invoice Ex. J ~ and the
1:7 .............. ......_ .. ...
said invoice being in the name of a bogus firm Messrs. D. S.
Shaw and Sons and thereby committed an offenc~ under
section 24 (z) of the Foreign Exchange R~gulation Act and
read with section 23 of the said Act and section r20B of the
Penal Code and within my cognizance."
rn of all unnecessary verbiage the charge means:
"in respect of goods covered by BUI of Lading No. 25 a
remittance had already been made to India through the United
Commercial Bani<. But later another remittance was sought
in respect of the same goods by the production of false
invoice. You had thereby agreed to do an illegal act that is,
to remit K r2,625 through the Indian Overseas Bank."
Every foreign exchange remittance is initiated by an
llication through an authorised bank in a form known
Form A-7. What had happened was, in respect of Bill
Lading No. 25 a remittance amounting to Rs. 54,885
l already been made through the United Commercial
1k on the 26th October I953 This was the amount
1wn on the invoice. But on 9th November 1953 a
ged invoice purporting to cover the same Bill of
ling was presented along with another Form A-7 for
remittance of Rs. 12,625. This sum was also remitted.
~remitter in both cases was shown as D. S. Shah & Co.
The second charge is similarly worded to cope with the
~nee relating to Bill of Lading No. 26, for which
)4,6353I had already been remitted through cthe United
mmercial Bank on the 2rst October I953 The second
nittance covered by a forged invoice for Rs. 12,550
.s sent through the Indian Overseas Bank on 9th
vember I953
The third charge is in respect of Bill of Lading No. r 5.
for which Rs. sr.sro was first remitted through the United
Commercial Bank on 19th September I953 The second
remittance of Rs. I I.775 covered by a forged invoice was
sent through the Indian Overseas Bank.
..
BURMA LAW REPORTS. . 69
The charges. cumbetsome though they may be, are s.c.
1960
mderstf.ndable, though with some effort. We think how- -
... HAMSAVENJ
~ver that the actused were well aware of what they were CoMPANY:
HAMSAVENI
:ailed upon to answer. They have not made the unsatis- CoMPANY;
'a ctory nature of the charges a ground of appeaL ~~A~~~-
In so far as the convictions are concerned, Gopalan THB t7trN101
tnd Palanivelu have not appealed. In regard to Ramchan- oF BuRMA.
lra, his learned counsel had to concede that the prosecu- r

ion evidence is strong. The oral and documentary

:vidence leave no room for doubt of Ramchandra's com-
>licity, even if he had come to Burma only two months
1rior to his arrest. Though it is not proved that he was
:oncerned in the actual-remittances made at the Rangoon
:nd he is the sole proprietor of the Oriental Co. which was
he counterpart in Madras of the Hamsaveni Co. in
tangoon. His connection with both firms is so intimate
hat even during the short stay in Rangoon he was signing
lelivery slips for Hamsaveni and in every way took part
n the conduct of Hamsaveni's business at Rangoon. His
.ppeal against conviction must be dismissed.
The confiscation under section 24 of the Foreign
~xchange Regulation Act and the fixation of the amount
mder section 12 (I) of the Criminal Law Amendment Ad
equire consideration. The trial Judge in his order said:
"Under section 24 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
confiscation of property in respect of vrhich the contraven-
tion has taken place is allowed. Exercising these provisions
90 bales of piece-goods which had been seized -and are sold
with the consent of the parties are confiscated. In addition
the Collector had attached property belonging to Hamsaveni
and Co. As the accused are employees of the company, the
Court would hold that the company is benefitted by their
activities. Under the provisions of section r2 (r) of the
Criminal Law Amendment Act, the Court would hold that
the money obtained by the accused for Hamsa~eni and Co.
was K 2,06,350." .
70 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

The proposition that because the offenders are em-

yees, the company must be deemed to have been
1efitted, if accepted as a general rule, would create
roc among employers. To saddle the employer with
>ility in this case, it is incumbent upon the prosecution
show that the employer had in fact, benefitted. In this
ticular case though the prosecution had not given
mght to it, the evidence points to the fact that it is
possible to dissociate Gopalan, Palanivelu and Rama-
mdra from the company. It is the defence case that
! sole proprietress is Mrs. Ramanathan but Gopalan and
anivelu were armed with her General Power of Attorney
:I were also the persons who were employed as Managers
the company. There was no Hamsaveni and Co. as
:h in Madras but there was the Oriental Co. there, with
machandra as the proprietor, who had even signed one
the General Powers of Attorney, as a witness. It might
~n be that Mrs. Ramanathan is merely a cover for their
:ivities, but there is no evidence as to that, the prosecu-
n not having investigated in that direction. Be that
it may, taking the evidence as a whole, the irresistible
nclusion is that Gopalan, Palanivelu, Ramachandra and
~s. Ramanathan were Hamsaveni and Co. and that the
mpany had benefitted by the acts of these persons.
:Purthermore the company, separately, had not protest-
when the goods were attached. The only objection
1de before the <;:ollector was by the accused themselves
10, by their petition, dated the roth February 1955 (see
ge 43 of the Collector's proceedings R.E. 8 of 1944-45)
otested that the value of the goods attached was not in
proportion to the bentfits alleged to have accrued to them.
The confiscation order, however, cannot be allowed
to stand. It is indisputable that what is liable to confisca-
tion is goods in respect of which the contravention had
taken place. But how was the contravention perpetrated?
By means of a forged invoice, a remittance, which
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 71

ordinarily would not have been allowed, was permitted. S.C.

I960
The mere fact that in the application in Form A-7, the Bill
HnMSAVE
of Lading was ,,referred to, would not make the goods CoMPAN
covered by that- bill, " property in respect of which the HAMSAVE:
COMPAN
contravention has taken place ". For this reason the con- G. RAM.
CHANDR
fiscation order under section 24 of the Foreign Exchange v.
THE UNJ
Regulation Act must be vacated. OF BURM

In regard to the amount fixed, the figure must corres-

pond to the benefit gained as a result of the offence com-
mitted. The offences of which the accused were found
to Q:'! guilty in C.R.T. No. 24 of 1954 were three. By means
of three forged invoices they were able to remit Rs. 12,625,
Rs. 12,550 and Rs. 11,775 To send these out they had to
deposit similar sums in kyats here, but what they had to
spend has no relevance. What has accrued to them is
the total of the three sums i.e. K 36,950.
The wording in section 12 (r) of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act is clear and reads: ~~~t~mJil~~~8:~ m'Pr
:5'i~G:n?G9, " Translated it means " The money received by
the accused as a result of committing the offence".
This being so, acting under section 12 (2) of the Act
we must vary the figure of K 2,06,350 to K 36,930.
The second case C.R.T. No. 8 of 1935 is even more
distressing. As in the previous case there were three
charges, the first of which runs thus:
"That you on or about the 23rd September 1953 agreed
to do an illegal act with accused Gopalan and S. Mani to
wit, remit K 55,507.38 in the name of a bogus company i.e.
jethmal Sewag and Co. to M. S. Mudaliar, Madras, through
the United Commercial Bank in respect of Billing of Lading
No. 2I, dated the 2-9-54 by filing Form A-7 Ex. ( ro) (:)) and
for which Bill of Lading money had already been remitted
through the Indian Overseas Bank, by filing Ex. ro (J) and the
remittance through the United Commercial Bank was made
on the false statement contained in Ex. ro ( o) which had to
be subm~tted to the Exchange Control department of the
Union of Burma and you have thereby committed an offence
72 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

S.C. punishable under section 24 rejid with section 23 of the

=oreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 and section x2oB,.
>enal Code and within my cognizance." '

~he charge is not so cumbrous as in the previous case-

gh it could have been simplified. But the defect
mes apparent when the exhibits are examined. The
and presumably the genuine remittance in respect of
is covered by B/L No. 21 amounting to Rs. 55.507.38
made through the United Commercial Bank on the
September 1953. The second remittance for Rs.
75 was made through the Indian Overseas
~on rst October 1953. In respect of both remittances
remitter was shown as Hethmal Sewag. So in point
act, the charge is the wrong way round, and the
sed should have been charged in respect of the second
ttance which was for Rs. 15,575.
fbe second charge is similarly defective and should be
~spect of another Rs. 15,575 The third charge also
ld be in respect of Rs. !4.550.
rhere were two sets of documents, one genuine and
other faked and the essence of the charge was that
accused had, in conspiracy with others, managed to
e an additional remittance based upon false documents.
n the previous case. the accused were well aware of
t they were called upon to answer, and the unfortunate
that the charge was the wrong way roun'd. did not
1dice the accused.
lut as in the other case the confiscation order in
~ct of 14 bales of piece-goods must be set aside and the
unt fixed under section r2 (r) of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act must be varied from K 1,69.517.63 to
the total of K 15,575, K 15,575 and K 14,550 which is
K 45.700.
In the result Ramachandra's appeal, Criminal Appeal
No.3 of 1959. is dismissed. In respect of Hamsaveni Co.'s
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 73

S.C.
, No. 2 of 1959, tha confiscation order of K 77,057 1960
set aside and the amount which Government can recover HAMSAVI!NI
respect of the~offences committed in C.R.T. No. 24 of COMPANY;
HAMSAVENI
)54 is fixed at K 36,950. Similarly in respect of Appeal CoMPANY;
G. RAMA-
o. r of 1959, the confiscation order is set aside and the CHANDRA
nount recoverable is fixed at K 45,700. v.
THE 'CNION
oF BuRMA.
74 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
SUPREME COURT.
THE UNION OF BURMA (APPLICANT)
v.
MAUNG SHWE NI AND TWO }
THAKIN TIN MYA (RESPONDENTS) .

imina/ Law (Temporary Provisions) Act ,IQS8-After repeal-S. z-ConftJSion

1ecorded under-Could rrot be taken irrto consideration in appeal or l'tvision
by High Court-Comidcration of admis.t ibility-Matter of procedure-Non
acquisition of substantive right in -General Clauses Act, s. s-Not appl,'cable
to matters ofpmcedure-8. 5 (b)-" Atlything duly done" in-How cotrsidtrtd
-Nitaning of.
A confession recorded under s . z of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provi
ns) Act, 1958 could not be taken into consideration by the High Court in
:ning to a decision on appeal or in revision after the Act had ceased to become
erative.
The question whether a confession recorded under s. z of the Criminal
w (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1958 could he taken into consideration in
ning to a decision on appeal or in revision after the Act had ceased to be
erativc is a matter of procedure and in matters of procedure no substantive
hts can be acquired.
The provisions of s . s of the Burma General Clauses Act do not apply to
:re matters of procedure.
In considering the effect of the saving of the expression " anything duly
ne" occurring in chmse (b) of s. 5 of the Burma General Clauses Act the
rds should not be considered divorced from the context in which they occur
d when these wo:rds are read in the light of the context, particularly in con-
lCtion with the words " anything suffered thereunder " they mean not
>cedural matters such as the admissibility of confelsions recorded in the
!Sent case, which are merely incidental to pending proceedings, but
>stantivc acts which have been finally done such as convictions recorded
the basis of the confessions which convictions were confirmed on appeal
fore the Act was repealed.
King v. Thorpe and three others, (1947) R.L.R. 279 at 2S6; Maxwell Ott
e b1terpretation of Statutes, 9th Ed. p. 404; Dam11al Parshotamdas v,
1buram Chhotelal, I.f...R. 58 All. 495 at 498; In reA Debtor, (1936) I Ch.
:a 242, referred to.

mgooly (Government Advocate) for the applicant.

U Bo GYI, J .-These two cases in which Government

applies under section 6 of the Union Judiciary Act for
special leave to appeal against the order of acquittal and
Criminal Misc. Application Nos. 288 of 1959 and 26 of rl)6o.
t Present : U MYJNT THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U Bo GYJ, ]. tn4
u AUNG THA GYAW, J,

BURMA LAW REPORTS. 75

the order quashing the charge respectively passed by the ~f~

l-figh C<~urt have been heard together, the issue involved THn ~uNior
1 both being the same, namely, whether the confessions oF BuRMA
v.
f the respondents recorded under section 2 of the Criminal MAtJNa
SHWE Nl
aw (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1958 (hereinafter referred AND Two

) as the Act) could be taken into consideration by the THAKIN Tz:-

[igh Court in coming to a decision on appeal or in revision MYA.
fter the Act .had been withdrawn by the President in
x:ercise of the power conferred upon him by section r,
1b-section (2) of the Act. It is admitted before us that if
ae coafessions becoine inadmissible in evidence on the
rithdrawal of the Act the prosecution in each case has not
leg to stand on, there being no other evidence of moment
gainst any of the respondents.
Section 2 of the Act under which the confessions have
::en record~d. shortly put for the present purpose, is that
Jtwithstanding anything contained in the Evidence Act or
l any other law for the time being in force, a confession

hich has been made by an accused person in police

1stody to two respectable elders and reduced into writing
r one of them and signed by the accused and the elders is
lmissible as substantive evidence. The point that falls to
~ considered is whether such a confession is admissible in
ridence after the Act has ceased to operate, and since the
ct in section I, sub-section (2) provides that in that contin-
~ncy the provisions of section 5 of tli~ Burma General
lauses Act shall have effect, we must in considering the
:esent question take it that the Act has been repealed.
Now, section 5 of the Burma General Oauses Act which
~als with the effect of repeat provides : -
" 5 Where any Act repeals any enactment, then unless a
different intention appears, the repeal shall not-
(a) revive anything not in force or existing at the time at
which the repeal takes effect ; or
76 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

S.C. (b) affect the previous operation of any enactment so re-

pealed or anything duly done or suffered thereunder ;
or
(c) affect any right, privilege, obligation, or liability acquired.
accrued, or incurred under any enactment so repealed;
or
(d) affect any penalty, forfeiture, or punishment incurred in
respect of any offence committed against any enact-
ment so repealed ; or
(e) affect any investigation, legal proceeding, or remedy in
respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability,
penalty, forfeiture, or punishment as aforesaid ; and
any such investigation, legal proceeding, or remedy may be
instituted, continued, or enforced, and any such penalty,
forfeiture, or punishment may be imposed as if the repealing
Act had not been passed."

Clause (a) of the section cannot possibly have anything

, do with the matter in hand. Clauses (c), (d) and (e)
:aling as they do with substantive rights which have been
quired and liabilities and punishments which have been
curred under the repea1ed Act, cannot apply to the
esent matter which is one of procedure, the issue being
hether the confessions which have been recorded under
t emergency law can be treated as evidence after the law

:s ceased to be operative. The learned Government

lvocate has frankly admitted that in matters of procedure
1 substantive rights can be acquired. The dause which
e learned Government Advocate puts up as his sheet-
char is clause (b) which runs:
"Where any Act repeals any enactment, then unless a
different intention appears, the repeal shall not affect the
previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything
duly ;:lone or suffered thereunder."

The learned Government Advocate contends that since the

confessions were duly recorded under the Act, the record
ing of the confessions was duly done within section 5.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 77

clause (b) of the Burma General Clauses Act and he can~ s.c
1960
vasses the case of Ram Singh v. The Crown (I) where a THE UoloM
ll Bench ,. of the East Punjab High Court held that a oF BuRMA
>sions Judge who was seized of a murder case under sec- MA~c;
n 37 (r) of the Punjab Public Safety Act at a time when sA~~\~~
:'!district had been declared by a Government notification
,
T
HAKIN
T
IN
be a dangerously disturbed area, could contmue with Mn.
:'! trial following the procedure provided by the said Act,
1ich was the procedure prescribed for trial of summons
ses, even after the notification had been withdrawn.
:is case, as the learned Government Advocate admits, is
ton all fours with the present cases in that we are here
.ly concerned with the admissibility in evidence of the
nfessions recorded under the Act which, in view of see-
m 1(1) must be regarded as having been repealed and,
rthermore, the other provisions of the Punjab Public
fety Act have not been brought to our notice.
The meaning of the expression " anything duly done "
:~.s considered by a Full Bench of our late High Court in
ng v. Thorpe and three othens (2) where the learned
tief Justice observed:
"All that means is that if a trial had reached finality, and
supposing for instance that a person had been convicted on
his confession and sent to prison and his appeal had been
dismissed, the subsequent passing of an Act which made in-
admissible a confession recorded in that particular manner
would not help him in the least. The reason for that is
that the whole matter would be res judicata."

Lis interpretation appears to find support in Maxwell on

e Interpretation of Statutes, ninth edition, page 404,
1ere it is said:
"Where an Act expired or was repealed, it was formerly
regarded, in the absence of provision to the contrary, as
having never existed, except as to the matters and transac-
tions passed and closed."
(1) A.I.R. (1950) E. Punj. 25. (2.) (194-7} R.L.R. 279 at 286.
78 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

S.C. Section 38 (2) of the Interpretation Act, 1889, which is in

1960
~'len tical terms with section 5 of the Burma General Clauses
~.ct, introduced certain changes in the previous rules of in-
~rpretation, and apparently the Legislature in en~cting in
lause (b) of section 38 (2) of the Interpretation Act, which
; the same as clause (b) of section 5 of the Burma General
:lauses Act, that anything duly done or suffered under the
:pealed Act should, unless the contrary intention appear-
:!, be saved, had regard to the previous rule that matters
o.d transactions passed and closed should not be disturbed
if the repeal of an enactment. Besides, in considering the
ffect of the saving of " anything duly done", we are of
pinion that the words should not be considered divorced
om the context in which they occur and that when these
ords are read in the light of the context, particularly in
)njunction with the words " anything suffered there-
nder" they mean not procedural matters such as the ad-.
iissibility of confessions recorded in _the present cases,
hich are merely incidental to pending proceedings, but
tbstantive acts which have been finally done such as con-
ctions recorded on the basis of the confessions which con-
ctions were confirmed on appeal before the Act was
:pealed.
Our observations hitherto have, we presume, given
me indication of our view of the larger question whether
.e provisions of section 5 of the Burma General Clauses
:t apply to matters of procedure at all. ' In Danmal
rshotamdas v. J3aburam Chhotelal (r), Bennet, J., while
msidering the effect of section 6 of the General Clauses
:t (Act X of 1897) corresponding to section 5 of the Burma
~neral Clauses Act, observed :

" And decisions have always held that under the General
Clauses Act for matters of procedure a new Act must always
be followed in the 'legal proceedings or rem:edy ', but any
lx) I.L.R. 58 Ail. 495 at 498.

'
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 19

right, etc., which has already accrued under the Act which S.C.
1960
has been repealed will remain."
Tau UNroN
OF J3URMA
:ain, ia In reA Debtor (r), the Master of the Rolls, Lord v.
MAUNO
'right, was considering the effect of section 38 {2) of the SHWE Nt
AND TWO
terpretation Act and when counsel for the debtor referred
THAKIN.Tur
Quilter v. Mapleson (2) his Lordship observed: MYA.
"Counsel for the debtor relied on Quilter v. Mapleson.
That however was a 'case merely dealing with matters of
procedure or remedies to which a different rule applies. It
is not necessary to quote any authority for that distinction
save what was said by Jesse!, M. R., in In re Joseph Suche &
Co. (3): 'It is a general rule that where the Legislature alters
the rights of parties by taking away or conferring any right
of action, its enactments, unless in express terms they apply
to pending actions, do not affect them. It is said that there
is one exception to that rule, namely, that where enactments
merely affect procedure and do not extend to rights of action,
they have been held to apply to existing rights. . . . .. ' "

Ve hold therefore that the provisions of section 5 of the

urma General Clauses Act do not apply to mere matters of
rocedure.
Assuming for argument's sake that they did apply and
hat a confession recorded under the Act could be used as
vidence after its repeal, unlocked-for and startling results
vould ensue. What section 5 would save would be the
:onfession as recorded under the Act and not its protective
:overing cootained in the opening words of section 2,
'Notwithstanding anything contained in.the Evidence Act
)r any other law for the time being in force," which pro-
:ection has been withdrawn along with the Act itself.
fn the result, section 26 of the Evidence Act which provides
that a confession by a person in the custody of the police
must be made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate
and section r64 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which
(r) (1936) 1 Ch. 237 at 242. (z) (r88z) 9 Q.D.B. 672.
(3) (r87s) I Ch.D. 48, so.
80 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

s.c. provides that only selected Magistrates shall record such

:onfession after observing certain salutary safeguards,
N"ould still stand in full force and effect. In such cir-
umstances, the confession which has be<m recorded under
he Act could not possibly stand side by side with those
rovisions of law which are calculated jealously to guard
he liberty of the subject. In that event, therefore, the
onfession would not be saved inasmuch as " a different
1tention appears " within the meaning of section 5 of the
,urma General Clauses Act.
We accordingly dismiss the applications for special
:ave to appeal.

or<:!_
mjunc~
1der " tht
nssibility (.
hich are
b.stf'
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 .,
BURMA LAVf REPORTS:

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 BURMA LAW. REPORTS: 83

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84 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1960

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102 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
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128 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

SUPREME COURT.
LYAN HWAT (a) LIM SWAY GAUNG
LuVf
S.C. LIM KWIN KEE (a) HTWA KONG (a) HTWA TONG
1960
. (APPLICANTS)
..July 22.
v.
THE SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF HQME AFFAIRS
AND ONE t
THE .SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS
AND ONE :j:.
(RESPONDENTS).*
Public Order (Preservation) Act-Ancestry-Original aim of-Criminal
Procedure Code-Chapter VIII-Used in normal times-Difference between
-Peace and order-Preservation of-What cannot be connected with-
Legislature-Power of-Public Order Preservation Act, s. s-A-Exercise
of power under-Need jo1 exercise of care-Preventive measures-When
become fmud on statute.
The Public Order (Preservation) Act has its ancestry in the Defence of
13urma Act, which is the Burmese counterpart of the Defence of the Realm
Act promulgated for the successful prosecution of the war. In its origin it was
meant to cope with an abnormal situation which called for measures to be taken
against persons in order that they may be prevented from committing offences
which would adversely affect peace and order. In its original form the Act
was modest in its scope. Later amendments have added within its scope,
-offences against the Arms Act, Essential Supplies and Services Act, Opium
Act, etc.
In normal times use is made of the provisions in Chapter VIII of the
Criminal Procedure Code, under which people who are a danger to society,
such as habitual offenders, may be required to furnish security. But the
difference between these preventive measures and the Public Order (Pre-
servation) Act is that in the latter, the person is not allowed to show cause
against action proposed. There is seldom any proof, as one understands
the term judicially, but more often than not, action is takeh upon suspicion
based upon material which would not be evidence in a Court of Law. Another
difference is, under the Public Order (Preservation) Act, the order is by the
executive and not by the judiciary. And furthermore, detention under the
Public Order (Preservation) Act may be indefinite.
One can understand the relation of offences under the Arms Act to the
preservation of peace and order but it is difficult to connect the smuggling of
opium or iron scrap or an offence under the Foreign Exchange Regulations
with such preservation, but the legislature is supreme, within the limits of the
Constitution, to enact laws.
* Criminal Misc. Application T7Jo
t 20 f
rg 6o.
Prese11t: U MviNT THEIN, Chief Justice ofthe Union, U Bo Gvr and
u AUNG THA GYAW, JJ.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 129
The power that is exercised under s. S-A of the Public Order (Preservation) S.C.
1960
Act is by the President or by some one to whom his powers are specifically
delegate<\, The President in person never deals with any case of this nature L!M LYAN
but it is the Union Government which exercises his executive powers under HWAT (alias)
s. 13 of the General Clauses Act and s. 121 of the Constitution. LIM SwAY
GAUNG .
In. respect of _a man suspected of smuggling opium, since it has hardly LIM KWlN
anything to do with the preservation of peace and order, greater care should KEE (alt'as)
be exercised in deciding upon the proper step that is necessary, so as to prevent HTWA KONG
him from pursuing his activities. (alias) HTWA
TONG
Preventive measures are not meant to be resorted to, by way of penalty, v.
and to invoke the Public Order (Preservation) Act as a punishment is a fraud THE
on the statute and an abuse of the powers exercisable under it. SECRETARY,
MINISTRY
oF HoME
Kyaw Myint and Hla Sein for the applicants. AH~:;,;AND

Hla Maung (Government Advocate) for the respondents.

U MYINT THEIN, C.J.-Section r6 of the Burmese Con-

stitution ordains that no person shall be deprived of his
personal liberty, nor his dwelling entered, nor his property
confiscated, save in accordance with law but it is unfortu-
nate that even in the thirteenth year of our country's
independence there are still pieces of legislation which run
counter to the ideas of liberty and freedom enshrined in
the Constitution. The Public Order (Preservation) Act is
one, and in its origin it was meant to cope with an abnormal
situation which called for measures to be taken against per~
sons in order that they may be prevented from committing
offences which would adv~rsely affect peace and order.
Provision of such measures in law are not uncommon and
in normal times use is made of the provisions in Chapter
VIII of the Criminal Procedure Code, under which people
who are a danger to society, such as habitual offenders,
may be required to furnish secp.rity. They may be com-
mitted to prison, if such security is not forthcoming.
There are similar provisions in the Opium Act and the
Dangerous Drugs Act. But the difference between these
preventive measures and the Public Order (Preservation)
Act is that in the latter, the person concerned is not allowed
to show cause against action proposed. There is seldom

Q
130 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C. '
196o any proof, as one understands the term judiciall:;-, but
more often than not, action is taken upon suspicion based
LIM LYAN ~
HwAT (alias) upon matenal wh1ch would not be evidence in a \...Ourt of
L~A~";Y Law. Another difference is, under the Public Order (Pre-
LIM Kwm servation) Act, the order is by the executive and not by the
KEE (alias) d" . A d f
HTwA KoNG JU 1c1ary. n urthermore, detention under the Public
(aliT~N~TwA Order (Preservation) Act may be indefinite.
ThE The Act has .its ancestry in the Defence of Burma Act,
SEcRETARY, which is the Burmese counterpart of the Defence of the
MINISTRY
oF Ho11m Realm Act, promulgated for the successful prosecution of
,...M., -AND t h e war. w1t11 t 11e termmat10n
AFFAIRS of t 11e war m Burma both
in point of fact and in law, the Act was repealed in 1947
but because of the continued turmoil in the country,
another Act, labelled the Public Order (Preservation) Act
(16 of 1947) was promulgated by the Governor on 3rd April
1947. Its preamble, which is still intact today, despite
the many amendments to the Act, reads :
"Whereas it is expedient to make provisions, for preser-
. ving peace and order in certain areas."

In its original form the Act was modest in its scope.

Section 5 enables a Police Officer not below the rank of a
Sub-Inspector, or someone specifically authorised by the
Governor, to arrest without warrant any person whom he
reasonably suspects of having acted, of acting or of being
about to act (i) in any manner calculated to disturb the
public tranquility or {ii) in a manner prejudicial, to the safe-
ty of any area or of any industry, machinery or building
in any such place or area or {iii) in any manner prejudicial
to the output or effective control of any such industry or
machinery. Such a person could be detained for fifteen
days during which the fact of his detention would have to
be reported to the Governor, who in turn would pass a
final order as to his continued detention, restriction of his
movements, or release.
1960] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 131
Barely two months had passed, when an amending Act S.C.
I9~6o
(28 of I917) was prom~lgated. Sections 5-A and 5-B were
LIM LYAN
inserted. Section 5-A reads: HwAT (alias)
LIM SWAY
If the Governor is satisfied with respect to any particular GAuNG
person that with a view to preventing him from acting in any KLIM (K1>ym)
manner preJU ' 1 to t he public safety and the maintenance HTwA
d"1c1a EE a zas
KONG
of public order, it is necessary so to do, the Governor may (alias) HTwA
ToNG
make an order . . . . (here follows the different kinds of v.
directions the Governor may give, ranging from detention to THE
8 ECRETARY,
. .
t he restnctwn of a person,s movements, and even to the re- MINtsmv
striction in regard to his employment and of the use of his OF HoME
AFFAIRS AND
possessJons. In the case of a fore1gner he may be asked to ONE.
remove himself out of the country).

Section 5-B deals with the taking of photographs and

thumb impressions. The amending Act, 79 of 1947
followed, under which action could be taken in respect of
persons wearing uniforms without authority, and to pro-
hibit movement, evolution or drill of a military nature.
With the attainment of indepehdence there was the
Adaptation . of Laws Order, which provided for, among
many things, the substitution of the word " President " for
'Governor" wherever it may occur. The Burmese
Legislature brought in another amending Act (62 of 1948)
by means of which the word " reasonable " in section 5
was deleted. Act 36 of 1949 followed, under which the
?Olice officer or the person authorised, mentioned in section
;- could, instead of making the arrest himself, issue an order
)f arrest. And finally, Act 4 of 1953, with which we are
:oncerned added to section 5-A the phrase (( from commit-
:ing any prejudicial act" so that a person may be detained
)r his life contro1led, in order to restrain him from commit-
.ing a prejudicial act which was defined in the same amend-
ng Act as to include the smuggling of opium, dangerous
[rugs, ores, concentrates, rice, rice-products, paddy, timber,
nineral oils, metals, metal scrap or precious stones. Bein,g
:oncerned in the commission of an offence under the
'
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C.
1960 Foreign Exchange Regulations or the Arms Act would also
LIM LYAN
amount to a "prejudicial act"
HWAT (alias)
LIM SWAY
One can understand the relation of offences under the
GAuNG Arms Act to the preservation of peace and order but it is
KEE (alias) di:ffi.cu}t to connect t h e smugg}'mg of opmm
LIM KWIN . .
or Iron scrap
H(-nl_'!IA) HKoNa or an offence under the Foreign Exchange Regulations with
a taS TWA .
ToNG such preservation but be that as it may, the legislature is
T~ supreme, within the limits of the Constitution, to enact
t_::;,::: laws, however odd the law may be.
A~~:;~~~n The Act, which today is applicable to the whole of
oNE. Burma, has been freely used during the years past, so much
so that recently the Prime Minister was constrained to tell
the authorities publicly not to use it indiscriminately. We
take judicial notice of his speech delivered on the 27th May
1960 and issued as a Ministry of Information publication.
This statement is welcome to all and sundry who cherish
liberty and the concept of the Rule of Law, which in pass
ing we would point out, is very different from rule by law
promulgated on the plea of necessity to curb the liberty o1
the individual.
Section 5-A has come up before this Court for interpre
tation on numerous occasions and the position was abl:>
summarised in Tinsa Maw Naing's (1) case where ou:
illustrious predecessors, after an exhaustive review o
English, Australian, Irish and Indian cases ..held that tht
section was to be read objectively. The relevant part il
this classic judgment reads:
'(We fully realise that we are not sitting here in appe~
from the Commissioner of Police and that we are not entitle
to substitute our conclusions on facts for his. But a distin1
tion must be drawn and must be kept ever present before or
minds between reasonable satisfaction and apprehension bor
of vague anticipation. Reasonable satisfaction of the necess
ty to direct detention is the basis of the exercise of pow<

(I) (I95o) B.L.R. (S.C.) l7.

x<]6o] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

under section 5-A of the Public Order (Preservation) Act. It S.C.

1960
is an abuse of power to exercise it on an apprehension born
LIM LYAN
of vague anticipation." HWAT (alias)
)
LIM 3WAY
h t h'IS o bservat10n
W It . as a gm'dewe approach t h e two LIM
GAUNG
KwiN
applications before us. The applicants appear to be KEE (alias)
HTWA KoNG
cousms and partners in business. Their names have been (alias) HTwA
entered in the Pink Book, which is a book maintained by T~~G
the Excise Department in respect of persons who are in the SEcJ~~RY
illicit opium trade. Lim Lyan Hwat (a) Lim Sway Gaung, MrnTsTR/
son of L1m . Pm . Shem,. aged 53, IS
. younger. From 1954 to AFPAtRS
OF HoME
AND
1957 he resided in Sandoway in compliance with an order oNE.

passed under section s~A. After three years residence, he

was permitted to return to Rangoon on a K r,oo,ooo bond
for good behaviour for five years. On the 29th September
1959, the Ministry of Finance and Revenue, which admin-
isters the Excise Department, wrote in to the Ministry of
Home Affairs that there was ground for suspicion that he
had an interest in some 450 balls of opium seized in May
I959 The request was that he should again be sen! out
of Rangoon. We quote the actual statement which reads:

Here indeed was apprehensi"on born of suspicion and

vague anticipation but nevertheless the Home Ministry was
willing. But the Ministry vas more concerned with the
desirability of action to forfeit the one lakh bond into
which the applicant had entered, and therefore the Ministry
of Finance and Revenue was asked if firm and concrete
evidence could be obtained.
On the 2oth January 1960, the Ministry of Finance and
Revenue forwarded copies of adverse reports from officers
of the Excise Departm~IJ.t and the statement of two infor-
mers_, whose names were withheld even from the Ministry
134 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
s:c. of Home Affairs. The first informer's statement is that he
1960
had worked for the two applicants in 1946 in smuggling
LIM LYAN
HwAT (alias) opium, and also that they had shares in 400 balls< and 900
LIM !?.WAY b 11
GAuNc a s seized at Rangoon and some 400 balIs seized
. . Upper
m
LIM KWIN Burma. The second statement is in similar strain but is
KEE (alias) d h . .d h h }. '
HTwA KONc mo est m t at It sa1 t at t e app 1cant s mterest was on y
}
(alii!o"!:~wA in the 400 balls seized at Rangoon. A translation of an
T~E undated letter alleged to have been written by Lim Lyan
SEcnETARY, Hwat was also forwarded but the letter, even if genuine,
MINISTRY I . .
oF HoME re ates to transactions m 1952.
AFFA~~E.AND In a detailed note for submission to the Minister dated
the 28th January r96o the Secretary to the Home Ministry
summed up adversely against the applicant. As his final
recommendation, he wrote:

Translated, it means that Lim Sway Gaung, despite the

previous punishment he had undergone and despite his stay
in Rangoon under restriction, is indifferent and resorting
again to activities in opium and that therefor~ (i) to make
him realise the error of his ways, and (li) with a view to
make people under similar restriction realise as well, he
should be sent to Cocos Island under section 5-A (r) (b) of
the Public Order (Preservation) Act.
In the alternatiye, the Home Secretary suggested
several other places to which the applicant could be sent.
This note was submitted to the Home Minister who
wrote, "Send him to Sedoktaya ". This was later altered
to Saw in the Pakokku District.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 135
In implementation of the Minister's order, a formal S.c.
<>rder m. t he name of th e President . was drawn up and -1960
-
signed y the Secretary, on the 13th February 1960, whe:re~ fK~~~~:~~)
in it was stated that the President was satisfied that with a LJGMAUNC SwAY
view to preventing him from smuggling opium, it was LIM Kwu..-
necessary to send him to Saw. H~~}~~aa
It is this order that is assailed by the applicant Lim Lyan (alit~i-!o~~TwA
Hwat (a) Lim Sway Gaung. Th!!
The other applicant Lim Kwin Kee (a) Htvva Kong SECRET,,ny,
MtNISTRY
(a) Htwa Tong, aged 58, son of Lim Nam Saing was oF Hor,m
ordered to res1'de out of Rangoon late m . 1955, but before A.FFAIM
oN.
AND

~he order could be served on him, he was kidnapped for

rasom. On his release, he was required as a witness
against his kidnappers and therefore it was only in Octo-
ber 1957 that he was sent to Minbu for a year. The year
expired and though the Ministry of Finance qnd Revenue
desired the detention to continue, nothing effective was
done and he found his way back to Rangoon. At the re-
quest of the Ministry of Finance and Revenue, like Lim
Lyan Hwat, he was made to enter into a bond for one 1akh
kyat to ensure good behaviour for five years. This w:as
executed on the 5th May 1959
On 2oth February 1960, the Ministry of Finance and
Revenue wrote in that he should be sent to Ye-U in the
Shwebo District. The statements of the two informers :in
Lim Lyan Hwat's case were relied upon. The Home
Secretary ~erely -rrote "He should be sent to Tilin for
-one year in the first instance." The Minister's endorse-
ment was " I agree."
As in the other case, a formal order dated the 23rd
April 1960 was drawn up and signed by the Home Secre-
tary, and the statement therein was to the effect that the
President was satisfied as to the necessity of sending
hini to Tilim in the Pakokku District. This order is
2ssailed by the applicant Lim Kwin Kee (a) Htwa Kong.
136 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

~9f~ The power that is exercised under section 5-A is by the

L IM L YAN
President or by some one to whom his powers are specifi-
HwAT (~~ias) cally delegated. The President in person never dea.Js ,with
LIM SW.AY
GAUNG any case of th'Is nature but 1t . t he umon
. ls . Government
~~~a:) which exercises his executive powers under order section
HTwA KoNo 13 of the General Clauses Act and section 121
(alias) HTWA
ToNG of t he Const1tut10n.
. . In t hese two cases, 1t . was
ThE the Home Minister who exercised the power for
SMECRETARY, the Government and in the name of the Presi-
INISTRY , ,
oF HoMn dent, the Rules of Executive Business enablmg hrn1 so to
An-Atas
ONil. AND do. The Court must consider therefore whether the Home
Minister had materials before him to come to a reasonable
conclusion that the applicants were smuggling opium, and
secondly, whether he was satisfi~d as to the necessity of
ordering them to reside, away from their normal residence
in Rangoon. It is the Minister himself, as the person
exercising the power under section 5-A, who must be satis-
fied. Therefore it would have been appropriate and help-
ful to this Court if the learned Government Advocate could
have supplied us with the Home Minister's affidavit (or
rather that of the ex-Home Minister since he had demitted
office) to indicate that he was so satisfied. In the past, we
.have not insisted upon Ministers sending in ret~rns bu: we
think we should in the future, in cases where they Lad
exercised the powers under section 5-A. For one thing it
would carry more weight and it will also be in consonance
with practice in other countries. See Liversidge v. Sir ]ohrr
And_erson (r) and Greene v. Secretary of State for Home
Affairs (2) where affidavits were filed by the ex-Minister
Sir John Anderson who had passed the orders impugned,
andby' the th'en Minister in office, Mr. Herbert Morrison.
We have examined the records very carefully and we
have, earlier in this order, mentioned the salient facts which
led to the issue of the restriction orders. There was
rnaterial (we are unable to describe it as evidence) to show
(1) (1942) A.C. 2o6.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 137'

that the two applicants were concerned in activities relating ~9f~

to opium. But it was flimsy. Informers, whose identi- . _
T, I . LIM LYAN
t1es are ~nown on y to the Excise Department, were HwAT (alias}
examined secretly and their bare al1egations do not even L~~~;;Y
indicate whether they were deposing from personal know- LxM KwxN
1edge, or f rom hearsay or f rom m. f erences w h"1ch m1g
. h t not HTwa
KEE (alias)
KoNG.
bear scrutiny. It was not suggested that all activities in (al~J!TWA.
opium were at a standstill during the period the applicants T~
were under restriction outside Rangoon. Nor is it suggested SEcRETARY,
MINISTRY
that no one else is engaged in large scale smuggling. There oF HoME
is no suggestion that only because of their return to Ran- AFF~~=- AND
goon that opium smuggling has revived. Therefore we our-
selves would expect much firmer material to make us even
suspect that the applicants had in fact, started their
activities again. Flimsy though the material may be, the
Minister accepted it as sufficient.
But because a person is suspected of being concerned in
smuggling opium, it does not follow that his detention or
restriction under section 5-A is to be automatic. He could
be prosecuted. If, as in this case, he is under a bond for
good behaviour, he could be called upon to show cause
against forfeiture. In either case, he would have an oppor-
tunity (and this would indeed be a valuable one) to test by
cross-examination the evidence against him.
In the case of a person believed to be actively concerned
in an insurrection, the immediate and natural conclusion
would be th~ necessity to keep him confined for the preser-
vation of peace and order. But in respect of a man
suspected of smuggling opium, since it has hardly anything
to do with peace and order, greater care should be exercised
in deciding upon the proper step that is necessary, so as to
prevent him from pursuing his activities. The records do
not show that steps, alternative to that of sending away the
applicant out of Rangoon, were considered at all by the
Minister. The Secretary's main submission to him was the
desirability of action that would penalise the applicant
138 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C. which, at the same time, would serve as an example to
1960
others. From the Minister's brief order, "Send him to
LIM LYAN S d k
HwA~ (alias) e o taya " , It
. IS
. 1mposs1
. f er th at any attempt was
"b] e to m
L~~~AY made to determine what appropriate direction was neces-
LtM K\~IN sary to prevent the applicant from committing a prejudicial
KEE (atlas)
HTwA KoNG act, w IC
. case was t l1at of smugg1'mg opmm.
h' h .m Ius . In-
(alias) HTWA stead he was directed to leave Rangoon and reside in Saw
TONG I

; as a punishment. Preventive measures are not meant to

S~::cRE~v. be resorted to, by way of penalty, and to invoke the Public
::~VI~:; Order (Preservation) Act as a punishment is a fraud on the
AFFAms AND statute and an abuse of the powers exercisable under it.
ONE.
For these reasons, we find ourselves unable to uphold the
order passed against the applicant.
The same conclusions must be drawn in the case of Lim
Kwin Kee (a) Htwa Kong which was even more perfunc-
torily dealt with. The Home Secretary's noting was, as we
have already pointed out, the brief comment that in his
opinion the applicant should be sent to Tilin for a year, in
the first instance. The Minister wrote, " I agree".
The orders passed against the applicants restricting their
stay to Saw and Tilin respectively are quashed. As they
are under detention in Rangoon, pending their despatch to
these places, we direct their immediate release.
3:960] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 139

SUPREME COURT.

MAUNG BA SEIN (APPELLANT)

ts.c.
1960
v. :July 14.
THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*
Per.al Code, s. JOe-Exception 4-When and when not applicable.
For Exception 4 to s. 300 of the Penal Code to apply to a case of murder
11would have to be shown that the fatal attacl{ was made by the appellant on
the deceased without premeditation in a sudden fight, in the heat of passion,
upon a sudden quarrel and without his having taken undue advantage or
acted in a cruel or unusual manner.
The 4th Exception to s. 300 of the Penal Code cannot possibly apply to
a case where a person arined .:Vith a deadly weapon uses the same against an
unarmed man during a sudden fight, in the heat of passion, upon a sudden
quarrel.
Po Kin v. King-Emperor, 2 L.B.R. 320, approved.

B. K. Sen for the appellant.

Hla Maung (Government Advocate) for the respondent.

U AUNG THA GYAW, J.-The appellant Maung Ba Sein

was convicted of the offence of murder under section 302
of the Penal Code and sentenced to death. His appeal to
the High Court was dismissed. In the special appeal before
us, it has been put forward on the appellant's behalf that
i:he circumstances in which the injury was inflicted on the
deceased f'lllly justify the application of Exception 4 to
section 300 of the Penal Code. If this Exception were to
apply, the appellant would have to show that the dagger
attack was committed by him on the deceased without pre-
meditation in a sudden fight, in the heat of passion, upon
-a sudden quarrel and without his having taken undue
:advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner.
~ Criminal Appeal No. 8 of r96c.
t Present :U MYINT THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U Bo GYr AND
;u AUNG THA GYAw. JJ.
140 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

~9f; The deceased was married to the appellant's step-

MAwo BA daughter Ma Saw Nyun (PW 3) and they shared the same
SE1~ house. The appellant was also an eindaunggyi and on the
THE UNioN day previous, his daughter by his former marriage had

oFBURMA. eloped with her lover. The appellant believed that the
deceased had arranged the runaway match and labouring
under this imagined grievance, he sought a quarrel with
the deceased while the latter was chatting with his wife's
relation, Maung Tin Nyun (PW 1) and this latter's wife Ma
Hla (PW 2) under a tamarind tree in their compound. The
appellant commenced the fight by throwing a heavy iron
nut, an improvised fifty tical weight, at the deceased. The
weight first struck the tamarind tree and then bounced
back and hit the deceased on the temple. At this, the
deceased picked up a dab lying nearby and threw it at the
appellant and missed him. The appellant in turn threw
the dab back at the deceased. Despite Maung Tin Nyun's
intercession, the appellant chased the deceased with a dag-
ger in his hand and overtaking him at the fencing stabbed
him on the chest. The deceased turned to grapple with
the appellant but before he could overtake him, he fell
dead.
. On these facts, it is clear that at the time the dagger
attack was made, the deceased was unarmed and was run-
ning away from the scene of the sudden fight with the ap-
pellant. The 4th Exception to section 300 of the Pen~l
Code cannot possibly apply to a case where a p~rson armed
with a deadly weapon uses the same against an unarmed
. man .during a sudden fight, in the heat of passion, upon a
_sudaen quarred. A Bench of the Chief :Court of Lower
. .Burma in Po Kin v. King-Emperor (I}, had held
that . if two men were fighting and one of them
was unarmed while the other used a deadly wea-
pon, the one who used such a weapon must
be held to take an undue advantage and not to be entitled
(1) L.B.R. Vol. II, p. 320.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 141
to the benefit of Exception 4 to section 300 Indian Penal S.C.
1960
Code. ~This state of the law has remained unchanged ever
since and we have no doubt that the Bench of the Chief MAUNGBA
SEIN
Court of Lower Burma had laid down the correct law on v.
. , . . . d b THE UNION
the subJect. M1t1gatmg crrcumstances are no ou t pre- oF BuRMA,

sent in this case but the Court has no power under the law
to impose any lesser sentence.
This. appeal will accordingly be dismissed.
142 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1960

SUPREME COURT.
PUN ZA CIN (a) P. KHUP ZA CIN (APPLICANT)
ts.c. v.
1960 T!:-IE FINANCIAL COMMISSIONER (COMMERCE)~
July IS. GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF BURMA AND TWO
OTHERS (RESPONDENTS).*

Sea Customs Act, s. 167-B-Legality of-Constitution, s. rso-limited powers

and fwxctions"of judicialnatun1 e~:ercisable by persons who are not .fudges-
Attempt-No comp1ehensive definition-Intention--not punishable-
p,epamtion in certain cases punishable because of element of c1iminal
conspirac.v.
S. r67-B of the Sea Customs .'\ct defines " attempt" ns "any act of conceal-
ment, keeping or conveying of goods under such circumstances as are sufficient
t o satisfy the Customs Collector that the goods are b ein g concealed, k ept or
conveyed with intent to import or export goods contrary to the prohibition
or restriction under s . 19 ". Under s. ISO of the Constitution a person may
be authorised to exercise limited powers and functions of a judicial nature.
The powers vested in the Customs Collector under s. I 67-B of the Sea Customs
Al;t appear to be boundless and the provisions of the section are not in
consonance with the constitutional provision.
" Attempt " is nowhe;e comprehensively defined. The ordinary meaning
is" to try" or" to endeavour". It is more than a state of mind and a definite
stage in the commission of a crime. If the attempt is successful it is a crime.
Intention, evil though it may be, is not punishable.
Aggrali Pradhania v. Emperor, I.L.R. 6I Cal. 54 ; Queen-Empress v
Ramakka, (x88s) I.L.R. 8 Mad. 5 ; Rex v . MacCrea, I.L.R. 15 All. 173 ;
R. v . Taylor, (I859) I F and F 5II ; Narayaswami Pillai v. Emperor, A.I.R.
(1932) M ad. 507 ; L al Singh v. Th.e IVIi11ister for Finance and Revenue and
three others, (195 8) B.L.R. (S.C.) 195 ; referred to.
Under the Penal Code "preparation '' to wage '<var, preparation to commit
depredation on the territories of a friendly power and preparation to commit
dacoity are punishable b ecause the element of criminal conspiracy is a b asic
ingredient.
It cannot be said that in sending gold from Rangoon to Kalewa, which is
x6o miles away from the Indian front ier, an "attempt" to send it out of
Burma had been made.

Kyaw Min for the applicant.

Hla Maung (Government Advocate) for the respondents.
U MYINT THEIN, C.J .-Gold bars and gold plates weigh-
ing 945 tolas together with K 945 in currency notes placed
Civil Misc. Application No. 46 of 1960.
t Present: U MYrNT THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U Bo GYI and
u AUNG THA GYAW, JJ.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 143:

:in a wooden box, described falsely as containing " books, S.C.

I960
~tc." and ent as air freight from Rangoon to Kalewa, were
PuN ZA Cm
seized by Army personnel from a Union of Burma Airways (alias)
plane which had made a scheduled stop at Mandalay air~ 't,AK~~
port on the 5th July 1958. It is not known whether the FIN~CTAL
search, or the seizure, was authorised but it is immaterial CoMl\us-~
SIONER
for the purpose of coming to a decision in this case, since (CoMMERCE),

t he consignor admits sendmg the box with its contents. MENTGOVERN-
oF THE

He even avers that there was another packet of currency BUNroN URMAAND
oF
notes amounting to K 1,420 which has not been accounted TwoJ.:oTHERs~
for by those who had made the search. We mention this
claim for K 1,420 to emphasise what complications may
arise from searches where requisite formalities are not
observed.
The envelope with the receipt and a covering letter had
been handed to a passenger, one Kham Sial Khup, and when
he was searched, the large sum of K 42,964 was found on
him. This was also seized.
The matter was dealt with by the Collector of Land
C:ustoms, Mandalay, who held that the despatch of the box
:ontaining gold and currency notes to Kalewa was an
' attempt " to export gold to India without a permit. He
:herefore ordered their confiscation under section 7 (r) of
:he Land Customs Act, section 9 (3) of the Foreign Exchange
~egulation Act and section I 67-B of the Sea Customs Act.
:..re was satisfi~d that the passenger was an innocent carrier
)f the freight receipt, and also that his possession of
( 42,964 was legitimate. The money was returned to him.
On appeal to the Commissioner of Customs at Rangoon,
:he order was confirmed. The Commissioner, relying up-
m a decision of a Financial Commissioner of pre-indepen-
lence days one Mr. B. 0. Binns, elaborated upon what he
:onsidered to be "attempt" under the Sea Customs Act.
t may be that he was not aware of our orders in Lal Singh's
:ase-C.M.A. No. II9 of 1957-but he endorsed Mr. Binn's
:ontentions that " attempt " as defined in section 51 r of the
 144 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

S. c Penal Code has a restricted meaning, while in the Sea Cus-

1960 .
- toms Act, where the word is not defined, " attemF.-t " would
.PUN ZA CIN
(alias) extend to a much WI'der range of cases, WI'de enoug - h to
iAKC:~ cover what, in the Penal Code, would amount in certain
v.
FINANCIAL
circumstances, to mere "preparation" for the commission
CoNIMis- of a crime.
SIONER
{CoNI!VtERCE), The matter was taken on revision to the Financial Com-
.ME<;.~v~~;Hn missioner who, in agreeing with the Commissioner and the
: ~~~:~~ Collector, pointed out to a later amendment of the Sea Cus-
. ...-wo oTHERs. toms Act, which obviously was promulgated as a resu1t of
our decision in Lal Singh's case.
In that case, we dealt with the seizure and later confis-
cation of a lorry load of kerosine oil at Lashio, on the
ground that it was an attempt at exporting it to China. In
our order which was passed on the 8th December 1958, W(
said that even if Lal Singh had the intention to do so, he hac
not gone beyond the " preparation " stage in the commis
sion of the crime. Lashio, we pointed out, was still ~
hundred miles from the Chinese border.
The amending Act (19 of 1959) inserts in the paren
Act, a new section which reads :
"r67B. For the purpose of item 8 of the schedule to sec
tion r6z and section r67-A the word ' attempt' means any ac
of concealment, keeping or conveying of goods under sud
circumstances as are sufficient to satisfy the Customs Collecto
that the goods are being concealed, kept or conveyed wit:
intent to import or export the goods contrary to the prohib
tion or restriction under section r9."

To put it mildly, it is an extraordinary piece of legislc:

t1on. "Customs Collector" is defined in the Act as to ir
elude " every officer of Customs for the time being i
separate charge of a Customs-house " and in some places h
would not be a senior officer. In all probability he hirr
:self would make the seizure ; he would then prosecute an
--------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(1958) B.L.R. (S.C.) 193.
 BlJRMh LAW REPORTS. 145

then hold that the action involved amounts to an attempt. S.C

1960

He would proceed to award the penalty, out of which under PUN-ZA CxN
the Customs regulations he would receive a percentage of \alias)
P. KHUP
the value of the goods or gold or whatever It may be, as a ZA CrN
reward. Thus the amendment violates the concept of FrNA~~crAL
natural justice in that a single person would make the cs~~:;
seizure, prosecute as well as judge, and be a beneficiary (CG~~!~~E),
also, in case confiscation is ordered. Quite apart from this MuENT oF THE
NIONOF
consideration, the amendment is of doubtful legality. BuRMA AND
TWO OTHERS.
Section 133 of the Constitution ordains that justice
throughout the Union shall be administered in Courts esta-
blished by this Constitution or by law and by judges ap-
pointed in accordance therewith; the exception provided
by section rso is that limited functions and powers of a
judicial nature may be exercised by a person or a body of
persons authorised so to do. The powers vested in the
Customs Collector appear boundless, in that he is empower-
ed even to determine what amounts to the offence of
" attempt".
On the authority of Lal Singh's case, at the time, the
gold was seized at Mandalay, its despatch from Rangoon
would not amount to the offence of " attempt ". It ~ight
be, if the amendment were to apply. But section 24 of the
Constitution prohibits the conviction of a person except
for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission
of the ar.:t charged as an offence. The offence of
" a~tempt " is covered by the provisions of both the Land
and Sea Customs Act, as they originally stood, and section
r67-B, though promulgated as a definition of the word
" attempt", in reality, under this guise, a new offence,
much more comprehensive in its scope than the existing
offence of ''attempt", is prc;>-yided. for. The learned
Government Advocate concedes that the amendment is in-
'applicable ~0 .t~~ CI:\Se ~efo!e US, 2fl~ we neeq 'not de~ide as
to its,.legaljty
., . - .
.

10
146 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [19'60 <

~9~~ Section 51 I of the Penal Code does not expressly define

PuN ZA ClN " attempt " but merely provides that in an attempt, any
~alias)' act done towards the commission of the offence, fenders
P. KHUP
ZA CtN the offender liable to punishment. The word is not de-
FIN~ciAL fined in any statute and no definition can be all-embracing.
Col\rMxs-
SIONER
The ordinary meaning of the word " attempt" is "to try"
(CoMMERCE), or " to endeavour ", and is certainly more than a state of
M~~~~E mind. As every student of law is taught, there are in a
B~~~~:;:D ~?;!gle, g~~!-.~~~g~s-, thes~ being firstly, the inte~tion:-to- COm-
TWO OTHERS. mit the offence,. SeCOndly preparation;> made tOWardS it,

th1rdly ti1e --att~l;1pt, which is made. If the attempt is

success~ul, ~hen the crime is complete. If the attempt
should fail and the crime is not committed, even then the
person who has made the attempt is rendered punishable
by law, not so much for his moral guilt but because he has
done something which he ought not to have done, and
which in itself is against public security. Intention, evil
m.Qt.!:gb. jt ~ay_ pe, is_not punishable in our .L~~rs :---vj_i.r~- it
:?_q, people would be penalised for dangerous t!l_qggl!s. Nor
is mere preparation punishable, since there is always the
possibility that the intention to commit the offence might
be abandoned. The Penal Code makes, what in reality is
only preparation, punishable in one instance and that is in
respect of criminal conspiracy to do an illegal act or a legal
act by illegal means. But even so, mere agreement to enter
into a conspiracy is not punishable unless " some act be-
sides the agreement is done by one or more parties to such
agreement in pursuance thereof (section I2o-A) ". It is true
that the Penal Code makes " preparation " an offence in
three specific cases, these being,

(i) preparing to wage war against the Government

(section 122) ;
(ii) preparing to commit depredation on the territories
of a friendly power (section r26) ; and
(iii) preparation to commit dacoity (section 399).
 ,
1960] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 147

It will however be noticed that in all the three cases, S.C.

r960
it would require
~
more than one person to commit the crime P
~
-
2~
c rn
and that the preparation would have to be by way of (alias)
collecting men, arms, etc. Thus not only would there be ~~Kcit!'
an agreement to do an illegal act but some positive act FrN;;crAL
would have to be done in pursuance of the CoM:>us-
SIONER
agreement. The basic mgred1ent of these offences (CoMMERcE).
0f
.
preparation .
IS
. . l conspiracy.
cnmma . Th
e pro- GovER.'<-
MENT oF THE
bable reason underlying punishment for criminal BUuNioN oF
RMAAND
conspiracy is that while a single person may easily change TWo oTHERS.

his mind, where several persons had agreed to do an illegal

act, it may not be all of them that would change their
minds, anp. the illegal agreement may materialise into an
attempt or even to its actual commission.
It is appreciated that in some cases there will be a thin
line between preparation and an attempt, but nevertheless
it will be clearly marked. There are a host of authorities
both English and Indian and though at one time it was
thought that the Indian Penal Code used the word
"attempt" in a very wide sense, more so than it meant in
English law, later British decisions show that it is very much
the same both in England and in India-see Aggrali Pradha-
:lia v. Emperor (1). A great deal dep~nds upon the circum-
5tances prevailing in each case, and one important consi-
ieration appears to be whether there is locus penitentiae,
:hat is to say, room for penitence or time for repentance
:o bring about a change of mind. The extreme case is
'Jueen-Empress v. Ramakka (2) where a woman ran to a
well evidently with the intention of jumping into it but
Nas stopped. It was held not to be an attempt
1t suicide. It might have been held otherwise, if
;he had to be pulled back from the edge of the
Nell by her legs. Rex v. MacCrea (3) goes no
:urther than to say that once an attempt had begun
(1) LL.R. 6.1 Cal. 5.4 (z) (x88s) I.L.R. 8 Mad. 5.~
(~} f.L.R. xs All. 1'13
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

s.~. and a criminal act done in pursuance of it towards the com-

~ mission of the act attempted, locus penitentiae would not
z,-. CIN app1y. Th"IS 1s
PuN(alias) m h t l1e Eng1lSh case of R.~ v. Tay1or
1me Wlt
iAKc:= (r) where a man lit a match in front of a hay stack to put
t. it alight, but observing that he was watched, blew it out.
FINA.''ICI.o\1.
CoMMTs- He was held guilty of attempt to set fire to the stack. The
(C~~=c), attempt had already been made, but obviously he desisted
GoVERN-
MENT OFTilB
repetition because he was observed.
UNroN oF The authority which is in an exact parallel with the
Two om~::ns. case bef ore us IS
BuRMA ANP . Narayaswmm. p1"]]a1. v. Emperor (2 ). Tl1ere
a man was found with opium in such circumstances as
would show that he intended to take it to Kari.kal, which
was then in French India. He was found in a bus that was
taking him to a place, which would still be six or seven
miles from French territory. It was held that he was still at
the preparation stage in the commission of the crime to ex-
port dangerous drugs out of British Inclia. Walsh, J. said :
"There are probably many passengers for instance, who
embark at Calais for Dover intending to smuggle contraband
articles but on their way determine either to declare them ox
else abandon them; such intentions are obviously not attemp~
to commit an offence under section 5II.
Such cases are stronger than the present because the pas
sengers have taken tickets to the very place where the intendec
smuggling is to take place. This is a far weaker case for the
prosecution. The accused had to leave the bus at Tranqueba:
and then to make a jo~rney of six or seven miles before h
could get to Karikal. It seems to me that ill! must be .give1
the benefit of the doubt that he might have repented befor
reaching French Territory."

We consider the observation to be apt. Hmv ofteJ

must air passengers from Hongkong or Bangkok or Sing.:
pore have thought of evading the cu'stoms and then chang
ftheir mindS at the Rangoon airport. The criminal inter
-tion that theymay have harboured, :is not an " attempt
in 'law. .
(r) {1&59) I F & F su . . , i. (2) A:.I.R. (1932) Mad. 507.
 ..
1960] -BURMA LAW REPORTS. 149
No charge of conspiracy was levelled at the applicant, s.~.
19 0
a procedwe which would involve a regular trial in a Crimi-
, PUN Z:. CIN
nal Court. T he Collector c hose to act summanly under (alias)
section :i82 of the Sea Customs Act. His notice dated the Pz.AKcHuP IN
26th August 1958 called upon the applicant to show cause v.
FINANCIAL
why action should not be taken against him for CoMMrs-
the offence of attempt under section 167 (8) of (C~~~!cB),
the Sea Customs ACt, section 7 (r) of the Land MENT Govi'!RN- .
OF THE
Customs Act and section 9 (3) of the Foreign UN-IoN oF
Exchange Regulation Act. In reply, the applicant !~:r=~
produced sale vouchers to show that the gold was purchased
in 1956. He states that it was purchased by his brother
Chin Kai of Tiddim for speculation and that it remained
unsold, the price being unfavourable. The brother wanted
it 'sent to Tiddim. As valuables are not accepted by the
Union of Burma Airways as freight, it was sent in a box
described as containing books addressed to Chin Kai. The
freight receipt and a covering letter were put in an enve~
lope addressed t:o one Ah Kun, agent of Chin Kai, who
would presumably take delivery of the box. The device
to send it as books, unaccompanied even by himself, the
applicant avers, was to ensure safety. To lend credence to
this r.tatement, he produced a newspaper cutting to show
that even the fabulous "Hope" diamond was sent on one
occasion by ordinary post. That the box also contained
K 945 in currency which curiously corresponds to the
weight of th'e gold (which was 945 tolas), the applicant
states, is a coincidence. As mentioned earlier, he said
there was another packet of K 1,420. The fact that the
gold bars were numbered 33 to 52, he explains was really
meaningless. He had chosen to number them from 33, his
age being 33 The explanation is by no means satisfactory
and there is ground for suspicion that the collection of this
amount of gold by one family in the Chin Hills cannot be
motivated by guiltless intentions. Judging by the cover-
ing letter, this could not be the first consignment. But a
.150

s.~~ _conviction cannot be lodged upon suspicion alone, or upon

9
+ . evil intent, and since Kalemyo to where the gold was con-
Pu(drias)CIN signed _is still in Burma proper and r6o miles aZvay from
t ~: the Indian frontier, and since it is no crime to be in posses-
v. sian of gold in Burma, it cannot be said that in sending
FIN&"\\CIAL
CoMMrs- such gold from Rangoon to Kalewa, an " attempt " to send
(C~~~~Ee:Cil), it out of Burma had been made. The position at its worst
, GovnRN.: aspect may be that the applicant WaS making preparations
MENTOF THE
UNxoN oF to smuggle gold out of Burma, and since he cannot be
BuaM.o\ AND }" d f . to smuggIe, It . must b e h eld
Two orHERs. pena 1se or mere preparation
that he had not yet committed any offence.
Thus the order of confiscation is wrong on the face of
the record, and accordingly it must be quashed. We there-
fore set aside the orders of Collector of Land Customs,
Mandalay, dated the 21st October 1958, that of the Com-
missioner of Customs dated the 7th May 1959 and that of
~the Financial Commissioner dated the sth January 1960,
.and we direct the return of the gold and cash to the appli-
cant. If any cash penalty has been paid it is to be refunded.
1960] BURMA. LAW REPO:R'l'S~ 151
SUPREME COURT.
___ U_S_A_N_ _ _ _ )j (APPLICANT) t S.C.
1960
DAW KHIN NYUN
v. Julyzo.
u WIN HTAIN AND THREE OTHERS }- (RESPONDENTS).*
u WIN HTAIN AND THREE OTHERS
Municipal Act, s. 157 (I)-Duties of Rangoon Corporation when actir.g unde1
-Power under-Not discretionmy-Crcumscribed by conditions-Whe1t
j'\1'andamus will lie-Interfe~ence rvith private rights-Strict compliance
with law necessary in-Reason for_
'Where the action proposed to be taken by the Rangoon Corporation
under sub-s. (r) of s. 157 of the Municipal Act involves interference with or
deprivation of rights to property, itis incumbent upon the Rangoon Corporation
authorities to comply to the fullest possible extent with the requirements of
the 1aw sanctioning such act of interference or deprivation. In other words
the power to remove the occupiers and their property from the buildings is
not one resting entirely in the discretion of the Corporation authorities. The
exercise of such power is limited or circumscribed by the conditions set out
in the sub-section by the use of the words "if it appears to be necesary in
order to prevent imminent danger". The authorities concerned must first
of all be satisfied that there was imminent danger calling for immediate
preventive action. Where power is given to the Authority to take a certain
action if certain nam~d conditions are present and the Authority exerci.ses
the power in the absence of such conditions, Mandamus will lie to restrain
it from doing so.
State of Bombay v. L(lxkaidas, A.I.R. (195~) Bam. 468, referred to.
Where interference with private rights as sanctioned under the Municipal
Act is contemplated, care should be taken that the requirements of the law
is complied with both in letter ttnd spirit so that the bona fides of the Corporation
authorities should not be open to question.

Ba Maw and Zali Maw for the applicants.

Nyun Tin: Kyaw Myint and Hla Maung (Government Ad-
vocate) for the respondents.
U AUNG THA GYAW, ].-These are two applications for
Writs of Mandamus directed against the Rangoon Munici-
pal Corporation .?U~horjties for restraining them from evict-
ing the appliqmts from their re,spective places of business
in the ground floor of the Cinema-house known as " New
*Civil Mtsc. Applications Nos. xoo and Iot of 1960.
t Present.: U MYINT THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U Bo GY.I and
u AuNG THA G.YAw, n:
152 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
:11
S.C. Palladium" in Sule Pagoda Road, Rangoon. The first
xg6o
respondent U Win Htain is the Buildings Engineer 4 0f the
USAN
DAwKHIN
Corporation and he, acting under orders of .the second re~
N'YuN spondent, the Commissioner of the Corporation, served
v.
U WIN upon the applicants the eviction notices complained of on
HTAIN AND
THREE Ist June 1960 requiring them to vacate the premises within
OTHERS. 14 days of the receipt of the notice. On the same date,
the owner of the building, the third respondent, was simi-
larly served with a notice requiring him to dismantle or
demolish the structure down to its brick foundation. Both
the notices mention that the state of the building was in
a dangerous condition. W
The applicants allege that there was bad faith on the part
of the third respondent, the owner of the building, and as
agai~st the Corporation authorities, they complai.n that
the eviction notices were not authorised by the terms of
section 157 (I) of the Municipal Act under which they pur
ported to act. ' ' '
Bad faith if any on the part of the third respondent, the
owner of the building, may possibly furnish a background
to the action taken by the Corporation but is of no rele7
,van.ce in the proceedings in this Cqurt for the relief
)of M~ndamus applied for. . .
. The third respondent wanted to undertake extensive
repairs to the cinema buildingandserved the usual notices
to quit upon the applkants in "january and February 1960,
Mention was made that the building operations ,Yould com-
mence in the month of March . . Then on .8th April 1960,
the third respondent was served with a notice by the Cor-
po:ration authorities, requh:ing hhn to execute cer~
tain repairs of a restricte~ charaCter to the build-
ing.. Ta~ing ~dvantage of this . order, the third
'resp_ondent had.' the - whole roof and superstnic-
ture of' the buiiding pulled down leaVing practi.-
cally ~nly 1;he four _walls. standing.' This excessive
zeal WaS displayed by the third respOD:d.ent 'i~ ~h~ face ~f
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 153

itter opposition reflected in the two orders of Temporary S.C.

1960
1junctim~ applied for and obtained by the applicants in the
U SAN
:ity Civil Court and the High Court. That was the state DAWKHIN
.f affairs when the Corporation authorities decided to in- NYVN
V.
=rvene with the eviction and demolition notices, addressed u WIN
HTAlN AND
o the applicants and to the owner of the building respec- THREE
OTHERS.
ively.
The Corporation purported to act under section 157
ub-section (r) of the Municipal Act which reads "If any
milding, wall, structure or anything affixed thereto is in
. ruinous or dangerous state, the Corporation may, by
wtice in writing, require the owner or occupier thereof
'orthwith either to remove the same or to cause such re-
>airs to be made thereto as it considers necessary
'or the public safety, and if it appears to the
:orporation to be necessary in order to prevent
imminent danger, the Corporation may forthwith
:ake such steps as. may .be necessary to avert
;uch danger, .and .such steps may: include the forcible re-
moval without notice fmm such building of all the
xcupiers thereof and their property.''
It would thus appear that the eviction notices against
the applicants _yYe:re iss_ued under the s~c-o:p.d part of the sul:>-
sectiof?.. The applican~s have now qmtended that as the
partly demolishe<l building now stands, there is no immi-
nent danger to .tl)e public. and ~hat.it wa~ riot necess~ry for
the Corporati6n to take. steps to av~rt a. rion-"existent d~uiger
of the descriptio~.set o:ut in the said sub-section. .
It migh.t :.possibly be conc~ded that where the action
proposed to. be taken by th~ C:orporat~O.n _involves inter.-
ference with or deprivation of rights to property as alleged
by the applicants, it was incumbent upon the Corporation
authorities to c_omply to the fullest possible extent with
the requirements of the law sanctioning such act of inter=-
ference or deprivation. In other words, the power to re~
move the occup~yrs. and. their: ..J?!OJ?erty .from the building
154 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
S.C.
:f960 is not one resting entirely in the discretion of the Corpora-
U.SAN
tion authorities. The exercise of such power (is limited
DAW KHIN or circumscribed by the conditions set out in the sub-
NYON
~. section by the use of the words " if it appears to it to be
UWtN necessary in order to prevent imminent danger ". The
HT.AlN AND
THREE authorities concerned must first of all be satisfied that there
OTHERS.
was imminent danger calling for immediate preventive
action. Where power is given to the Authority to take a
certain action if certain named conditions are present and
the Authority exercises the power in the absence of such
conditions, Mandamus will lie to restrain it from doing so
-see State of Bombay v. Laxkaidas (1).
It is therefore necessary in this case to discover whether
the Corporation authorities took any step to satisfy them-
selves as to the presence of imminent danger before they
served the notices of eviction on the applicants. From the
records, it would appear that the Commissioner of the
Municipal Corporation did ask the first respondent, the
Buildings Engineer, to report to him regarding the condition
of the New Palladium building. The instruction given by
him in Burmese were in the following terms " "l:l?Goo:>d;me
. c: . ~ c c r;;:c oc c
O?-tot=~ ro:~:cq:ar l:l?Gij~Gf C\JOJOJGCO') l:l?~'P(J) tl0G0~C(,)~

rooo~qt~ (,)~ " " (whether or not the building as a whole

would be a source of imminent danger)". The first respon-
dent and four of his fellow Engineers in the employ of the
Municipal Corporation formed themselves iQto a Board of
Inspection and visited the building and made a report to
the Commissioner regarding the dangerous' condition of the
building. After setting out the condition of the building
as observed by them, they reported in Burmese "mGro':>nS
Q c:: c0 r,:: 0 c 6 0 (' r,~ . . c r.: c 0 c ('
.me<:ft COffi'iJ mGljl:l?Gyl:l?']~cqjC ar:9g'J[j: ~'-p(J) tlcDG0tC::x>2
' ~ 'I (' 0 0<.' c ~ (' 0 t.: c: ('
.<Jtl:l?~':f .O(cOOej01Cl:>211 . ar:9k>~UJ'-p Gd.Gtj!p>tq9 ~i::DtjS sc:m
c Q ~<= ('.. 0 <: oc c c: c ~ c
GOO:?m~e<::ft ~O':ly'J m:?:cq:Cl:? cq:ol9Jffi~:00']f o,)~Gel?c:

~ l:l?c5olb:>~ 1i ,, although the Burmese expression

(i) A.I.R. '<x9sz}Bom. 468 at 47i:.'
1960] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 155
used by the Commissioner to express, the meaning of the S.C.
196o
words.., " imminent danger " was not repeated in the
,USAN
Engineers' report, the description of the condition of the DAWKHIN
structure coupled with the recommendation for demolition NYUN
v.
,of the walls would clearly amount to a decisive and UWIN
HTAINAND
.affirmative answer to the query posed by the Commissioner. THREE
OTHERS,
Thus the decision arrived at by the second respondent,
the Commissioner of the Corporation, was not one which
res~ed :wFerely on his own discretion but was based on the
:report of the Board of five Engineers. In making their re-
port, the Board of Engineers should have adhered to the use
of the Burmese phraseology adopted by the Commissioner
of the corporation to express the meaning of the English
words " imminent danger ". Where interference with
-private rights as sanctioned under the Municipal Act is
-contemplated, care should be taken that the requirements
of the law is complied with both in letter and spirit so that
the bona fides of the Corporation authorities should not be
open to question. In ~he present case, on the facts dis~
closed on the record the Corporation authorities would
appear to have fully complied with the requirements of
the law laid down in section 157 (r) of the Municipal Act
and their action does not call fqr any interference by way
of Mandamus or Prohibition. The applications will
:accordingly stand dismissed. The applicants ask for a
direction from this Court for the grant of reasonable time
for comply-ing with the order of eviction. This is a matter
which rests entirely in the discretion of the Corporation
.authorities who are best acquainted with the urgency of the
situation described in their Engineers' report. There will
:be no order as to costs. Stay order will be withdrawn.
156 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
SUPREME COURT.

t S.C.
1956
u LU GALE (APPLICANT)
Oct. 1.
v.
MAUNG THAUNG TIN AND THREE OTHERS
(RESPONDENTS).*

Ce1tiorari-Deals with .iurisdiction-" Speaking orders "-Issue of- Dis-

cretionary-When refused-Urbmz Rent Control Act, s. u(d)-" Bona
fide requirement" in-True test-Motive-Immaterial.
Certiorari deals with jurisdiction, which is divided into two categories.
''want of jurisdiction" and "excess of jurisdiction". But actually both
relate to the exercise of a power that an inferior tribunal does not possess.
Rex v. Funzished Houses Tribunal of Paddington and St. Marylebone Ex parte
Kendal, (1947) All. E.R. 448 at 449, referred to.
A third category has come to be accepted and this relates to errors
apparent on the face of the reco~d and is classified as "Speaking orders".
Overseas of the Poor of Walsall v. L. & N.W. Railway Co., L.R. (1879)
4 AC 30; Burma Oil Co. v. The Court of Industrial Arbitration, (1951) B.L.R.
(S.C.)48 ; Dr. R.C. Das v. The Controller of Rents, (1951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 22.5 ;
M.E. Bhqiyat & Sorzs v. The Chief :Judge of the Rangoon City Civil Cou1t ana
two others, (1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) 40, referred to. .
But such errors are always treated as errors of jurisdict'ion.
Dr. Krz'shnaswamy Ayyar v. Molwnlal Birrgani mzd another, l.L.R. (1949)
Mad. .657, referred to.
Failure to act according to law does not in every case give rise to a right
to s'eek di~ections. The issue of directions is discretionary imdsuch directions
may be refused.when there is an alternative and effective remedy..
t.J Mya v.. U Tun Ohn, (1948) B.L.R. (S.C.) 733 ;Ah Fat v. U Tiw Win,
(x<}:S'o) B~L.R. (S.C.) 53, referred to.
Directions would be issued where the available alternative remedy would
be ineffective.
U B,a Tu .v. Returning Officer, Lashio, (1952) .B.L.R. (S.C.),t, referred to.
Pirections woulP, be refused if the act c~mpl,ained of is purely administra-
tive as distinct from judicial or quasi-judiCial action. '
liup Forv. Deputy Comhiissioner, Insein, (1950) B.L.R;(S.C.) 86 ; Mohamerl
Han iff an4 another v. Frza11cial Commissiorzer, Burma and ut hers, ( r 9 52) l3. L. R.
(S.C.) I I ; U Kyone Myaing v. The Financial Commis;ioner, Bumia, (1952)
B.L;R.(S.C.) 214; U Ko Ko Gyi v. Enghliler-in-Charge, 'Rangoon Corporation,
(1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) z66, referred to.

*Civil Misc. Application No. xo6 of 1955

t Present : U
THEIN MAID<G, Chief Justice of the Union, U MYINT THEIN
and U CHAN HTOON, JJ.
(NoTE.-This judgment was not published in the appropdate issue of the
Burma Law Reports, through an oversight-Ed., B.L.R.)
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 157
The control exercised is supervisory rather than appellate. S.C.
Daw Ngwe N1t v. Kalokwin Village Agricultural Board, (1949) B.L.R. 1956
(S.C.) 3J referred to. U Lu GALE
There would be no interferance if an inferior tribunal had jurisdiction to . v.
deal with a matter and had dealt with it even though this Court may not agree MAUNG
.;,.ith the tribunal on questions of either law or fact. THAUNGTIN
A."'D THREE
Gwan Kee v. Union of Burma, (1949) B.L.R. (S.C.) 151 at 153 ; Noor OTHERS.
i11ohamed v. Fina11cial Commissioner, Burma, (1951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 94,
referred to.
" Bona fide requirement" in s. I I (d) of the Urban Rent Control Act is
restricted to "requirement to build". The true test therefore is whether
the landlord really intends to build.
The question of motive is hardly of importance.
JI!Iohamed Moosa v. Goolam Rasool, (1923) B.L.J. 161 at 162; C. AhFou11gv.
K. Mohamat Kaka, (1950) B.L.R. (1-I.C.) 346, referred to.

Ba Swe for the applicant.

Aye Maung for the rst and 2nd respondents.

Attorny-General for the 3rd and 4th respondents.

U MYINT THEIN, J.-The applicant U Lu Gale sought a

permit under section 14-A of the Urban Rent Control Act
to sue the respondents Maung Thaung Tin and Ma Khin Yi
for ejectment from his land. His claim was based upon
section u(d) which runs:
" the premises, in the case of land are bona fide required by
the landlord for erection or re-erection of a building or build~
ings and the landlord executes a bond in such amount as the
Court may deem reasonable that the premises will be used for
erectiqn or re-erection of .a building or buildings, that he will
give effect to such purpose within a period of one year from
the date of vacation of the premises by the tenant."

The Controller of Rents, Prome, rejected the application

on two grounds, namely (r) that the requirement was not
bona fide in that the applicant ~ould not undertake to allot
a particular portion which the respondents would like to
have in the proposed 'n~w building (even though he had
offeiedthem another portion), and (2) that there was no
necessity to 'put up a new'building' on the' land.
158 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

s.c. The matter was taken on reference to the Subdivisional

1956
- Judge where the second ground does not appear to have
u L~. GALE been canvassed. The Subdivisional Judge accepted 'there.
MAuNGT
T HAUNG IN
fusal to allot the particular portion in the new building as
ANn THREE indicative of the anplicant's mala fides. He endorsed the
oTHERS. view advanced by the Controller that the tenants had been
in occupation for some seven or eight years and that their
forced removal would cause them loss in their business as
jewellers, more so because the applicant also is a jeweller.
He confirmed the Controller's decision.
U Lu Gale has brought the matter to this Court seeking
directions in certiorari. Learned counsel for the respon-
dents contend in general that the question whether the land
is " bona fide required " by the landlord is a pure question
of fact which should not be reweighed or reassessed by this
Court in certiorari proceedings. In the course of their sub
missions learned counsel have raised the question when and
how far this Court may interfere in these proceedings.
We have incorporated in our Constitution some of the
prerogative writs of English origin and their application in
the enforcement of rights to Constitutional remedies is
ensured by Article 25. Borrowing the phraseology adopt-
ed in section 49 I of the Criminal Procedure Code the writs
are referred to in the Constitution as " directions in the
nature of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, quo warranto and
certiorari " . As is to be expected, in their application, this
Court has followed the principles that are ooserved by
English Courts in exercising jurisdiction.
It is established and accepted that certiorari deals with
jurisdiction, which is divided into two categories, " want
of jurisdiction " and " excess of jurisdiction ''. But actual~
ly both relate to the exercise of a power that an inferior
tribunal doe~ not possess. A third category has come to
he a_ccepted and this relates to en-ors apparent on the face
of the record. classified by Lord Chancellor Ear~ Cairns in
9.50] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 159-

)verseas of the Poor of Walsall v. L & N. W. Railway Co. S.C.

I956
r) as " Speaking orders ". But it seems that such errors
U Lu GALE
tre always treated as errors of jurisdiction. See Dr. l(rish~ v.
wswamy Ayyar v. Mohanlal Bingani and another (2). The Ta~~r:TIN
tature of certiorari is succinctly explained by C.J. Lord ANn THREE
OTHERS.
;oddard in Rex v. Furnished Houses Tribunal of Paddington
md St. Marylebone Ex parte Kendal (3) where he said:
"Certiorari is a very special remedy, and when it is sought
in -order to bring up the order of a judicial tribunaL the ques-
tion which has to be considered is whether or not the tribunal
were acting within their jurisdiction. 'Acting within their
jurisdiction ' is an expression which has been applied to more
than one set of circumstances. It is, for instance, applied to
a case where it is said that a Court was not properly consti-
tuted. It may be that justices or other members of.
the Court are alleged to be disqualified or to have a bias in the
matter which should have resulted in their not sitting and in
those circumstances this Court has never hesitated to grant
the writ to bring up the order to be quashed, because the
members of a tribunal had no jurisdiction to give a decision
in the case, but it is very old and definite law that certiorari
to quash proceedings only lies for want of jurisdiction or
where the order is bad on its face. It may be bad on the face
because on looking at it, the Court can see that the tribunal.
in making it, acted outside the jurisdiction, or it may be shown
that they decided some question which was not before them."
This Court has since its creation in 1948 dealt with a
rruinber of cases dealing with directions in the nature of
:::ertiorari mos,tly relating to decisions of Rent Controllers,
fenancy Boards and Industrial Courts of Arbitration. In
U Htwe v. U Tun Ohn and one (4), this Court observed that
:Erections may issue where a body of persons having legal
authority affecting the rights of subjects, having the duty
9
to act according to law, act in excess of such legal authori-
ty. The meaning of "excess of jurisdiction" was eluci
dated in Burma Oil Co. (Burma Concessions) .Ltd. v. The
(r) L.R. (l879l4 Ac 30. (~) A.I.R. (1949) Mad. 535 at 589 = I.L.R. (r949)
Mad. 6s7
(3) (r947) All. E.R. 448 at 449 (4} (1948) B.L.R. (S.C.) 541 at. 551.
160 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

~-~6 Court of. Industrial Arbitration (r) where it was said that
~ the word "jurisdiction" in this narrow sense meant terri-
u L~. GALE torial or pecuniary jurisdiction while in its wider sense it
MAt.:No
THAUNG TIN
meant the authority to do things " according to law " a 7

AND THREE phrase which would include the necessity of complying

OTHERS.
with rules of "natural justice" which are rules of univer-
sal application. See U Pit v. Theson Village Agricultural
Board (2).
Failure to act according to law does not in every case
give rise to a right to seek directions. The issue of direc-
tions is discretionary and such directions may be refused
when there is an alternative and effective remedy. See
U Mya v. U Tun Ohn (3). Ah Fat v. U Tha \.Vin (4). But
see U Ba Tu v. Returning Officer. Lashio (5), where in the
peculiar circumstances prevailing an order rejecting a
candidate's nomination for election was quashed. To re-
legate him to the alternative remedy of an election petition
would have meant the holding of an election which would
clearly be null and void.
Directions would be refused if the act complained of
is purely administrative as distinct from judicial or quasi
judicial actiorL See Hup For v. Deputy Commissioner.
Insein '(6); Mohamed Haniff v. Financial Commissioner
Burma (7); U Kyon Myaing v. Financial Commissioner
Burma (8); and U Ko Ko Gyi v. Engineer-in-Charge, Ran
goon Corporation (9).
The control exercised by this Court in sU<;h proceeding~
is supervisory rather than appellate. See Daw Ngwe Nt
v. Kalokwin Village Agricultural Board (ro) where it wa~
emphasised that directions are not in the nature of an ap
peal. This Court would not interfere if the inferior tribu
nal had jurisdiction to deal with a matter and had deal
. . .
(1) (1951) B.L.B,. (S.C.) 48. (6) (1950) B.L.R. (S.C.) 86.
(z) (1948) B.L.R. (S.C.) 759 (?) (xgsz} B.L.R. (S.C.) u.
(3) (1948) B.L.R. (S.C.) 733 (8) (195z) B.L.R. (S.C.) 214.
(4) 69so). :S.L.R.. (s~c.) s3- (9) (r9sz) B.L;R. (S.C.) z66.
<s).(I9sz> B~L.R..(~.C,.) r,' (~9) (194.9) B.L.R, (S.C.) 32.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 161

with it even though this Court may not agree with the S.C
xgs6
tribunal on questions of either law or of fact. See Gwan
U Lu GALE
Kee v. Union of Burma (r); Noor Mohamed v. Financial v.
MA.L"NG
Commissioner, Burma (2). THAmwTrN
The cases above cited relate to want or excess of AND THREE
OTHERS.
jurisdiction. In regard to " speaking orders " a case in
point is the Burma Oil Co. v. The Court of Industrial Arbi-
tration (3) where an order was quashed on the ground tl}.,~t
the tribunal had not acted according to law inasmuch as it>
had allowed itself to be influenced by extraneous and irrele-
vant considerations, and that they had acted arbitrarily and
without jurisdiction in directing the investigation of the
possibility of transport of crude oil by river (when the
normal method was by pipe line) in order to consider if
retrenchment of employees for lack of work, could be pre-
vented. Similarly in Dr. R. C. Das v. The Controller of
Rents (4), the order of the latter was quashed as erroneous,
inasmuch as it was based upon a misconception of facts and
a wrong assumption of law. See also M. E. Bhaiyat & Sons
v. The Chief fudge of the Rangoon City Civil Court (5)
where the point in issue was, owing to a wrong interpreta-
tion of an enactment, the Chief .Judge had decided that he
was incompetent to entertain a certain matter. It was
held that certiorari lay.
The principles enunciated in the authorities referredto
are not ex~'l.austive but they provide a fairly clear picture
'0f the scope of proceedings in certiorari. Learned counsel
for the respondent, U Aye Maung, has no fault to find with
these principles but he contends, firstly that the question
of bona fides is a question of fact and that it should not be
re-opened here. He places reliance on K.edarnath Gupta
v. Nagendra'~Narayan Sinha (6). Secondly, he contends
that " motive '' is not an extraneous matter and that the

(r) (x949) B.L.R. (S.C.\ rsr at 153 (4) (195 I) B.L.R. (S.C.) 225-
(2) (x951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 94 (s) (1952) B.L.R. (S.C.) 40.
{3) (195i) B.L.R. (S.C.) 48. (6) A.I.R. (1954) Pat-,,97
'
162 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

~ ;6
-
9 Controller was justified in making it a ground for .!=oming
to the conclusion that the requirement of the landlord was
U Lu GALE
v. not bona fi de. He c1tes
. Basant Lal Saba v. P. C. Chakravarty
TH~~U:TIN (I) where it was observed that in considering " bona tide
AND THREE requirement" the Court was entitled to look to every rele-
oTHEns. .
vant fact or circumstances affecting the landlord and his
position. He relies also on C. Ah Foung v. K. Mohamat
Kaka (2) where it was held that the fact that the landlord
took proceedings out of spite was a factor to take into con.:.
sideration.
To these submissions, the cases of Dr. R. C. Das v. The
Controller of Rents, Rangoon (3) and M. E. Bhaiyat & Sons
v. The Chief Judge, Rangoon City Civil' Court (4), already
referred to, provide a complete answer. It is not our pur~
pose in these proceedings to reweigh or reassess the
evidence, which in this case is not in dispute, nor do we
propose to substitute our own views on the facts. In their
own orders both the Controller and the Subdivisional Judge
had embodied what they had taken into account, these be-
ing {I) that a forced removal of tenants who had been in
occupation for some seven or eight years would cause loss
to them, and (2) that the landlord had refused to allot a
particular portion demanded by the tenant in the building
to be erected. From these facts the deduction is made that
the landlord was not bona fide in his require111ent, a con-
clusion which is unjustified since " bona fide requirement r
in section r I (d) is restricted to " requirement to build ....
The true test therefore is whether the landlord, really in-
tends to build, and in the matter before us, the orders of the
Controller and the Subdivisional Judge clearly indicate that
the landlord intends to build and that he has the means to
build, and had even obtained the necessary permission to
build from the Municipal authorities.
(r) A.I.R. (1950) Cal. 249 at 251. (3) (r951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 225.
(2) (r()So) B.L.R. (H.C.) 346. (4) (1952) B.L.R. (SC.) 40.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS~ 163

The question of motive is hardly of importance. See S.C.

1956
Mohame~ Moosa v. Goolam Rasool (I) where the lower
Court did not think the requirement was bona fide because u ~~.GALE
of litigation and had feeling, but the, High Court had this Td~~;TIN
tO Say ; AND THREE
OUlllRS.
" Whatever the original motive may have been the only re-
quirement of the Act is that he should honestly and reasonably
require these premises for his own use. He does so require
them and even if he is actuated by a desire to ruin the defend-
ants, so long as he establishes the requirements of the Act,
he is entitled to a decree."

The Rent Controller was entitled to look into every rele~

vant fact and we would not say that he was wrong in taking
into consideration the question of motive as pointed out
in C. Ah Foung v. K. Mohamed Kaka (2) but it is to be
noted that the Court was careful to point out also that
" motive " could not constitute a deciding factor in the
matter of judging bona fides.
In our judgment both the Rent Controller and the Sub-
divisional Judge had misread section r r(d) and their reasons
for denying U Lu Gale his -p-ermit are bad in law.
We therefore quash the order of the Rent Controller
dated r8th June I955 and the order of the Subdivisional
Judge dated r2th September 1955 with Advocate's costs
eighty-five Kyats. We direct the return of the proceedings
to the Rent Controller, Prome, for the disposal of U Lu
Gale's application according to law.

(l) (t923) 2 B.L.J. 161 nt. 162, (z) (1950) B.L.R. (H.C.) .346.
'
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10. (8.372) (1) In other ca'3eS of an assignment,

creation or. devo'ution of any inter<:st
Procedure in case of during the pendency of a suit, the
assignment before fin:!!
order in suit. suit may, by leave of the Court, be
continued by or agair:st the person
to or upon whom such interest has come or devolved.
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206 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

SUPREME COURT.

STATE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING BOARD

t S.C.
1960 (APPELLANTS)
Oct. z6. v.
:MESSRS. THE BURMESE AGENCIES LTD .
.(RESPONDENTS).*

Reimbursement-Liability of principal to agmt jo1- Contract Act, s. Go-

Absence of specific directio11- Liberty to apply payment to li7I)' debt.
Rice and rice-products bought ex-hopper and paid for b}' the respondents:
acting as procurement agents for the appellants were looted or destroyed by-
insurgents who over-ran the locality where the respondents opcrntcd. Under
the agreement entered into bttwccn the parties the appellants had accepted all'
risks. The claim for balance of money due and payable on account of the-
price of rice and rice-products looted or destroyed by the insurgents was.
J"esisted on the ground that the contract must be deemed to have become voidl
under s. s6 of the Contract Act, as one impossible of performance.
Held: That rice having been sold ex-hopper title had passed to the appel-
lants and under the agreement the appellants had accepted all risks: That:
furthermore the respondents having paid the sellers in full, this sum in its.
entirety was recoverable from the appellants and that the fact that due tO>
circumstances no despatch could be made, would not absolve the appellants.
from theirliability to reimburse t he ir agents.
Where it is contended that certain payments received from the appellants.
and appropriated by the respondents towards their commission should hav~
been credited towards the rice bills.
Held: Tbat in the absence of nny specific direction, the respondents were
entitled under s.6o of the Contract Act to apply them towards any debt due
and payable to them by the Board.

Tun Sein for the appellants.

Kyaw M in. U Paing and Than Sein for the respondents.

U MYINT THEIN, C.J.-The plaintiffs, the Burmese

Agencies Ltd., were procurement agents for the defen-
dants, the State Agricultural Marketing Board. The
claims in suit relate to procurements made early in 1949.
Civil Appeal No. 1 of 1957 from the decree of the Special Civil Court,
Rangoon, dated the roth Aprilxgs6 in its Civil Regular No. 24 of 1952.
t Pre$ent: U MYIN'f THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U CHAN HTOON
and U AUNC THA GYAW, JJ.
 So] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 207
Rice and rice-products were purchased for the Board, S.C.
1960
-hopper. and the procedure to be followed and the mode
STATE Aanr-
payment are contained in clauses r I and I 2 of the CULTURAL
itten agreement which are as follows : MARKETING
BoARD
" I r. The Company shall in 'the first place bear the whole v.
MESSRS. THK
cost of procuring and delivering products in accordance with BURMESE
the terms of this Agreement. The Board shall bear all AGENCIES
LTD.
approved actual expenditure incurred in connection with the
handling and storage of products and all expenditure incurred
on account of the rent of and taxes and assessments upon
any landjbuildings used for storage of the products.
12. Payment shall be made by the Board to the Company
in the following manner :
(a) In the case of rice and rice-products upon representa-
tion to the Board of any invoice accompanied by a
Certificate to the effect that the Company holds the
seller's invoice and a delivery order relating to the
quantity invoiced, a sum equal to 95 per cent of the
ex-hopper price of the rice or rice-products plus
customary charges for bagging, sewing, weighing and
shipping.
:(b) In the case of paddy, upon completion of purchase and
measurement at approved buying centres, a sum
equal to 95 per cent of the value.
(c) In each of the above cases, the balance of 5 per cent
due against the initial cost of the produce shall be
paid upon completion of despatch in accordance with
clause 14 hereof.
(d) The Company shall be entitled to claim interest at the
Union Bank of Burma rate subject 'to minimum of
3 per cent per annum from the date of remittance
from Rangoon by them for the value of the produce
and other charges incurred until the date on which
the money thus remitted is recovered from the
Board."
Between February and April 1949, the locality, where
.h e Agents operated, was over-run by insurgents who
ooted or destroyed rice and rice-products which had
llready been milled and stored, awaiting despatch to
:208 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

s.c. Rangoon. Insurgent rule lasted over a year and when

1960
~ - normalcy was restored in the locality, the Board- deputed
"O::.TATE AGRI-
CULTURAL an Enquhy Officer, and on his report certain payments
:MARKETING
BoARD were made~ the last payment bemg m June 1951. The
MESsR~-. THE balance remaining unliquidated, the plaintiffs lodged a
BuRMESE
AGENciEs
. f or K 23,14,29 6 -75 m
c1a1m . l c1v1"l c ourt.
. t h e speCia
LTn. The suit was dealt with by the Court as one for
reimbursement by a principal in respect of sums advanced
by the agents and therefore in respect of purchases where
no payment had been made, the Court held that the plain-
tiffs were not entitled to recover. The total of such
rejected sums amount to K 9,68,999. !=laims for inciden-
tal charges, amounting to K 32,493 were also rejected,
the Court holding that it was empowered only to go into
the question of claims relating to the purchase of rice and
rice-products. The an1ount decreed in respect of this
part of the claim was K 7,6I,II5.8L
In respect of the second part of the claim which
relates :to five per cent retention monies, the Court held
th~t the sellers had been paid in full by the agents, while
the agents themselves had been paid only 95 per cent
under clause 12 (a) and (b), and that the agents were
entitlelt to the sums retained by the prindpals, amounting
to K 4;90,85125.
A total of K r2,51,96706 wa:s decreed, with the direc
tiqh that the parties should bear their own costs.
The defendants sought special leave to appeal and sud
leave was granted, on the plaintiffs conceding that then
was a miscalculation in arriving at the amount decreed
Later the defendants filed an application stating that-
(aJ three further sums of K 34,23712, K 2,93,90c
anci K 3 I ,930 respectively should have beer
deducted from the claim for the purchase o
rice and rice-products ; and
 ~6o] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 209

(b) that another sum of K 47,978 should also have ~9~~

been deducted from the retention monies, as sT!\TE- AGJ.U-
this sum h'as not yet been paid to the sellers. cuLToni\.L
MARKETING-
. BOARD
1e correctness of these assertions is admitted by the v.
aintiffs and it is agreed that if the order of the Special M~~~~HE
JUrt is allowed to stand, the decretal amount should be AGENCIES
LTD.
tried to K 8,43,92r.
Learned Counsel for the defendant-appellants has
:ked for the suit to be dismissed in its entirety. While
: the trial every conceivable defence had been put upr
)W he has confined himself to only two points.
He maintains, firstly, that under clause 12 (a) and (b}'
1ly 95 per tent of the purchase price is payable in the
st instance to the agents, and that it is only on despatch
: the rice or rice-products, the balance 5 per cent become
1e under clause 12 (c). He maintains that since these
ere not despatched, the liability on the part of the prin-
pal had not arisen. On being reminded that the rice
ld been looted or destroyed, and that it could not be
~spatched, he made the submission that the contract then
.ust be deemed to have become void under section 56 of
te Contract Act, as one impossible of performance. The
1swer to this submission is simple. The rice was sold
{-hopper and title had passed to the defendants, and
1der clause 15 of the agreement, defendants had accepted
l risks. Furt,hermore, the plaintiffs had paid the sellers;
t full and this sum in its entirety is recoverable from the

~fendants. The fact that due to circumstances no1

~spatch 'could be made, woufd not absolve the defendants;
om their liability to reimburse their .agents.
The second point raised is in respect of sums which
te plaintiffs had appropriated towards their commission;
> which they are entitled under clause r 7 of the agree-

tent. It is contended by learned Counsel that these sums

10uld have been credited towards the rice bills. But it:
210 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

S.C. is admitted by the defendants that no specific direction

x96o
was given to the plaintiffs as to which particular debts
STATE AGRI-
CULTURAL the payments made by them were to be applied. In the
MARKETING
BoARD
absence of any specific direction, the plaintiffs were
v. entitled under section 6o of the Contract Act to apply
ME3SRS. THE
BURMESE them towards a!1y debt due and payable to them by the
A.GENCIFS
LTD. Board. They chose, as they were entitled to, to appro-
priate certain payments towards their commission.
In these circumstances, the only course open to us is
to vary the decretal amount to the agreed figures. To
this extent the appeal is allowed and there will be a
decree in favour of the plaintiffs for K 8,43,921. Parties
will bear their own costs in this Court as well.
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 211

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230 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

':F
SUPREME COURT.
tS.C.
1960 p. KARAPAy A (APPELLANT)
Nov. :~8. v.
THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*
CriminalProc~dure Code, s. 350(1)-Course to be followed by succeeding Magis-
trate-Effect of "De novo" trial-Power of Magistrate and right Of
acctlUd under-Division of proceedings into two separate staget of enquiry
and trial n:~t warranted by.
When one Magistrate succeeds another and acts under s. 350(1) of the
Cri'Uinnl Procedure Cod'!, he mu~t either take up the ca!le at ~he point at
which his pred.~ce~nor cea3ed to exercisejudsdiction or he may resummon the
witnesses and recomm::nce the enquiry or trial, and that in the latter event,
whether do!le on his own initiative or at the instance of the accused, all the
p~eviou1 proce~dings; "whether a charge has been framed or not, arc to be
tre11ted as non-el:istent.
!Gng-Emp~ror v. Nga Pe, 2 L.B.R. !7 ; Tng Union of B:rma v. U Saw Lwin
and otlms, B.L.R. (1952) (H.C.) 394 1 appmved.
Stat11 through R!l1n L!lu! and others v. Bansu and others, A.LR. (t950) All.
669 , referred to.
T. Srira>n~lu and tlFu otllus v. K. Vurasali,;gam, I.L.R. 38 Mad. 585 ;
Sarliar v. J.fadorane, A.!.R. (1950) Rajasthan 34; State v. Ambaram, A.I.R.
(1953) Madhya Bharat r, explained.
The initiative for ndopting the nlt~mative courEe provided in s. 350(r)
of the Cdmin~:~l Procedure CodP. rests with the trial Magbtrate. It would
however be open to the Admcate for the accused to ask the Court to decide
which course of action it proposed to take in compliance with thi= provhion
of la~ and if the nevr Magistrate decides to act on the evidence recorded
by his predece!aor and commence:: the proceedings from the stage at which
the latter cenced to exercise jurisdiction, the accused could then exercise his
right under s. 350(z)(a) of the Criminal Procedure Code nnd a~k the Court to
re11ummon all or any of the prosecution witnesses.
The language of the Code used ins. 350(1) and ita provisos does not appear
to warrant the divbion or separation of the proceedings in a warrant case into
two aepau.te stages of enquiry and trial. An enquiry obviously is a proceeding
where the Magistrate is competent either to make an enquiry with 11 view to
committing the accused person to be tried by a Court of Sesalon or to make an
enquiry in n miscellaneous proceeding of the character sanctioned under the
Code. The word "trial" embraces the whole proceedings in a trial of a
warrant caae from its Yery inception. In other word; the trial in a warrant
case commences when the accused appears or is brought before a Magistrate
with the prosecution witnesses ranged against him.

"'Criminal Appeal No. 7 of J96o.

t Pr11tnt : U
MYINT THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U CHAn HTOOM
and U AUl!I'G THA GYAW, J].
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 231
Narotamdas L. Shah::q. Pathak Nathalal Sukhram and another, A.I.R. S.C
{1935) s.~~urashtrll 151 ; Luhllsing v. Emperor, A.I.R. (1934) Sind I06 ; Sahib I96o
DinT. King-Emperor, A.I.R. (1922) Lah. 49; Gomer Sirda v. Quctn-E111prcss, p I { -
ARAPAYA
:25 C11l. 86-4. ; Ramachandra Nahar v. Emperor, A.I.R. (1944) Born. 14, v.
uferrcd to. THE UNION
oF BuRMA.
N. R. Mazumdar for the appellant.
Hla Maung (Government Advocate) for the respondent.

U AUNG THA GYAw, J.-This appeal by special leave is

brought against the judgment of the High Court dated the
nth day of November 1959 passed in Criminal Revision
No. 247 (B) of 1959.
The appellant was prosecuted in the Court of the 4th
Additional Magistrate, Rangoon in Criminal Regular Trial
No. 639 of 1952 for an offence under section 406 of the
Penal Code alleged to have been committed some time in
March 1952. At the close of the prosecution case, a
charge was duly framed against the appellant on I 4th
December 1956. In the interval, owing to changes of
Magistrates, the appellant had twice asked for " de novo "
trials. After the charge, the appellant and one of his
witnesses were examined for the defence. The Magistrate
was then transferred and was succeeded by a new Magis-
trate of equal competence before whom, when. the case
was called, the appellant again claimed a " de novo " trial
under section 350 (r) (a) of the Criminal Procedure Code.
The new Magistrate thereupon decided to hold a fresh
trial on 16th December 1958. On the said date, the pro-
secution witnesses were absent and after a further
adjournment, the Court was informed by the respondent's
Advocate that the attendance of the prosecution witnesses
could not be procured. The appellant's Advocate there-
upon represented that his client, the appellant, had been
harassed by this prosecution for a long time, and that it
was open to the Court to discharge the appellant under
section 253 (2) of the Criminal Procedure ~ode. The
232 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

s.c. Magistrate acceded to the request madeon the appellant's:

:Ig6o
- behalf and accordingly passed an order of discharge.
P. KARAPAYA
v. Thereafter on 22nd December 1958, the complainant
THE UNmN
oF BuRMA. brought a fresh complaint against the appellant on the
same facts whereupon the appellant contended that he
was not liable to be tried again for the same offence as:
the order of his discharge passed on 16th December '1958:
amounted in law to an order of acquittal and in conse-
quence section 403 of the Criminal Procedure Code afford-
ed him his immunity from further prosecution. The triar
Magistrate rejected his contention. The Cot.t_~t ~f _S~~i<?l!:~
and the High Court also refused to- entertain the--appel-
lant's plea of " autrefois acquit ".
It is now contended on the appellant's behalf that the
trial Magistrate having acceded to the appellant's request
for a fresh trial made under the provision of section
350 (r) (a) of the Criminal Procedure Co'cle, the original
charge made against the appellant must be deemed to-
stand and that the order of discharge made by the Magis-
trate after the commencement of the fresh trial amounted
to an order of acquittal. It is on this interpretation of
the action taken by the trial Magistrate that the plea of
" autrefois acquit " made under section 403 of the Crimi-
nal Procedure Code has been put forward on the appel-
lant's behalf.
A perusal of the Diary Order passed by the trial Magis-
tra~e in this case on the relevant date does not appear to
support the appellant's view of what had taken place
before him, when, after the transfer of his predecessor..
tlie case first came before him for orders . . The record
shows that the parties and their respective Advocates were
present and before the Magistrate had made any decision
as to whether he would either act on the evidence already
recorded by his predecessor or recommence the hearing
of the case, the appellant's Advocate made his request for
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 23J
S.C.
t " de novo " trial. The Magistrate then recorded that 196o
1e would -conduct a fresh trial of the case. P. KA.RAPAYA:.

When section 350 (r) of the Criminal Procedure Code THs oUNioN
s looked into, it would be found that the Magistrate oF BuRMA.
ucceeding another Magistrate who ceased to exercise
urisdiction may act on the evidence recorded by his pre
lecessor 6?,partly recorded by his predecessor and partly
ecorded by himself or he may resummon the witnesses
md recommence the enquiry or trial. Two alternatives
tre thus open to the Magistrate who succeeds another on
he latter's transfer to another jurisdiction. In the
anguage of this section, he may act on the evidence
ecorded by his predecessor or partly recorded by his
Jredecessor and partly recorded by himself or he may
esummon the witnesses and recommence the enquiry or
rial. This provision however is followed by two Provi
.os. First Proviso (a) reads: " In any trial the accused
nay, when the second Magistrate commences his proceed-
ngs, demand that the witnesses or any of them be resum-
noned and reheard;" and (b) "The High Court or in
:ases tried by Magistrates subordinate to the District
vfagistrate, the District Magistrate may, whether there be
m appeal OL ,not, set aside any conviction passed on
~vidence not ;,vholly recorded by the Magistrate before
;vhom the conviction was held, if such Court or District
vfagistrate is' of opinion that the accused has been
naterially prejudiced thereby, and may order a new
!nquiry or trial." Both these Provisos obviously have
eference to that part of section 350 '(r} where the succeed-
ng Magistrate pzoposes to act on the evidence recorded
)y his predecessor or partly recorded by his predecessor
md partly recorded by himself. Proviso (a) on which
:he appellant relies in support of his contention can not
)Ossibly refer to that part of section 350 (I) which deals
Nith the new Magistrate resummoning the witnesses and
'234 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (I96o

~9~~ recommencing the enquiry or trial. If the Magistrate pro-

., I { -
~ ARAPAYA
poses to resummon the witnesses and recommence the
v. enquiry or trial, there would be no need for the accused
' THE UNION . ,
oF BunMA. to demand that all Witnesses or any of them be resum-
moned and reheard.
The initiative for adopting the alternative courses pro-
vided in section 350 (I) of the Criminal Procedure Code
thus rests vvith the trial Magistrate. It would however
be open to the appellant's Advocate in this case to ask the
Court to decide which course of action it proposed to take
in compli;~::1ce with this provision of law and if the new
Magistrate decided to act on the evidence already recorded
by his predecessor and commenced the proceedings from
the stage at which the latter ceased to exercise jurisdic-
tion, the appellant could then exercise his right under
section 350 (1) (a) of the Criminal Procedure Code and
ask the Court to resummon all or any of the prosecution
-witnesses.
In the circumstances shown in the present case. it
would appear that the trial Magistrate decided to recom-
mence the trial not on his own initiative but on the sug-
gestion of or in consultation with the Advocate appearing
for the appellant.
In State through Ram Laut and others v. Bansu and
others (r) the Bench dealt with a set of facts similar to
those now met with. The succeeding Mag~strate instead
of expressly exercising his option under section 350 (r)
of the Criminal Procedure Code straightaway acted on the
suggestion made on the accused's behalf that he should
hold a " de novo " trial. Subsequently the Magistrate
dismissed the complaint and discharged the accused for
the reason that the complainant was absent on the day
fixed for hearing. The complainant thereafter filed a
fresh complaint on the same allegations and as in the pre
sent case, the accused there pleaded " autrefois acquit ".
(t) A.I.R. (1950) All. p. 669.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 235

The Bench held that the succeeding Magistrate must be S.C.

r96o
-.Oeemed 'to have exercised the option under section 350 (I) P. KAR..\PAYA
in consultation with the accused and recommenced the v.
THB UNION
enquiry or trial and that by his so doing all the previous OF BURMA.
proceedings including the charges framed were wiped off.
Accordingly no acquittal resulted from the discharge of
the accused and the plea of " autrefois acquit" could not
be entertained.
Since the decision in King-Emperor v. Nga Pe (1), it
has consistently been held in Burma that if the second
Dr succeeding Magistrate decides to resummon the
witnesses and recommences the enquiry or trial, all the
previous proceedings are wiped off and treated as non-
existent. See also Union of Burma v. U Saw Lwin and
others (2). As pointed out by the .Allahabc.d Bench in
State through Ram Laut and others v. Bansu and others
(3), most of the High Courts in India are of the same view.
The contrary view which prevailed in the leading Madras
case of T. Sriramulu and three others v. K. Veerasalingan
(4), and in Sarkar v. Madorane (5), State v. Ambaram (6)
was possibly the result of dividing the proceedings in a
warrant case into two distinct stages of enquiry and trial,
enquiry being the stage before the charge was framed and
the trial being the stage following the framing of the
charge. The words " In any Trial ' occurring in proviso
(a) to section 350 (r) are thus deemed to have reference
to the stage of the proceedings subsequent to the framing
of the charge against the accused and consequently the
resummoning and re-hearing of the prosecution witnesses
cannot have the effect of cancelling out the charge already
framed.
The language o.f the Code used in section 350 (r) and
its provisos does not appear to warrant the division or
() z L.B.R. 17. (4) I.L.R Vol. 38 Mad. p. s8s.
(:a) B.L.R. (1952) p. 394 (s) A.I.R. (1950) Rajasthan 34
(3) A.I.R. (1950) All. p. 669. (6) A.I.R. (r953) Madhya Bharat r.
~
236 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

S.C. separation of the proceedings in a warrant case into two:

1960
P. KARAPAYA
separate

stages

of enquiry and trial.
An enquiry
v. obviously IS a proceeding where the Magistrate is compe-
h
THe UNION
oF BuRMA. tent eit er to rnak'e an enqmry
. .l
Wit . . .
1 a VIew to comm1ttmg
the accused person to be tried by a Court of Session or to
make an enquiry in a miscellaneous proceeding of the
character sanctioned under the Code. The word "trial"
embraces the whole proceedings in a trial of a warrant
case from its very inception. In other words the trial in
a warrant case commences when the accused appears or
is brought before a Magistrate with the prosecution
witnesses ranged against him. See Narotamdas L. Shah
v. Pathak Nathalal Sukhram and another (1), Lubhsing v.
Emperor (2), Sahib Din v. King-Emperor (3), Gomer Sirda
v. Queen-Empress (4) and Ramachandra Nahar v.
Emperor (5). .
TI1e above cases would appear to lay down the correct
law on the point in issue and accordingly we re-affirm the
view adopted in King-Emperor v. Nga Pe (6) that when
one Magistrate succeeds another and acts under section
350 (r) of the Criminal Procedure Code, he must either
take up the case at the point at which his predecessor
ceased to exercise jurisdiction or he may resummon the
witnesses and recommence the enquiry or trial. and that-
in the latter event, whether done on his own initiative or
at the instance of the accused, all the previous proceedings.
whether a charge has been framed or not, are to be treated
as non-existent.
The appeal must accordingly be dismissed.

(r) A.I.R.(z935) Saurashtra 151. (4) 25 Cal. 864.

(2) A.I.R. (1934) Sind io6. (s) A.I.R. (1944) Born. p. 14.
(3) A.I.R. (1922) Lah. 49 (6) 2 L.B.R. I7.
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240 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
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256 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
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rg6o] BURMA:LAW REPORTS. 261
Z62 BURMA L:AW REPORTS.
r,;.::b (' (' Q (' ~ 0 (' "''r,;_ '\0 ('
tic <X>'f'!~o:>Go:>? Q:lC::C~~ ro~~ 102qc GUII:jurs:~~~~ U Khitt v
'0
e:o Mg Sa (1), MgPoKyawv. MaLay and others (2), A .M . Eusoof
l;g v. SVST Clzettyar firm (3), Adbul Husseitt v. Mussamalz Umaa
2~t:n Bibi (4), Kisoki Mohan Pal v. Provast Cha11dra Mudul and
others (5) Ramdas v. Gatzgasagar (6), Venkaturaya Gamudan v.
Jl1alappa a1:d others (7), Sri Ramachandra Mardaray Deo v.
Blzalu Patnaik and others (8).

(1) 3 L.B.R. 6:a. (s) A.I.R. (1924) Col. 351.

(2) i Ran. x8. (6) A.I.R. (1924) Pat. 421.
(3) (1940) Ron. '72 (7) A.I.R. (t94'7) Mad. 348.
I CWN (8) A.I .R. C195o) Orissn 125.
(4)~7 93
(9) A.I.R. (1()7.1) i>:C. 31 .
BURMA LAW 'REPORTS. 263

(z) A.I.R. (1921) P.C.0 3I