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 Usr OF CASES CITED

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

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O)'J!~Jmp

Badlu v. Mt. Naraini, A.I.R. (1924) Lah. 424, referred to o

-Barna Charan Dad v. Gadadhar Das, I.L.R. 56, Cal. 21,
followed o
Bhartu v. Udrni and others, A.I.R. (1934) Lah. 315,
referred to o
Hummi and another v. Azid-Ud-Din,- I.L.R. 39 AU., 143,
dissented from o
Jethalal Girdhar v. Varajlal Bhaishankar, I.L.R. 46
(1921j22) Born. 184, followed o
Jnanendra Mohan Bhadhury and another v.
Profullananda Goswami and othe1s, A.l.R. (1928)
Cal. 812, followed o
JQnardan Dobey v. Ramdhone Singh and others, I.L.R.
23 Cal., 738 (F.B.), dissented from o
t>urushottamdas Sakalchand v. Devkaran Kesheoji, A.J.R.
(1939) Nag. 39, referred to o
Raj Chandra Dhar -V. Messrs. K. D. C. C. Ray. I.L.R. 2
Ran. ro8, dissented from .. . o
Ram La1 Gope and others v. Kali Prasad Sahu and
others, A.I.R. (1929) Pat. 609, followed o
Sadhu Krishna Ayyar v. Kuppan Ayyangar and others,
I.L.R. 30 Mad. 54, followed o
Thadikonda Gopalaratnam v. Thadikonda Lakshmi-
kantam and another, A.I.R. (1943) Mad. 569,
referred .t o 0
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 INDEX

CBIEF COURT OF BURMA

ACTS: (~C<JG34o1J?I)
CrVIL PRoCEDURE Coos.
SUIT FOR DEC!AR..,'riON- Exparte decree-appeal under s ..96 oft 'u Code
of Civil Procedurt- the power of the Appellate Court to investigate
the causeof11on-appearance. Held : In a case in which the e..v:-parte
decree has been pRSsed and the aggrieved party has not availed of
the remedy by W :l'f of an application under Order 9, Rule 13 of the
Code, he is not precluded from raising the question of propriety
of the refusal to adjourn his case, in the appeal under s. 96 of
the Code. And there is nothing in the Code which prohibits the
Appellate Court from investigating the' cause of non-appearance.
RajChandraDhar v . Messrs. K.D.C.C. Ray I.L.B.zRan. toS:
:Jonardan Dobey v. Ramdhone Singh and others, l.[.,,R. 2.3 Cal. 738
(F.B.) ; Hummi and a11<Jther v. Aziz-Ud-Din, l.L.R. 39 All. 143,
dissented from. Sadhu Krishna Ayyar v. Kuppan Ayyangar
and others, I.L.R. 30 Mad. H ; Ram Lal G&Pe and others v. Kali
Prasa Sahu and others A.I.R 1929 Pat. 609 ; Jnll1'.endra Mohan
Bhadhury and allother v. Profullananda GoStDami and others,
A.l.R. (1928) Cal. 812 ; Jethalae Girdhar v. Varajlal Bhaishankar,
I.L.R.46 (1921/22) Born. 184; BamaCharanDadv. Gadadhar
Das, I.L.R. s6 Cal. 21, followed.
u KYAW HLA LllGAL tl. MAUNG TUN KYINB AND ONB

SuiT FOR POSSESSIO:-<-death of plaintiff during the p,endency of appeal-

application for substitution as heir and legal representative-fJJhetMr
tlle application falls under 0.22, Rule 9 (2) of the Code of Ci'llil
Procedure- whether tile order rejecting the application is appealable
under 043, Rule r(k) of the Code. A suit for possession was
. instituted in the Subdivisions! Court by the plaintiff who died
during the pendency of the case on revision in the District Court.
On the day the record was received back by the trial court, the
appellant applied to the court to substitute him as the plaintiff
in the suit as heir and legal representative of the deceased plaintiff.
Held : The applic.ation for substitution as heir and legal represen-
tative of the deceased plaintiff was made on the day the proCeeding
were received back from the District Court by the trial court.
The application therefore falls under Order 22, Rule 9 (2) of the
Code of Civil Procedure, and should have been admitted after the
period of limitation by the trail Court under s. s of the
ii

Limitation Act. GOT:ilJ~~i'q co:aT~~ o1 J (1963) B.L.R.

956 ; Venkat Narsimhan /?eddy v. Konda Reddy (deceased) and
o~s. A.I.R.(I9SI) Hyderabad ssreferred to: HeUfurther; The
order of the trial Court rejecting the application to bring the
legal representative of the deceased on the record comes under
'o.z:z, Rule 9 (2) of the Code of Civil Procedure and is appealable
under 0. 43, Rule :r (k) of the Code. Bhartu v. Udmi and others,
A.I.R.(x934) Lah. 315 ; Budlu v. Mt. Naraini A.l.R.(1924) Lah.
-'I-Z4 ; Thadikonda Gopalaratnam v. Thadikonda Lakshmikantam
.andanother, A.I .R. (1943) Mad. 569 ; Purushottamdas Sakalchand
-v.Devkaran Kesheoji A.I.R. (1939) Nag. 39, referred to.
U KYAW HLA, v. Ko TuN KYINE AND FOUR OTRBRS ....
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 CIVIL PIRBr APPEAL
Before U Kyaw Zan U, J.

U KYAW HLA (APPELLANT) c.c.

1967
v. Feh.7.

KO 11JN KYINE AND FOUR OTHERS {RESPONDENTS). *

Sorr FOR PoSSESSION-death of pl4intiff during the pendency of appeal-:-applica-

_._ tUm/or substit~tion as heir and legal repres~tltative-tc:hether the applicati~";,
.falls u1uier 0. 22, Rule 9 (2) of the C~de of Civil Procedure-whether t/,6
order Te.Jecting the applicatiM is appeal<lble 11uder 0. 43, Rule 1 (k) of the
Cod4.
A suit for possession was instituted in the Subdivisional Court by the
plamtitf who died during the pendency of the case on revision in the District
COi.ut. On the day the record was received back by the trial court, the appellant.
applied to the court to substitute him as the plaintiff in the suit as heir and
legal representative of the deceased plaintiff.
He/4 : The application for substitution as heir and legal representative of
iliedeceased plaintiff was made on the day the proc~ were received back
from the District Court by the trial court. The application therefore falls
~er Order 22, Rule 9 (2) of the Code of Civil Procedure, and should have
been admitted after the period of limitation by the trail Court under s. 5 of
the Limitation Act.

GaTOJ:o8t{ GaT ~Gc.l u1 J (1963) B.L.R. 956 ; Venkat Narsimhan &ddy

v. Konda Reddy (deceased) and others, A.I.R. (1951l Hyderabad 55, referred to.
Held further : The order of the trial Court rejecting the application to
bring the legal representative of the deceased on the record comes under
Order 22, Rule 9 (z) of the Code of Civil Procedure and is appealable under
Order 43, Rule I (k) of the Code.

civil Firs~ Appeal No. 17 of 1!)66.

Against the decree o tho District. Court of Pyapon in Ci"ril Appeal
No. 4 o! 1965, dated 253 1966,

'.
 C.C. Bharlu v. Udmi and others, A.I.R. (1934) Lah. 315; Badlu v. Mt. Naraini,.
17 A.l.R. (19Z4) Lah. 424 ; Thadikonda Gopalaratnam v. Thadikonda Lakshmikan-
U.;.K tam atzd another, A.I.R. (19+3) Mad. 569; Purushottamdas Sakalchand v .
H:!w.:J Devkara" Ke.sheoji, A.I.R. (1939) Nag. 39, referred to.
"
K~~ U Hla Thein for the appellant.
POUROTRPU.
ex parte--for the respondent Nos. r, 3, 4

U Hla Pe (r) for the respondent Nos. 2, 5

U KYAW ZAN U, J.- ln Civil Regular Suit No. 2 of

r964 of the Court of the Subdivisional Judge of Kyaiklat:
sitting at Pyapon, Daw Nyo (since deceased) sued the
respondents for possession of the suit house under section
9 of the Specific Relief Act. It is most regrettable that:
the suit was unnecessarily delayed due to protracted and'
undesirable pleadings. Be that as it may, the trial Court,.
in the course of the pleadings, exercising its powers under
section ro ofthe Code of Civil P!ocedure stayed the suit
pending the disposal of the connected cross suit being No ..
r of 1964 of the same Court in which the respondents
sued Daw Nyo for a declaration that they were the rightfuL
owners o.f the suit house. Being dissatisfied with the order
Daw Nyo went up to the. District Court in revision being.
Civil Revision No. I of 1965; but, while it was pending.
she died on r7th january 1965. It is said in the order
dated 22nd July 1965 of the trial Court that the applicant
merely stated .~n his application that he continued the
revision application in the District Court as her heir and
legal r-epresentative when the District Court by its order
dated 8th April 1965, set aside the order of the trial Court
staying the suit and <firected to continue to p:roceed with
the suit. The record was received back on 24th May 1965
by the triaJ Court and on the same day the applicant
applied to the trial Court as heir and Iegai representative
of the deceased Daw Nyo to substitute ~ as plaintiff in.
 the suit. The trial Court disallowed the application hold- . ~9~
ing that even if he had applied- to be substituted in the
UKYA\V
revision case in the District Court that would not save him HLA
from applying to the trial Court for substitution as well Ko 'Tow
in the original suit within 90 days from the date of death KYINEAND
FOUR OTHJrRS.
of Daw Nyo under Article 176 of the Limitation Act. The
trial Court also held that since the appellant had failed to
apply for substitution within time as required by Order
22, Rule 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the suit had
abated under Order 22, Rule 9 (r) of the said Code. The
application was accordingly dismissed with costs. On
appeal against the order the District Court in its Civil
Appeal No.4 of 1965 confirmed the order on 25th March
1966. Hence this. Second Appeal.
The learned District Judge in his judgment stated that
the applicant did apply on 5th February 1965 for sub-
stitution in the revision case before him. He was of the
opinion that it was wrong to say that since substitution
was made in the appellate Court there was no need to
apply for substitution again in the trial Court, and that
this wrong view would not save .limitation under section
5 of the Limitation Act. The learned Advocate for the
appellant submitted before me that there was no laches
on the part of the appellant in not applying for substitution
under Order 22, Rule 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure,
and that the failure was due to the fact that the proceed-
ings were nQt before the trial Court within the time
required to enable h im to apply. He refeitred to me
to GsT~J~a~~~ G:~>TOJG~ o1_J (1). In :that case the trial Court
sent intimation to the plaintiffs when it received
the proceedings back from the Chief Court which heard the
revision application arising out of the suit, but four days
before the intimation was sent the plaintiff had applied
to substitute the legal representatives of the deceased
defendant. The Court allowed the application but the
(1) 1963 B.L.R. 956 .
 ..
U[KYAW
HLA '

KoTun
KTINBAND
IF9UROTHJiRS.

It .followed _vankat Nar$imhan Reddy v . .Konda Reddy

(deceased) and others (2) which is very similar to the
present case. . The law relating to. substitution contem-
plates pending proceedings and since the proceedings we~e
not before the triaJ. Court they lost the character of
pendency. . The trial Court had no seisin of the suit when
Daw Nyo died. It is true urtder Order 2.2, Rule 3 (2) of
the Code .
of Civil Procedttre the suit shall abate so far as
' '

the deceased plaintiff is concerned where within the time

limited by Jaw no applibitiori is made for substitution
urider Rule 3 (I) of the said Order, but, Rule 9 (2) of the
said Order says, " If it is proved that he was prevented by
any sufficient cause from continuing the suit, the Court
shall set aside the abatement or dismissal." and sub-rule {3)
-says, " The 'provisions of sections 4 and 5 of the Limitation
Act shall apply to the application under sub-rule (2)."
In view of the authorities shown above it. must be held
that the appellant had a good and .. sufficient cause " in
his failure to apply for substitution in the trial Court.
The very fact that he applied on the day the proceedings
were received back from the District Court shows his
diligence. He was attentive to his duties. . In the circum-
:starices the application must, and should have been
(a} A.I.R. (1951) Hyderabad SS

. l
 admitted after the period of limitation by the trial Court c.c.
1967
under section 5 of the Limi~tion Act. The headnote in U -KYAW
Venkat Narsimhan Reddy v. Konda Reddy (deceased) and HLA
others (2) reads: "
KoTuN
KYINl!AND
FOUJt OTBEIIS.
.. . . Where the defend~nts in the suit go in revision
against interlocutory orders in the suit, the suit cann~t be
said to be pending in the original Court and therefore no
question of substitution of legal representative of the deceased
would arise in the original Couit. Where, therefore, one of
the applicants in revision dies during the pendency of the
revision and his name is struck off and the revision allowed
in respect of the remaining applicants, and the case sent back
to the original Court for trial on merits, an application for
substitution of the legal representative of the deceased is
maintainable in the o_riginal Court within reasonable time.
In such a case no question of limitation entailing abatement
can arise.''

In view of the law and the authorities being in favour of

the appellant the learned Advocate for the respondent did
not press this point but he submitted that since no appeal
lay to the District Court against the order of the trial
Court under Order 22, Rule 3 (2) of the Code of Civil
Procedure this Second Appeal must fail. It will be seen
in Venkat Narsimhan Reddy's case quoted above the
learned Judges gave relief to the appellant in the interest
of justice by conver~g the appeal into a revision. I do
not understand why I should not give the ap_pellant the
same relief by converting this appeal into a revision if no
appeal lay to the. District Court. The powers of revision
under section r r5 of the Code of Civil Procedure is dis-
cretionary. If the appe_llant is left without remedy .i t is
unquestionable that a grave ri.sk of injustice is involved.
A person cannot be finally debarred from seeking his
remedy unless the law depriVes him of his right in .clearest
possible terms. In the present case I think the order of

'.
 c.c. the trial Court comes under Order 22, Rule 9 of the Code
196?
as the application of the applicant dated 24th May 1965
u ~Aw was clearly made under sub-rule (2) of Rule 9 of that
Ko0-fuN Order, and the Court dismissed it as no sufficient cause
KYINB AND was shown and that the suit had abated, but Order 43,
POUR oTBBBS. Rule r (k) of the Code allows an appeal against such an

order r~fusing to set aside the abatement or dismissing

the suit. In Bhartu v. U dmi and others (3) it was held ;
"An application to .bring on the recor~ the legal representa-
tives of a deceased party after the eXpiry of the time fixed
~or this purpose must be deemed to be an application to set
aside the abatement and an order refusing to set aside an
abatement isappealable under Order 43, Rule 1 {k)."

I may mention here the difference between the present

Code of Civil Procedure and its predecessor. Un'der the
present Code the abatement of the suit follows ipso facto
under Order 22, Rule 3 (2) whereas under the old Code
... the Court may pass an order that the suit shall abate "
under section 366 [now Order 22, Rule .3 (2)]. The abate-
ment is automatic under the present law. The case of
Badlu v. Mt. Naraini (4) is very similar to the pre~ent case.
In that case the plaintiff filed a suit in the Court of the
Subordinate Judge and while it was pending he was
murdered. About 130 days after the death of the plaintiff
his widow applied to be substituted in his place as plaintiff
but the Court rejected the application as barred by time.
A.n appeal was preferred to the District . Court who set
aside the abatement holding that under section 5 of the
Limitation Act there was sufficient cause for extending
the period of limita~on. It was argued that no appeal
lay to the District Judge from an Order rejecting the
applk:ttion to brLng the legal representative of the deceased
on the record. It was held by the High Court that this
contention has no force and must be overruled. It said
(3) A.I.R. (1934) Lahore .3IS- (4) A.I.R. (1924) Lahore 4Z4
 ........
the application for substitution " was: in substance an c.c.
1967
-application for setting aside the abatement under Order 22,
'Rule 9 (2) of the Civil Procedure Code, and the order passed u /f;_~Aw
,on her application was appealable under Order 43, Ko ~
Rule 1 (k) of the Code of Civil Procedure. No application KYJNsANo
having been made within time to bring up on the record FooROTHEBS,
the representative of the deceased plaintiff, the suit
abated automatically and the application for substitution
made after the expiry of the prescribed period must
necessarily be considered an application under Order 22,
Rule 9 (2) of the Code of Civil Procedure."
In Thadikonda Gopalaratnam v. Thadikonda Lo.kshmi-
kantam and another (5) where on the death of the plaintiff
an application to be brought as a legal representative of
the deceased is dismissed by the trial Court and con-
sequently the suit having been abated is also dismissed,
it wa<> held that an appeal and not a revision lies to the
'lower appellate Court from the order of dismissal. There
"is ample authority to support the view I hold. I need only
mention one more authority in which a series of decisions
holding the same view is given and it is the case of
'Purushottamdas Sakalchand v. Devkaran Kesheo]i and
IQtbers (6) where it was held that an order that a suit abates
is appealable as a decree.
In t~e result, the judgments and decrees of both the
lower Courts are set aside with costs throughout with the
direction that the application of the appellant to substitute
himself as the legal representative of Daw Nyo (deceased)
be restored and the suit proceeded without any further
. <lelay.

{S) A.I.R. (1943) Mad. 569. {6) A.l.R. (1939) Nag. 39

 CIVIL SECOND APPEAL
Before U Kyaw Zan U, :J. .
c;c. u KYAW HLA, LEGAL REPRESENTATIVE OF DAW. NYO.,.
t967 '
~ECEASED (APPELLANT)
Feb. s.
v.
MAUNG 11JN KYINE AND ONE (RESPONDEl,'frS).*

SUIT ;FOR DECLARATION-Ex-parte decree-appeal under s. 96 of the Code of

. ~ Civil Proeedure-the power of the Appellate Court tO investigate the cause
of non-appearance.
Held : In a case in which the ex-parte decree has been passed and the
'aggrieved party has not avail~ of the remedy by way of ao application under
O.~:der 9, .Rule 13 of the Cod~. he is not preciuded from raiSing the question of
-.J>ropnety of the refusal to adjourn his case, in the appeal under s. 96
of the Code. And there is nothing in the Code which prohibits the Appellate
~u~ from investigating the cause of non-appearance. .
Rqj Chandra Dhar v. Messrs. K.D.C.C. Ray, I.L.R. 2 Ran. xo8 ; JQ71ardaw
Dgbey v. Rqmdh~ Singh and others, I.L.R. 23 Cal 738 (F.B.) ; Hummi and'
v.
-atWthff Aziz-Ud-Din, I.L.R. 39 All. 143, dissented from .
Stidhu Krishna Ayyar v. Kuppan Ayyangar and others, I.L .R. 30 Mad~
54; Ram .Lal Gope and others v. Kali Prasad Sahzt and others, A.I.R. (1929)
Pat.. 699 ; Jnlznendra Mohan Bhadhury and another v. Profullananda Goswamt
and others, A.I.R. (1928) CaL 812 ;Jet1~lal Girdhar v. Varajlal Bhaishankar,
I.L.R. 46 (1921/22) Bom, 184; Bama Charon Dad v. Gadadhar Das, I.L.R. s~
Cal. zx followed.
U Hla Thein for the appellant.
U Hla Pe (1) for the respondent No.2.

U KYAW ZAN.U, J.-In Civil Regular Suit No.1 of 1964

pf the Subdivisional Court of Kyaiklat sitting at Pyapon-
the respandents sued Daw Nyo (since deceased) for a:
declaration. that they were the rightful owners of the suit
house. In her written statement Daw Nyo stated that the
respondents were mere occupiers with her permission.
After framing issues and amending the plaint Daw Ny~
Civil Second Appeal No. 16 of 1966.
Against the decree of the Sub-Divisional Court of Kyaiklat sitting ate
Pyapon in Civil Regular Suit No. I of 1964 and in the Civil Appeal, N,o, 6 of:'
1965 o the District _Co~rt of Pyapq~.
died and the present appellant was added as one of her c.c.
I1
heirs and legal representatives represented by his lawyer
u Ba Kun. When the suit was canea on 28th July 1965 to JIA~~!
mention as to the service of notices on the other two RBPRESBNTA:
TIVEOP
persons as heirs and legal representatives neither the o,.w NYo;.
appellant nor his l~wyer appeared. The service of notices DE~~sm
on the other two persons was taken as duly served since ~,;;~ :;::,
they had sent an application by registered post praying om.
that they were not concerned with the suit and to strike
off !Qeir names ; however, the Court did not act on the
application. They were aware of .the suit against them
or .at least deemed to have been served with the summons.
Otherwise they would not have sent the application br
registered post to the Court. The service became rather
immaterial. They have waived the question of service by
asking the e ourt to strike them off the record. The Suit
was then fixed for ex parte hearing on roth August 1965 on
which date again none of the defendants, including th~
present appellant or his lawyer appeared. The rst
respondent (plaintiff) and a witness were examined ana the
Court directed to issue summons to the remaining witnesses. .
who were absent for examination on 23rd August 1965 but
I should mention that while the Court was hearing the
suit U Ba Kun without making personal appearance filed'
an objection of the other tWo heirs and legal represent-
atives with a power of attorney through another lawyer
U Ba Sein. The waiver of service of summons was thus
Confirmed. The Court did not consider the objection aS.
it was then hearing the suit ex parte as previously fixed.
This I must say was rather an unusual procedure adopted
by U Ba Kun.
On the next hearing date 23rd August 1965 neither
U Ba Kun nor any of the defendants including the present
appellant appeared, but again in the course of the hearing
of the suit the present appellant appeared and filed an
app!~catio~ signed by his lawyer U Ba Kun only to s~op

.
'.
 . . .
c.c. further hearing of the suit and to start afresh accompanied
1967
by an affidavit deposed by his lawyer stating inter alia
H:J., Ki::AL that he was il,l on 28th July 1965 and that though he
!BRPRBSBNTA- sent the present appellant's agent U Ba Shein to ask U Ba
TIVE OF
DAw Nvo, Sem to appear for him U Ba Shem was not successful as
DB~AsED U J3a Sein was then at another place. Neither U Ba Sein
~~; 'f::: nor U Ba Shein filed affidavits. Though there was time
oNn. between 28th July 1965 and the next hearing date, namely,
~roth August 1965 no steps were taken by the appellant or
his lawyer, who, deposed in his affidavit that he was not
aware that the suit would be heard ex parte on roth August
:1965. If he or his client took enough interest in the suit
they would have found out previously that the suit Was
fixed for ex parte hearing on roth August 1965. It is no
excuse nor is it sufficient cause to say merely that he as a
lawyer was not aware of the suit being fixed for ex parte
hearing on roth August 1965. His duty as a lawyer
towards his client is thus involved. I do not know under
what provisions of law this application to stop the hearing
and to hear the suit . afresh was made by the appellant's
lawyer. Be that as it may, the Court did not consider the
application and after continuing the hearing of the suit
:as previously fixed passed a decree ex parte in favour of
the respondents (plaintiffs) Clgainst the present appellant
.a nd two others with costs on uncontested scale on the
same day 23rd August 1965.
The appellant preferred an appeal against the judgment
and decree in the District Court of Pyapon being Civil
Appeal No. 6 of 1965 paying the same amount of court
fees as in the Trial Court. It was contended in the appeal
that the mode of adding the heirs and legal representatives
of the deceased defendant (Daw Nyo) was wrong in law
and though the appellant's agent U Ba Shein was present
'in court on all the days fixed he was not allowed to speak
.and shouted at by the learned Advocate for the respond-
<ents. I have pointed out above that U Ba Shein never
 "filed an affidavit or made a statement supporting what c.c.
t967
the appellant's lawyer said in his grounds of appeal. It
U KYAw
is scandalous to attack the Court and opposite lawyer, HLA, LEGAL
.a member of the same profession, without any foundation. R:=TA-
Tnere is nothing on record to support these wild allega- DAw NYo,
, d DECEASED,
tions. In paragraph 5 of the grounds of appea1 s1gne v.
by the appellant's lawyer alone, in the lower Appellate ~~;'f:::
Court it was stated that the appellant even offered to pay oNB.

the costs if the suit was not proceeded ex parte by exanrin-

ing the only witness present, but, the Court rejected the
-offer. This contention also is not substantiated. A Court
is not a place to bargain. It was also contended in
paragraph 6 that it was wrong to hold that notices on
the other two defendants were deemed to have been served.
I have pointed out above that the trial Court and the
learned Advocate for the respondents in that Court were
correct in their views. The record speaks for itself. The
appellant's pleader attacked the trial Court as being partial
but I do not see on record how such an attack could be
made. Reading the memorandum of appeal before the
lower Appellate Court it is clear that appeal was against
the ex parte decree itself showing there was no justification
to pass that decree ex parte on the grounds set forth
-therein. The grounds of appeal were not based on merits
--of the suit but on the alleged lack of sufficient cause for
passing that ex parte decree. The learned District Court.
relying. upon Raj Chandra Dhar v. Messrs. K. D. 0. C. Ray
' (I) a decision of the late High Court of Rangoon dismissed
the appeal on the ground that the Appellate Court could
not consider whether the trial Court had sufficient cause
or not to hear the suit ex parte. The head note in that
-case reads :
" lbat in an appeal from an ex-parte decree the only
question with which the Appellate Court is ordinarily {;On
cemed is whether the evidence on the record is sufficient to
(x) I.L.R. z Rangoon, ro8.
PJ
support that decree and that the question of due service of the
summons is the subject-matter not of an appeal from the
u KYAW decree but of a special proceeding under Order 9 of the Civil
HLA, L.I!GAL
.RBPRES.I!NTA-
Procedure Code."
TIVE OF
DAw Nvo,
DEcEAsED In . this se.cond appeal the first respondent is not
MAUN':; TuN represented by an Advocate nor did he appear though
KYINI! AND
oNB. served Wit . h notice
. wh en t h e appea} was heard . The
appellant desires the suit to be re-heard from the begin-
ning. It is not disputed that this appeal filed on 23rd'
june r966 :is under section 96 of the Code of Civil Pro-
<;:edure. I do not agree with the Jower appellate Court
that tpe _authority it relied upon says that the appellate
Gourt could not consider whether the trial Court had
sufficient cause or not to hear the suit ex parte.' It clearly
says " the only question with which the appellate Court
is orqinarily concerned is whether the evidence o;n the
record is sufficient to support that decree ". The only
point it decided was " that the question of due service of
the summons " could not be decided by the appellate
Court. It followed the Full Bench decision of the Calcutta
High Court in ]onardan Dobey v. Ramdhone Singh and
others (2) and Hummi and another v. Aziz-Ud-Din (3) of
the Allahabad High Court. It dissented from Sadhu
Krishna Ayyar v. Kuppan Ayyangar and others (4) a Full
Bench d,ecision of the Madras High Court. The passages
quoted and relied upon in it were from the order of refer-
ence to the Full Bench of the Calcutta High Court and
not the points for decision. The head-note of the Full
Bench decision of the Calcutta High Court clearJy shows;
that the point decided was on different point altogether..
I am in entire agreement with the Bench decision of the
Patna High Court in Ram Lal Gope and others v. KalE
Prasad Sahu and others (5) when it said, " In the Calcutta
(~ I.L.R. Z3 (',.,.1. 738 F.B. (4) I.L.R 3o Ma:!. 54
(3} I.L.R. 39 All. 143. (s) A.I.R. (1929) Pat. 609.
~se .of ]onardan v. Ramdhone (2), the point under con- c.c.
x7
-sideration was_whet)ler section 1.68, (now Or~er_ 9. ~u1e 13) U -Knw
Civil Procedure Code, of 1882, did not apply if a suit was Ht..A, uc.u.
<lecreed ex -parte by-:r:eason _o f ~h~ defendant's npn- appea:r- ~=~TA
.ance ,at an ?djourned <l~_te., In discussing that question . ~~~~
the judges referring the_ma_tter to the Full Bench thought M ...U:~ TuN
.a remedy by appeal against the original deere~ would not . Knm AND
entitle: a defendail;t to ~hoyv why he was unable to .appear .:- oNE.
'Oll an adjourned ~ate ",, and: gave their obsepiations as.:::
quoted in the Rang<;>on case:. It _(Patna- I{igh .Court) .
ftirther. said " T)lis is an ol:>servation b y way of. obiter .
-<lietum and the point wl)ether the CQurt: could go into the"
'<}Uestion of an improver refusaJ of an applic~tion for time .
,did no~ come up for _consideration specifjc~ly ill. tha~
case_." A Bench of the same High Court :(Galcutta High __
Court) in ]nanendra Mohan -Bbadhtiry and another v.. -
Profullananda Goswami and others (6) and the Full Bench
of the Madras High Court in Sadhu Krishna Ayyar v. Kup-
pan Ayyangar and others (4) were also of the opinion that
the passages appearing in the order of reference (in the
Calcutta Full Bench case) and referred to above are obiter.
The decision of the Allahabad High Court in Hummi and
.another v. Aziz~Ud-Din (3) followed by the Rangoon case
was dissented from by the Bombay High CQurt in Jethalal
;Gftdhar v. Varajlal Bhaishankar (7) which held that the
lower Appellate Court has_ the power to consider the
question whether the suit was heard ex parte against the
appellant on sufficient grounds, and its power of remand
<:ould not be limited to the case described in Order 41 Rule
2 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure. In the case of remand
it held:
" It may be that a case may not fall within the SCOPe of
;Rule 23, Order XLI, but the words of Rule 33 ()rder XLI as
also the provisions of section xsx are wide enough to save

;,(6) A.I.R. (xg28) Cal. 812.

 c.c. the power of the Appellate Court to make an order suite~ t~
1967 the circumstances of the case or in the interest of justice,
UKYAW and if necessary to remand the suit for a retrial."
HLA, LJ!QAt.
REPR11Sll.TA-
TIVB op . If asuit was heard and decreed ex parte the defendant has.
DAw NYo,
DBCEASEI> t hree remedies, v1z. 1 to app1y to t h e tna
. (') . I Court to set
MAUN':; TuN aside the ex parte decree under Order 9 Rule 13 of the
KYim &~o Civil Procedure Code, or (ii) to review its judgment, or
ONll.
(iii) to appeal under section 96 of the Code. In the
Bombay case as in the present case-the defendant appealed
under section 96 of the Code askipg to set aside the decree
and to direct a re-hearing on the ground that the trial
Court was -yvrong in proceeding to decide :t;he suit ex parte.
The lower appellate Court could not accede to that appeal.
The case of Hummi and another v. Aziz-Ud-Din (3) was:
also not followed by the Calcutta High Court in ]nanendn.r
Mohan Bhadhury and another v. Profullananda Goswami
and others (6). Mukherji, J, who wrote the judgment
said:

"Now, with the utmost respect for the learned Judges who'
decided the case in Hummi v. Azizuddin ~3) and the case int
Raj Chandra Dhar v. K.D.O .C. Ray (r), I must say that if they
intended to lay down as a broad proposition that in a case in.
which an ex-parte decree has been passed and the aggrieved'
party has not availed of the remedy by way of an applica-
tion under Order 9, Rule 13 he is precluded from raising the
question of propriety of the refusal to adjourn 1iis case in
appeal wJ?.ich he prefers from the ex-parte decree 'itself, I am
unable to agree in the view which the learned Judges had!
taken in the case.''

Thus the two authorities followed by the Rangoon case~

viz. the Calcutta and the Allahabad authorities did not.
find favour ''Vith the later. decisions of the Calcutta High
Court itself and Bombay as well as Patna High Courts as
shown above. They preferred to follow the Full Bench
decision of the Madras High Court in Sadhu Krishna Ayyar
 v. Kuppan Ayyang_ar and others (4) which the Rangoon c.c.
1967
case declined to follow. The Full Bench laid down that: U Knw
" When a suit decided ex parte "an Appellate Court to ~ Ll!a.t.L.
which an appeal from the decree is preferred under section 540 T~A
(now section 96) of the Code of Civil Procedure, h"aS jurisdic- DAw Nvo,
Dl!CEASBD
ti~m to reverse the decree of the lower Court on the ground t~.
that such Court was wrong in proceeding to decide the suit ~UNG,TuN-
ex parte, and remand the suit for re-hearing." V::.~~

This must be taken as the law that stands now. I think

the Rangoon case took a very narrow and strict view of
the law. Order 41 Rule 33 of the present Code of Civil
Procedure gives an Appellate Court power to pass any
decree and make any order which ought to have been
passed or made and to pass or make such further or other
decree or order as the case may require. Lastly I may
refer to the latest authority available on the point and
that is, Barna Charan Dad v. Gadadhar Das (8). The Bench
of the Calcutta High Court in that case held :
" There is no~ng in the Code which confines the power of
the Appellate Court in appeal from ex parte decree only to
the investigation of the cause of non-appearance."
. .
The Bench did not agree to the proposition that the only
point to which enquiry should be directed by the appellate
Court was whether the decree passed ex parte was right
or wrong as the appeal by the defendant was against the
ex parte decree. The trend of later decisions of the
majority of the High Courts in Indj.a now js in a case
in which the ex parte decree has been passed and the
a.ggrieved party has not avaUed of the remedy by way
of an application under Order 9 Rule 13 of the Code, he
is not precluded from raising the question of propriety
of the refusal to adjourn his case, in the appeal under
section 96 of the Code.
(8) I.L.R. s6 Cal . Zt.
 c.c. I ~oug!].t of .directing the lower appellate Court to .
x967
come to a finding after hearing the arguments of the
HPt,~~~~r.- parties on the question whether the appellant (defendant)
RBPiiBsl!NTA- could show sufficient reasons for his absence in the trial
TIVB OF
DAw NYo, Court on roth August 1966 after setting aside the order
n~o;,~o dismissing the appeal, but I find as no further evidence is
~--~::: ~N necessary and there are sufficient materials. on record to
oNE. dispose of the appeal this appeal should be
dipo_sed of finally now under Order 41 Rule 24 read with
sec~qns 107 (r) (a)/ro8 (a) and Order 42 of the Code of
Civil Procedure to save time, expense and trouble. I have
heard the learned Advocate of the parties_whose salient
poiJ:?.ts on which their arguments were based are matters
of recor~ only. I have. discussed all the material points
raised in the appeal and given my views above. l have
said that the }earned trial judge was not partial in _his
-dispos~l of the suit. The contention .o f the appeil~nt's
lawyer lias no substance at all. With regard to the
absence of 'the appellant or his lawyer on the date fixed
for ex parte hearing the learned Advocate for the appellant
also argued before me. that there was sufficient cause for
non-appearance because the appellant's lawyer resided in
Kyai_klat while the suit was before the Sub-Divisional judge
at Pyapon. The two places are a few hours journey by
'bqat within ~he same district. This submission is not .
tenable at all. I find the appellant could not show any
-sufficient or good reason for his absence in the trial Court
on roth August 1965.

In . the result the appeal is dismissed with costs

throughout. Advocate's fee five gold mohurs.

U KYAW ZAN U, J.-This appeal and Civil Second

Appeal No~ r6 of 1966 are connected and similar. In
view of my judgment in the latter appeal the order dismiss-
ing the appeal by the lower appellate Court is hereby
 . 0"2

-confirmed not on the ground given by the lower appellate c.c.

t7
<:ourt but on the ground and the reasons shown in the
UKYAW
judgment of the other appeal, and this appeal (Civil HLA, LEGAL

.Second Appeal No. 18 -of 1966) is accordingly dismissed RB~~e:A

with costs throughout. Advocate's fee five gold mohurs. D Aw Nvo.
DECEASiiD
{}.
MAUNGTUN
KYINBAND
ONB.
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 ;, The Court can order a refund of court-fees only ~~~
where the Court-fees Act applies; (2) where there is ao
excess payment by mistake or (3) where, on account of the
mistake of a Court a party has been compelled to pay court-
fees either wholly or in part. Outside these cases the Court
has no authority to direct a refund."

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"Even in cases not covered by sections 13, 14 and 15,

Court-fees Act, the Court can under section rsr., Civil
Procedure Code, order refund o'f court-fees paid in excess
either by mistake, inadvertence or oversight
 ?9.

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"When a party is found to have paid court-fees in excess

of what is required to be paid under the law an order for the
refund of the excess court-fees should be and is usually made,
under the inherent powers of the Court under section 151,
Civil Procedure Code . .. ."

0 (' ('(' (' ('(' ('Q (' (' ( ) _0 C' '1

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".An applicant is entitled to the refund of the court-fees

P,aid by him under an erroneous order or the Court. Even in
cases not covered by sections 13, 1:4 and 15 of the Court-fees
Act, 1870, the Court can, under section 151 of Civil Procedure
Code; order refund of court-fees paid in excess either by
mistake, inadvertence or oversight under some wrong order
of the Court.''

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" The onus probandi lies on the person who propounds the
Wilt and this onus is in general discharged by proof of
capacity, and the fact of execution, from which the knowledge
and the assent to its contents by the testator will be assumed
(Barry v. But/in, 2 Moor Penal Code 480, Reference). But
where a Will is prepared and executed under circumstances
whir-...h excite the suspicion of the Court it is for those who
propound the Will to remove such suspicion, and to prove
affirmatively that the testator knew and approved of the
ciJnteitts of the document [Tyrrell v. Painton, .(r894) L.R.P. rsr
and Charles Harwood v. .Baker~ (1840) 13 E.R. rq, Reference.]
Where once it has been proved that a Wlll has been executed
with due solemnities by a 'person of competent understanding
and apparently a free agent-that is, when the propounder
of the will has discharged the onus the burden of proving
th~t it was executed under undue influence is on the party
who alleges it: Boyse v. Rossboroueh .(r8s657) 6 H.L.C. 2,
Reference."
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"That under section 232 of the Succession Act a residuary ~
legatee may be admitted to prove the Will and Letters of i~
Administration with Will annexed may be granted to him f>ooS(m)
to the whole estate or the unadministered part. ~:u
The principles involved with reference to proof of due
e:>tecution and attestation of Wills are well settled. The onus
lies in every case upon the party propounding the Will and
he must satisfy the conscience of the Court that the Will is
the last Will of a free and capable Testator. If a party
writes or prepares a Will, under which he takes a benefit,
the .Court must be judicially satisfied that the Will expresses
the true intention of the deceased and the Court mU.st be
vigilant and jealous in examining the evidence in support of
the same."
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" There is no presumption either in fact or in law as seems

to be too commonly supposed, that a will if propounded,
must be forgery. The party who applies for probate or for
letters of administration with a will annexed is no doubt
required to prove the Will. Such proof is usually furnished
by the evidence of persons in whose presence the Will was
-actually executed or who subscribed their names to the
document. that is to say, of persons who saw the testator
executing it and who put their own names to the document
as attesting witnesses. In a case where such attesting
witnesses are produced., and they give clear and cogent
testimony regarding execution, one should require very strong
circumstances- to repel the effect of such testimony. It will
not do to talk airily about circumstances of suspicion. It is
no doubt true that a person who takes it upon himself to
dispute the genuineness of a Will cannot be expected to
prove a negative in many cases. At the same time, the
difficulty in which on his own seeking, he places himself,
will not relieve him of the burden ; it may be a heavy burden
of displacing the positive testimony on the other side. If he
rests his case on suspicion, the suspicion must be a suspicion
inherent in the transaction itself which is challenged and
cannot be i suspicion arising out of a mere conflict of
testimony."
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"A universal legates is not entitled to probate, but only
to letters of administration with the Will annexed."

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" The mere fact that a Will is not registered does not make
it improbable, much less . impossible, that the Will was
executed."

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OIGdotC: G<D?OX~J<DI)l_OO?:GC\)0)211

" A grant of administration does not decide any question

of title. It merely decides the right to administration.''

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" It is not the province of the Court to go into the questions:

of title to property to which the letters of administration'
refer."

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"A Mohamedan Will can be admitted to probate although

it purports to deal with more than the share over which the
testator has disposing power. If however more than that
share is disposed of by the Will, the position of the executor
with regard to the excess will be different in kind from what
it would be if the testator had power to dispose of the whole.
The Court of probate has no jurisdiction to determine any
such question or any other question of title."

. (:J) G~l ~81

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" Section 263 of the SucceSsion Act enacts that the grant
of probate or letters of administration may be revoked o.r
annulled for just cause. The explanation to that section says
that ' just cause ' shaU be deemed to exist in the instances
cited. However, the explanation is not exhaustive and is
therefore not meant to cover cases like the present.
In the case now under consideration, the grant of letters o~
administration to the appellant being a limited one, we see
no reason why it cannot be revoked if the person on whose
behalf the appellant has been acting is dissatisfied with his
administration of the estate."
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Received Kyats Fifty thousand only (50,000 from
Mr. I. M. D. Baggia at the date 23 January 1965 at the rate of
so per Kyat per pound to be delivered to the said Address.
Yusuf Sulaiman,
)2, Finsbury Circus,.
London, E.C. 2,
U.nited Kingdom.
Aung Gyi, 23/I/65 Chas. H. Allworth, 23/1/64
.(AWG GYI) .(C. H. ALLWORTH)

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r. Whether the rst defendant on roth November 1960

executed the Exhibit A agreement with the plaintiff
to sell and deliver roo bales of Burma raw cotton
at K 360 per roo viss and took two sums of
K r2,6oo and K 23,400 as advances, as alleged in
paragraph r of the plaint?
2. Whether on 28th December r o the rst defendant
executed the Exhibit B agreement with plaintiff to
sell and deliv~ roo bales of Burma raw cotton at
K 425 per roo viss and took K 2o,ooo as advance as
alleged in paragraph 2 of the plaint?
g. (a) Whether the rst defendant acted as the agent of the
2nd defendant in connection with the suit contracts,
for which the 2nd defendant admitted liability and
 the receipt of K s6,ooo which he promised to
return with interest,

OR

3 (b) Whether the l~tter dated 3rd july 1962 had to be

written by the 2nd defendant under inducement
or co-ercion without consideration?
Whether defendants falled t~. deliver the bales of
cotton .as contracted and have thereby committed
breaches of the contracts for whicli they are liable
to refund the advances with interest at 7 per cent
per annum?
Is there any cause of action against the 2nd defendant?
To what relief is the plaintiff entltlecU

ADDmONAL ISSUE
Whether the suit as framed is maintainaDie or notl

'.
 " Agency need not necessarily be established by a written
document. It may be inferred from circumstances. In orQ.er
to constitute agency by implication there must have been
proof of the one having acted for the other in transactions
and having dealt with the estate."
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 " Where a party to a suit sets up Ins own individual right
which happens to be common to him and other.; he cannot
'be said to be litigating on behaH of the others within the
:meaning of Explanation VI. section I I, O.vil Procedure Code."
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" E~lanation 6 applies to those suits only which are

instituted in a representative capacity:
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" An action by or on behalf of a ~ may r-esult m a
res judicata, but such an action, if it is to bind absent .or
future members of the family, must be so OOfl.Stituted ac<JOld.
ing to the local rules of procedure or hy a representation
-order or in some other way that ali such members can be
regarded as represented before the eourt.

" Sect;ion II, Explanation 6 will not apply where a plainti

claims a right for himself, th~ the right may be comzi1on
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to others also. The case of a nearest .reversioner suing a

Hindu widow to set aside an alienati~n by her is a special:
case, and does not affect the general principle that one person
will not represent others in litigation unless it is expressly
stated that he is litigating in a representative capacity and
the provisions of Order I, Rule 8, Civil Procedure Code, are
. obser-Ved."
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 LIST OF CASES REPORTED

SP:ECIAL CRIMINAL COURTS' APPEAL COURT

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USf OF CASES REPORTED

t: t:
OOOOCY.>S)~~OOGJ.':~:

COUR'fS.MAR'DAL APPEAL COURT

PAOB
Captain Tin Nyunt v. The Union of Burma 0

Lieutenant Min Lwin v. The Union of Burma e

'.
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COURTS-MARTIAL APPEAL COURT

Acrs :
I'BNAL CoDE.
SUPPRESSioN OF BRIBERY AND CoRRUPTION Acr (x~).

Penal Cotk s. 342-read with s. 71, Dejenu Servias Act-Defence

StnJices Act s. 6s-wrongful confinement-pi'Ysieal obstrucrwn
not required-fllhen the offence is complete. The appellant was con-
victed under s. 342 Pe.nal Code read with s. 71 of the Defence
SClrvices Act and under s. 65 of the latter act. Held : Wrongful
confinement as defined by s. 340 Penal Code, does not require
physical obstruction. But, if it is proved that the mind of the
person is affected in such ~ way which reasonably leads him to
believe he is restricted and unable to go where he likes without
being restrained, the offence is complete. The two policemen
were under the instructions of the accused to anest him. And
the COIDplainant was restrained from going somewhere in a
sidecar. Wrongful confinement thus started from that point.
When the accused arrived and took away Maung Kyaing the
offence of wrongful confinement continued.
CAPT. TIN NYUNT tl. THB UNION OP BURMA
Sl'PPRFSSION oF BRIBERY AND CoRRUPTION Acr(x!)48), s. 4(x)-convic
tm untkr-read with Defence Services Acts. 71--eoidence recorded
untJer Rule 22 (3) Defence StnJices Rules-fllhether a witness should
be g:ven due warning before gioing eoidence. The appellant was
convicted under s. 4 (I) of the Suppression of Bnbery and
Corruption Act (1948), read withs. 71 ofthe Defence Services Act.
The evidence recorded under Rule 22 (3) Defence Service Rules
requires that the evidence of each witness should be read over to
him after it has been recorded and signed in token of its cor-
rectness, or attested, if the witness cannot write his name. The
evidence is however not on oath, nor is it required by that R~e
th~t a witness should be given due warning before he gives his
eVIdence. The warning and caution are clearly meant only for
the accused before he makes his statement when his turn comes
after he has beard all the evidence against him. It is only at t~e
!J'ial. before a Court Martial, if the case is sent up, that oath 1S
1s administered to a witness as provided by Rule 139 ~e
accused also is given a choice to give evidence on oath at the ~d
trial as provided by this Rule after the Court bas explained to him
the provisions of Rule 57 (t).
LT. MIN LWIN o. Tm! UNION OF BURMA
 COURTS-MARTIAL APPEAL COURT

CRIMINAL APPEAL
Before Dr.1\'laung Maung, C.J., Col. Tun Tha and.U Aung Gyi,JJ.

CAPTAIN TIN NYUNT (APPELLANT) c. c.

1967
v. Jan. 27.
THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*

PBNA.I.. CooF. s. 342-Read with s. 71, Defence Services Act-Defence Services

Act s. 6s-wro,~gful confinement-physical obstruction not required-
when the offmce is complett.

The appellant was convicted under s. 342 Penal Code read with s. 71 of the
Defence Services Act and under s. 65 of the latter act.
Held: Wrongful confinement as defined by s. 340 Penal Code, does
not require physical obstruction. But, if it is proved that the mind of the
person is affected in such a way which reasonably leads hint to believe he is
restricted and unable to go where he likes without being restrained, the
offence is complete. The two policemen were under the instructions of
the accused to arrest him. And the complainant was restrained from going
somt<where in a sidecar. Wrongful confinement thus started from that point.
When the accused arrived and took away Maung Kyaing the offence of wront:ful
confinement continued.

- for the appellant.

Daw Mya Than Nu (Government Advocate) for the
respondent.

U AUNG GYr, J.-This appeal arises out of a trial by

S~mmary General Court-Martial in which appellant Burma
'Air Force 1361 Captain Tin Nyunt 501 Wing, was sent up
under four charges. He was convicted on the 2nd and
3ra eharges which related to wrongful confinement of one
Maung Kyaing, a goldsmith of Moulmein, and extortion
of money from him. He was however acquitted of the
rst and 4th charges of causing hurt to ~hjs Maung Kyaing
Criminal Appeal No. 300 of 1966.
A
 -c.c. and of being intoxicated on the night he committed the
r._glk;
offences. As a result of the two findings on the 2nd and
CAn. TIN
N.y,m..."'l' 3nl charges, he was sentenced to a forfeiture of four y~rs
'a.
'fim'llNroN
of his past services for puiposes of pension and to be
OF BuRMA. sev:erely reprimi.'lded. When the proceedings were sent
up for confirmation under section r64 Defence Services
Act, the sentence was found to be inadequate and the
proceedings were therefore returned for purposes of
reconsider~tion . The original sentence was consequently
revoked, imd the appellant was thereupon sentenced to
five years forfeiture of his pension and to be severely
reprimanded. Both. the conviction and sentence were
confirmed by the Vice-Chief of St~df (Air) on rst March
l~. .
The history .of this .case liad its beginning betw~n t\vo
civilians, one Ma Htwe Sein (DW r) a seamistress and
sister-in-law of the accuse<t and one Maung Kyaing (PW I}
a goldsmith, both of Moulmein, and who lived not far
.~om each, other. On or about I rth January 1965, Ma
fltw'e Sein went to Maung Kyaing with gold weighing
nearly 13Yz ticals, ~d ask,ed him to sell it for her. The
prevailing rate was about K 3"8o to 400 pet;. tical and .the
gold was therefore worth. abou.t K 4,ooo to s,ooo and
Mau.ng Kyaing was to get 2 per cent commission ontbe
sal.e . He asked her t-9 come back within an hour a.s he
was expecting someone who was wanting to buy gold~
But this man had not arrived when Ma Htwe Sein caine
again. Inst:P...ad, one Ko Tun Aung who was once Maung
Kyaing's brother-in-law, happened to come to make
enquiries. N; he too had a pr~spective purchaser, Ma~ng
Kyaing suggested to Ma .Htwe Se~ to go .along with him..
But Ma Htwe Sein could not follow because she had duties
at home. Ko Tun Aung.therefore requested Maun,g Kyaing
~o be allowed t-o take the gold and show it to Ills prospec-
tive purchaser and return by .r2 noon. He was allQwed
but he did not tum.up' at the appOinted hom. Mauitg
: . ..
 Kyaing tried to trace him in vain. When Ma Htwe Sein ~9~7
-caine again some days later, Maung Kyaing could neither
CAPT.TIN
return the gold nor give its value. Ma Htwe Sein NYUNT
-demanded a compensation of K 4,ooo and when he refused THB umoN
lo pay up she reported to the police. On 18th February oF BURMA.
1965, Maung Kyaing received summons at 5 p.m. to come
.and be at the Police Station th~ next day by 8 a.m. He
obeyed the suiiL."nons and when he went there at the
required hour he saw a person in uniform, and after he
left the Police Station, Maung Kyaing was informed by the
Police Station Inspector that the person in uniform was a
relative of Ma Htwe Sein. The Police Station Inspector,
U Tin Myint (PW. 9) asked him if it was true that he had
sold a gold comb and bangles forMa Htwe Sein. To this
Maung Kyaing replied that it was a gold bar she had
brought to him and that he merely weighed it and Ma
Htwe .Sein sold it. He was kept at the Police Station till
12 noon and when re-examined, he repeated his story as in
the morning. He was then sent back.
On 22nd February r965, at about 8 a.m. Mauilg Kyaing
was summoned again. to the Police Station and on his
arrival he was told that Captain Than Hla wanted to see
him. He was taken in a jeep used by the Army and when
he met Captain Than Hla, the accused was also present
and introduced to him as Captain Tin Nyunt. . Captain
Than Hla then asked Maung Kyaing if Ma Htwe.Sein had
given him gold for sale. : He then replied that a report had
been lodged against him at the Police Station that he had
been given a gold comb and bangles for sale, but actually,
it was a gold bar that he was given to sell. When Captain
Than Hla received this reply he said, "~~~
c 0 0 . c ...... c oc 0 ') ,
cc::n~xn ~ roG.s~c :;o:lu~~G:.>:.rtc l rom;o:ro~-::>:01
., OL a. TJ ll:J :.. L"UL6
After this Maung Kyaing was allowed to return home.
On the same.day at about 9 p.m. the elders of the quarter
who knew both Ma Htwe Sein and Maung Kyaing tried to
settle the matter amicably for them. Maung Kyaing was

'.
 c.c. sent for and when he arrived at the house of elder U Tis;
1967
Aung (DW 2}, there were U Kyaw Zaw (PW 6) and another-
CAPT. TIN
NYVNr elder U Chit (not a witness). Besides these elders, Ma
'lJ.
TasUNioN Htwe Sein and the accused were also present. To put it
OF BURMA. shortly, the aggrieved party Ma Htwe Sein wanted.
compensation, not less than K 4,ooo which Maung Kyaing,
said he coufd not pay. Nothing fruitful therefore resulted..
It is however in the evidence of U Kyaw Zaw that at abollt.
8 a.m. on 23.rd February 196~, Maung Kyaing came and.
requested him to intervene on his behalf that he would be
prepared to pay up K I,soo. It was then arranged that
all should meet again at 9 p .m. at; p- Tin Aung's houSe~
Ma Htwe Sein and the accused arrived in time but Maung.
Kyaing failed to come. In his absence. Ma Htwe Sem.
~epeated to the elders that she could not accept less tham..
K 4,000.
On 24th February 1965, sometime past midnight while
Maung Kyaing was asleep, he was awakened by loud and..
hard knocks which were audible even at U Kyaw Zaw's.
ho~ a few doors away. Somebody also called out Maung_
Kyaing's name. But as there was no reply this late visiror
left. Half an hour later while Maung Kyaing was still
awake, a car arrived at the front of his house and Iris name
was callea out again. As he suspected trouble he slipped.
away from the back and went and hid in another house.
Later~ he went and sought the help of one U Ohn Sein to-
take him in his sidecar to the Police Station. As they
were about to leave by a back street, Maung Ky~mg said
they were stopped by a policeman who, pointing a gun at
him, or<_!ered him to come forward and reveal his name.
When he said he was Maung Kyaing, he was made to sit
down. Later, he saw another policeman and one of them:
took out his belt and tied him securely With it. Within1
~ve mitlutes or so, the aa:used arrived, and the tw&
policemen informed him that they had arrested Mauog
Ky~. 'f4e accused then uttered words to this effect,
 .... You and I will know each other tonight," after which C.C.
1967
he delivered Maung Kyaing a blow which, upon being
avoided, struck him near the right eye. He was made to c~~~N
e nter into the Datsun brought by the driv.er. The two T u"
H NJON
policemen got mto the rear and Maung Kyamg sat m the oF BuRMA.
front between the accused and driver U Kyaw Ohn (PW 8).
On the way towards the airport, Maung Kyaing said the
accused stuck at his stomach something hard which he
thought was a revolver, and asked.him whether he would,
-or would not pay up K 4,ooo to Ma Htwe Sein. As he
grew afraid, Maung Kyaing said he would pay up if the
Bogyi wished him to do so but that at present, he could
pay up only about K 500 and make up with gold so that
it would total K 2,ooo and that the balance would be paid
in instalments. When they arrived at the airport, Maung
Kyaing, who had on only a vest, since he left his house,
complained of being cold. The accused therefore went
into a building and brought him a warm coat. The car
then proceeded towards Taungwaing Pagoda and stopped
near a rubber plantation. It was then, according to
policeman, Maung Ngai (PW 4) about 2 a.m. The accused
and Maung Kyaing alone had a talk undisturboo for about
ten minutes after which they came back into town, and on
.arrival at Maung Kyaing's house~ he went up and brought
from among his possessions a small amount of cash of
K 470, a pair of gold anklets, and a gold bar, all of which,
including the cash, would come of to K 2,ooo. They
proceeded to Daw Htwe Sein's house and it was about
3 a.m. when they woke her up. A temporary agreement
was drawn up by the accused, but which is not an exhibit
in the proceedings for, according to driver U Kyaw Ohn
(PW 3), he was the only lugyi. on the spot to sign it besides
Maung Kyaing and Ma Htwe Sein. Exhibit 2 " was
drawn up later and signed again by Maung Kyaing and Ma
Htwe Sein and, on the reverse are the signatures of wit-
nesses U Chit, U Tin Aung and U Kyaw Zaw. As this

'.
'. '.
 C. " Exhibit 2 " had no revenue stamp. another documen.t
~~7
with revenue stamp of K 5 was drawn up and signed by
<CA.i>:r.. "'l'IN
N~ the same persons who had oone so on. " Exhibit 2 ".
~ .. . As the accused was acquitted of causing hurt to Maung
'"fim UNioN
01> Btl'RMA. Ky<Ung and of being intoxicated, it will be necessary to-

deal only with the 2nd and 3rd charges of wrongful con-
finement and extortion.
In his evidence, the accused did not deny taking Maung
K..yaing to the ai.Tport, nor C:lid he deny asking the help of
tWo arme<l po~ce patrol. He however denied taking
Maung K.yaing by force and. that it was Maung K.yaing
who said it was Bogyi's wiSh to take him anywhere for a
tal!c by themselves, and that was why he went to
Taungwaing Pagoda near the airport. As regards the.
money and gold obtained from Maung K.yaing, the accused
explained jn his evidence that Maung Kyaing volunteered
to pay K. 2,ooo as <Iesired by Ma Htwe Sein stating however
that he could pay on that night, only some cash and gold
to total K 2,000. The accused also admitted that when:
they returned into town a temporary document was
executed at Ma Htwe Sein's house and later finalized in
"Exhibit I " which had a revenue stamp of K 5 At about
9 p.m. on 25th February 1965, the accused said he was
present when the three elders met Maung Kyaing who
came to pay the balance of K I,530 to rotal K 2,ooo <lue
as the 1st ins~ment. Ma Htwe Sein then returned to
Maung Kyaing his gold bar and the pair of anklets.
As stated earlier, this matter was nearly between twO:
civilians and the accused came into it because Ma Htwe
Sein, the aggrieved party, was his sister-in-law, bebg a
cousin of his ville Daw Khln Nwe. Hitherto, before he
took the matter solely into his own hands, Maung Kyaing
had been available either through the Police Station
Inspector, Captain Than Hla or through the good officers
of the three elders whose names .are found in " Exhibit 2 , .
On the night in question when he was in search of Maung
 Kyaing, he met U Kyaw Zaw who, in his evidence said, the : ~
accused smelt of liquor. This elderly gentleman gave him
. . " o c-~ , , c- c- ~~ c :1 , CAPT. TIN
adVICe saYJng, qcoD: ttGro'? ~2- tm::l?:>~l.::ll ttmmJ<jco:><.>. NYtJNT
o.
But the accused could not be prevailed upon and, with the THB UNION
help of two armed police patrol he managed to block the oF BtmMA.
points of entry and exit to Maung Kyaing's house with the
result that Maung Kyaing, while trying to escape with a
sidecar was caught by one of the policemen and, as already
described and admitted by the accused, Maung Kyaing
was taken away in a Datsun, several miles out of town, .
arriving Taungwaing by 2 a.m.
Wrongful confinement as defined by section 340 P.e nal
Code, does not require physical obstruction. But, if it is
proved that the mind of the per.>0n is affected in such a
way which reasonably leads him to believe he is restricted
and unable to go where he likes without being restrained,
the offence is complete. The two policemen, Maung Ngai
and Maung Chit (PWs 4 and 9) were admittedly under the
instructions of the accused to arrest him. It is to their
interest to deny that Maung Kyaing was tied up, but they
at least admitted restraining Maung Kyaing going some-
where in a sidecar. Wrongful confinement thus started
from that point. When the accused arrived and took
away Maung Kyaing the offence of wrongful confinement
continued. There is no reason why the accused, as advised
by _ u Kyaw Zaw, could not postpone till the next day.
Captain Than Hla had said on 22nd February 1965 that
the matter should go before a Court of law a.'1d, on the
night of 23rd January 1965 when Maung Kyaing failed to
turn up to U Tin Aung's house to settle the matter as
promised, the three elders told Ma Htwe Sein and the
accused to take the matter before a Court of law. To
have taken the matter into his own hands as described
was plainly therefore, wrongful confuiement of Maung
Kyaing.
 _'As. regards_ the _charge of extortion it has to. ~
-
CIC~
s-ffo'
remembered that Maung Kyaing was not free fi:om _biame~
Ola>lr. TIN
Nnwr He owed Ma Htwe Sein the value of her gold because ~e
took the responsibility by ac-cepting her gold bar for sale,
and the fact thathe may have beeri cheated by Ko Twi
Aung did- not listen Iris responsibility. He made vario'll
statements which he later admitted to be untrue and~ m.
these circumstances, his allegation, that money was
-o btained from him by extortion, must be regarded witli
caution. On the other hari<l, it is highly probable that..
while under wrongful confinement, he promised t<(1)
discharge his obligation with whatever he had at the
material time and to make up the balance later. We are
therefore of opinion that ext:ortion has not been _prove<d
beyond reasonable doubt. Nevertheless, in our yiew tile
accuse had behaved in a manner unbecoming of an ofiirer
of the Defence Servires especially in these times, whW
the Services are being built into a Pyithu-Tatma.daw. Ute
learned Government Advocate submits that what the
accused had done feU within the ambit of section. 65 of
the Defence ServiceS Act, and we agree.
For reasons we have given, we would maintain the
c onviction under section 342 Penal Code read widrl .
section 71 of the Defence Serv;ces A-ct, but we would set
aside the -conviction under se-ction 52 (a) of the Defep.re
~m<:es Act, and, in lieu thereof, we would substitute a
.conviction under section 65 of the Defence Services A.
and maintain the sentence of forfeiture and the severe
reprimand passed upon the accused, and dismiss this appeal.
 'C

. . . ::C9iJRts.MARiiAL APP~ .COURT

CRIMINAL APPEAL
.Before Dr. l'>laftng ,'\1tzw~g, C.J., Col. Ttm 1'1um and U A.tmg G;o.i, J'f.

. LliEUfENANT MIN LWIN (APPELLANT) C;C.

~ijj6v
v.
FGI.I~.

THE UNION OF BURMA {RESPOND_E )ff):*

SUPPRFSSiim OF BiuKi::R'Y AND CooacPTJG:il A<'T (1'94-8}. s. 4 (t)-Cotwicti~

untkr-Tead with Dqence SertJica . 4ct s. 11~ r.ecord< uruler
Rule 22 (3) Def#!&e Sero.ices 1Mes~ a witness shuukl be gim:tt
d1tt: ~rning befme giving Jiden(,!'.

The appellant was con~icted under s. 4{.r)1>f cbe<the Suppression of Bribery

-and ~otTUption A-ct ( 1948), read with s. 71 ohhe Defence Setrices Act.
This eriden~ recorded under Rule 2.2 (3) Defence Senice Rules requir-es
lbat the evidence of each witness shonid be r.elld overto him after it bas been
recorded and sined in token of its corr..:ctness, or attested, if t'hc wim.ess
cannot write his name. The evidence is bowel<~ not on oath, nor is it
:required by that Ruie . that a witness ~uld b:e given -due warning befur.e
be gives his e\idence. 'Ole warning an-d .c::au.rion are dearly roeant only f.-ox the
-accused before he rna~~s 'his ~ when his tum comes after he has h~d
aU the e\oidenoe against him. It is oaiy at the trod bet'~ a (A:lurt MCU1i8l, if
the case . is sent up, that 0e.tb is admu.isrer.ed tJe a witness as ~.<'tided ly Ru~
139. 1be acoused also i-s given a daoioe to gi~ evideooe 'On oath Rt the said
'trial as provided by this Ru1~ caitec 6e Coucthns explainOO to hlrrt tl-~ pro,-islons
of R-.le 57 ( 1}.

U Myint Soe for the appellant.

Da.w Mya. Tl:um N:u (Governmen.t Advocate) for the
respondent.

U AuNG GYI, J.-The trial by Summary General Courts-

Martial of lieutenant Min Lwin~ a Commissioned Offirer
-of the Burma Navy, for an otfenoe under section 4: (I) of
the Suppression of Bribery and Corruption Act, 1948. r-ead
with section 71 of the Defence Services Act, resulted in a
00

c.c. conviction for which he was cashiered and sentenced tO>

1967
four years' rigorous imprisonment. As his conviction and
LT. MIN
LwlN sentence were confirmed by the Chief of Staff on 2nd
"
THE UNION
March 1966, he has now come up on appeal.
OF Buru.fA. Before dealing with this appeal it will be necessary to
mention that No. 87100 Sergeant Tun Shwe who ha<t
committed the same offence with Lieutenant Min Lwin
was also dismissed from the service and sentenced to four
years' rigorous imprisonment. His appeal to this Court
in Criminal Appeal No. 10 of 1965 was summarily
dismissed on 23id April 1965. The grounds of dismissal:-
given in a short order were that Sergeant Tun Shwe'~ own
statement had been corroborated by those of Lieutenant
Min 'Lwin and one Mr. Kerambo.
Th~ case against Sergeant Tun Shwe, sent up . on.
11th December 1964, was decided on the same day on :tiis
plea of guilty. This present case is however a separate
trial and, in the same way as Lieutenant Min Lwin gave
the principal evidence against Sergeant Tun Shwe, the.
tables have turned for, in the trial of Lieutenant Min LWin,
Sergeant Tun Shwe is the principal witness against him.
According to the evidence of Sergeant Tun Shwe, he
an'd the appellant had known each other since 1961. And,
at the time of the occurrence of this case, Sergeant Tun
Shwe was serving under Lieutenant Min Lwin while both
o{ them were att..ached to the Auxiliary M.I.S. ( Ga:nr-89~:
G9:ro~rob) with its headquarters at No. 199, Boundary
Road, Rangoon.
At the m.ateilal Lime which was in June 1963, quite a
lot of illegal traffic in gold was being carried on by. bl~ck
market~rs in Mogul Street. One Indian by name
Nagaleinda, apparently a keen blackmarket competitor,
and who had befriended with Sergeant Tun Shwe, gave
him. valuable information about another party. Wllen
this information was passed on to Lieutenant Min Lwin,.
he and some of his men rai'ded No. 52, Mogul Street, at
 . .. .
about 5 p.m. on 18th June 1963. Eight gold bars were ~~
seized and some Indians arrested. When Major .Them - .
Shwe (PW 8} was informed about this seizure. he wa'S ~':
surprised because the only two persons who could omer THE "'iRON
such a raid were Golonel Lwin, Chief of M.LS. and himsclf. oF BuaMA.
Neither of them had ordered this seizure. The accused,
therefore, when asked to explain, submitted that he had
made thls raid and seizure while he was executing another
piece .of work. Major Thein Shwe however ordeved
Lieutenant Min Lwi,n to hand over the case and the gold
bars to the B.SJ. and, at the same time, he informoo lJ Ina
Thaung (PW 5), Director of the B.S.I., to expect and take
over the investigation. But after. the gold bars and the
Indians had been handed over to the B.S.I., Major Thein
Shwe was personally informed by LieuteRant Min Lwin
the next day that he (appellant) had received information
that the B.S.I., had accepted money jn. this gold case. This
made Major Thein Shwe take away the arrested indians m
his headquarters at Boundary Road. As soon as U Hl'a
Thatmg knew about this, he offered to have his men lined
up for identification. But a middle course was chosen anti,
instead of lining up the M.I.S., and :S.S.I., men, their photos
were shown to the three Indians, one at a time, in the
presence of U Hla Thaung, Lieutenant Min Lwin ami
Captain. Wun Tun (PW 6). None of the three Indians
crndd identify the alleged bribe taker. The arrested Indians
were however kept in custody at Boundary Road where
Lieutenant Min Lwin and Sergeant Tun Shwe were
apparently in sole charge. The rich lnclian by name
Lakhana, eventually arrested, also came into their hands.
On the day he was brought into custody, Lakh.ana requested
to be taken to his house because, as an ailing man, he w.aS
in need of his medicines. The accused and Sergeant Tun
Shwe with some escort took him in a car to his house.
Sergeant Tun Shwe took the opportunity of introducing
the .brother-in-law of Lak.hana to Lieutenant M"tn Lwin.
 c.c. After the medicines- were.. collected . they returned_ to..
t967
Boundary Road. And it was during the detention of this
Ll~r;;:N rich. Indian Lakhana that Lieutenant Min Lwin and Sergeant
THB UNroN Tun Shwe conceived the idea of demanding a bribe for his
oF BuRMA. release. .
One day Sergeant Tun Shwe took his Bogyi (accusttd)
to Insein to enjoy with him the company of two ladies
both of whom were known to the Sergeant. They. found
the ladies, took them to Rangoon and after having a: good
time. with t,hem, saw them back to Insein. This was not
.the first but the second occasion that both the Bogyi and
his Sergeant had in this way enjoyed together. They b_<ld
thus become intimate friends. According to the accused,
as stated in Exhibit " Nga ", it was on the way back to
.
Rangoon c' 'o c~ "
t 'hat Sergeant Tun Shwe asked : " ::DU?~roqmel:nGtm
<X>:>:~mGCGm:>6':~'
l>
JSu"and that he (accused replied: " 8d6:
C' . "'' "
<DUGUIII
L o

On .their arrival at Boundary Road, the accused first

refreshed himself with a bath after which he ordered
Sergeant Tun Shwe to bring Lakhana, the rich Indian, to
the meeting room for exqmination. The accused had
.already examined him before but on this occasion, after a
few preliminary questions he asked Lakhana whether he
would be willing to pay for his release. The Ind]an was
perhaps surprised for he was alleged to have answered
that he did not think the Bogyi would accept but, if he
wanted the money, he was prepared to buy his liberty
with it. Later, the accused also asked him if he would
part with the ring he was wearing, and to this Lakhana
replied that it was of little value. After these few
questions, all in the presence and hearing of Sergeant Tun
Shwe, the accused took the Sergeant aside to another place
and told him to .do the needful and to demand K 3o,ooo
.after which he left the room. It is in Sergeant Tun Shwe's
evidence that he demanded K 30,000 but the Indian pleaded
it was too much, and requested that it be reduced to
K 25,000. The Sergeant went down and informea his c.c.
1'967
Bogyi about it sayin,g that the Indian was prepared but
requested to be taken to his house for the money. The LL,:
accused said that such a course would be dangerous as they Tm~~oN
would be seen. He therefore told Sergeant Tun Shwe to ~FBmuov..
ask the Indian whether he could not talk to his house <m
phone. This was agreed upon and the Indian was taken
into the Commanding Officer's room where there was a
phone. The accused told Sergeant Tun. Shwe that he
(accused} would go down to the Exchange Room and listen.
in to the conversation from there when the Indian was
talking to his house which, he insisted, should be in
Burmese. The message was to his brother-in-law
Mr. Kerambo, already referred to, and it was arranged
that, just a chit, bearing his (Lakhana's) signature would
be sent by th~ person to whom the money was to be
delivered, and the place of. meeting was also arranged.
The acrused! and the Sergeant lost no time; for, after
putting back the rich Indian into custody, they immediately
set out in the Land Rover for the rendezvous where the
brother-in-law was soon spotted waiting on the platform..
at the junction of Mogul and Frazer Streets. The accused
however took good -c are not to go to Kerambo. The .'
Sergeant was to go with him :to Nan-tbi-dar Restaurant m
a three-wheeler for which the accused gave him the fare...
and the accused arranged t.o follow up in his car and keep
them within his sight. According to Sergeant Tun Shwe
who was already known to K.erambo, they went to
Nan-thi-dar R~urant but when they arrived they saw a
military car. This made them separate company but they
met again when danger was past. They had a short
oonversation regariling the promise to effect the release of
the Indians as early as possible. Kerambo also begged
that he ~ allowed t.o buy some milk and cakes from
Shamie Restaurant to be taken by the Sergeant and giv~
to his brother-in-law, Lakhana.. The money which was
 c.c. ,brought in a packet _was then given to the Sergeant _but
1967
the small chit of paper bearing the ricJ:l Indian's sig~~ture
LT;MIN in English was merely shown to Kerambo but kept. back
LWIN
by the -Sergeant as bidden by the accused lest it created
"
THE UNION
OF BURMA. evidence against them. In the meantime the accused
wait~d patiently but in great anxiety because he had lost
sight of Sergeant Tun Shwe. And, only when the Sergeant
return~d, it was with a sigh of relief that he too, had evaded
the military car and had brought the money _safely. The
division of the bribe vyas done within the compound of
the Naval Base at Monkey Point to which place they went
as chosen by the accused because it was the safest. This
division was practical1y even. The currency notes were
_in high denomination and the Sergeant received K I 2,ooo
while the accused took the balance of K 13,ooo. The
accused, according to Sergeant Tun Shwe, made it . clear
that he (fun Shwe) was being treated fairly and to his
satisfaction, and that being so, both vowed secrecy as
-nobody but just the -two of them, knew about this whole
:affair and the .money they had obtained.
. Sergeant Tun Shwe's transfer to Mandalay had alre_ady
. .been arranged some time back before this occurred, and it
was within a few days after he had obtained his K I2,ooo
.that he was transferred to Mandalay. The accused also,
vvithin a few months, was sent back to the Navy to which
.. he really belonged.
It would appear that Sergeant Tun Shw~ did not have
a clean record. Some allegations of bribery had .been
levelled against him during his absence and, to clear up
these matters, he was sent for from Chauk to which place
he had been sent from Mandalay. At - the enquiry .~t
Rangoon, Sergeant Tun Shwe revealed not only the.truth
in tP.~ case he was .then wanteQ., .but .also in this old case,
which i~criminated Lieute~ant Min Lwin. . At that time
the accused was serving at Moulmein, and, on 25th January
.-'I 964; he was _summoned to.report himself to the Director
of M.I.S., Major Thein Han, at the War Offi.ce, Rangoon. c.c.
~96-7
0~ his arrival there, on 27th January 1:5)64:, the a.ccused.
LT~ MIN
w~ questioned about this gold case. He denied a:U LWtN
knowledge about the bribery but he was nevertheless v.
T.BllUNroN
.arresred as concerned in it. OF BURMA.

.From the evidence given on oath by the accused, it

appears he was suffering from various focms .of illness and
for which he was kept at Insein Jail where he receivcii
medical attention. Finally, he was sent back to his house
on 3 Ist March I 964
On. rst July 1964, the accused was summoned to com~
and give evidence at No. 199, Boundary Road as per
summons (Exhibit Nya) dated the 29th June r964. His
statement .was recorded in the Summary of Evidence by
Captain Myo Aung (PW 4). This Summary of Evidence
was in connection with this very case against Sergeant
Tun Sbwe. Lakhana, the ri~h Indian, had died about ~
month after his release. Three witnesses, namely, Private
Ky~ Wai, Mr. K~bo a~d Lieutenant Min Lwin were
examined, each in tum, an~ the accused, .Sergeant Tnm
Shwe, was given an opportunity to cross-examine each oae
of them. Sergeant Tun Shwe cross-exam~ned Me. Kerambn>
and Lieutenant Min Lwin. It may be nolied. here th.at
evidence recorded under Ru1e 22 (3) Defence Service Rules
requires that the evidence of each witness should be reaii
over-to him after it has been recorded and signed in token
of its -correctness. or attested, if the witness can.not wri~
his name. The evidence is however not on oath, nor is it
required by that Rule that a witness should be given dQC
warning before he gives his evidence. The warning and
-caution are clearly meant only for the aocused befor.e he
mak~ his statement when his turn comes after he has
h~ aU the evidence against him. It is only at the triai
beforea Court-Martial, if the case is sent up, tbcrt oath is
a~ed to a witness as provided by Rule I~9 . The
acc.useyl also is given a choice to give evidence <m oath at

'.
 c.c. the said trial as provided by this Rule after the Court has
t7
explained to him the provisions of Rule 57 (1). This has
LT.MIN
had to be mentioned here because, when Captain Myo
LWIN
v .. . Aung gave evidence, the defending officer raised
THBUNION
OF BURMA. an objection that Lieutenant Min Lwin's evidence
(Exhibit Nga, true copy) was inadmissible because
Lieutenant Min Lwin had not been given due warning.
To revert to the Summary of Evidence in which the
accused gave evidence against Sergeant Tun Shwe, jt is
very clear that he not only gave a full statement against
Sergeant Tun Shwe but, when cross-examined, he answered
every one of those thirteen questions. . Sergeant Tun Shwe
himself made a statement after the necessary warning had
been given. Based on his admission and the evidence by
the two principal witnesses, the Court-Martial convicted
Sergeant Tun Shwe without further examination of
witnesses. The Summary of Evidence alone was sufficient
since Sergeant Tun Shwe had pleaded guilty, v1de
Rule 159 (3). It was after inspection of this proceeding
in original that this appellate Court summarily dismissed
Sergeant Tun Shwe's appeal on 23rd April 1965, as
mentioned earlier in this order.
In the present appeal, the case und:'oubtedly rests upon
the evidence of accomplice Sergeant Tun Shwe. The two
Exhibits "Nga" and "Hsa-lane" admitted on 23rd July
1965 were also taken into consideration by the Court.
But neither Exhibits " Nga " nor " Hsa-lane " found in the
proceedings are the originals. It is only the originals thaf
are considered the " best evidence " vide sections 62 ana 64
of the Evidence Act. The evidence signed by Lieutenant
Min Lwin in token of its correctness should have been
tendered but as this has since been called for by this Court,
it is now before us. Exhibit " Hsa-lane " which is also not
the original, need not be considered here because it is a
statement by Sergeant Tun Shwe against the accused during
the Summary of Evidence. In the course of the trial
 against Lieutenant Min Lwin, contradictions, if any, were
not proved by the defence to have Exhibit " Hsa-lane "
filed before the Court in the same way as it is done in L[.~:
Civil Courts where statements to the Police are concerned. v.
W e Wl'll t heref ore confine ourse1ves onIy to t he ev1'dence THB UNION
oF BtRMA .

given on oath at the trial by Sergeant Tun S'hwe.

Regarding the accomplice evidence given by Sergeant
Tun Shwe, one valuable witness whom he mentioned could
not be obtained t.1 corroborate him. This Mr. Kerambo
is not traceable in India and, as he was not subjected to
any cross-examination by Lieutenant Min Lwin, the true
copy of :Mr. Kerambo's evidence in the Summary of
Evidence against Sergeant Tun Shwe was rightly rejected as
inadmissible. The small chit of paper on which Lakhana
signed his name was handed over to Lieutenant Min Lwin
and Sergeant Tun S'hwe says, that this paper was crushed
in his hands. According to the accomplice Tun Shwe, he
said he received a letter from the accused about the release
of the four Indians, and that all was well. But this letter,
received at Mandalay, was also destroyed by Tun Shwe
himself. In an offence like this where secrecy has
nat?fally to be:observed, and when only t\VO persons know
about it, the prosecution is correspondingly faced with a
very difficult task of obtaining corroboration in material
particulars. In this case, however, a few points do exist
which can safely be regarded as corroboration in material
particulars to render the accomplice's evidence worthy of
belief,
Sergeant Kan Myint (PW 2) was in charge of the kin-
men who kept watch over the arrested Indians at 199,
Boundary Road. His evidence is that he saw Sergeant
Tun Shwe and Lieutenant Min Lwin taking out and bringing
back the Indians now and again ; that this was done by
nobody else except these uvo ; that they never asked for
a guard when these Indians were taken out for examina-
tion; that the Indians were taken out between 7 and 8 p"m.
B

'.
00

.C:C. and that among them, he came to learn that one was ~ velY
UJ67
rich man. Kan Myint was recalled. for further examina"
LT. MIN
LWIN tion and he stated then that ori 8th July 1963, the Indians
v.
THE UNION were released as ordered by Lieutenant Min Lwin and that
O'F BURM.\. Sergeant Pe Than ~rought the release order. From
Sergeant Kan Myint's evidence, it is apparent that,_.
circumstantially, only these two persons, Lieutenant 'Min
Lwin and Sergeant Tun Shwe, were doing the work of
taking out cl1e Indians without any escort. They thus had
every opportunity to talk whatever they like<i to this rich
Indian and demand the money in question from him. Ttm:
Shwe alone, a mere sergeant, couldi not have inspired
conndence that a release would be obtained at an early
date without Lieutenant Min Lwin backing him. As t.Q.e
release wa:s bought for a very large sum, Sergeant Kan
Myint corrobarated the fact that it was at the instance of
Lieutenant Min Lwin's order the release came ~t last. A
perusal . of Sergeant Tun Shwe's evidence .will show that
nobody had access to the Indians exeept lri.J.TI a~ti
Lieutenant Min Lwin, and this was supported by Serge~n~
Kan Myint.
Again in Sergeant Tun Shwe's evidence it is found th~t
after money h.a d beeJ! received, Lieutenant Min Lwin said,.
"" o " c r.;:c- m c- c c:;::: c-
S~(J)'JC!O:>'JOt ~~~~! ~O)'):~ ~OXf> ~o:>Ge_j')C: ClG'J:9G00"!
...
OA;
C' ~ 'l C' \ 0 'I "
Turnmg to the
s~~~ ~"Jo:x;9:<.n::n~:u 3:l?G9:.:x>ro G:::OOHI
evidence of Major Thein Shwe. his statement on this point
~
1s eXPressed m these words, " ~=~:~<;:on
C' " ' 0
~"~J-:>:O? m~~~~
c- c- ~ o ~...J? c- ~ c c: o o (' <"o c- ~
~~s:l~ t:tooe~~c:~~ro ~roo~~t1;~~o 0)~11
c g rn
This again therefore corroborates the accomplice Tun Shwe
on a .very material particular, namely, that he knew that
Lieutenant Min Lwin. being ~der a great obligation, had
to vvrite to his Sll-perior officer a~d submit reasons to effect
~ early release of ~e t~<lians.

Learned Couns~l for tb,e ~pellant stressed a point that

whe!J. ~e acc.gsed we~~ t9 .tlt:~ e~-chang~ room. ~ all~ecf
by Sergeant Tun Shwe, to listen in to what the rich man c.c.
r961
would say on the phone, no independent witnes-s was dt\?d
LT. MIN
to prove this. Now, the M.I.S. headquarters at Boundary Lwm
fi.
Road could not be busy after the usu.al office hours and au THE UN~
operator or operators were therefore not requir-ed for night 0FBUR.MA.

duty. In Sergeant Tun Shwe's evideRce, he dearly stated,

mroQ~C'C
C( 0
p Gro:>m C' 0 OC' ~C C' C' C C 0 0 ~
mu~ .y:roc ~2:;::J.?O)?O;' Oij:~:::oo 11 o:ootmJ~
C'

c-L c"tJo. '- c ;,s c ~ i... o 'l 0 t c ' ~

~Gm:>.cn ~ o1x;:n ~;:n~ roro~ g~111 GOG~~ ~=~.y:ooooc
J c- 1
J 0 o '--' C' L- " C ~i Q~ d o ~ '~
L l" e ~
m?O.sro1roroo
T d
::ng())o::>
l Jl L I.
oo om2:;:,:rr.x;GCD901
L. L 6
ll But, 1f there had
been an operator on duty, it is most tm.likely that the
prosecution would have left out such a vital link in the
chain of evidence.
There are many rulings regarding an accomplice being
unreliable, unless corroborated in maredal particulars. But
the case of Gafoor and another v . Empe~or (r) may be cited,
and the relevant passage produced :
" As has often pointed o~t it is not necessary that the
story of ~ accomplice should be -corr-obor.at-ed in every detaa
of the crime nor is it necessary that the corroborathc evidence
should itself be enough f<>r conviction ; if that were so. the
evidence of the accomplice would not be needed at .aU."

Exhibit '' Nga " in the proceedings is only a true ropy.

We have however the original Summary of Eviden:oe
against Sergeant Tun Shwe before us. Though rerordffi an
znd July 1964, the year was mistakenly written. 1963.
When the accused was cross-examined. by Sergeant T11n
Shwe on rertain points given in his oodence, the answers
by the accused only strengthened the evidence of his
admitted complicity in the crime. In answer 3 fur
example, he admitted he did not object to Sergeant Tun
Sh.we's proposal to demand a bribe because he (accused)
was eager for the money {~~~~~ro~~~~~)-
At his trial, the Court was fully aware of the gravity
of the answers the accused had given to Set:geant Tun Shwe,
(x) A.I.R. 193&~ Rangoon, 3'13
 and the Court therefore asked him about them. The
accused replied that, with the exception of answers I and
LT. MIN
LWIN 12, the rest were untrue. Now, at the enquiry of Sergeant
tl.
'TBB UNION
Tun Shwe, the accused implicated himself and his partner
OF BUR..>M.. in crime but, when his own trial came round, he tried to
extricate himself by denying his previous statements. It
appears to us that when an officer like him tries to suit
himself according to the occasion, and is later found to
contradict his previous statements, he can hardly be
regarded as reliable. The allegations he made agairu;t
various officers cannot be believed either in the absence of
any foundation to show that his . complaints are credible.
We have given our reasons that the evidence of Sergeant
Tun Shwe, though an accomplice, has been corrobarated
on some material particulars to assure us that he has spoken
the truth. And we have also shown that the accused on
the othe(hand has proved himself to be unreliable. .
vVe would therefore hold that the conviction and
sentence passed upon the accused by the Court-Martial
need no interference and order that this appeal be
dismissed.
c -..~ 'eWlng U! c
l U;)tmll;)AO!) {E!UOJO;) l{S!l!JII ;)ql JO A=>!IOd IEP!Pnf dtf.l

CCOCDCf>
0
 11iE JUDICIAL POLICY OF THE BRITISH COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT IN BURMA
By
HLA lroNG t

I
Introduction

In a paper which I read recently at an Ordinary Meeting of

the Burma Research Society (x) the conclusion arrived at was that
the wholesale importation of Anglo-Indian codes and statutes into
Burma after annexation by the British had resulted in the disrup-
tion of the Burmese economy and disintegration of the social
order. This was largely because the framers of these Indian codes
and statutes did not take in'to account the social economic and
cultural conditions of the people over whom these laws were to
be administered .(2).
One saving grace, how~ver, of the British colonial administra
tion was that whenever English law was introduced into a colony,
it had been the traditional British colonial policy to give recogni-
tion to such aspects of indigenous customary laws as were found
to be well-estiiblished and not contrary to justice and morality _(3).
Sometimes recognition was clear and prompt as when the local
community had at the time of British take-over reached a compara-
tively advanced stage of civilization and its cUStomary laws were
certain, reasonable and fairly developed. At other times the
recognition was rather vague and slow as when the local com-
munity was considered not to have reached a sufficiently higli
level of civilization. In the case of India and Burma recognition
of such indigenous laws as Hindu law, Mohammedan law and
Burmese Buddhist law was quite clear and prompt although at
Paper read at the 2nd Annual Research Congress, Rangoon, on 211t
1\! arch, x7.
t Profess06 of Law, University of Arts and Sciencea, Rangoon.
(1) See Hla Aung, Codo Venus Custom in tk Dro1lopment of Barme.se Lau!,
XLIX J.B.R.S. (1966).
(:a) For an interesting account of the effect of English legislation on India,
see B. H . Baden-Powell, " English Legislation in India" II Th~ Asiatic
Quarkrly Review (r886), 365-380.
(3) See T. 0. Elias, British Colonial Lato, Steven.a & Sons (1962) at xor.
a

.
~

mst it was done in a rat~er informal way. With r~gard to India.

it v..ras poiil.ted out by jo~ Mayne .(4> t!J.at "tpl .the latter half of
dte present century, the only rule laid down for our Judges m
d~l matters was that they were to administer to Hindus and
Muham.medans their own ~aws in matters of succession. inherit
an<:e, marriage or caste and all religious usages and institutions,.
and that in all other matters not provided for by specific
legislation, they were to act according to justice; equity and good
conscience" (5). .
. .More or less the same policy was adopted in regard to Burma
prior to the passage of the Burma Laws Act in tS!}S. I~ this
'Ad: {6) formal recogniti~n of indigenous Burm~e Custom.aiy Law
'was made by section 13, which reads as follows:
. . .
13. (1) Where in any suit or other proceeding in Burma
it is necessary for the Court to decide any. questio11
regarding succ~ssion, inheritance. marriage or ~.
or -any religious usage or institution-
(a) ~e 1;\ud~~ Lavr .in cases where the parties are
.. BuddhiStS,
{b) the Muhanimadan La.w in cases where the parties aze
Mt.ibam.madans, and
(.c) the . Hi~tdu ' taW in cases where the parties ~
. HinduS, .
shall form the rule o( decision, except in so far as
such law has by enactment been altered or abolished,
or is opposed to any custom having the force of taw~
(2) Subject to the provisions o( sub-section (I) and of any
other enactment for the time being in force, aH
questions aiising in civil cases iitst:ituted in the Courts
~ of Rangoon shan be dealt With and determined aooor<.l-
ing to the law for the time beirig administered by die
High Court of judicature. C\'t Fort William in Bengal
in the exercise of its ordinarforiginal civil jurisdiction.
(J} In cases not provided for by sub-section (I). or by any
other enactment for the time being in force~ the

{4) See J. D. Mayne. The Anglo-Indian Codes IV Tiu Asituic QU~WI#/y

Recie-.e (88?). 334-
(s) ld. at 335
{i6l SeeBUI't1UJCod~, Vol. I (1943), p. 9. Su al.&oBurma COtk VoL I (tCJSS).,
.IP '9..
 decision shall be according to justice, equity and good
conscience.''
To put it in plain language, the Judges are to apply Buddhist
Law if the parties are Buddhists, Mohammedan law, if the parti~
are Mohammedans and Hindu law if the parties are Hindtt'i. If
a case before him does not fall squarely within the four corn,ers
of this provision, the judge is to decide according to the formula :
" justice, equity and good conscience."
Now, the principle laid down in this delightfully short section
appears to be quite simple and straightforward; and there should
be no dia'ficulty in applying it to concrete situations. In practice,
however, this apparently simple provision has given rise to many
controversies and sometimes even self-contradictory decisions
when applied to unusual circumstances by English or English
trained colonial Judges, who had been brought up un-:!er the
common law tradition of laissez faire and sanctity of contract.
Thus, in interpreting and applying section 13 of the Burma
Laws Act most of the British colonial Judges were generally in-
fluenced by their background, training and their own notions o!
"justice and equity,'' which to them almost invariably meant .
principles of. English Law (7). This sort of approach had produced
many strange decisions with disastrous consequences. This is
particularly the case with decisions involving Burmese Buddhist
monks and Burmese Buddhist women (8) who, for all practical
purposes, constitute the two corner-stones of Burmese social life.

u
Phongyis and j udges
Perhaps the classic example I should give to illustrate my
point is the leading case of U Pyinnya v. Maung Law '9) decided
ir. 1929. The question involved in that case was whether the

(?) The phrase "according to justice, equity and good conmence,.

" generally &pealdng, means English l10w if applicable to I he society and circum-
cance of this country." Blagden, J, in Tha Mya v. Ma Kl11'n Pu, (19-40) R.L.R.
8o7 at 8o9.
(8) For a brief study of the effects of the edministra~ of the Burma Lav.s
Act on Burmese Buddhist women, see Hla Aung, "Si..o-Bunnese Marriage8
and Conflict of Laws." (x9sS) Burma Law Imtitute JqurnaT, 25.
(9) (1929) I.L.R {Rangoon), 677.
 sale of immoveable property to a B-urmese Buddhist monk was
void on the ground that a monk was proluoited by the rules of
~he Vinaya from entering into such pecuniary transactions. It
. will be seen that the question is a ~ important one affecting
the rights and duties of Buddhist monks in Burma. This was not..
however, the first time that the . question had oome before the
Courts for determination. The issue was first considered in 191..4
by the Judicial Commissioner ,o f Upper Burma in the case of
U Thilawka v. Naa Shwe kan (Io) in which it was held that a
Burmese Buddhist monk was governed by his personal law. the
Vinaya. and <:onsequently that the alleged contract of mortgage
entered into by U 'filawka was void as dereating the provisions of
his personal law under which a Buddhist monk is .debarred fr:om
mortgaging property descended from his .an:cestors (n). This ruling
was followed by the late Sir Mau.ng Ba. who was then a Judge of the
High Court _at Rangoon. in the case of U Tez-a v. Ma E Kywe and
others (12) decided in 1927. Thus, where a Buddhist monk claimed.
to have purchased a house and sued for possession thereof. it was
held that the personal law of the monk~ as defined by the Vinay~.
prohibited sale and purchase of. property by Buddhist monks and
that therefore the pur.chase alleged by him was unlawful within
the purview of section 1.3, Contract A<...'t (13). In my humble
opinion, these two decisions laid down the law correctly and are
also in consonance with the sentimeats o:f the Burmese people.
However, Mr. Justice Carr, incidently a member of the Indian
Civil Service, before whom U PyiMyas c-ase went up for a
hearing, thought that the said two decisions were wrong. "l
.feel considerable doubt," said Can J. in his note of refereJ,l~
"of the correctness of both of these decision.s, (14). He was of
'the view that the Vinaya did not form the rule of decision in the
case and that there was a pexfeotly valid contract, which \'VaS
neither immoral nor opposed to public policy.
As a single Judge, however, Mr. Carr cctdd not oYer-rule the
two d.~c:isions. In fact, according to the principle of stare

{10) II U.B.R. (1914-16), 6r.

(II} Id. at-63.
(i2) (1927) I.L.R. (Rangoon), 6.z6.
(13) ld. at 632. .
(14) (x929) I.L.R. (Rangoon), (j77 at ~~:G.
(15) For a systematic explanation >l!)f 'the oo.ctrine of -star# ~Ucisis sec
Black's Law of Judicial Pr-ecedents, West Publishing Co. (t9xz), Cb.. IU.
 decisis (15) he was under an obligation to follow them t16). But
as he did not want to follow them, the only course open to him was
to reier the question to a Bench for re-consideration, which he did.
The Bench was composed of Sir Guy Rutledge, the Chief Justice.
Mr. Justice Maung Ba, Mr. Justice Brown and Mr. Justice Carr
\himself.
Unfortunately, however, when opinion was finally delivered,
the four Judges found themselves equally divided, Sir Guy Rutledge
.and U Ba holding that the Vinaya was the personal law of a
Buddhist monk within the meaning of section 13 of the Burma
Laws Act so as to bring the case within section 23 of the Con-
tract Act and that his buying and selling for his own benefit
offended that law and was immoral (17). Carr and Brown, on the
other hand, were of the view that it was merely a question of
contract and not a question regarding any religious usage or
institution and that section 13 of the Burma Laws Act abrogated
all rules of Buddhist Law relating to contr~c~ .(x8).
The reference, therefore, had to go again before a Full Bencli
of five other Judges, namely, Heald, Chari, Das, Mya Bu and
Ormiston. Curiously enough, all the five Judges this time sided
with Carr and Brown and delivered the unanimous view that a
sale of immoveable property to a Burmese Buddhist monk was
not void on the ground that a monk was prohibited by the xules
of the Vinaya from entering into such pecuniary ~actions.
This is perhaps the only case in the history of the Rangoon
High Court in which nine Judges o~ the Court participated. in
,the hearing of a case. In such situations policy considerations
inevitably play an important part and logic and common sense
generally recede into the background. And since Mr. Justice Carr
was the one who initiated the whole thing it would be useful to
first analyse his thinking on the subject. Carr in effect looked
at the transaction as a contract between two private individuals

(16) According to Rutledg~, C.J., "Decisions of Their Lordships Of

the Privy Council on all Courts of this Province, decisions of Full Benches of
this Court on all Courts of this Province, decisions of Bencbea of this Court on
all single Judges of this Court and all inferior Courts of the Province and the
decisions of single Judges of this Court on all inferior Courts of the Province
nre absolute authorities." See In re Ma Mya v. Ma Thein, (t9Z6) I.L.R
.(Rangoon), 313 at 324
(17) Id. nt 689.
(18) ld. at68s.
~

and not as one between a phony:yi on the one hand and a layman
on the 0-ther, holding that a Buddhist monk, like any other adult
person, was not incompetent to contract. He then proceeded t.a
consider
..
- whedier '
'the contrac;: was valid under tlie .Indian
Cont ract Act.
Now, section I I of the Contract Act (19) provides that" every
person iS competent ~0 contract WhO is Of the age Of majority
accofding to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sou:ml
m.ifla, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law tc(!)
which he is sut>ject" (io): This5ection deals with capacity to con-
tract. Ag:Un section i3 of the Act provides that "the considera-
tion o.r object of an agreement is lawful, unless-it is forbidden
by law ; or is of such a nature that, if permitted, it would defeat
the provisions of any law ; or is fraudulent; or involves or
implies injury to the person or property of another ; or the
Court regards it as immoral, or opposed to public policy."
" In each .of these cases, the consideration or object ~f an
~eefuent is said to be unlawful. Every agreement of which the
object or cons:ideration.is unlawful is void.''
Mr. JuStice Carr did not think that any religious usage or-
institutionwas involved. Hence, the Buddhist law could not be
applied. Looking at the matter purely as a contract between
individuals, the question to be considered. was whether the matter
came within the ambits of se<:tion I I and section 2.3 of the
Contract Act. If section r I were applicable, then it must be
held that U Pyinnya was not capable of entering int<> such a-
contract since the rules of the Vinaya prohibited him from do'mg_
so. But Mr. . Justice Carr emphatically denied that the rules of
the V'maya were law as the term was generally undeistood. He
said: " ' Laws ' are rules ' of civil conduct enforced by the
State. And since the rules o{ the Vinaya were not enfo:roed by
the State, they were not laws. in the proper juridical sense of the-
word.'~ It follows~ therefore. that a contract of sale entered inc:G-
by a Phonifyi is neither unlawful nor does it defeat the provi.Siou:
of any law {21).
This, in brief, is the gravamen of Carr j.'s r~ning. The
remaining six Judg~. who toed the line, more or less followed:

(19) See Burma Code Vol. IX at 3

(20} /4. at I4
(21} (1929) I.L.R. (Ran~), 677. at 68~
 tn the steps of Carr's reasoning although ooly Heald, Sir Mya Bu
arid Ormiston wrote separate concurring opinions.
No well-t~ned student of law
would fail to see
the tlaWB-
and f~acieS in Carr J.'s reasoning. At least three points must
be stressed. In the first place, Justice Carr did not approacli
the subject with an open miri.d. He had his own
preconceived
ideas and he was. out to prove that he was right imd that the
other fellow-in this particular instance it happened to be
Mr. Justice Maung Ba-was . wrong. .In the second place, by
denying that a question of religious usage was involved he started
from a wrong postulate. In the third place; Carr J., did nOt
appear to be quite honest with himself. He denied that the
Vinaya formed pa~ of the Buddhist law mentioned in the BW"ma
Laws Act. But instead of meeting the question squarely in the
face, Carr J. glossed over the issue with a curt observation that
. the h~ did not " think it necessary to go into this question, which
would involve a very long and difficult resear~h " (22). Carr J.,
who was after all a heaven-born I.C.S., knew very well that if
this so-called long and difficult research were undertaken, trhe
result of that research would certainly not be to his liking .(23}. -
The Chief Justice Sir Guy Rutledge was much more balanced in
his thinking and object-ive in. approach. He pointed. out that a fuN
Bench of the five Judges of the Chief Court of Lower Burma had
laid down in the leading case of $hwe Ton v.
I)1~ Lin (24) that
"the ''!Jlaya and its commentaries ~form of
~- ~~~dhist
Law: He was also of th~ view that "the fraternity of the yellow
robe is a religious institetion." u Usa,ge," ~ ~ .. is ~y as
as possible a synonym for custom. The provisions of the VinaF
are the religious usages governing the religious inStitution of the
Buddhist monkhood" {~}. This means, of~. that the Bunna
Laws Act would come into play and tltat the rules of the Vinay~t

(22). Id. at 684. In fact, the c~earch, if done, WGUl.d be neithec Jong DO!'
difficult. In U W#ay~ v. U Zawta, 8 L.B.R. .(i:9tS-t6), 1.45, it was held that-
~be Civil Courts in Lower Buon.a bad jurisdiction over .ecclesiastical~tters
and that the law to be applied was the one applied by the 'lilatiUlnabaing of
Upper Burma in matters within their competence.
(23) This is because the law applied by the SUite !a s~ch cases before
the passage of th'e Burma Laws Act was the rules <Jf Vimya as the persODa't
1aw of the phcngyis.
(24) (I9J6) 9 L.B.R.., Z42
(:z.s) (1929) LL.R. {Rangoon}, 677 at 6gz.
 as pait of Buddhist Law would become applicable to the case.
Unfortunately, however, the saner views of Sir Guy and U Ba
did not prevail. Carr J., had his way taking along a Burmese
Buddhist Judge in his entourage. That Judge was Sir My.a Bu,
who for some reason or other, did not find it convenient to side
with his only countryman on the Bench.
As may be expected, Sir Mya Bu's line of reasoning is not
very different from that taken by Carr ]., the de facto leader of
"the rebel group." He accepted Carr's definition of "Law" and
expressed the view that the rules of the Vinaya were mere rules
of conduct not enforced by the State. He further stated that a
sale was a pure matter of contract of and consequently that the
contract in question was neither unlawful nor immoral {26). To
cushion the effect of his surprising opinion Mr. Justice Mya Bu
adqed the following passage which, I submit, is rather interesting:
"As a Burman Buddhist, I would loath to see Buddhist
monks indulge in worldly transactions, and would have
liked to preserve the rulings in U Tilawka v. Nga Shwe Kan
and five others and U Teza v. Ma E Gywe and others. If
individual monks take advantage of the non-interference by
the civil laws of the State in their practice of taking part in
worldly transactions, they will lose not only the veneration
of the laymen but also the brotherly regard of their puritan
brethern, and also lower the tone of purity and reverence
of the Buddhist monkhood in the estimation of the public.
However, since this Court has to administer the Jaw as it
stands, I am constrained to dissent from the rulings in these
cases and to give 'the first question in this reference the
answer which I have proposed" (27).

" If reform is desirable," added Mr. Justice Mya Bu, "it must
come (rom within the Order itself or must be brought about by
.pres&ure of lay Buddhist opinion" .(28).
Here we have a pathetic picture of a native Judge caught in
the tussle between anot.lter native Judge and an expatriate colonial.
Judge. Sir Mya Bu's opinion makes good reading, but it is nothing
more than an excuse for siding with the white colonials. The

(.z6) ld.at?OI.
(:~7) Id. at7oz.
(z8) Id. at 703.
 ~uotation from Mya Bu J.'s opinion, whi.dl I have just given 'is
.a typica\ example of the technique which a Judge generally adopts
when he has to toe the line against the dictates of his -own
conscience.
Ill

" justice_, Equity and Good ConscieJWe "

The case of U 1'yinnya v. Maung Lo.w is oot just an or-dinary
GSe between a phongyi and a layman. Nor is it merely a
forensic manifestation of a personal quarrel hetwee11 Mr. justiee
Maung Ba and Mr. Justice Carr. It is, as I see
it, a typical example
-of the way the British judicial policy works when it comes to
matt~ affecting the social life of the indigenous peqple. It is
not, however, the only case in which the colonial policy manifests
itself through the judicial medium. There are many other cases
in Whlc:h the colonial Judges had furthered the interests of their
Home Government " by what iS generally known as judicial
law-making.
Most Judges would deny that. they make law. We Judges
only interpret and apply 'the law, they would say. Tiris is of
-course the truth, but not the whole truth.. For Jud~es do mak:e
'law occasionally. This is incidental to their functi(l)as as Judges.
ne law laid down in the Codes, statutes and rules can never be
-complete and aU-embracing. There are always gaps and loop-
.holes to be filled. Situations do occasionally arise where the law-s
. in the books .are not exactly applicable. For such oontingeflcies
:the Burma Laws A<:t provides a formula for the Judges, namely,
according 'to justice, equity and good consdena!. "

But the meaning of this well-known phrase is rather vague

. and its colow as variable as that of a cllam.deon. Just as Equity
used t.o vary with each individual Chancellor's foot, the int.erpr.eta-
tion of dris phrase used to vary with each colonial J!idge althoagh
the general understanding among them was that they were to
app1y the generai prindple ~f English law, if applicable to local
circumstances. But pri.t1ciples of English law are not infrequently
fouu.d 'to be inapplicable t.o the many problems of a complex
orientai society such <'~.S Burma. This is pa.'"tictdarly tt:ue in the
:field of Personal Law such as marriage, inheritaru:e ani suCCA"..ssion.
Jn dle field of religious usage the inapp:ticahit:ity of English law
:has b.~ borne ou.t already by the -case of U Pyum:ya. In the

.. '.
 area of family relations, the situation is ~o better. On this point..
the late Sir Ba U, a former Chief Justice of Burma, has made the
following comment :
., I was never satisfied with t.'le way in which the law
relating to the marriage between Burmese ,Buddhist women
and foreigner? was administered by our courts. As laid'
down py our courts the law was and, 1 believe, still .is, that'"
hi deciding the .legality of such a marriage, the personal law
.6f the man should be applied-whether he be Christian,..
Hindu,' Mohammedan or Chinese Confucian" _(29).
'j
The law that Dr. Ba U was writing about was not statute law..
II It was judge-made law pure and simple, which can be found in
'I hundreds of judicial decisions handed down in Burma since the:
days of .Si_r John Jardine.
Since I have already dealt with this p,roblem in a previously
published article (30). I shall not go into the details again. I only
want 'to point out here that Dr. Ba U was not correct in his;
assUJD,ption that the law as he stated in the passage quoted above
was Still valid. It was superceded by a statute fust passed in 1939'
and then again in 1954 by the name of the Buddhist Womcn's
Special Marriage and SU.ccession Act (31) under which marriages
between Burmese Buddhist women and non-Buddhist men are-
governed by the principles of Burmese Buddhist Law, now more~
appropriately called Burmese Customary Law.
As Dr. Maung Mau~g has pointed out in his latent book, {32)
"Justice, equity and good conscience, provide an ample reservoir
of law, but for the law to live. for it to be the people's law, the
notions of justice, equity and good conscience must be those or
the people. To discover the notions and give them life and:
force, to guide and educate them where necessary, are tasks;
which offer both challenge and opportunity to the Government:
and 'the Judiciary alike and to educators, officials and all_those!
engaged in public service. . . . " .(33).
(29)s,.e Ba U, My Burma, Taplinger, (1959) at u6.
(30) See Hla AWlg, op.cit., srtpra., Note 8.
(31) Sec the Buddhist Women's Special Marriage and Succession Act,.
1954- (Act 32 of 195-4) (In Burmese). Burma Code, Vol. XI, p. 2.
(32) Maung Maung, Law and Custon~ i1c Burma and the Burmese Family.-:
Martinus Nijhoff, (1963).
(33) Ib. a~ +4
.:
 IV
Cotlciusion
The thesis of this paper is that the judicial policy of the
."British Government in Burma was to favour private interest over
.social welfare. One must, however, hasten to add that this .
policy is not confined to Burma alone. It is but part of the
over-all colonial policy .Qf the British Empire. ln a way, it is
inherent in the system of British justice itself. For, the judiciary
caimot transcend the class-structure of the society in 'which they
work. " The successful lawyer-the class from which~ in the
Anglo-American legal system, the members of the judiciary are
.mostly drawn.- spends his life in ministerin~ to the domin~ting
class of our so~e'ty.' It is whC?llY natural, therefore, that he
should come as a general rul~, to share its outlook, that his
intellectual influence, therefore, should largely be exercised on lts
.behalf. It is a sound instinct that has persuaded the working
classes to look upon the legal profession as one of the protective
.ramparts of conservatism , {34).
The late Dr. Furnivall, a pioneer of scientific research in this
Country, has also noted that " the general trend of judicial
:interpretation was to favour private interest .over social welfare.
'This was a heritage from the British legal system which had been
transplanted in Burma by Judges and lawyers either Britis~ or
.-called to the English: bar. But .judicial traditions that fortified
the national solidarity of England furdtere4 the disintegration of
social or-der in Burma. With independence there arose ae
-opportunity to give due .preredence to social welfare. In Burma
:it is social welfare rather than individual interest that needs
protection ; indeed a healthy social order is the best security. for
individual freedom " {3s).
A study of the post~independence decisions of the High Court
.and of the Supreme Court h~ however, y1elded little evidenre
:to show that ther-e bas been such an awareness on the part <J.f
-our Judges conceining the nature of their judicial function. This
is indeed deplorable and may be attributed to two basic factors:
.Jn the fi.>-st place. the system of judicial administration afta-
(34) See Harold J. LasD. StaUm 71um:Y atui Practice trt I7S-I77-
(3s) See his Forew.cmi to Manng Ma.ung, Btmad1 CoiiStitwtiofc (Secona
.Edition) (1961).
 independence remained essentially the same as it has been under
the ~olonial rule. In fact it is a continuation of the old system
with little changes here and there. In the second place, the
personnel of the law-Judges, lawyers and people who make up
the legal profession-are also the same old products of English
legal training (36) with more or less the same backgrounds, outlooks.
and beliefs. Having a vested interest in 'the maintenance of the
old order, they abhor change an~ would look upon any proposed
reform of the legal and social system with suspicion. Perhaps
it may not be fair to put all the blame Upon the lawyers, for,.
after all, they are also the products of a pernicious economic
system under a reactionary colonial administration.
However. let these be things of the past. A new chapter
must be opened in 'the history of the legal system in Burma.
After the advent of the Revolutionary Government. suitable
reforms in the system of judicial administration have been made.
The Supreme Court and the High Court were abolished and
replaced by a single Court of Final Appeal with the new name of
Chief Court.
The new system of judicial adminiStration gives first place tO>
the active participation of the working people in the trial of
cases. Spec;ial criminal courts were set up for 'the trial of
important criminal cases. Basic People's Courts and Regional
People's Courts were also established to deal with offences
against 'the new economic system.
To improve trial procedures, the layout of the court-room has:
also been changed to uphold human dignity. The accused
person now sits, free of handcuffs, and speaks after a simple
affirmation that he will tell the truth ; the old oath with its
many hideous invocatiops is discarded. The witnesses also no
longer have to stand while giving evider..ce. They speak while
seated, after simple affirmations.
Apart from these procedural changes, there are also reforms:
of a substantive character. The very philosophy and attitudes of
(36) "An exclusively legal education in England is certainly narrowing,.
and one least likely to enable the new comer to enter sympathetically into the
feelings of, or put himself on a level with, his Indian fellow-subjects, so as to.
conceive a form of law based on general equitable principles, and li.ltely t<>
prove effective and satisfactory to them." Baden-Powell, op-cit., supra., Now z
at 371
 the judicial personnel are in the process of being re-orientated.
T:he courts of law no longer minister to the interests of the
bcmrgeoisie and owners of the means of production ; their loyalty
is 'tG the worici~ people whose interests are paramount. Ch~
are also ruanif:est in the policy .of punishing those conv.ioted ef
crime. A man f.ound guilty ml:lSt of course be given the
P.unisl:unent he deser.eS, but the idea is not to ruin his life, but to
eclucate and r-ehabilitate him so that when. he returns into the
ield of his own society he may .stand again as a good and useful
citizen (37).
A lQt has indeed been done fur the .refGl'm of the judicial
system, hut mudl st11l remains to be done to oompieta1y
tr-ansform ~he outmoded ooloniai legal system into a full-fledged
secialist legal system. fn heading t.owards this goal we nwst try
to learn from the experience of sister socialist countries abr-oad
so that the trial aBd ezror clement in socialist reconstruction is
reduced to the bal'est minimum. Given the necessary conditioos.
there is nothing that can prevent us from attaining our objeotiove
in 'the not t~ distant future.
(:H) See ParJy Seminar, 196s (English edition), at to8,tog.
~tuf3&Jc; (o)f'j.f.l~le~
'.
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 INDEX

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

Acrs : ( m~eue13VJ?s)
CoDE OF CIVIL PROCEDUR,E.
LIMITATION Acr.
PARTNERSHIP ACT.
PENAL CoDE.

ADVOCATe WITHDREW MOM THE CASE-WHETHER ANY PROCEEDING

TAKEN BY THE COURT WOULD BE ex-parte-WHETHBR A."l ORDER
T O SE'f ASIDE THE ex-parte DECREE IS MAINTAINABLE IN ACCORDANCE
WITHO. 9,R.J3C.P.C. ... . I6S

CIVIL EXECUTION-Order 2I, Rule 31 C.P.C.-inquiry as~ the ability

to pay- Order 3, Rule I , C.P.C.-application by a p~er 1n1
behalf of a pqrty-Ortkr Zl, Rule 30 C.P.C.-simultaneous
executions of various modes of relief. Htld : When a judgment-
debtor appears before the Court in obedience to a notice issued
under Order XXI, Rule 37 the Court shall pr~d to hear the
decree-holder and take all such evidence as may be produced in
support of his application for execution, that is to say, it must
hold an inquiry as to the ability to pay or, in other words, as to
proverty of the judgment-debtor. The onus of proof that the
judgment-debtor is able to pay is on the decree-holder. No
judgment-debtor shall however be sent to prison unless the
Court is satisfied that any of the conditions detailed in the proviso
to s. 51 ofthe Code exists. Held further: Under Order 3, Rule I
of the Code any application to any Court by a party' may' except
where otherwise expressly provided by any Jaw for the time being
in force, be made or done by a pleader on his behalf. It is a
general provision and is as much applicable to presentation of
'suits as to that of appeals and applications for execution. The
words "decree-holder" in s. SI of the Code which relate to
execution of decrees are thus governed by Order 3 Rule I. There
is nothing in law to prevent substitution of one mode of execution
for another. When the execution case was still alive and the
first application was in order and in proper form, the decree-
holder could ask for issue of notice to show cause against arrest
instead of attachment in column IO of the tabular form of the
original execution application where all the particulars _required.
ii

under Order XXI, Rule II (2} of the Code were already given.
There was indeed no necessity to file a fresh execution application
in a tabular form in the same case praying for a different mode
of execution. Since simultaneous executions of various modes
of relief are permitted under Order X)q:, Rule 30 of the Code it is
open to the decree-holder to indiceate tli.e various modes which
he wish~ the Court to adopt. Wh~ ijie'Court ha_d rejected the
attachm~t it co~d have refu~to keep.*e case open and ask~
the decree-hold~~s (appeli'an~ t~a~pl.y;~~h:.in ~~ ~~al form
for another mode o{!eXe<:utlon:><
..~ ~~- ": . . :
UTuBOANDONE fJ. UMAUNGSW .

CoDE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE-0. XVII, Rule 2 - appearance on the

side of the defence when the case wasCQ/led on for /Jearing-'Whether
the decree was an ex-parte decree. HJd : The position of the
case v;as that there was no appeanmoe on the ,.ide of the defence
when the case was called on for hearing. Such being the case.
any proceeding taken by the Court subsequent to the withdrawal
of the Advocate who applied for an adjournment .wouJ.d be ex-
parte. Thus the circumstances prevailing on xsth August 1963
clearly show that they were sucb as would leave the trial Court
with no alternative but to proceed under Order XVll, Rule 2 of
the Code of Civil Procedure. Therefore the defendant's appli-
cation praying for an order to set aside the nc-parte decree was
maintainable in accordance with Order [X, Rule 13. Maung
Pway and one v. Saya Pe 4 Ran., p. 408 ; E. Mylne v. T. Koir.
6 Ran., p. 323 ; F4iyaz Kh4n v. MitluJ:n A.I.R. (1954) All.; p.
222 ; Sri Krishen v. Radha KriShen. A.I.R. (1952) AU. p. 652 ;
Raja Singh v. Manna Singh and others, A.I.R. (1940} AU. p. 2x7-,
referred to.
A. SATTARtl. s. M.HAss.~~

DECLARATORY SuiT-(lUCtwn sale of pr.Qpert,y for dtifault of pajlftlertt

of Municipal Taxes-Limitati<m Act Article l2--suits to &et aside
revenue sales-time counted from the dote of confirmawm of sale-
Order 1 Rule 13 ; C.P.C.-obje.;ticms on the ground of nonjoiflder
or misjoiuder. Held : In all suits tJo set aside revenue sales
time is a\wavs counted fr-on the date of contirmation of sale under
Article 1:1. of the Limitation Act. Heldfurt'lu;r: Under Order 1,
Rule 13 of the Code <Jf Civjl Procedure all objections on tbe
ground of nonjoinder or misjoinder of.parties shall be taken at the
earliest possible ~pport.unity and, in all cases where issues at'e
settled, at or before .snc:h settlement, unless the ground of
objection has subsequently arisen, and .any such objection not SG
taken shall be deemed to ha>Ye been waiv:ed.

S. S. MoHIDEEN AND TWo oTHERS fl. P. NARAYANA SwA.~

Al\'D TWO OTHERS dB
0NIJS OF PROOF THAT THE JllDG.MENT-DEinnR IS ABL TG PA.Y IS ON THE
DECRI!.-HOLD.ER-WHETHER TSE JliDGMF.NT-DJ!BTOR IS TO BE SEl'oT
TO P.RlSON UNDER ANY OF mE OONDITION IN THE PROVJSlO:>l nil
s. 51 C.P.C.mo:S'i' :~:g,5

P.ENl \.L CoD s. 396-statenumt:s mmJe t9 tke Investigating Officer-

whether admissible in eruiiktu:e-.eWielu;e D f idenlijiazti01t-ehances
of e"ar in identi:jication-use .ofstaternents made to the jJQlice by tk
 iii
.,
O':l~Jm~?

Itri41Judge-'Whether cmnplwnceojs.t6z C.P.C. necessary. Held:

Statements made to the investigating police officer in the course
of the investigation should not have been allowed to be given by
him while under cross-examination as they are not admissible in
evidence. Held further : Evidence of identification based on
personal impression should be approached with considerable
caution especially where much depends upon such evidence.
A witness may be an honest witness, but the testimony of senses
cannot be implicitly relied upon even when the veracity of the
witness is above all suspicion. Chances of error in indentifica-
tion are based upon a momentary glimpse in the confusion and
-excitement of the moment at night even though there is a gas
lamp burning. Held further : The trial Judge freely made use
of the statements made by the witness to the police in the course
of iavestigationof a crime prh>ately without paying any regard
:to the law and procedure. He should not have referred to these
statemnt.~ st all .Mthout complying with the requirements of the
provisions of s. 162 of the Criminal Procedure Code to the
prejudice of the defence as well as the prosecution. Maung
U Klline and others, I .L.R. 13 Ran. 1 ; Ma11ng Lun Thou'!g,
I.L.R 13 Ran. 570 (F.B.) ; Chit Hlain, Tun Wuing, Thein Aung
and 19 others v. The Union of Burma, {t9s8) B.LR. 582 (H.C.) ;
Daw Kha Lav Ma v. The UnU1n of Burma, (196z) B.L.R. 280
(C.C.) ; P. Yan Soo (a} Maung Thaung Nyun v. The Unio11 of
Burma, (t966) B.L.R. 43 referred to. .

MAUNe K.Hrnt~. TmUmoNoFBURMA

SUJT FOR DISSOLUTION OF PARTNilRSHlP AND FOR RBNDlTION OF ACOOUNTS

OF A PARTNERSHIP FIRM-dissolmion of the partnership by the death
of a partner-continual enjoyment of the benefits of the partMrship
by the wife of the deceased partMr-fllhether conclusive proof of
a new partnership-intention of the parties to be gathered from
their conduct. The plaintiff (i.e. the xst respondent} files n suit
for dissolution of partnership and for rendition of accounts in
respect of n partnership firm by the name of Sin Eng Choon which
was started some 70 years ago by 2 partners Koo Ban Pan of the
"Koo" family and Wee Po Ee of the" Wee" family, the latter
beingthefatheroftbeplaintiff. WeePoEediedin 1892. Held:
The partnership between Koo Ban Pan and Wee Po Ee was
dissolved by the death oflatter no matter what ~gbt have -been
their intention regarding the continuance of the firm as the par.t-
nersbip .consisted of two person only. This does not however
preclude the possibility of a new partnership coming into existence
by ll)eans of a contract either express or implied between. Koo
Ban Pan and Daw Khet, widow of the deceased partner. But
there is no evidence to prove an express contract between them.
The evidence obtaining on the record of the trial Court clearly
showsthat after the death of Wee Po Ee his widow Daw Khet did
-enjoy the benefits of the business of Sin Eng Choon. Even
conceding that Daw Khet enjoyed a defined share of the profits
of the business of Sin Eng Choon this fnct by itself is not con-
clusive proof of a new partnership. It is clea.r that the most
important factor in determining the existence of partnership is the
.intention of the parties to be gathered, in the absence of a
written instrument, by the conduct of the parties. And Koo Ban
Pan's conduct since the time of Wee Po Ee's death bad all along
been in the nature of a sole proprietorship. Therefore in the abs-
ence of any testimony regarding agreement between Daw Khet
 ~
~~
and Koo Ban Pan it cannot be held that Daw Khet}Jecame a put-
ner merely because she suffered her /ITQpet-ty robe utilized in the
business, ~nd a fottiori that the plaintiff (i.e. the l>St nesponde.Gt)
ever became a partner after his father's demise. Rmn Kumar v.
Kishore, Lal I.L.R. All. Series (x946) 309, dissen.1ed !roa1 ; Mt.
Sughra and others v. Babu, A.I.R. (1952) AU. sot>; K. Haju
Abdul Lat!Uef Sahib v. The Ojjicid Assipree cJ Mai!rras, I.L.R.
(Mad. Ser1es) Vol. Ll, (1928), p. 3o8 ; Habib Bux v. Samuel F.ft~:
Co., A.I.R. (1:926) All. z6r ; refereed to.
Koo GvEEHOKEAND oTHERS SIRfl. We: 'ImSHAN Jl3.>lD !'0'f:}R -:~go
OTHEEIS.

ThiAL JunGE 'F'RFJ!LY

MAKING 'USE OF THE STI\:TlliiEN'iS OF "lHE '\'I,Ti!'Nl!SS
TO THE {N1.'ESTIGATING OFFICR-wimnu:a HIS Acnmi IS P.fti!-
JUDlCIAL TO TBE OFFENCE AS WELL AS TO THE.PBOSEOI"Ji'ro:N . ~

.. ... .
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 Q('o~ . ('
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G::D'J~Qc:<,;l':n
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LIST OF CASES REPORTED

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

A. Sattar v. S. M. Hassan oG~

Koo Gyee Hoke and six others v. Wee Tin Shan and
four others 07~

Maung Khin v. The Union of Burma o~e

S. S. Mohideen and two others v. Narayana Swamy

and two others

UTu Bo and one v. U Maung Swe

Lembaga Alat-Alat ..
-.Pemba Jara,n
:.:''.r Negeri and two The Burma Navigation
o.thers o.
Corporation Ltd. . ..
'I

The New State Enterprise The Burma Navigation

Perusahaan Negara J Corporation Ltd. ..

.
JO~

JOO

".J09
JJO
 :u

:Ram Kumar v. Kishore Lal, l.L.R. (All. Series) (1946),

309, dissented from
Sri Krishen v. Radha Krishen A.I.R. 1952 Ail., p. 652,
referred to ....

rGo
~ -
-I
-~f.
,
pn UO!l-e:tOd.I<Y.) ~!:JoN untpsn~~d
wo!lu8!A~N ~m.mf{ ~ttl. .a as!.Jd~ua 3l~~ &aN 3lf.L
l'l'I uo~~cdoo sntpo OMl poe p323 .Ien'I
UO~:jc'B~!A'e,N t:WJng Ctf.I. Ue.Jllf&q~d lllJV~~IV ~8qtn;YJ
l
 ''"'
<d ~~
..
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 usr OF CASES CI1ED

OC' C C'
iCCGO'>? O')'P:"9f{O

I !HIEF COURT OF BURMA

Chit Hlaing, TunWai~, Thein Aung and 19 others v.

The Union of Burma, {195'8) B.L.R. 5"8Z (H:C.)
referred to o 7!
Daw }Gla Lay Ma v. The Union of Burma... (1962) B.L.R.
28o (C.C.) referred to 3'2
E. Mylne v. T. Koir, 6 Ran. p. 323, referred to olS~

Faiyaz Khan v. Mithan A.LR. (.195'4) All. p. 222, referred

to ... o{i~

Habib Bux v. Samuel Fitx & Co. A.I.R.. (1926) AU. ~:61,
r~e~~-=~o . 3(0.
K. Hajee.ibdUI Lathief Sahib v. The 01ficiat Assignee of
M~~ ;I.LR. (Mad. Series) Vol. II (1928} p. ~o8,
referred to ... o'lo
Maung Lun Thong LL.R. 13 Ran. go {F.B.) referred to O.e
Ma1.p1g Pway and one v. Saya Pe :4 Ran. p. 408. referred
to ... 3li~
Maung V Khine and others Il...R. 13 Ran.. 1, referred to o'le
Mt. Sughra and otbas v. .Babu, A.I.R. (1952) All. sl06
referred to O"lC.
P. Yan Soo (a) .Maang Thaung Nyun v. The Uni<m of
Burma, (1966) BLR.. .g. referred to ... 3'2e
Raja Singh v. Manna S~ and others, A.I.R. (1940) AU:
p. 217, referred 1:D 3,
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------
 . . CIVIL FIRST APPEAL
Bqore U Tun Ti11 and U Sei11 Thinn, JJ.
A. SATIAR. (APPELLANJ') c.c.
1967
v. : .
April u.
s. M. HASSAN ~SPONDENT).* . :

.Code of Cioil !'rocedure-O.XVII Rr1le z-no appearance on tM side. ~j the

defence ~Dhen tM case was called on for heari"i{-~Dhether the decree f!JQS an
exparte. deCree. ;
Held: The position of the case was that there was ho11p.p earance oq:.~~
'11ide of the "defen~e when the case was called on--for h~. Such ~bein~
'the case, any proceeding taken by the Court su9a~quent to the withd.raw!i1
-of the Advocate who tq)plied lor an adjournment wo'Uld be ~ptfru. Thus .the
cir~ Pfevailingon 15th August 196:l cloatly sHow, that-they 7!'e'ce uch
.as w~d: leave the. ~ ~ with no alternative.but to .proce ~~~r ,0~~
.XVII, Rule 2 of the Code cif Civil Procedure. Therefore the defendant's
.application prayn;g for ail oraei to sef 'aside the e#-jaftt ,dec-ree' V(a$:. huin-
ttinaole in ac-cordance '1\>ith Or4er IX Rule IJ. : ~- - r .:. .
Maung Pway and.one v .Say~. Pe, 4 Ran., p. 408; E. A-!1~ Y: ,T.. K9ii.~
6 Ran., p. 32.3 ; Faiytu Khan v. Mt'thlzn, A. LR. (1954) All., p. :t:az ; Sri 'Krtshen
v. Radha Krishen, A.I.R. (1952) All., p. '6sa; Raja 'Singh Y. Mannd;Sif,gh
:and others, A.I.R. (1940) All., p. 217, referred ~o. ,.,

U Chan Tun
Aung for th~ appellant. r ..

.U Ba Nyunt for the respondent.

U SEIN THINN, J.-In Civil Regular Suit No. 714of
1962 of the Cicy Civil Court: Rangoon, the plaintilf-
Tespo~dent filed. a suit agafust the defendant-appellan.t-.for
recovery of a sum'of K 1: r,ooo. The case wa8lii'St fiXd
for hearing On I9th 5eptember 1962. 'But Otr Ulat date;:as
.also on several subsequent dates fixed for hearing; the -caSe
has to be postponed from time 'to time' due m6stlyn:r the
alleged illness of the defendant as well' ~ of his coimsel;
Then on 28th June 1963, another dale' fixed for heng.
.adjournment was again applied for on tlie ground of the
Civil First A~l No. 3S of 191i4 against the decree of the 2nd Judge of
the Ci~ Ciril Court of Rallp>!l in Civil ~r Swt No: 714 of ~~z. ~~
the ;oth Novell).ber 13. '

'.
 c.c. defendant's indisposition. This time while .the Court
1967
granted.an adjournment the case was fixed for peremptory
A. SAT1.'AB
fJ. hearing on rsth August r963 . .On. the fixed day the
S.M.HAS- plaintiff and his pleader were.. present but neither the
SAN.
defendant nor his counsel appeared.. Ari Advocate,
apparently briefed for the purpose of asking for an adjourn-
ment, appeared and prayed that hearing may be postponed
as the defendant was not well. When the Coun refused
to ~t further adjoUr-nment the Advocate withdrew from
the case. Thereupon the Court proceeded to examine
the plaintiff and his two witnesses and purporting tQ act
.wider 'Order .XVII, RW.e 3 of the Code of Qvil Procedure
decreed the Suit with costs. A few day;S later the defend-
a)it filed' an application praying that the ex-parte decree
~y:be 'set aside. The trial Court however J;J.eld. that the
-appli~tion was not maintainable as the order passed by
i~ ~n . z,5th August r_963 was one under Order. XVII, Rule 1
~$id_.th~t. tlu~ reniMy of the defendant was only by way
of an ap~ againSt the decree. .
In the -course of his argument before us the learned
counsel for the appellant contends that j]}e trial Court
should not have proceeded under Order XVII, Rule 3, and
as the decree passed by it was based on a wrong assump-
'tion of jurisdiction it is liable to be set aside. The learn-
ed cou~sel for the respondent on the other hand maintains
that .:the trial Court was perfectly justified in applying
Order :XVII. Rule 3, and that as the decree passed by it
cannot'. be. assailed on : meritS this appeal should be
.dismisSed. . .. :: .. ":. ., ' <.', " . ., .

Thus, the questiori which is posed before us now is

whether under the circumstances prevailing on r5i:h
August I963 the mal
Court was justified in proceeding
under Order XVII, Rule 3 of the Code of Civil. Procedure..
As pointed out .~hove, on that day both the defendant
and his pleader were absent. Only. another Advocare
appeared on their behalf. His task however s~ms to have
been limited to the purpose o~ asking for an adjouinment c.c.
1967
only, for he immediately withdrew from the case as soon
A. SA~
as his request for an adjournment was refused. The ques- f};
tion therefore arises whether his presence which as noted S. M.HAs-
s~
above was strictly confined to the specific purpose of
getting a postponement cou~d be regarded as an appear-
ance which would take the case out of the operation of
Order XVII, Rule 2 . .In the case of Maung Pway and one
v. Saya Pe (r) it was held that the plaintiff's pleader's .
instructions, in the absence of his client and witnesses,
mus~ be presumed to have been limited to ask for an
adjournment and his app_earance ceased when the limited
purpose was fulfilled, and, therefore, he cannot be said
to have ' appeared , for his client, duly instructed and
able fo .answer all material questions relating to the ~it.
'Th.js dictum finds approval in a later case, i.e., E. Mylne
v. T. K:oir (2) in which it was observed that where a pieader
of the party merely applied for adjournment whi<;:h was
refused this could not be regarded as an appearance which
would take the case ouf of the operation of Order XVII,
Rule 2. Thus the position of the case on r5th August
1963 boils down to this that there was no appearance on
the side of the defence when the case was called on for
hearing. Such being the case, any proceeding taken by
the Court subsequent to the withdrawal of the Advocate
who applied for an adjournment would be ex-parte.
~ong the various rulings cited by the learned counsel
for the respondent one is worthy of serious consideration.
inasmuch as on a casual perusal it is almost on all fours
with the one before us . . In Faiyaz Khan v. Mithan (3),
Mp<)tham, J. quoted with approval the following passage
which occurred in Sri Krishen v. Raaha Krishen ~4).
"The question whether an application for restoration is
maintainable must be decided upon an interpretation of the
(1) 4 Ran. p. 408. (z) 6. Ran. p. 323.
(3) A.I.R. (1954) AIL p. zzz.. (4) A.I.R. (x9sz) An. p. 6sz.

'. '.
 c.c.
"l7
, oroer ':Which the
<;_OUrt passes.
If ther'e is any
do.ubt aooilt
the intention of the Court passing the order asto whether it
..A. SATr.ut intended to proceed under Order 17 Rule 3 or Order '17 Ru1e
Cl.
S. M.HAs- 2, in that~ we can say that the order shoul-d be cons~
sA.N. as one which ought ' to
have been passed. But thi:s cannGt
be done when the court expressly passes an order under one
of the two rules. In that case the aggrieved party sb.ouid
fii.e an appeal against the order which is in fact a deccee an.li'l
not apply for restoration. " ',
In the. instant case bCfore us . the trial Court at tim!= the
of pronouncing judgment-did not say in so many wordS
that the. order paSsed by it was one under Order XVU.
3
Rule ot the Code of <:;ivil ~ocedur~. . <;)~ the other hand..
.the decree whiCh was P!lSSed has been described in the
<:aption of the judgment as ex-parte decree. It was ollly
:wlieJi ~e defendant filed ~ application for reiqratio.~
'thai:the.Court 'expressly referred t9 it~ order as Q$g one
under~ Order XVI( Rule 3 But" as. pointed out in Raja
v:
Singh Manna Singh ~l oth~rs .(s) t~~ mere f~d that
the COurt remarked even when decreeing the suit in the
absence of the defendan_ts that it .W4S a~fing under Ord~
: I7, Rule 3 cannot make Order .r7. "Rule 3 ~pplicable.
Therefore. the test to be ~ppli~ in de~r~ing the ~ature
of the order passed by the trial Court. is. as to what kind
of order' the 'court ought ~0 haye passed und~ the qrcum-
~stances-Obfuining a~ the time <)f m~g the .o;rder. In the
case cited above . al~<?ug~ the. defendant was amen;t his
c~UilS~ was in a!ien~ance_ and it. w~ ~or .this ~S?tl. th~t
:the order was co~sn:u~ .as one :under Order :Z],_ Rule :t;
'Order.ri..Rule 2 l?cirig .e~tir~y out o( q~estion tn ~~w
of the. ~p~ce ,of. the def~(Jan(s . co~el. ....1(in~y
~alSo ~ : ~ii~?.:n~.. th~i iii eq~~e$g AJiahabad r~ng's
as well as.th~e -of .dudh :It would be necessaryt0 be.K
in mi,nd the following ~Ianation added b y the High
CoUrts to Order XVII, Rule 2 . .. No party.shall be deem-
ed to hav~ .f'!i~ed, to ap~ if he is either present in. person.,
..~; ~ .' : ' . : -. " (S) A .. I.R. (x940) All. p. 217.
 <>r is represented in Court by hiS,_agent or pleader, though C.C.
~.1
en,gaged only for the purpose of making an application."
A. &\1'1'-A'R
So far as our Court is concerned no such explanation has tl~

been inserted in the rule conoomed. . This pr9bably S. M.lifA?

SAN;
accotints for some seemingly ronfiicting decisions between
our late High Court and. tb.Qse of some of the Indian High
<:o~. Our late High Court has consisf~ntly _ ta}(en the
view -that in cases where .a defendants default under rule
,3 is coupled with a default under rule 2, as in the present
'case before us, the procedure to be followed is lhat .laid
~-doW11 in ~Ie . 2 . . [Pl~se see A.I.R. (1937), Ran. p. 437.]
Thus the circumstances prevaili~g on r5fh Augus~ .i963
-clearly show that they were such as woUld leave the--trial
Court with no alternative but to proceed underOrderXVH,
Rule 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure. We would acrord-
ingly hold, contrary ~ the finding of the mal Cotirt;.that
the decree passed by it on I 5th August 1963 was an ex- .
.parte decree and that the defendant"s application praying
for an order fo set aside the ex-parte <Iecree was maintain- .
.able in accordance with Order IX, .Rule 13. The order
d ated 2oth November 1963, passed by 'the trial Court
-dismissing the defendant's application wiJ.l therefore be
-set aside. The trial -~ will proceed to hear the defend-
~ts application dated .zrst Augnst i3 in the light of
~he re~ mcide by t.\5~ The .oosis of this appeal WI1l
abide the final result of the suit.~ Advocate's fees in this
O>nit ~ed ~ 'three ~ inohurs
. . ..: .. . . ' .:
.. =. .. ,. . ; ~:

,: . :..
. . .

.: ..
 CIVIL FIRST APPEAL

Before U Tun Tin and U Sein Thinn, JJ

KOO GYEE HOKE ANP SIX OTHERS (APPELLANTS)

Apr. 29. V.
I
l
WEE TIN SHAN AND FOUR OTHERS (RESPONDENTS).
'j
~,1 Suit for dittolution of Partnership and for rendition of accounts of a pat'f11enhi[1
firm-"dissolution of the lartrfetship 11, the ~th of a partner---continual

lI
mjoymM~t of the benefits of the partrfetship by the wife of the ckuaseJ partner-
fJJhether coticlusive proof of a new partnership-intention of the parties to-
begatherldjrQm eMir conduct.
The plaintiff (i.e. the xst respondent) files a suit for dissolution of partner-
ship and for rendition of accounts in respect of a partnership firm by the name
of Sin Eng Choon which was started some 70 years ago by 2 partners Ko~
Ban Pan of the Koo" family and Wee Po Ee. of the " Wee" family, the
latt~r being the father of the plaintiff. Wee Po Ee died in 1892.
H~ld : The partnership betw~en Koo Ban Pan and Wee Po Ee was dissolved
by the death of the latter no matter what might have been their
intention regarding the continuance of the fum as the partnership consisted
?.f, two persons only. This does not however preclude the possibility of a
new Partnership coming into existence by means of a contract either expres$
or implied between Koo -Ban Pan and Daw Khet, widow of the decased
Partners. But there is no evidence to prove an express contract between
them.
The evidence obtaini.n'g on the r~cord of the trial Court clearly shows
that .after the death of Wee Po Ee his widow D aw Khet did enjoy the benefits
of the hueiness of Sin Eng Choon. Even conceding that D.aw Khet enjoyed a
defined s:hare of the profits of the business of Sin Eng Choon this fact b y
itself is not conclusive proof of a new partnership.
It is clear that the most important factor in determining the existence
of partnership is the intention of the parties to be gathered, in the absence.
of a written instiument, by the conduct of the parties.
And Koo Ban Pan's conduct since the time of Wee Po Ee's death had!
aU along been in the nature of a sole proprietorship. Therefore in the absence-
of any testimony regarding agreement between Daw Khet and Koo Ban Pan it
cannot be held that Daw Khet became a partner merely because she suffered
her property to be utilized in the business, and a fortiori that the plaintiff.'
(i.e. the rst respondent) ever became a partner after his father's demise.

Civil First Appeal No. x13 of 1964. Against the decree of the Additional
Chief Judge of City C ivj.l Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular Suit No. 671 of
1962, dated the 31st July 1964.
 Ram Kumar v. KjsJwre Lal, I.L.R. All Series (1946) 309 dissented kom; 'C:C.
-r.9fi'J
Mt. Sughra and others v. Babu, A.I.R. (1952) All. so6 ; K. Hojee . A.bd:w_l
Latlrief Sahib v. The Official Assignee of Madras, I.L.R. (Mad. Series) vol. LI, KooGnm
(192"S), p, 3oS; Habib Bux v. Samuel Fitz fS Co., A.I.R. (1926} All. 161; Radlv.z Hoe~
SIX O'lliiBBI-
Kislrendas v. Ganga'bia, A.I.R. (1927) Sind 218 refetted to. 'tl.
W.aTm
SHAN AHD
Mr. L. Hoke Sein for the appellants. 'FOllR onma&-

U Kyaw Myint for the respondent No. I .

U Pha Tha R~aw for the respondents No. 2, 3, 4

. U SEIN THINN, J.-In Civil Regular Suit No. 671 of 1962

of the City Civil .Court, Rangoon, the plaintiff Wee Tin
Shan, who is the first respondent in this appeal, files a snit
for dissolution of partnership and for rendition of accounts
in respect of a partnership firm by the name of Sin Eng
Choon. The firm was started some seventy years ago by
two partners Koo Ban Pan of the " Koo ,. family and \ee
Po Ee of the "Wee" family, the latter being the father
of the plaintiff Wee Tin Shan. In 1892 Wee Po Ee died
leaving him surviving his wife Daw Khet and three minor
sons including the plafutiff Wee Tm Shan.. After Wee
Po Ee~s death Koo Ban Pan alone carried on the business.
Koo Ban Pan also continued. to look after Daw Khet and
her children. In course of time Koo Ban Pan was assisted
in his business by his two elder sons Koo Gyee Hoke arui
Koo Gyee Chwan, the first and the second defendants-
appellants, as well as by Wee Tin Kho~ elder brother of
Wee Tin Shan.. Koo Ban Pan died in 1930 leaving behind
a Will by which he appointed the aforesaid three persons
to be his .. execurors and trustees to manage and conduct
the business of Sin Eng -Choon , which was accordingly
.carried out. In .1940 Daw Khet died but her death did
not affect the conduct of the business of mn
Eng Cboon.
Then in .1957 Wee rm
Kho died. His death was followed
by a series of cOrrespondence between Wee Tin Shan oo.
f!,~ hand .and Koo Gyee Hoke and Koo Gy~ Chwan ~n ~
0 '
 ' .
c~c. other indkating strained relationship between them which
67
.. . i<j . finally touched off the present suit under appeal iii which
-~~~Bq_:: all other survivjng heirs of the two original partners arb
s.a.: o::'ERS joined as parties. .
WEliTm. The plaintiff Wee Tin Shan's case is th~t the original
SHAN AND
aoouRoTHERS. partnership formed by Koo Ban Pan and Wee Po Ee has
never been dissolved since its inception. It is asserted
that on Wee Po Ee's death Daw Khet became a partner
and that the partnership was later strengthened by the
admission of himself and his br~ther Wee Tin Kho.
According to the plaintiff the partnership was also. not
dissolved either on the death of Koo Ban Pan in I93o or .
.of Daw Khet in i940 He would have the Court hold
that on the death of each partner his Or her heirs along
with the other survi:vipg parin'ers. continued the old part-
nership business with t he old partnership assets enjoying
the same rights and liabilities as before. The gravamen
of the d~fence, however, is that although the business of
Sin Eng Choon continued for sometime the oljginal part~
nership had been dissolved as early as ;r892 when one of
the two founder-partners, viz., Wee Po Ee died. It is
emphatically denied that Daw Khet or any of her sons
was ever admitted into the partnership. Thus .one of the
issues in the lower Court is whether Daw: Khet b~came
a partner in the .fin.n of Sin Eng Choon on the death of
Wee Po Ee. .. . . . , , . . : ,.
-lt is common ground,_ that .Wee .po Ee di~d in the year
.18.92. . Therefore .the, question .vvhe:tl}er .the . p~ers~ip
or
was dissolved . not must .be detenp.ined.according .to the
law in force at t4at time. As rightly pointed out l>y the
lower Com;t the l~ryv regarding partnership then prevailing
was section 253 <;>f the Contract Act which was Act No. IX
of 1872. But there .is hardly any appreciable difference
Petween this sectio11 and section 42 of the Partnership
Act _in so far as the qi~solution of partnership .~ concerned~
under both llie laws a partnership is dissolved, in . tiie
 ~:; .- :
aJ>sence of ~y c~ntract to the <;ontrary, by the death c.c.
of" apartner. Thus, if there bas been a contract .between.- ~
the .parties that the p artnership would not be dissolved: K:oeH' <;yt!'
. . OltlJ ANI>'
on: the death of any of the partners the dissolution will s~. o~
riot take pl~ce in Spite of the ~ooth of a partri.er. Citing wS:n~ '
various authoriti~ the JJ::~ed trialju~ge w~ _ of opinion ~!~:z:s.
lhat ~e exiSt~nce of such a tontra~t ~ay be proved -either .. :. , _, :_ !.

an
by' exptess declaration to . that- effect or may be d~te:r- .
niined' from the :conduct of the parties'. . ;
i .The low~. Co\ttt has taken ...great pirlns in considering

the vol~o\ci'eViderice adduced by the parties. After .

carefqlly weig~g the _evidence he came to the- finding~
thar for a period of over forty yeats Bf(er Wf. Po Ee'~.
death Koo Ban Pan continued to Carry on. the b:usine;s..
of Sin Ehg Choon; that Koo ~ Pan. not only ~ook upon .
himself the sole responsibility of' ~ndttcting the business .
bu~ alsol~ked- after the surviving members ef Wee.Po Be's
fa~ily as if they were his own ; that neither.. Daw Khet
nor any of his S()JlS e.ver .d emanded paqitiop of' the part-
nership, pr~perti.es but simply acquiesc<i<l. iii' Koo 'Ban ran
carry.ing on the -bln~ all by. himself ; and ij}a~ tliere
was a: strong tie .between: thetwo f~es. Ba:sed. on these
findings: the learned: trial Judge inferted tnat there had
~ a contract betweenthe origirial partners .that the part-
nership w~s not t<l_ be dissolved by tl;e death of any of
them. He therefore hel<l' that o n the death of Wee Po Ee
the ,partner~hip w.3s not .dissolved and. that a .family part-
na-ship. came into ~ with. paw Kbet representing the
.. \Vee family in place of her de<:eaS.ed ~U$~d, .
. The ~Sertion.-regarding the existence o f a family part-
nerslllp bu5incis according _to -~~ customary law. has
~ ~n . a~andoned by the .learned: rounsel''fur. the 1nd,
3rd and 4th reSpondents. tVide diary entry, dated 4th
Ap~i~ 1967.) Thus the. only question left to be considered
is whet!ter the partnership was dissolved by- the death of .
Wee Po Ee. 'As ~i:nted out by the learned -~ Ju~ge
 c.c. there .are no d,oubt circumstances indicating that the
1967
original partners might have intended to continue :the part-
~~G~~ nership even after :the death of any one of them. But
81x PTJ~ERS the question whether-the partnership was dissolved or not
. "TIN was entirely independent of the intention of the original
Wm
. .~!~-r:. partners. It must be remembered that the original .part-
nership consisted of only two persons. Therefore even
if they had intended their partnership :to be continued after
the death of any o.ne of them no valid contract would
have been possible _between them to tha.t effect. . For ..
neither party could, by his contra~t. i.mpose a partnership
upon his heirs or legal representatives ; partnership being
a matter of contract and not of status. The following
observatiens which occur in the case of Mt. Sughra and
others v: Babu (r) are apposite: .
" When it is. said that a partn~bip will not be dissolved
by .the death of one party, what is meant is that the
pcu:tnership will continue between the surviving partners
even after the death of a part:Qer. It . follows that in .order
. . _that 1;he exception to the gep.~al rule ~ay apply the original
partnership must consist of more than two partners. In the
. ~e of a partner.ship consisting of only two partners, no
. partnership remains on the death of one of them and,
therefore, it is a contradiction in terms to say that there can
be a contract between two partners to the effect that on the
death of one of the~ the partnership will not be dissolved
llut. .wUl conti~ue. . Nor .is the p.osition affected by bringing
in th<: ~eirs of a .deceased partn~ on the scene. One partner
cannot, by his own contract, impose a partnership upon his
heirs or legal representatives. . Partnership is not a matter of
status, it is a matter of contract. No heir can be said to
become a partner with another person .without his own
consent, express or implied. '!
The trial Court has had the advantage of the ruling .
cited above. But it apj}ears that the learned Judge has
failed to . comprehend. the . full import of the dictum lcrld
down therein. This ruling is an explicit authority for the
(1) A.I.R. (1952) All. so6.
 proposition that in a partnership consisting of two part- ~~
ners only lbe dissolution of partnership takes place by the
K<OO G\'U
<Ieath of a partner notwithstanding their intention to the &uAND
.contrary for the simple reason that it is impossible for the scc ~~
partners to make such.a ~n~ad:. In other words a p~- : : , ~
nership consisting of two partners. only is diSsolved by the ftlue.orHS~S.
death of a partner ~d its continuance <;annot under any
circumstances beinferred by the co~duct of ~e partn~. .
No doubt in Ram Kumar v. Kishore Lal (2) where the
partnership consistecl of two persons only it was held th~
the death of a partner need not necessarily cause fue ~o- .
lution of a firm and ~e words .. subjeq to a contract be- .
~een the parties ".- in section 42 of tile Partnership Act
do n9t .require th~t there should be an express contract. .
But thls has .been dissented from in Mt. Sughra~s case ci~
above where 'the fallacy of the argument; that there call. .
be ~n implied contr;tct between the original partners is .
exjx>sed on ij).e ground of a parpter's disability by his
.. -G-wn-..con'fract to impose a partne~hip upon a third person. .
'l'hu5 in .~e ~t case before us we are of opinion tha~ :
tlie partnership betw~n Koo Ban Pan and W~ Po Ee .
~as dissolv by the death of thC latter no matter what .
might have been their intention regarding the contin~ance
of the fi.nit. This doe5 not however preclude the. possibi:-
Iity of a new partnership coming into exisrence by means.
of a contract eitl:i~r express or :unplied between ~oo Ban
Pan and Daw K:b,et. But if is never .the case of the plain-
tiff that ~ mother. Daw Khet became a partner by virtue
or' such a contract. He has consistently taken the stand .
tha~ on \fVre Po Ee's death Daw ~ by x:tason of her.
~on as ~e. head of the_"Vfee" {~. ~e a.
partnerm the firnl whlch was never
dissolved.
. In .spife of the plaintiff's assertion to the oontrary we .
have carefully .considez:ed whether after the dissolution of
.,(z) I.L.R. AU. Series .(~9) gc)g.'
 c.c.. :the orig}.nal. partnership a -new partnership came into be-
196? ing between K0o Ban Pan and oaw Khet. There is'
~~~~,\~ undoubtedly no evidence fo ..prove 'a n exj>ress contract
sx:x: oniBRs between them. But as pointed out in Ram Kumar's case,.
v. . .
WEB TU'I" already referred to, such a contract may be constriled by
.
F~=:.:_.;s implication~ It therefore remains :tO be considered."
. . wh~~be~ a..fresh .c6ntrac~ -~ cort:tipue ~~ buSinesS; of ~in. :.
BilK Ch<>Ori~ in. partnership cp.uld .be.infer.Eed. from tlte C;On-.
dti~ Qf :the' parties. The evidence obtaining on the record
of the -:trial Court clearly shows that after the death of
Wee ..Po Ee his widow Daw Khet. did enj_ay the benefits.
of t}i~ .business of Sin Eng_ Chaon. It is also . conimon
grol:lii~. that her children as well as :those. of Koo Ban Pan:
were ed~c<\ted out of .the funds of Sfn Eng. Choon. But:.
~es~ facts apart from dmanstral,ing th_ e fairmindedn~
of ~oo. ~~11 Piin do not go so- far: as to prove. the .exis~en.ce :
of?a." con.tr~ct. either express or implied. befween Koo ]).an. :
P~ and Daw Khet to continue :the business. of _Sin Eng: .
Ch.Qoli in, pa,rln~ship ~~een the.m.... For ev:en con~ng; ..
ll,l~t. .Daw Khet enjoyed .a .defined share of.. the profit's of.
the bu$ili.ess of Sin Eng Choon .this fact by itself is. not :
C9~~11ve. proof of tile .p~er.s!rlp. In the case of
K". I:laje.e Ab~uZ. Lathief Sahib v. The Oflicial Assignee of
Ma.(!J'as (3) it was held that a person who .merely deposits:
mo1,1ey' In .the fum and receives rom. the firm a certciin.
sli(\!e of. .the net pr.ofi.ts, and as between whom and the
firm t4~r.e do not exist, the prdi~ary. incidents of par.tner-.
ship .~uch: ~, the right fo participate in. the management. ~
of ~e. partnersl!ip 'bu5in~s. or the dissolution. of, the part. .
ne:rshiP.. on his. death or retirement, is na.t a parln~ .of .
th~ ~m. .The same opinion w:as. expressed, in Habib Bux
- ~. Samuel Pitz & Cc. (4J whe~e. it -w.as laid do~ that,...
the right to participate in the profits of trade is ~ itself
a _strong test: of partnership; but particip~tion. in profits, .
. .. . . :
(3) I.L.R. (Mad. Series.)Vol. L.I., (~928) p. 308.
(4) A.I;R. (1926) All. I6i

..
 .although strong evidence~ is noi conclusive evidence of a ~96 ;
.. par~ership ~d the question of .partnership ;must be decid- -
Koo GYEB
~d by the intention of the parties :to be ascertaine4 fr~m Hoo AND
the contents of the written instruments, jf any, and the srx OTHBRs

conduct of 'the parties. Thus jt is clear :that :the most :VEs TIN
important factor in det~rmining the existence of partner- Fo~OT:_
.ship is the_int~ntion of the parties to be gathered, in the
absence of a written instrument, by the conduct of the
parti~s. In the present case before us Koo Ban Pan after
the d~ath of Wee Po Ee carried on the business of Sin Eng.
Qoon witho~t the active participation of anyone although
.after sometiqte he enlisted the assis~ce of his two sons
.and Wee Tin Kh6. Daw Khet .did not feature in any ~f
1:he activities of Sin Eng .Choon. Nor w~s she cons~lted.
when K~o Ban Pan made his Will by w:qich he made over
-the business of Sin Eng Choon :to his .tWo elder ~ons and
Wee Tin Kho who were appointed his executors and
trustees. No allusion whatsoever was. made in the Will
either to Daw. Khet or her late husband.
. . . Ko6 Ban
~ . Pan.'s
~ .. ..
conduct since the time Qf Wt;.e Po Ee's death had a).l ~loJ1,g
been in the nature of a sole propri~torship.
h is true that there is p.o evidence regarding partition
of the partnership property after the death of Wee Po Ee.
Therefore it seems probable that Daw Khet as the legal
-representative of her husband migh~ have allowed her share
of the property left behind by the deceased to be used in
the business of Sin Eng Choon. But in the absence of any
testimony regarding agreement between Daw Khet and Koo
Ban Pan it cannot be held that i:>aw Khet became a partner
merely because she suff~red her property to be utilized
in the business. This is the view expressed in Radha
Kishendas v. Gangabai .(5) and with respect we are of the
same opinion. Thus it seems clear to us that from the

(S) 1\.-I~R. (1~7) SineS zt8.

12
 c.c . material obtaining on the record of :the trial Court no part-
1967 .
nership can be co~tied as between Koo Ban Pan and Daw
Koo GYEB
HoKB AND Khet after the death of Wee Po Ee. a fortiori, that Wee-
atx oTHI!IIS Tin Shan eyer became a par.fuer after hjs faer's derili.se.
i:: tl.
TIN The defendants-appellants Koo Gyee Hoke and K(){)"
.vom( o::S. Gyee Chwan by their written statement assert that a new
partnership came into being as a result of the Will i:ef.t.
behind by Koo Ban Pan and that :the partnership so set
up had been by consent of the partners dissolved in the-
year 1952~ in spite ofthe copious ~vide:O.ce on the re-
cord of the trial Court regar-dirig the alleged dissolution-
... . we do not thlnk it neces5ary-. to give serious consideratioo
t~' this matter. 'It is not this al~eg~. new parfuership-
whlch the p~aintiff is now -seeking to dissolve and ift.'
respect of which accounts are.being asked for. Even con.-
ceding that th~ was s\zch a partnership the p,l~titr
W:oUJ.d not be com~ent to sue for its dissolution aS he
was: rtQt f?ne of i~ p~ers. In any case the sol~ basis.
of ilie allegedP.aitnership. being the Will left behind by
Koo Ban pan we are ~t. a ~~~ to .~derstand how a _partner-.
ship could have been established by way of :testamentary
disposition. of p~perty. . In the result we hold that nG
partnership e xists between the plaintiff-respondent \Vre
Ti~ Shan and others in respect of the business of Sin En;g
Choon. This appeal is ther~ore allowed. The judgmenf.
arid decree passed by the -lower Court will be set aside
with . costs. .
AdvQqte's fee fixed as .five gold m.ohms.
 CRIMINAL APPEAL

-Before UKyaw Zan U J.

MAUNG KHIN (APPELLANT)

c.c. .~
19{>7

v. Apr.6 .

THE.UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*

Penal Codes. 396-statem.ents made to the Investigating Ojficer.-..:..v.ohether admis-

sible in evidence-evidence of identification-chances of error in identifica-
tion-use of statements made tQ t.h e police lfy the trial :ftdge..:....Whether
compliance o[s. u6C.P.C. necess.UTy.
Held : Statements made to the investigating police officer in the course
of the investigation should not have been allowed to be giv!ln by him while
under cross-examination as they are not admissible .in evidence.
Held further : Evidence of identification ba8ed on perSonal imPt;ession
should be approach,ed with co~iderable caution especially where much depend!J
upon such evidence. A witness may be ail honest witness, but the testimony
of senses cannot be implicitly relied upon even when the veracity of the witness
is above all suspicio.n. Chances of error in identification are based upotl
a momen~ry glimpse in the confusion and exciteme;llt of the moment at D.igh_t
_even . though there is a gas lamp burning.
H~ld.further: The trial Judge freely made use of the s~te~ents .made
b;" the witness to the police in the course of investigation of a ctime. privateiy
i.~ithout. PaYJng any rega~d to the law and .procedure.
He should not have
referred to these Statements at a!i without <;omplymg with the ~equirements
of the. provisions of s. x62 of the Criminal Procedure C~e to the . prejudi~ of
thel/iefence as well as the prosecution.
. Maung U Khine and otlu.rs, I.L.R.. 13 Ran-. 1 ; M aung Lun Thoung, . I.L.R.
Chit Hlaing, Tun Waing, Thein Aung a!Ui ~9 others
. ;J Rail. . 570(F.B.);
v. Th8 Uni<m of Burma, (r958) B.L.R.s8:z(H.C.) ;DawKha LayMav, Tlie
Umon of Burma, (196~) B.L.R. :z8o (C. C.); P. Yan SQ9 (a) Maung Thaung
Nyun v. The Uni<m of Burma, (1966) B:L .R. -43, referred to.

U Thet Ngwe for the appellant.

U Hiii.t Government Advocate for the re5pondent.

* Criminal Appeal No. 203 of r966.

Appeal from the order of the lst Special (S~ions) Judge of Pyapon,.
dated the roth day of June 1966 p_assed in Cr. Regular Case No. 2 of 1966.' '
 c.t. U KYAW ZAN U, J.-This is an appeal against the
196?
MAUNG
conviction. under section 396 of the Penal Code and the
IDIIN sentence of transportation for life. The most important
v.
TBBUNION witness for the prosecution is Ma Wm (PW 2), ..the wife
OP B_tlltMA.
of the deceased Ko Than Nyunt who was sh?t by the
dacoits from the back on the night of r?th December
1961 in Ohn-bin village, Pyapon District. Af. the time of
the occurr~nce U Po Nyan, U Chein and hiS wife Daw
Thaung, Ma Tin Myint, Ma Tin the younger sister of
Ma Win (PWs 3, 4, s. 6 and 13) were in the hou~ of
the 4eceased with the exhibit air-pressure gas lamp
burning in the room. The list shows its mantle and two
.glass strips of ~e chimney were br<;>ken while another
strip - was missing. According to Ma Win her father.,
U San Pe (PW r~ called Ma Tin Myint (PW 6) 'from the
ba~ of the house and asked her to open the door. When
. 'the .door was opened ;Ma Win and her sister Ma Tin,
l.ooked out and a voice was heard to send down the
deceased. When U San Pe was brought up Ma Wm.
followed her husband and she saw three men who asked
.her nol to come along. They tied up her husband
. (deceased) an<I she was sent back upstairs.
. Three men came up brin~ng the deceased blindfolded
.and made all the inmates prostrate before one of tbe1n
armed with a rifle asked Ma Win to come forw?rd and
surrender what she had. The other two men were armed
with dabs. She took out the . cash and the jewelleries
:fr~m under J:he mattress and handed them over to Maung
Tin Hla, the cO-accused wllo W<i$ somehow acqUitted.
The trial Judge said in his judgment that Ma Win might
have aocused Maung Tin Hla by mistake. Ma Wm
~eposed tb~t she kn:~w th.is man for the last five years as
he lived in Pyapon and some years ago--one day-he
<:ame to have breakfast in her house and yet the Court
thought lit not to <::onYi:ct him. One of the two men with
ilahs was ~he -present appellant :whom she said she knew
 for the last six years but she did not know in which c.c.
1967
village he lived. After the cash and jewelleries had been
MAVNO
handed over to Maung Tin Hla two more men came up KHIN
and one of them was Sein Maung whom she handed over TBB Umo~
the key as told by her husband the deceased. As Sein oF BuRMA.
Maung said he could not open the box she herself opened -
the box and gave some more jewelleries and cash to. him
(Sein Maung) and yet this Sein Maung was never made
an accused in th~ c.ase. U Tun Myaing (PW 11) the
investigating police officer (under suspension) gave no
explanation. In his cross-examination the Court should
not have allowed to give the statements made to him in
the course of the in,vestigation as they are not admissible
in evidence. Ma Win stated that one of the lusoes then
let off the pressure from the gas lamp but the place got
the light from a kerosene lamp. About twenty miriutes
after the men had left a sound of firing was heard. Ma
Win found K 20,050, ~o radios-one belonging to U
San Pe, gold comb, gold bodice strap, bracelet, gold chains,
bangles; brooch, wat..c.h and gold strap, studs, rings, gold
buttons, ear-rings, men's "long}ris ", ladies' "longyis ",
and other properties missing from the house. She deposed .
that she told U Ch~in al).d his wife, Daw Thaung (PWs 4
and 5) that the appellant Maung Khin, Maung Tin Hla and
Sein Maung were among the lusoes. She said she learnt.
that very night that her husband was shot dead.
According JO U San Pe seven armed men came to his
field-hut and forced him to take them to the house of th~
deceased. He said he asked his younger daUghter Ma Tin
(PW 13) to open the back-door. No reference whatsO-
ever was made to Ma Tin Myint by him. When the door
was opened Ma Tin and Ma Win looked out and one of
the lusoes said 4e wanted to meet the deceased. wheri.
the deceased came out the witness was taken upstairs by
three men, one armed with a rifle and two with dahs.
When all the inmates were lying on their stomachs as

.
 c.c. pf(lered.by, th~ Iusoe.s,~vvho hP<l.smashed. th~ gas iam.p;.the
19~
.. -.... witness (U"Sa.n .Pe) heird th<( lusoes ask.ing :to produce the
MAUNG
KBIM "
o .
p_roperties and vyh~ h~ took a. quiet look at them he saw
TBB lJNION the dec~sed 6th his h~cls tied being led away dowri-
-pFBl:JR~.:
stairs: He. said about ten minutes after the Iusoes h~d
left he heard th,e .sound of firing twice. According to.him.
the lusoes se;rrched with the aid of their electric torches.
The trial c ourt did not believe the story. If the lamp
was really .smashed the Police wol.lld not have produced
~he exhibit ga's lamp i:q ~e condition it was produced.
before: the Court and.Ma Win could not hav~ identifi~d it
in Co~rt. None of the other witnesses corroborated him..
He lost his radio and other prQperti~. He did n,ot
recog.riize any of the lus6es and none qftl1e inmates ever
told himanything about them . . So far as the recognition
of th:e appellant is ~oncerned U San Pe's evidence ~ n~
to.
.lieJp the pros&u,tion. ..
U Po. Ny~n's evidence shows that when he was lying
on his, stomach, one of the two Iusoes who were making
a search stamped his back about eight times with his h~
and stru~ him with the blade of. tlie dah twice making
him look up when he saw Ule ~ppellant. He said when
the lusoes were about to leave the house the gas lamp
went out. Accorqing to this witness there was no other
lamp anq. the place was in complete darkness'. He con-
tradicted the ~vidence of M~ Win. The witn~ ~dmitt.ed
in his cr-oss-examination that he was in great fear and
had only a momentary .glin:lpse of the. appell~nt wh~n he
was : ~tamped . aD:d struCk .by the Iusoe. in these
. circumstances I doubt very .much his recognition of t'Jle
~ppel~ant. To u~ ~ o-wn. -words: "~~- ro~t ~
~ c 'c:;;::, c r;:c c rc c c cc;:_~ c ,
~:> e_jetroef~' ar:.coe:!~G<t--:>ro ~~~?ro~'~" Evidence
of identification. . ~ased on . personal impression shouhi
J>e . approached with considerable caution . especially
where ..much depends upon such evidence. A witneSs
.l:P..a! . Qe ~ b.on~t witness. but the . testimony of senses
 -~

~annot be implicit~y relied upon even when .th~ .verac!!J ~i~

-<>f the witness is above all suspicion. Chances of erro:r: ,.in Mi-iJNG
identification are based upon a momentary glimps.e in the ~
-cqnfusion and excitement of the moment at night even THE fiNJoN
-though there is a gas lamp burning. OF
. BuRMA.
.

According to U Po Chein and his wife (PWs 4 and .5)

the lusoes made them all prostrate as soon as they came
-up and the for:mer Stated that he was so afraid that he
-dared not look up, and when they were about to go away,
:.:one of them made.him get up and took away his fountain
pen and made him prostrate again. He said he did not
..remember eyen this lusoe in spite of the fact that th~ gas
.lamp was then still alight. The most important part of
.his evidence is that Ma Win told all the inmates there
,Tather loudly that she recognized the appellant Mau.ng
l<hin and Maung Tin Hla. He did not mention the name
..of Sein Maungwhom Ma Wi~ said she mentioned. . It is
:.strange why he did not make any mention of Se~ Mal;lng
whom Ma Win knew very well and who took a lea9.ipg
~ part in the dacoity. U Po. Chein said U San Pe w~s then
near him and he and others could have heard what Ma
win said but no one stated that he/she heard Ma Win
say that she recognized the appellant and Maung Tin Hla.
u Po Chein admitted that he did no.t state to the ,police
what Ma Win said. I do not think this witness can be
"believed . . He said in his cross-exanrlnation he knew the
.appellant for the last two years and he had seen h~m
>casually whe~ he was doing cultivation, but wh~n he w~
:recalled he stated that he had never seen the appellarit
..and Maung Tin.Hla before. His wife Daw Thaung statea
.that they lit the J!illlP after the lusoes .had left . ~e could
not say how many of them c.ame up as she did ~ot see
them. One of them had . taken about. K 30 from . her
~ pocket. She only heard Ma Winsay that she r~cognized
-.the appellant and Maung Tin Hla (accused w~q was
acquitted). ~~ said she_heard this before she heard the

'. '.
;,9:9
c.~967e.sound of firing but according to her husband. Ma Wm
M4trno
told them after the firing. Accmding :to her. aU the
KmN inmates mentioned above were around her when Ma Wit~
" said, she recognized the appellant and Maung Tin Hla but .
TlmiUNION
OF BuRMA.
it is rather strange that only she and ~er hitsband heard
what Ma Win said. Ma Tin ~yint (PW 6) stated that she
and Ma Tin opened .t he back-door but she was contradicted
by U San Pe as pointed out above. The last important'
witness for the prosecution is Ma Tin (PW 13), the youn-
ger sister of Ma Wm but the .~al Court disbelieved an<!
rejected her evidence on the grdu.n:d that she exaggerated.
very much. She said ~he opened 'the hack-door with Ma
Tm Myint, and tJ::tat she was not allowed to prostr~te, S())<
she saw the appellant as one of the .two who came up
armed with dahs. When every one had fo prostrate in:
the light it is unbelievable that she alone was excluded.
ln a very serious case of this nature involving death
sentence. the prosecution must prove its case to the hilt.
if it relies upon the evidence of an alleged eye.witness:
that eviden{:e must be foul-proof and well corroborated.
In the iilstant case. Ihave shown above that the evidence
of Ma Win is not reliable as she is not corroborated ia
all. the material particulars. When she could make a
mistake in tdentifying Mau.ng Tin Hla (the co-accused who
was .acquitted) as the trial Court had said in its judgment.
she could have made a similar mistake in identifying -the
appellant under the same circumstances. Not a single
property was recovered from the .appellant. Ma Wm:
deposed that the piece of doth that covered the face of
the dead-body was from the appeHant's u longyi whlclt:
he wore two months before the occurrence at a funeraL
This soundsvery preposterous and the trial Court, I tb:ink,.
rightly rejected this _piece of evidence. When Ma Wim:
said. that she recognized Sein Maung and gave a detailed!
acco~nt of the pan he played in the commission: of the
Crime the trial Court did riot believe her and said in it's
 c ..c.
jtidgn_1ent that she was exaggeratiilg. In these cir~ Itfo7
stances and in the circumstances narrated above, it is
..........
impossible to rely upon her evidence on which the case .
tl.
against the appellant stands. Tm~UNIGN'
OF "BURMA~
The appellant set up an alibi as his defence. He said
Ma Win had a grudge against him as h.is ducks made use
of her small creek. He 'deposed he was ill with his sore
on . th~ leg since three days before the occurrence and on
the night of the occurrence he sent Ko Baw Ga (DW 3)
to call the shampoo-manU Aung .Myat (DW 2) to sham-
poo him. He said U Aung Myat was shampooing him
that night from 6 p.m. tp 9 p.m. Ko Baw Ga and U Au.ng
Myar supported him but the trial Court found some dis-
crepancies i.n their evidence, for example : the que5tion
whether the appellant was asleep or not when .the sound
of firing was heard ; whether. the appellant slept inside the
mosquito curtain or not, etc. Be that as it may, in a
criminal case it is needless to point out that no duty is
cast upon the defence. to put up a negative proof of the
guilt unless it claims some sort of exceptions. The
presumption of a prisoner's innocence is 'the first principle
of .'our criminal law, a golden thread that is always
expected to be seen throughout the web of our admin-
istration of criminal justire. So for as Ma W in's evidence
iS. concerned the identification made by her at. night
during an occurrence, such as~ dacoity, when blows were
struck and the people terrorized, is .generally of v.ery
little value.
Before I conqude, I think I should say a few words
about the use of police statements made by Witnesses .in
th~ .course of 4J,vestigation of a crime. In the instant
case! ~e trial Judge freely used these statements privately
without paying any regard to the law and procedure. In
the first place. he should not have . referred to these
S"'t.atements at all without complying with the require-
ments of the provisions of section r62 of the Criminal

'.
 .c.c. Procedure Code to the prejudice of the. defence as well. ~s
1967
the prosecution. The trial Judge .would be well-advised
J\.1AUNG .
~HJN
if he refreshcis 4is mind by reading: the. case ~f Nga ..U.
v. Khin & others (r), the case of Nga Lun Thoung (~). the
"'i'HEUNION
OF BURMA. case of Chit Hlaing, Tun Waing, Thein Aung and I9 others
v. The Union of Burma. (3), Daw K.ha Lay Ma y. .The
Union of .Burma (4) and P. Yan Soo (a) MautJ.g TbaUJig
Nyun v. The Union of Burma (5) and the relevant _authori-
ties relied upon in these well-known decisions. Section
162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure prohibits the use
:Of these statements as provided in that section. In the
case of Nga Su (6) which was an unreported case referred
to iri Nga Lun Th9ung's case (2) Baguley J. ma:de a dictum':
The Judge would be well-advised :to refer :to police
papers privately." This dictum was dissented f!om .,in
lliis. Full Bench deCision of Nga L-qn Thoung (2). It vdi.s
held by the Full Bench that this dictum gees.too far. J~e
Jaw l~d down in the case o(Nga U K.hine .and others{r)-
was confirmed by the Full :Bench. Statements of witnesse~
in the . police papers ought not to be treated as evidence
in .the case. In suitable cases .the Court should use its
discretion and inform the accused of his rights under
section r62 and point out: when required, material
passages in statements made to the police. It would be
best if the Court does not interfere but keep its position
as an impartial arbiter between the State and the accused.
~f the.accused is undefended or the case is in the hands of
an inexperienced lawyer or court prosecuti11g Inspector
of Police o~ inexperienced Judge or Magistrate, it. is. best
to make it clear. that the Court has the right to take the
"ini~~q.ve rn suggesting :to the defence that the use of the
.powe:r;s giv~n to the accused under section 162 might very
_p6ssi.b ly be of be~efit to it ; and once _:the accused accepts
(I) I.L.R. IJ. Ran. I. (4) (196z) B.L.R. z8o (C. C.).
(z) I.L.R. 13 Ran. 570 (F. B.). (s) (x966) B.L.R. 43
. (3). (1958) B.L.R. s8z (H.C.). . (6) Cr : Appeal No . . io8o of 1933
. . of the late High Court.
 ~~1

"this suggestion the Court can then give him a c-opy of the
c.c.
l:l}h';
police statement. In the case of N ga U Khine and others MAto"!fG
( r) it was pointed out that a Ju<ige or. Magistrate has no Ksm
o~

.authority fo look at ihe police papers unless requested to THB U:l'.ltGN

OE Bmuil;l...
do so by the accused. The purpose for wb,ich the Court
refers to the statement is to see whether any part of rhe
statement ought to be excluded Under the seoond proviso
fo section r62 of the Code'of ~nal ProcedU:re and not
for the purpose of deciding whether there is material fur
cross-examination. under section I45' of the Evidence Act.
I t is no~ for the Court to. decide whetl:u~r there is amy
variation between the statement made in the e~ation.
in<hief and the statement recorded by the police. In
C OC' C OC OC . C' . 'I ., C' C,_._. C'..J:f OC' C'
~J>~ct ~f:~c:1 . :Df=~~~c 0 1Jj t~ ae""oo~c'LID'"'~cc~oo~
(3) it is laid down : -

In this appeal no reference whatsoever was made to .the

po.lroe statements as it might prejudice either the pros~u
tion or the defence. These statements.have been entirety
ignored as without them there is no difficu.lty mthe 4isposal
of the qiSe.
For all the reasons given above the conviction and
sentence are set .aside and the ~pellant is directed t.o be
acquitted (orthwith so. far -as Uris case is oonremed.
 CIVIL FIRST APPEAL

Before U Kyaw Zan U and U Thet Pe, JJ.

c.c.
1967
s. s. MOHIDEEN AND TWO OTHERS .(APPELLANTS)

Mar. 30. v.
P. NARAYANA.SWAMY AND TWO OTHERS
{RESPONDENTS). *

Declaratory suit--auctwn sale of property for default of payntent of Municipal

Taxes-LimitatWt. Act Arttde 12-suits ta set aside revenue salt!f-time
counted from the date of .confirmatW, of 1al~der 1, Rule 13 C ..P.C.-
objectrons on the grouizd of non-joinder or misjoinder.
Held : In aU suits to set aside revenue sales time is always counted from.
the ante of confirmation of sale under Article u of the Limitation Act.
Held further : Under Order I, Rule 13 of the Code of Civil Procedure ~1 i
objectors on the ground of non-joinder or misjoinder of.parties shall-be taken
at the earliest possible opportunity and; in all cases where issues are settled p
at or before such settlement, unless the .gro~d -of objection hu -sub~equently
arisen, and ~ such objection not so taken shall be deemed to have been.
waived.

U Ong Shein Woon and. U Hla .Pe (1) for the appellants.
Respondent (1) absent;.
ML M. A ..sub han for the respondent (2).

U KYAW ZAN U, ].-This is an appeal against the judg-

ment and decree of the Rangoon City Civil Court (Second
Judge) dismissing its Civil .Regular Suit No. i4<>o of 1953,.
wherein a declaration was prayed !or that ihe auction
sale held by the 3rd respondent (Muni~pal Corporation}
on 3rd September 1952 for default of payment of MUiiici~
pal taxes in respect of building No. 223, Edel). Street, Ran-
goon, is void ab initio with .the result that no .legal title .
passed by such sale to .the xst respondent '(pirrchaser) who
Civil First Appeal No: 36 of 1965. Against the decree of the znd
Judge, City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civil Regular Suit No. 1400 of
. 1953, dated the xoth March 1C)6s.
 had subsequently transferre~ the property to the 2nd
respondent. It was alleged that the heirs and legal re-
presentatives of the owner, who are the appellants (plain- M~~
tiffs), djd not know about the sale, which was conducted- TWo ~ElERs
:fraudulently by the 3rd respondent in collusion with P. N .:iA'Y.ANA
.R. S. ryfuthu Nader (since deceased) tbe .husband of the SwAMY -AND
2nd respondent and the original 3rd defe~d~nt in the suit, Two_oa--Bl!l!S.
who were the occupiers of .t he building. It was alleged
1:hat these occupiers induced the 3rd respondent to be-
neve that it was R. S. Muthu Nader who owned the build-
ing_ and d~liberately defaulted the payment of the taxes
-du~. The saie which too}c place on 3rd September 1952
was confirmed on 9th October 1952. The appellants
.alleged that they came to know about the sale only on 4th
April 19.53. The suit was instituted on 3rd October 1953,.
The yd respondent admitted that. S. M . Mohideen
(deceased) was the original owner as alleged by the appel-
lants but denied that the latter are his heirs and legal
representatives as it was not aware of the deat4 of the
-said S. M. Mohideen in India. It was, of course. not in
.a position to know unless informed by the persons oon-
>Cel'lled viz. the appellants as succ~diilg owners or the
occupiers. There is now no dispute about it. The Coun-
for
sel the appellants admitted they we're in arr-ears of
taxes at least for the first quarter 'for 1952. Under sec-
non 86 (I) of the City of Rangoon M~~pal Act property
taxes in respect of any building are le~able 'jointly and
-severally from owners or occupiers. Under Schedule Ul
'Pf the Ru~ framed under the aforeSaid Act notice of
d emand is to be served upon any perSon required by
leaving the notice if such person is net found at his Ias'f
bown place of abode, or by giving or rendering the same
to some adult member or servant of his family, or, if
.such person .cannot be with diligence be found, by causing
the notice to be affixe<J on some conspicuous part of the
building. Rule .5. of the Schedule says when any no~ee

'.
 is to be served, issued ot presented to the owner or
occupier of any building it shall not be necessary to name-
s. s. the owner or occupier therein. The 3rd respondent stated
MOHIDEEN
. AND . that it was not incumbent upon it to seek the whereabouts:
!Wo fJ~THBIIS of the plaintiffs (appellants) or to attempt :to discover who
~w~y~ their agents were for the purpose of demanding paymen~
TWo oTHERS. of taxes. The 2nd respondent denied that no demand for
arrears of taxes. was made and the apl?ellants were not
aware of the steps taken by tile 3rd respondent culmina-
ting in the auction ~ale. There were altogether teil issues
but all these issues are not re~evant for the purposes of"
this appeal. The trial Court held that notice of demand
for payment of arrears of taxes was lawfully ;made by lthe
3rd respondent and there was no fraud, co.llusion or con-
spiracy on the part of the reSpondents. In .this appeal,
the Counsel for the appellants again put emphasis on
these main issues relating to want of notice of demand'
for arrears of taxes and fraud, collusion and conspiracy
practised by ~he respondents and also argued on the ques;..
tion of limitation.
The iSsue taken up as ~e main ground of appeal by
the Counsel for the appellants is the issue No. 6 which
rllll$:
" Is the sale to him (1st respondent) not valid as l}O notice
was served on the plaintiffs or their agent :for payments of
arrears of revepue before.the sale? " .

It is not disputed now that the suit property belonged' .

originally to S. M. Syed Mohideen who di~ on 2oth Feb-
ruary 1944.' in India leaving the appellants as his heirs.and
legal representatives w.ho, we think, shou_ld have applied
for
. mutation of names in tile Municipal records. The 1st .
appellant a<;Imitted in his evidence tha~ he did not .tcike
any steps either .to inform the _Municipality abou:t the
death or t o substitute th~ name$ of the heirs and legal
represenf~tives, U Kyi Myint (PyY 3) ihe Akunwun of the .
 Mtincipal 9>rpotation deposed that notice was issued iri _~;
~e 11:ame of S.M. ~yed. Mohideen. If he was ~ead dlen s. S~
~he appellants as hjs heus and legal representatives were MoHIDe&'i
liable to pay the tcrices. It is for the debtors to look for TWo ~~s
their creditors and not for the latter to look _for the P~ N;;.Y-ANi
former. There is no proof that the Corporaijon recogniz- SwAt>tY ~
ed R. S. Muthu Nader as owner. Under Chapter II of the TWo ~
0

Rules framed under the City of Rangoon Municipal Act

the Asses~or. has . to publish public notice .of his Annual
Assessment List and every owner or occupier has to
fumis~ him ~ih name and address, .measurement, gros5:
annual rent or revenue, market :value, etc., of the building.-
an~ if he oniits to comply with _such requisition he shalf
be precluded from objecting to MY assessment made in
respect _of the buildipg. In paragraph 7 of the reply to-
the written statements ib.e appellants Stated 'tha.t; the
M~cipal Corporation did come for eollection of tax~
in question and the husband of the 3rd respbndent
(I(:' S. Muthu Nader) falsely posed hliDself cis the owner
in: :~sion and refuse4 tp pay th~ ~es. They caimo~
no~ say that .they were not aware of the demands. ,Tiie_-
decisiort in Ma_uri.g Thaung v. Shaik Abdul Gani (I) relied
upon by the appellan~ is not appliea]?le _hex:e. In that
case the notice of demand was ~ddressed :to the . owner
who was then dead and was served on the care-taker whO.
could not be ~ agent of the dead owner or a Per-son liable
to pay we taxes. Aceording to U Kyi Myint (Akunwun)'
notices of demand and sale were issued as usual and it
was noted that they were served ori the owner's derk arid
on " Ansaveri " and " R. Mathavan u as shown in Exhibits:
{o:> -OJ' -o?). . The evide11.ce of the xst appellant shows:
one Saveri Mutu was an ocrupier and he was.paying the
tax-es. . He confessed he knew that the property would
be auctioned for' default of payment of the taxes due. The-
Revenue Proceedings also show that " R. S. Nader " signed'
(1) (1938) R.L.R. 6o3

'. '.
 ~~J.

~9~ the s<Ue proClamation on the reverse. Ramtha Pas. the

son .and ~gent of the r~spondent No. 2, did not admit that
M~~ro~ ~ father signed bu~ he would be. only about 12 years
-rwo ~HERS old then. In the absence of facts contrary to the com-
. P N ~. mon course of natural events and public b~siness, the
ARAYANA .
SwAMY AND Court may presume that official acts had been regularly

TWo ~HERS. performed and that .t he common course of .business had

be~n . followed in making demands for payment of taxes
and jn conducting the auction sale. The entries on the
reverse Of the n9tices (Exhibits 001 Ojl O?l) that :they W~e
serv~d on the occupier named therejn and/or affixed qri
the conspicuous .Part of the building are no doubt relevant.
When: th~ appellants hav.e stated ~ their r~pl:f. ~4~t ili,e
0

!yfunicipalit}r did come for collection of taxes they are

now ~opped: from denying what they stated.
The app~llants jn p~m~ 1of iP.e\i. gi-ounc}s of cu>P.eal
st~ted that the trial Cotirt waswrqng. ~ P,oldfug that j:he
st ~as tim,e barred under secti9n io4 (r) (b) of the City
of R;;tngoon. Municipal Act inasmuch 3$ the suit was filed
on 3rd October 1953 within six mon~ as r~quired. by
.t he AC:f, from 4th April 1953 which was the date on whiQ1
the appell~nts became aware of the. sale which took place
on 3rd September 1952. Under section 204 (~) :(b) of the
~ct. .no suit shall be instituted agamst the Corporation.
in respect of any act done in pursuance or execution of
the Act unless it .is commenced within six months next
after the accrual of the cause of action. The appellants
in para I 8 of their plaint however gave four different dates
vi?:. 3rd September 1952 (auction s.ale), 9th Octobe:r 1952
. (confirmation of sale), 4th April 1953. (when the appellan~s
be~e aware of the sale) and 6th April ~953 (when the
Ist respondent tr~ferred the. building to 2nd respondent)
as the dates on which the cause of action haQ. arisen .. ." Jn
his argument before us the appellants' Counsel chose th~
date of knowledge of the sale, viz. 4th April 1953 as the
date on which the cause of actiqn arose. .To declare the
 .auction sale void ab initio as prayed for by the appellants c.c .
1967
in the suit .is to say that there was no real sale. The
'Sale that took place is to be rooted ou.t, or, .in other ~ords, M~m:~
'to set it aside. Article I 2 of the . Limitation Act is a Two~hF.RS
general provision for limitation to .set aside sale in p. N -v. ~
.AltAYA.L"CA
pursuance of an order of a revenue officer, or sale for SwAMY AND
arrears - of Government revenue, or for any demand re- Two OTHERS.
coverable as such arrears., and it is provided there~ that .
the period of Umitation is one year from the date of con-
firmation . of sale., This is only by way of reference.
There is n.o doubt a difference between setting asid~ a sale
and declaring that the sale is void ab initio, but when the
appellants have also prayed for possession of the suit build.. .
ing the sale being in pursuance of an order of a revenue
officer the appellants are bound by thatsale unless and until
it is.reversed. They cannot get possession without setting
.aside the sale. On this principle we are of the opinion
that time runs from the date of confirmation of sale. In
all suits to set aside revenue sales time is always counted .
from the date of confirmation of sale under Article I 2 o:f
the .Limitation Act. The appellants invoked the benefit
of section r8 of the Liriritation Act which says that where
any person having a right to institute a suit ~has, PY means
of fraud, been.kept from the knowledge of such right, the
time limited for instituting a suit shall be computed from
th{! time when the fraud first becanie known to the person
injuriously affected thereby. The burden undoubtedly lies
on them to prove fraud as alleged in their plaint. A.clear
and definite proof of fraud is .necessary. The Court will .
not presume it from the mere existence of suspicious .
circumstances. The particulars of the alleged fraud given
was that the ind respondent and her late husband persuad-
ed the 3rd respondent to believethat the 2nd respondent's.-
husband was the real owner and fraudulentiy defaulted
payment of municipal taxes thereby affording the 3rd
respondent. to sell the suit building by public auction.
13 .

'.
 c.c. There is practically no proof that these respondents acted
t7
in collusion or in -conspiracy. When there is no proof
M~~~~ of fraud the appellants cannot take advant~ges of secti.on-
nvo ~THI!RS I 8 of the Limitation Act ~o compute the time from the-
" date of knowledge of the fraud. There is all the difference-
~~~Y!: in the WOrld between a failpre to .serve the nOtiCeS and
TWO OTHRS. a deliJ>erate contrivance to suppress them. None of these-
applies to the present case. We )lave gone through the-
eVidence in particular of the fst appellant carefully but
we did not find any instance 9f $e fraud alleged.
The appellants complain~ : tliat there are some in-
. consistencies in the descriptio~ of :the property sold .in
the sale proclamation and the sale certificate. This w~
not in issue. If the extent of the area sold is uncertain
attention should have been invited at the relevant time." .
In the sale proclamation as well as in the intimation where
it was stated that if the arrears of taxes given therein
and the cost of the sale were not paid within 30 days,.
the sale would be confirmed, it was clearly stated that
the building kp.own as No. 223, Eden Street was the pro-
perty to be sold by public auction. The building is stand-
ing on the Government leasehold land and accordingly
for better .clarification it is so stated in the Sale Certificate_
The building could not be separated from the Ian~. It
was for the purchaser to apply to the Natiol;lal Ho~ing
Board for the transfer of the leasehold land.and regularize
it. This point was a thing of $-e past as there is now
no dispute tbat the purchaser of the building and sub-
sequently the transferee has since obtained the transfer
of the land. If there was ~y dissatisfaction. it was open:
to apply to the Commissioner of the. Corporation to set
aside the sale or to amend the Sale Certificate.
There is nothin,g on record ro show that the purchase
by the 2nd respondent was a sham. In the argument 00..:.
fore us the respondents contended that the suit has abated'
as an. the necessary heirs and legal representatives are .
not
 on record as parties in the suit. They submitted that c.c.
S.M. Mohideen even left behind a daughter by his Burmese
7
wife. We find nothing in the evidence. There is no M~~Il>~
direct issue. They also contended that :the National Hous- TWo ~THERS
:i.ng Board should have been made a party but this point P _ "
was not taken ~P in the trial-' Court. Without evidence s::y:;:
as to the necessity of adding the Board as a party we are TWo-oTHERS.
unabl~ to adjudicate on the p9il).t raised. They also raised
the question of joinder of parties but we decline to take
this point up at so late a stage. The law is clear. Un~er
Order I, Rule i 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure all objec-
tionS on the g round of non-joinder or misjoinder of partie_s
shall be taken at the earliest possible opportunity and,
in all cases where issues are settled, at or before such settle-
ment, unless the giound of objection has subsequently .
arisen, and any such objection not so taken shall be deem-
ed to have been waived. They failed to present a good
ground. Mter all, misjoinder or non-joinder is not fatal
to the suit. .
Taking into consideration all Ute important points
raised we are of the opi~ion that :this appeal must fail. As '
no interference with the judgment and decree of the trial
Court is called for we dismiss th~ appeal with~costs.

. '.
 CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPEAL

Before U Kyaw Zan U, :J.

c.c..
'196'7' . u tu BO AND ONE (APPELLANTS)
Mar. 30. v.
u 'MAUNG SWE (~SPONDENT). *

Civil E~f11t-Grder 2T, Ride S'T C~P.O.-inquiry as .to the ability to PI.IY-
. 'Order 3, Rttle r C.P.C.-apJilicaticn hy a pleader on behalf qf a przrtr-
.OrJ.er z:t, Rule 30 C.P.C.-simultaneous executions qf_ variousm~ul~ qf r.el'vi/.
Held: -When ajudgme.!it debtor appears before the Court in obedience
to a notice issued under ora4tt'XXI Rule 37 the COurt shall -p roceed to healt'
the ,decree-holder and take all such evidence as may be produced. in suppo:r:t
oflii$-applioaiion for execution, that is to say, it ~ust hold an inquiey as to tb,e
ability to pay or, in othex words, as to. poV.etty of the judgment-debtor~
The onus. of pr-oof that the judgment-debtor is able to pay is on the decree-
holder~ No judgtnent-d,eb~ shall bower. be. Sent to pJ;ison _unless the . (iou.:~
is satilifie(l that a.qy of the oonditions detailed in the pr~viso to .s. sx of the
Code exists- .
Held further: Under Order 3.. Rule' of the Code any application-to any
Court by a party, may, except :where otherwise expressly provided by any
law.fOJ: the time being in force, be made or done by a pleader on his beh.ati.
It is a general provision and is as much applicable to presentation of suita u
to that of appeals and appl.icatiQnS for.execution; The words "decree-holdu"'
in s. s.r of the Code which 11Clate to ex.ecution of decrees are thus govemed
by Order s. Rule r. There is nothing in law to prevent st~bstitution of one
~odeofexecutionforanother. When the execution case was still alive and the
tim applicati.on was in older and in proper form, the decree-holder could
ask for issue of notice to show cause against arrest instead of attachment ill
column Io of tile -tabular form of the original execution application where a'il.
the particu1an> required under Orde XXI R...te n(z) of the Code were
already given. There was indeed no"necessity to file a fresh execution application
in a tabular fonn in the same case pra-ying for a different mode of execution~
Since simUltaneous executions of various modes of relief are permitted lJJU'lu
Order XXI, Rule 30 .of the Code it is Op8n :to the decree-holder to indicaw
the various modes which he wishes the Court to adopt. When the Cou.rt
bad rejectesl the attachment it eou1d have refused to keep the case open -an4
-asked the decree-holdem (appellants} to apply afresh in the usual form for
.another mode of execution.

Civil Miscellane0us Appeal No. 35 of 1966. Against the dec.t~ee

of the District Court of Toungoo in Civil Execution No. s of 1965.
 ~:,'2
U Win Hlaing for the appellants. c.c.
rt967
Dr: Maung Phyu ~or the res:pondent. UT-uBo
AND tONB
U KYAw ZAN U, J.-In Civil Execution No.5 of 1965 . " ,.1 '
u MAtiNG
of the District Court of Toungoo the decree-holders (appel- SWE .
'
lants) applied for issue of notices to the judgment-debtors
(respondents) for payment of decree money and in default
for attachment of their properties under Order XXI Rule
II (2) read with section 51 (b) of the Code of Civil Pro-
cedure j.n the usual tabular form. The application was
duly verified by the rsf appellant. It WaS in order and
in proper form. The execution was in respect of a sim-
ple money decree obtained against the respondents in Civil
Regular Suit No.2 of 1964. No mention of any particular
property however was made for the purpose of attach-
ment until.over 4 months later. Somehow the Court was
of the opinion that the properly proposed to be attached .
being a huma:n dwelling house it could not be attach~
and accordingly refused attachment. I am not aware of
any law that prohibits such attachment. Under seCtion
6o (r) (c) of the Code of Civil Procedure only houses and
buildings bekniging to an agriculturist and occupied by
him is exempted from attachment. See also Act No. 9
of r963. It seems the original Court misunderstood the
.Chief Court's instructions sent to .all the Courts subor-
dinate to it aS advised by the Government to stay all
eviction proceedings for the time being for administrative
reasons until further orders. The relevant instruction
being Memorandum No. 232/20.155. {63), dated. 18th
January" 1964 reads as follows:
 c.c. granted time till uth June 1966. This decision was not
1967
taken up to the appellate Court by the appellants who.
UTuBo
ANP ONB kept the execution still open. On r rth June 1966 the
~.
u MAUNG .appellants through their lawyer applied jn wri~g to the
s~. Court under section 51 (c) of the Code to issue notice to
. the second respondent U Maung Swe to show cause why
he should not be committed to civil prison. It appears
no court fees were paid on the appli-cation which was sign-
ed only by the pleader for the appellants {decree-holders)
without verification and on the directio~: being given by
the Court the court fees werepaid on a sribsequent dare.
I~ must he presumed that the decree-holdezs (appellants)
had abandoned their first mode of execution, viz. attach-
ment. On the objection being made in writing by the
2nd respondent U Maung Swe that as the applicafion was
.not signed and verified by the appellants (decree-holders)
themselves it was not main~able~ the CoUrt: after hear-
ing the arguments rejected the application allowing K 34
as lawyer's fees to the 2nd respondent. Hence this
appeal.
Under the proviso to section sr of the Code where
the decree is. for the payment of money, execuQon by
detention in prison shall not be ordered unless, after giving
the judgment-debtor an opportunity of showing cause why
he should not be committed to prison, and for this reason
perhaps the decree-holders (appellants) in their application
Clared . nth June 1966 first prayed for the issue of n~tioe
to the 2nd respondent to show cause why he should not
be committed to prison. Order XXI Rule 37 of the Code
also says the Court shall instead of issuing a warrant of
arrest, issue a notice calling upon the judgment-debtor ro
appear before the Court on a day to he specified in the
notice and show cause why he should not be committed
to the civil prison. The .2nd respondent stated in his
written objection that he has no meanS to pay the decree
money. namely K 28,500 exclusive of the costs of the
 .suit either in whole o:r: in part, and is depending _for his c.c.
1(}67
very existenc~ on his relatives. The object of the law
is to afford protection to honest debP>rs who are incap- UANDTUONB BO
able of paying their debts by reason of poverty and who tl.

have not committed any act of bad faith. The original u Sws. MAUNG

'Court was in a quandary as to what steps it should follow

next after the issue of the notice calling upon the 2nd
,respondent to show cause against the application. The
:remedy is provided in condition (b) of proviso to section 51
.a nd Order 21 Rule 40 (1) of the Code. When a judgment-
debtor appears before the Court iJ?. o~dience to a notice
. .issued under Order XXI Rule 37 the Court shall proceed
to hear the decree-holder and take aU such evidence as
may be produced in support of his application for execu-
.t ion that is to say, it must hold an inquiry as to the
.ability to pay or, in other words, as to poverty of the
~udgment-debtor. The onus of proof that .the judgment-
debtor is able to pay is on the decree-holder. No judg-
ment-debtor shall however be sent to prison unless the
.Court is satisfie~ that any of the conditions detailed in the
_proviso to section 51 of the Code exists.
Another ground on which the original Court rejected
the application for issue of notice to show cause against
arrest is that the application did not comply with the
Iequirements of section 51 and Order XXI Rule I I (2) of
the Code. There was some confusion in the mind of the
Judge of the original Court. The said application was
.filed in the same execution case. When the Court
:rejected the attachment the appellants (decree-holders) did
.not close the case and .the Couzt even granted time till
:.rrth June 1966 to consider what further steps was to be
"taken in the matter. On rrth June 1966 the lawyer for
'the appellants filed the said application to issue notice to
-show cause against arrest. Under Order 3 Rule r of 'the
Code any application to any Court by a party, may, except
where otherwise expressly provided by any law for the

'.
 c.c. time being in force, be made or done by a pleader on his
1:9.67
behalf. It is a general provision and is. as much applica.:.
UTu Bo
AND ONE ble to presentation of suits as to th_a t of appeals and
. 17.
U MAuNe
applications for execution. The words " dectee:holder ,.
SWB. in section sr of the Code which relate to execution of
decrees are thus governed by Order 3 Rule r . There js.
nothing in law to prevent substitution of one mode of
execution for another. When the execution case was
still alive and . the first application was in order and in
proper. form, 'the decree-holders could ask for issue of
notice to show cause against arrest instead of attachment
in column ro of the tabular form of the original execu .
tion application where all the particulars required under
Order XXI Rule II (2) of the Code were already given.
There was indeed no necessity to file a fresh execution
application in a tabular form in the same case praying
for a different mode of execution. Since simultaneous:
executions of vanous ,modes of relief are permitted under
Order XXI Rule 30 of the C-ode it is open to the deere~
holder to .indicate the various modes which he wishes the
Court to adopt. When the Court had rejected the attach.::.
ment it could have refused to keep the case open and ask.;.
ed the decree-holders (appellants) to apply afresh in the
usual form for another mode of execution. This was;
not done. The Court was clearly wrong in :refusing to1
act on the application dated rrth June r9()6 by dismisSing
it. Since the case was still alive it should have at least
asked the appellants to amend the original application
by substitutingthe second relief _prayedfor within a time
fixed by it under Order XXI Rule 17 (r) of the Code. The
Court ought to have exercised its discretion wisely. After
all a Court should ~ot ordinarily place any limitation as
to the mode in which the decree is to be executed. It is
an important principle that rules of procedure are only
handmaids of justice and ought not ~o be used for obsttacf-
ing j~tice. It is the duty of the exeQiting Court to aid'
 the decree.:.holder in realising the money, and should c.c.
1'967
therefore offer him all possible and .reasonable facilities
U Tu Bo
in realising the decree money iri as short a time as possible. AND ONE'

Where the first mode of execution was ineffectual another "'

U Ml>UNG.
mode of execution could be ordered. The amendment swa..
or substitution may be allowed even after the applicatioit
for execution is registered provided that the original appli-
cation was in accordance with .law and the amendment
or substitution, if allowed, would not substantially alter
the character of the execution. The appliCation in ques-
tion is merely ancillary .to the prosecution or mntinuation
of the first substantive applica~on already mad~. Sub-
stanre and not form is the test.
For all the reasons given the order of the original qourt
dated 16th July 1966 in which its diary order refusing
attadunent is also embodied 'is hereby set aside with costs
with directions to' re-admit the case under 'its original .
number, and proceed to determine the case as indicated.
above by holding an inquiry as to the ability of the 2nd
respondent .(judgment-debtor) io pay in connection with
the application of the appellants (decree--holders} dated 1 Ith
june 1966 filed through their pleader. The judgment-
debtor respondent shall pay Advocate's fee K 51 in this
appeal.
--
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LEMBAGA ALAT-ALAT PEMBAJARAN} oeiS<f

LUAR NEGERI AND TVVO OTHERS ( 0 )
THE NEW STATE ENTERPRISE ())'P=ot~J')g ~crlro(' J~
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P;ERUSAHAAN NEGARA 'Iron
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THE BURMA NAVIGATION)
CORPORATION LIMITED ( .)*
THE BURMA NAVIGATIONJ o:>cp:~
CORPORATION LIMITED

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 "235 (r) Where, in the course of winding up a company.,
it appears that any person who has taken part in the forma-
tion or promotion of the company, or any past or present
director, manager or liquidator, or any officer of the company
has misapplied or retained or become liable or accountable
for any money or property of the company, or been guilty
of any misfeasance or breach of trust in relation to the
company, the Court may, on the application of the liquidator
or .of any creditor or contributory, made within three years
from the date of the first appointment of a liquidator in the
winding up, or o~ the misapplication, retainer, misfeasance or
breach of trust, as the case may be, whichever is longer,
examine into the conduct of the promoter, director, manager.
liquidator or officer, and compel him to repay or restore the
money or proper.ty or any part thereof respectively with
inter~t at such r.ate as the Court thinks just, or to contribute
such sum to the assets of the company by way of compensa-
tion in respect of the misapplication, retainer, misfeasance or
breach of trust as the Court thinks just. "
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 LIST OF CASES REPORTED

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

Daw Ohn Khin v. Daw Ohn Kyi and one

Daw Yin Nu and one v. Ma Thein M~-int

Maung Kyaw Ngwe v. The Union of Burma

Maung Thein Brothers } { Burma Produce Co.
Maung Thein Brothers v. Burma Produce Co.
Burma Produce Co. Maung Thein Brothers
S.S.V. Ramachandran v. K.P.A.N.S. Narayanan Chettiar
and one
U Sein Thaung and another v. The Union of Burma and
two others
f ob
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dud
oud
 LISf OF CASES CITED

O('o (" ("

~CCG00?006p:~:~Jl0

CIBEF COURT OF BURMA

'Ch. Gajraj Singh v. Ch. Debi Singh, A.I.R. (1937) Oudh.

298, referred to
Firm Het Ram Paaam Chand v. Firm Sabhag Chand
Rikhab Das and others, 28 A.I.R. .(I94I)Oudh. 376,
distinguished ...
>Gitabai v. Emperor, A.J.R. (1920) Nag. 181, referred to
H. S. Hajee Ismail Chootani v. Gopiram Shewbuxrai,
R.L.R. .(1947), p. 342, referred to J f!J
Jndukuri Survanarayana Raju and others v. Indukuri
Viswanadharaju and others, A.I.R. (J942) Mad.,
p. 249, referred to ... f>JO
]. H. Todd v. Lakshmidas Parshotamdas, I.L.R. 16 Bom.,
p. 441, referred to
K.on&~ Yee Lone &. Co. v. Lowjee Nanjee, 28 I.A., 239
(I.L.R.R., p. 107), distinguished
Ma Gun (appellant) v. Ma Gun (respondent), Selected
Judgments and Rulings (1872--92) (L.B.) p. 25,
referred to
Ma Me Gale v. Ma Su Yi, IV L.B.R. (1907-o8) p. 172,
referred to J'2
Mashedee Khan v. B. Mahomed Aziz, 5 L.B.R., p. 148,
referred to J f!J
Maung Mya Maung v. Ma Mya Sein and others, A.I.R.
. (1936) Ran., p. 518, referred to
ii

.Mohamed Valli Patel v. The East Asiatic Co. Ltd.,

XIV Ran., p. 347, referred to
'Mrs. D. M. Singer v. The Controller of Rents and three
others, B.L.R. (1949), p. 143 (S.C.), referred to ... J !!J
'Messrs. Ranchhoddas Jethabhai & Co. v. The Hon'ble
Minister for Judicial Affairs and others (1952)
B.L.R., p. 227 (S.C.) (233), referred to ?JO
Mohammad Kasim and others v . Rukia Begam, I.L.R.
(1941) All. 433 referred to
Nand Kishore v. Lachmi Narain, A.I.R. (1954) Rajasthan,
p. 24, referred to
:Ramniranjandas Mahabir Prasad v. Messrs. Betai Stores,
B.L.R. (1964), p. 52, referred to
!ai Chuan & Co. v. Chan Seng Cheong, (1949) B.L.R.,
p. 86 (S.C.), distinguished JeJ
Vithalsa v. R. Bhoy & Co., A.I.R. (1934) Nag., p. 129,
referred to
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iCCGOO':>OO~g~g~;mo

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

Aro:s:
BURMESE BUDDHIST LAW.
CODE OF CIVIL PROCl\DURE.
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE.
CONTRACT A~.
PllNAL CODE.
URBAN RENT CoNTROL Aro:.
ABANDON-WHETHER IT IMPLIES RELINQUISHMENT OF CLAIM 303"

AGR1lMENTS BETWEEN THE PARTIES-WHETHER OF Gli.MBLING NATURE-

TO BE Dl!TERMINED IN THP. CONTEXT OF THE PRESENT DAY TJU!l.o"D
OF TRADE A.<~D COMMERCE 307
AN ORDER UNDER s. 145 Cn. P.C.- WHETHER IT IS :SAD MERELY BECAUSE
ALL INTERESTED PERSONS ARE NOT IMPU:.wl\D. 3~l

APPLICATION IN REVISION-\VHETHJm TO BB TAKEN A CONTINUATION OF

TH ORIGINAL APPI.ICATION 321"

BURMI!SE BUDDHIST LAW-INClDENl'S OF ADOPTION-GRANDMOTHFR

AS THE GUARDIAN OJ.' THE CHilD HAS CJVBN HER CONSENT TO THE
ADOPTION 297
Code of Civil Procedure s. 47--question relating to the satisfaction of
the decree-whether to be determit1ed by the executing Court. Held:
The question relating to the satisfaction of the decree as recorded
in the execution case, now under appeal, is undoubtedly between
the appellant as the decree-bolder through his agent, the res-
pondent No. 2, and the respondent No. I as the judgtnent-debtor.
It shall therefore have to be determined by the executing Court.
Muhammad Kasim and others v. Rukia Begam I.L.R. 41 All.
443; Ch. Gajraj Singh v. Ch. Debi Singh A.I.R. 1937 Oudh. 298
referred to.
s. s. v. R\.%\CHANDRAN(I. K.P.A.N.S. NARAY&~ANCHI!TTJAR
AND ONB.

CO<k I)! Criminal Procedure, s. 145--o proceeding is pending until

finally concluded-'Whether misjoinder or non-joinder of parties
11

do not affect jurisdir:tirm. Held: A proceeding must be consi-

dered pending until it is finally concluded. Th('. refore the
application in revision must be taken to be a continuation of the
original application. Questions of misjoinder or non-joinder of
parties do not ordinarily affect jurisdiction. An order under
section 145 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is not bad merely
because all interested persons are r.ot impleaded; the order is
valid so far as the parties in dispute are before the Court. It
will be in the best interest of the parties concerned to implead the
applicant No. 1 and the two atet children of the deceased, namely
Ma Khin Yi and Ma Myint Myint Thein as well as the eldest
child of the couple, namely Ma.Hla Myint as legal representatives
of the deceased. Indukuri Survanarayana Raj!l and others v.
lndtlhir-i Viswanadharaju and others A.l.R. 1942 Mad. p. 249;
Nlfs Ranchhoddas Jethabhai ~ Co. v. The Hon'ble Minister f<r
] "Jdidal Affairs a11d Others r95z B.L.R., p. zz7 (S.C.) (2.33)
referred to.
U S:::lN THA~.l'N1J AND ANOTHER v. THe U.NtON OP BUR"4A
. ND Z <HHf'.S

Contract Act s. 30-" bought" mzd "sale" notes-contracts of what

is knozon as ''forward sale " - whether ofa wagering nature-whether
when the capital of the firm is out of all proportion with the trnsac-
tions is sufficeent to disprooe the genuineness of the transactions-
time lag betwien the first and tl~ second contracts-v;hether entering
into two successi'Oe contracts raises an 1'nference that the parties did
not at all contemplate delivery of goods. Held: Th~re is no
doubt about the fact that the.apparent -tenor of the contracts as
evidenced by the exhibit" bought and sale "notes were perfucdy
legal inasmuch as they were merely contract& of what is known as.
"forward sale,. They did hig}ily savour of speculation in the
rise and fall of the market but the fact that the transactions have
some of the outside features of gambling would not necessarily
mean that they are of a wagering nature. And the question
whether or not the agreements entered into between the parties
are of gambling nature must be determined in the context of the
pr-esent day trend of trade and commerce when highly speculative
tnulsactions are the order of the day. Vithalsa v. R. Bhoy and
Co, , A.I.R. 1934 Nag. , p . 129; Ramniranjandas .ll'laha7Ji.r Prasad
v. Messrs. Betai Stors, B.L.R. 1964, p. 52 referred to. Although.
the capital of the respondents was just about one lakh it was not
impossible for the respondents' finn to commit itself to several
transactions involving severallakhs of money because especially
in modem times forward sales are frequent and" rolling capital',..
can always be raised far beyond the solid cash that a trading fum.
may possess. Therefore this fact per se is not sufficient even to
w~en the case of the plaintiffs~respondents; much less tO
disprove the genuineness of the transactions. Kong Yee Lone
and Co. v. Lowjee Nanjee, 28 I.A. Z39 (I.L.R.R., p. 107) distin -
guished. There was at ime lag of nearly tow months between the
first and the second contracts and there is also nothing to indicate
whatsOever that at the t ime when the first contract was entered
into the parties had in mind execution of a subsequent contract.
Therefore the mere fact that the parties had entered into two
successive contracts does not raise an inference that the parties
did not at all contemplate delivery of goods. It was for the
appellants to prove that no delivery was ever intended by the:
parties for in order to decide whether there is a wagering contract
it is necessary to prove that there was a contract between the
parties that delivery would neither be taken nor given, and that
 the parties intended to deal in difference only. Mohamded
Valli Patel v. The East Asiatic Co., Ltd., XIV Ran., p. 347
Nand Kishore v. Lachmi Narai'n, A.I.R. 1954 Rajasthan, p. 24;
.J. H .Todd v. !,akshma'das Parslzotamdas, I.L.R. 16 Born, p. Ht
referred to.
MAUNG TimiN BROTHERS) (BURMA PRODUCB TRADING
0 Co
MAUNG THEIN BROTHllRS l tJ 0 0 B~ PRODUCE TTAOING
BURMA PRoDuCE TRADING
Co.
J I Co.
\ MAUNG THEIN BROTHERS . 307
MINISTRY OF PUliLIC WORKS AND HOUSING--NOTIFICATION CANCI!LLING
TBB KEEPING IN ABJ!YANCB OF THB OPBRATION OF 8. 19 OF THE
VRBAN BENT CONTROL Ac:J:

Penal CodeS. 317-de;finition of the toords "expou M leave" Held:

Taking the wor<l.z; " expose or leave" with reference to the
cont!:xt they mean to dt.:posit or discard \lnprotccted out of doors
subject to risk. 'l'li.c child mw.""t h:~v~ been lcftto its fat<-. Th~re
must be an intention to &bandon or to discard it. The word
"abandon" implies relinquishment of claim. It must be
remembered that tht: pia~ where t he child WI!$ alleged to lu!ve
been abandoned was not on a barren heath or an unfrequented
place but inside one's own compound. Uttlike the English Ia"'
which says unlawful abandonment or exposure of a ch.ild under
two years must endanger its life or likely to injure the health
permanently our law mainly looks to the intention of the accused
rather than to the conl.equences of tho: act done, which form an
essential element of the offence under the English Law. Gitabai
v. The State, A.I.R. 1920 Nag., xSx referred to.
M ..uNG KYAW NoWE v. THE UNION OF BuRMA
Registration of Kittima Adoption Act--whether enacted to overcome the
ve:-.:ed pmt.h~n '!( n.<corUlining the real intention of the adoptive
parent in (lt/cJ/.>i.it~!f a pcrso~t-wlzether the consent of the parent
alone is co11templated by the act. Held: The Registration of
Kittima Adoption Act was enacted neither to curtail nor to
supplement the incidents of adoption recog11ised by the Bltrmese
Buddb.ist Lsw, but solely with a view to overcome the vexed
problem of ascertaining the real intention of the adoptive parent
in adopting a person. The fact that the legislature had designed-
ly used the words " whose consent to the adoption is required by
the Burmese Buddhist Law" clearly $hows that it is not the
consent of the parent alone which is contemplated by the Act.
Therefore the instrument of adoption wherein the grandmother
as the guardian of the child had given her consent to the adoption
is a valid deed of adoption executed in accordance with the
terms of section 5 of the Registration of Kittima Adoption Act.
Ma Gun (appellant) v. Ma Gun (respondent) Selected Judgments
and Rulings (1872-92) (Lower Burma) p. 25; MaMa Gale v.
Ma Su Yi IV. L.B.R. (x907-o8) p. 172; Maung Mya Maung v.
Ma Mya Sein and others A.I.R. 1936 Ran., p. sxS referred to.
DAw YIN Nu AND ONE o. MA THEIN MYlNT ...
Urban Rent Comrol Act-fllhether retrospectifJt operatum is ro be J:iven
to a statute so as to impair an existing right or obliga-
tion-f.llhether the fWtijicatWn canceUing tlu operatUm of 19
of the Urban Rent Control Act has retrospective effect. At the
time of the institution of the proceedings StandardRent Certifi-
cates as required by section 19 ~f the Urban Rent Control Act are

. .
fv

exempted from operation of the Urban Rent Control Act.

During the pendency of the proceedings the exemption is can-
celled by a notification of the Ministry of Public Works and
Housing. Held: A retrospective operation is not to be gi'i'en
to a statute so as to impair an existing right or obligation other-
wise than as regards matter of procedure, unless that effect
cannot be avoided without doing violence to the language of
the enactment. Therefore Notification No. 185, dated the 8th
September, 1966 of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing
cancelling Notification No. 35, dated the 16th February, 195 t of
Ministry of Finance a.'ld Revenue by which the operation of
section 19 of the Urban Rent Control Act had been 11-:ept in
abeyance, does not operate retrospectively. H.S. Hajce Ismail
Chootani v. Gopiram Shewbuxrai, R.L.R. 1947, p . 342; Maslr.edee
Khan v. B. Mahomed Azim, 5 L.B.R., p. 148; Mrs. D.M.
Singer v. The C<mtroller of Rents and three others, B.L.R. 1949,
p. 143 (S.C.) referred to, Tai Chuan & C1J. v. Chan Seng
Cheong, 1949 B.L.R., p, 86 (S.C.) distinguish ed.
Daw OHN KHlN v. {D.;.w OHN KYI
UPETHBT

W:AGERlNG CONTRACl'-NECESSITY TO PROVll TRAT TJIIlRE WAS A CONTRACT

BETWEEN THE PARTIES-THAT DEJ.IVllRY WOULD l'miTH!l.R llll TAI$.""'
NOR GIVEN-THAT THE PARTIES INTENDED TO DE.oU. IN DII'FERENCB
ONLY 307

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 " But the dexterity of the person drawing up the pleadings
avoiding the use of certain words in the plaint, which would
make the relief a consequential one, should not determine
the amount of court-fee payable on the plaint. The court-
fee is dependent not on the form of the pleadings, but on
the real substance of the relief claimed.
A suit though cast in the form of a declaratory relief only,
but in substance aiming at setting aside a deed formally
executed and registered in accordance with law is governed by
Section 7 (iv) (c) and not by Schedule 2, Article 17 (iii). . . . .
Held that as the sale deeds on their very face had been
duly executed and properly registered, carrying with them
the necessary legal consequences that title passed from the
transferor to the transferee the sale deeds would necessarily
require to be cancelled in or<ter to get rid of the legal con-
sequences attaching to them. That being the very object of
the suit though the plaintiff did not in terms ask for the
(o) ~:n # :no (4) (oe97) og?p e>o o~u
20 .

. '. '.
J0
cancellation of the deeds in question, that relief was implicit
oe~
in the relief sought for. Tfi:e suit therefore being one for
e::f:~~-,6 declaration and consequential relief was gpverned by Section
C
J
;.c 7 (iv) (c) and not Schedule 2, Article 17 (iii)."
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 CIVIL REVISION

Before U Sein Thirm, :f.

c.c. DAW OHN KHIN (APPLICANT)

z7
v.
DAW OHN KYI
} (RESPONDENTS}.*
U PE THET

Urban Rent Control Act-whether retrospective operation is to be given to a statute

so as to impair an existing right or obligation--1,0hether the notification
cancelling the operation of s. 19 of the Urban Rent Control Act has
retrospective effect.
At the time of the institution of the proceedings Standard Rent Certifi.cates
as required by s. I 9 of the Urban Rent Control Act are exempted from operation
~f the Urban Rent Contrp I Act. During the pendency of .the proceedings the
exemption is ca:lcelled by a notification of the Ministry of Public Works and
Hous ing.
Held: A retrospective opet-ation is not to be given to a statute so al' to
impair an existing right or obligation otherwise th?.n as regards rn.otte of
procedure, unless that effect -cannot be avoided without doing violence to
the language of the _enactment.
Therefore Notification No. 185, dated the 8th September 1966 of ~he
Ministry of Public Works and Housing cancelling Notification No. 35, dated
the r6th February 1951 of M inistry of Finance and Revenue by which the
operation of s. 19 of the Urban Rent Control Act had been kept in abeyam:<:,
-does not operate retrospectively.
H.S. Hajee Ismail Chootani v. Gopiram Shewbuxrai, (1947) R.L.R. p . 342;
Mashedee Khan v. B. Mahomed Azim, 5 L.B.R.,p. q.S; lvlrs. D.M.Singer
-v. The Co11troller of Rents and three others, (1949) n. L. R. p. 143 {S.C.), referred
1:o. Tai Chunn & Co. v . Chan Sene Cheong, (1949) H.L.R. , p. S6 (S.C.),
-distinguished.

Mr. R. Chaube for the applicant.

U Hla Sein for the respondents.

U SEIN THrNN, J.-These are applications in reVISlon

against the orders passed by the learned Fourth Judge of
Civil Revision Nos. I3 and 14 of 1967, against the orders 'of the 4th
Judge, City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civil Distress Case Nos. 6 and 7
~f 1966, dated the . 13th January 1967. .
 the Rangoon City civil Court by which he dismissed the ~~:;
applications of the applicant Daw

Ohn Khin on the ground D -
L. AW 0 HN
that they were not accompanied by Standard Rent Cern- KmN
ficates as required by section 19 of the Urban Rent Con- DA;OHN
tro1 Act. The applications were for distress warrants on u KYIT;
.h PE ftl!T.
account of non-payment of rents accrued for the mont s
of January to July, 1966, in respect of the premises which
was, at the time of the institution of the proceedings,
exempted from the operation of. the Urban Rent Control
Act by virtue of Ministry of Finance and Revenue Notifica-
tion No. 35, dated the 16th February, 1951. During the
pendency of the proceedings the above notification was
cancelled by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing
Notification No. 185, dated the 8th September, 1966, with
the result that the suit premises came to be governed by
the Urban Rent Control Act. Accordingly section 19,
which requires Standard Rent Certificates to be attached
to the applications for distress warrants, came into play
and the question arose whether the above notification has
retrospe<;tive operation so that the applications which were
filed before the date of the said notjfication should be
dismissed for want of Standard Rent Certificates.
As a general rule when the law is altered during the
pendency of an action, the rights of the parties are decid~
ed according to the law as it existed when the action
was begun unless a contrary intention is expressed. Thus
in the case of H. S. Hajee Ismail Chootani v. Gopiram
Shewbuxrcii (I) it was held that section I I of the Urban
Rent Control Act, I946, corresponding to section I2 of
the present Act, does not apply to a suit for ejectment
which was pending when the Act came into force. It
was pointed out that section I I does not relate to a mere
matter of procedure, but that it alters the rights of parties
by taking away the lessor's right to a decree for ejec~ent
and for recovery of possession of the premdses. This
(r) (1947) R. L.R. p. 342.
J~.9
c.c. ruling seems to be in conflict with the dictum expressed
1907
- in a Bench case of Tai Chuari & Co. v. Chan Seng Cheong
D'Kw~B:f (2) where it was pointed out that the provisions of Urban
Rent Control Act which deal largely with the question of
DAwKvx,
OHN reI'1ef . are retrospective
. and appIy to pending smt. . But
~ PE TBET, in that case the Bench had to deal not with the lessor's
right of ej~ctment under section. I I but with that aspect
of law which granted relief to the landlord by enabling
him to u~e section I r ( i) (f) as a shield in a case when
the tenant applies to have the order of ejectment passed
a:gainst him discharged or rescinded. Thus it seems clear
. to me that the principles followed in both the cases are
the same and there does not seem to be any departure
from the strict rule of law tilat a retrospective operation
is not to be given to a statute so as to impair an existing
right or obligation otherwise than as- regards matter of
procedure, unless that effect cannot be avoided without
doing violence to the language of the enactment.
The present case before me relates to section I 9 of
the Urban Rent Control Act which requ'ires Standard Rent
Certificates to be attadied to the applications for distress
warrants. The effect of this section is to deny the land-
lord of his right to obtain rent at the rate agreed upon
by the parties. In other words, it deprives him of his
right to the rent lawfully clue under the law existing at
the time when the actions were begun . Thus it cannot
be said that the amendment occasioned by the repeal
of Ministry .o f Finance and Revenue Notification No. 35,
dated the r6th February, I951, is merely as regards matter
of procedure. It may however be argued that section 19
does not take away the right of the landlord to obtain rent
but it merely restricts his right by disallowing any sum
in excess of the standard rent. But the landlord, under
the law as it Stood before the amendment, had the right
n<;>t only to get rent but to get rent at the contractual
(z) (r?49} ~.L.;R. p. 86. ($:C.),
rate. It was his substantive right countenanced by the
law in force when the proceedings were initiated. Even
DAW OliN
the right of appeal has been held fo be a substantive KHtN
right in the case of Mashedee Khan v. B. Mahomed Azim o.
DAW OHN
(3:) where the following excerpt was quoted: KYI,
U PE THBT,
"To deprive a suitor in a pending action of an appeal
to a superior tribunal which belonged to him a$ of right is
a very different thing from regulating procedure." ..

Surely the right to obtain rent lawfully due cannot be

inferior to the right of appeal and if the latter right is
regarded as being substantive in nature, I do not see any
reason why the former should not also be regarded other-
wise than as such.
Some general remarks regarding retroactivity of the
provision of the Urban Rent Control Act have led to
certain confusion. In Tai Chuan & Co.'s case (2 supra)
it was remarked that the provisions of the Urban Rent
Control Ad are retrospective as the Act deals largely with
the question of relief. But in the case of Mrs. D. M.
Singer v. The Controller of Rents and three others (4) the
same learned Judge who delivered judgment in Tai Chuan
& Co's case had this to say at page 149 of his judgment:
" The right to occupy is a substantive right and
Mrs. Singer's right to occupy accrued, as alleged by her,
long before the enactment of the present Urban Rent Con-
trol Act. It is a well settled principle of law that an Act
never operates retrospectively to affect a substantive right
unless the Act expressly says so. But the present Urban
Rent Control Act does not do so."

This dearly demonstrates the fallacy of the statement

that just because an enactment deals largely with the
question of relief any amendment made to it regardless
of whether it affects substantive right or not would always
operate retrospectively. To my mind, the correct
(3) S L. B.R. p. 148. (4) (1949) B:L.R. p. 143 (S.C.).
 approach to such a question is to see not only whether
tile Act itself deals largely with question of relief but also
DAWOHN
KHIN "''hether the amendment touches. a substantive right or
DAw"oaN whether it only regulates procedure.
Kv1, For all the reasons stated above it is clear that the
u PB Tatt. learned trial Judge went wrong in dismissing the applic-
ant's applications. His ord-ers are accordingly vacated
and he is directed to proceed with the cases :in accordance
with law.
Under the peculiar circumstances of the case there
will he no order as to the costs of these applications.
 CIVIL .FIRST APPEAL

Before U Sein Thinn, J.

DAW YIN NU AND ONE (APPELLANTS)

v.
MA THEIN MYINT (RESP~NDENT). *

Registration of Kittima Adoptt'on Act--whether enacted to OtJercome the vexeri

problem pf ascertaini1zg the real intention of the adoptive parent in adopting
a person-whether the consent of the parmt alone is contemplated by the
act.
Held: The Registration of Kittima Adoption Act was enacted neither
to. curtail nor to supplement the incidents of adoption recognised by the
Burmese Buddhist Law, but soley with a view to gvercome the vexed problem:
of ascertaining the real intention of the adoptive parent in adopting a person.
The fact that the legislature had designedly used the words "whose consent
to the adoption is required by the Burmese Buddhist Law" clearly shows
that it is not the consent of the parent alone which is contemplated by the
Act.
Therefore the instrument of adoption wherein the grandmother as the
gundian of th- c'ni ld had given her consent ,to the adoption is a valid deed
of adoption executed in accordance with the tei'IIll> of s. s of the Registration
of Kittima Adoption Act.
Ma Gun (appellant) v. Ma Gun (respondent) Selected Judgments and
Rulings (x872--92) (Lower Burma), p. zs; Ma Me Gale v. Ma Su Yi, 4 L.B.R.
(1907-oS) p. x7z; Maung Mya Maung v . Ma Mya Sein and others, A.I.R
(1936) Ran., p. 518, referred to.

U Hla Pe (2' for the appellants.

Mr. G. N. Banerji for the respondent.

U SEEN THfNN, J.-The main poinefor consideration in

this appeal is whether the respondent Ma Thein Myint is
the kittima d~ughter of the deceased Daw Lay Gyi whose
Civil First Appeal No. s8 of I966, against the decree of the Additional
J udg.! of the City Civil Court of Rangoon in Civ.il Regular Suit No. 1040
of xg6z, dated 6th October 1966.
 C.c. estate is the bone of contention between the litigants.
X96 7
- The undisputed facts are as follows. On the sth of
l>AWYINNU .
AND oNE May, 1962, at Rangoon the deceased Daw Lay Gy1, a
MA ~IN Burman Buddhist, who was then sixty-fqur years old
MYINT. executed a registered deed of adoption by which she
adopted a three-year-old child Ma Thein Myint, daughter
of Maung Yo and the deceased MaChan Tin as her kittima
daughter. The deed was executed by Daw Lay Gyi and
Daw Aye Khin the latter being the guardian and maternal
grandmother of Ma Thein Myint-and was attested by two
witnesses. Maung Yo, father of Ma Thein Myint, <lid not
sign the deed anci it is on this. ground alone that the appel-
lants now seek to invalidate the instrument of adoption as
being contrary to the provisions of section 5 (r) (b) of the
Registration of Kittima Adoptions Act. The relevant
portion of section 5 reads as follow~ :
" No dispute as to the right of any person to inherit as or
through a kittima son or daughter shall be entertained by
any Court unless the fact of the adoption is evidenced by
.an instrument executed by the person making the adoption
and, if the person who .is adopted is less than eighteen years
of age, then by the person or persons, if any, whose consent
to the adoption is required by the Burmese Buddhist
Law. . . .'!
These provisions contemplate execution of the instrument
by the person making the adoption and, in the ca5e of
minor adoptees, by the person whose consent to the adop-
tion is required by the Burmese Buddhist Law. In the
present case before me there is no dispute about the fact
that the instrument was signed by the person making the
adoption, viz., Daw Lay Gyi. But the competency of
Daw Aye Khin to sigh the deed on behalf of the adoptee
is being challenged by the appellants on the ground that
she was not the parent but only her grandmother. It is
-contended that the deed should have been signedby Maung
Yo who was alive at the time of the
... . adoption.
... \..
 J@@

Thus, the problem whether the deed is valid or nQt c.7.

19..7
hinges on the question as to who are the persons whose -
- 0 AWYINNU
-consent. to the adoption IS requrred by Burmese Buddhist AND om
Law. As a general rule the consent of the natural parent MA Tmm
is essential for the Dbammathats refer to the adopted MYJNT.
children as " children obtained by request from their
parents and adopted publicly." This definition clearly
connotes consent on the part of the parents in giving away
their children in adoption, and it was presumably on the
basis of this definition that in Ma Gun (Appellant) v. Ma
Gun (Respondent) (r), as also in several subsequent rulings,
it was observed that the consent of the natural parents
is a legal condition for a Yalid adoption under.the Burmese
Buddhist Law. It wouJd therefore .appear that if the
natural parents are alive at the time of the adoption then
unless their consent is expressed there can be no valid
:adoption. But this does not seem to be an invariable rule
.as can be seen from the ruling in the case of Ma Me Gale
v. Ma Su Yi .(2) where it was held that the adoption was
:proved although the consent of the father who was alive
at the time of the adoption was not established. In the
case of Maung Mya Maung v. Ma Mya Sein and others (3)
'it was also observed that although the consent of .the
natural parents is a legal condition for adoption, yet where
'it is established that although the natural mother of the
adoptee did not give her express consent to the adoption,
:y~t she acquiesced in jt, it must be taken that she consented
'to it. Thus, it seems clear to me that under certain cir-
-cumstances there can be valid adoptions in spite of the
~bsence of express consent on the part of the parents at
the time of adoption. In Ma Me Gale's case (2) cited
aoove the adoptee and her mother were left behind by the
:father "to shift for themselves" since the ~doptee's
childhood and that seems to be the reason why the father's
(t) Seiected Judg. and Rulings (t87z-9z) (Lower Burma), p. zs.
(z) 4: L.B.R. (1907-o~) 1? 172.. (3) A.I.R. (t.9J6) Ran. p. Jt8.

.
 c.c. express consent at the time of the adoption was held to,
1967
be not ineluctable. So also in the case of Maung Myo.'
DAWYINNu Mauhg v. Ma Mya Sein (3) where the circumstances or
ANnv~Ns the case indicate abandonment of the child by her mother
~~~m the latter's express consent at the time of the adoption
was held not to stand in the Ylay of a valid adoption. The
principle is therefore clear in that where a parent whose
attitude towards the child was such as to indicate
indifference towards its welfare his express consent at the
time of the adoption is not indispensable:
Now the facts which have been proved beyond doubt
in the present case before me are as follows. Ma Thein
Myint is the daughter of Maung Yo and the deceased'
Ma Chan Tin. Ma Chari Tin died when Ma Thein Myint
was only two years of age. Since then she was brougnt
up by her maternal grandmother with whom she lived
together in the village of Thakhutkone. Ko Yo however
continued to stay in his native village of Yepawkan where
he contracted a second marriage. It is also in evidence
that Ko Yo was desirous of giving away his daughter in
adoption to some one willing to look after her properly:
Thus, Ko Yo's relationship with his daughter after the
death of his wife may be said to have been somewhat.
estranged. It was under such circumstances that Daw.
Lay Gyi who was none other than the first cousin of Daw
Aye Khin executed the deed of adoption. Maung Yo
although he was not a party to the deed has come forward:
to give evidence signifying his assent to the adoption ..
Daw Aye Khin who had the custody of the child at th~
time of the adoption a)so signed the deed. Such being'
the case, it is hard to hold that just because the father-
who was living at the time of the adoption did not sub-
scribe his signature to the instrument the adoption is in-
valid. As pointed out above it was Daw Aye Khin who
had the custody of the child at the time of the adoption.
li was 'she who brought up the child with the consent of
 its father whose conduct was such as to indicate apathy ?9~7
for his daughter. I would accordingly hold that as a DAwYrn Nu
.guardian of the child Daw Aye Khin was the person whose ANi> oNB

consent alone was necessary under the circumstances of MA T~IN

the case to effect a valid adoption under the Burmese MviNT.
Buddhist Law.
The learned Counsel for the appellants argues that as .j
the Registration of Kittima Adoptions Act deals with the
right and status of a person its terms must be construed
strictly. He contends that in cases where a parent was
.alive it must be the parent and no one else who must
execute the deed of adoption. I do not, however, think
that this was ever intended by the legislature. The Re-
gistration of Kittima Adoptions Act was enacted neither
to curtail qor to supplement the incidents of adoption
recognised by the Burmese Buddhist Law, but solely with
.a view to overcome the vexed problem of ascertaining the
real intention of the adoptive parent in adopting a per-
son. One of the requirements of Kittima adoption being
the intention of the adoptive parent that the child should
.inherit the sufficiency or otherwise of the proof of such
intention has always been a matter of controversy over
which the Courts have not been too consistent in coming
to a uniform decision. Failing direct evidence of the in-
tention which was possible only in very exceptional cases
it had to be inferred from the surrounding facts and cir-
'CUmstances and it was therefore difficult, if not wellnigh
impossible, to lay down definite prip.ciples to be followed
in such cases. It was with a view to tide over the difficul-
ty that the Act was enacted embodying all the elements
that were required by the customary law relating to adop-
tion in Kittima form. The fact that the legislature had
<designedly used the words " whose consent to the adop-
tion is required by the Burmese Buddhist law " clearly
shows that it is not t,he consent of the parent alone which
is contemplated by the Act. I would therefore hold that

'.
 . .
~~; ~he inst~ument of adopti?n un~er cons~deration-bef~re t_ne
- 1s a vahd deed of adoption executed m accordance With
DAWYINNU
AND QNE
tl1e terms 0 f. SeCtlOn
. 5 0 f t h e R egiStratlOU
. . 0
f KittliDQ
. .
MA ~~IN Adoptions Act.
MYtNT.
In the result this appeal fails and is hereby dismissed
\'Vith costs.
Advocate's {ee is assessed at three gold
mohurs.

-I
!

::
~~ .'
 CRIMINAL APPEAL

Before U Kyaw Zan U, J.

MAUNG KYAW NGWE {APPELLANT) c.c.

IC)67
v. June7.
THE UNION_ OF BURMA (RESPONDE!'<!).*

Ptmal Code-S. 317-definition of the words "expose or leave".

Held: Taking the words " expose or leave" with reference to the context
they mean to deposit or discard unprotected out t>f doors subject to risk. The
child must have been left to its fate. There must be an intention to abandon
or to discard it. The ~ord "abandon" implies relinquishment of claim.
It must be remembered t1!;1t the place where the child was alleged to have
been abandoned was not on a barren heath or an unfrequented place but
inside one's own compound. Unlike the English law which says unlawful
abandonment or exposure of a child under two years must endanger its life
or likely to injure the health permanently our law mainly looks to the intention
of the accused rather than to the consequences of the act done, which fonn
an essential element of the offence under the English Law.
~'tabai v. The State, A.I.R. (1920) Nag. x8x, referred to.

U Than Aung for the appellant.

U Mya Shein for the respondent.

U KYAW ZAN U, ].-This is an appeal against the

conviction under. section 317 of the Penal Code and
sentence of four years' rigorous imprisonment by the
Sessions Court of "'Rangoon and Hanthawaddy in its
Criminal Regular Trial No. 4 of 1966 wherein the
complainant Ma Tin Shwe (PW r), the ex-sister-in-law of
the appellant lodged the First Report under section 325 of
the Penal Code five ~ays after the alleged occurrence that

* Criminal Appea.l No. 29 of r7.

~al from the order of the Sessions Judge of Rangoon and Hanth&waddy
District, dntcd the 6th January 1<)67 passed in Criminal Regular Trial No.
4 of 1966.

'. '.
'.
 c.c. her nephew, a boy of about 2 years of age with congenital
1967
deformity, was suffering from convulsion due to swollen
K~~~w left eye and bruises on the back as the result of beating
THE vUNIGN with a stick by his step-father, the appellant. Oil the
<W BuRMA. same day the Police Constable Maung Thaung Yi (PW 8)
took the child.to the hospital. In her evidence, however,
she admitted she did not see the beating but seeing the
injuries she thought no one but the appellant would have
. beaten the child, who had protruding eyes a,nd an
unusually large head not in proportion to the body from
the time of its birth. As it wastop heavy and unbalanced,
it used to fall down often. She further deposed the child's
own mother, who is her sister, never reported to her that
the. child's step-father ever beat him. She said the child
got fits wh~never it erie([ According to the medical
evidence the child's neck was :disjointed clue to lack of
strength. The medical officer .was of the opinion that a
child of this condition could not survive long.
It was alleged by Maung Aye (P\V 2) that on the day
of the alleged occurrence . at about 7 a.m. he saw the
appellant come out of his hquse holding a child by its leg
and hand and drop it into a rubbish heap near the house
inside his compound. The witness said he was attracted
by the cry of the chUd, who was then wearing a sweater.
No sooner had the child been dropped than the appellant's
wife (DW _r) shouted out, "Hai! People see you what you
are doing ! " The appellant then picked up the child
immediately and after putting it in a wooden box and
covering it with a tray took it back to the house:. Accord-
ing to this witness's mother Ma Shwe Ma (PW 4), the child
was picked up again a minute after it had been dropped..
She said she did not hear the appellant's wife shout at him.
Cases of this nature are very rare indeed in this country.
In order to cpnsider the application of law the full facts
must be stated. According to the evidence of U San
Maung (PW 5) and U Shwe Phauiig (PW 6), the members
 of five-men committee, and of U Soe Nyunt (PW ro), c.c.
1{)67
'Government Surveyor, .
there was no rubbish heap in . the MAUNG
appellant's compound. I therefore reject the evidence of KYAw Ncwll
Maung Aye and his mother Ma Shwe Ma (PWs 2 and 4) on THE UNION
this point. The medical evidence shows the child had oF BURMA- I

. I
!
convulsion twice during treatment in the hospital and died
the next day. It had two abrasions on the head. The
autopsy revealed that the child died of pneumonia. The
head contained water and two injuries were noticed on the
right side of the brain. The medical officer was of opinion
that external injuries on the back and neck could be caused
by a stick or a cane or even by a fall. He further opined
that these injuries had no connection whatsoever with its
death which was due to pneumonia affected about two
days before admission to the hospital. When .the child
died the case was altered to one under section 302 of the
Penal Code and the appellant was sent up to stand his trial
for the alleged murder of his step-child. He was, however,
charged for attempted murder under section 307 (Pt. I)
of the Penal Code but was eventually convicted under
section 317 of the said Code which reads:
" Whoever, being the father ................ ..... ............ of a
child under the age of twelve years, or having the care of
such child, shall expose or leave such child in any place with
the intention of wholly abandoning such child shall be
punished .................................... ''

Taking the words" expose or leave" with reference to

the context I think they mean to deposit or discard
unprotected out of doors subject to risk. The child must
have been left to its fctte. There must be an intention to
abandon or to discard it. The wo;rd " abandon " implies
relinquishment of claim. I.t must be remembered that the
place where the child was alleged to have been abandoned
was not on a barren heath or an unfrequented place but
inside one's Ov\n compound. Unlike the English law which
21
 c~c. says unlawful abandonment or exposure of a child under
.l:~ 7
6
two _years must endanger its life or likely to injure. the
Kv~~~wB .health permanently (English Statute 24 and 25 Victoria,
Th.B UNioN Chapter ioo, section 27) o~r law m~y loo~ to th_ e
OF BDRw..A. intention of the accused rather than to the consequences

of the act done, which form an essential element of the

off~nce under the English law. If the appellant had " the
illtenti6n of wholly abandoning " the child he would not
have dropped it inside his own compound and certainly
would not have picked it up immediately or a minute after
it had been dropped as stated by Ma Shwe Ma ~W 2). In
Gitabai v. The State (I) it was held u-,_at section 317 of the
Penal Code will not apply to a case of mere neglect or
temporary abandonment, and that if in any particular case
there is reasonable doubt as to the intention the accused is
entitled to the benefit of the doubt. In that case a young
widow gave birth suddenly to an illegitimate child in the
latrine of the railway station and came over to the
overbridge and barely five minutes after the police seeing
the bloodstained condition and pr.ostratio~ questioned her'
but she first attempted to deny w,b.at liad happened. The
child which had dropped into the bucket in the latrine was
taken out, washed and made over to her. In these
circumstances of the case the conviction and sentence were
set aside. In the present case also I do not think the child
was abandoned in the manner made penal.
In the result the appeal is allowed. The conviction and
sentence are set aside and the appellant is directed to be set
at liberty forthwith.

j x) A. l.l~. (19zo) Nag. x8z.

 ?'?;t.2

CIVIL FIRST APPEAl.

Before U Kyaw Zan U and U Sein Thinn, JJ.

MAUNG THEIN BROTHERS

MAUNG THEIN BROTHERS (APPELLAN~s)'
lI c.c . .
1967
June 13.
BURMA PRODUCE TRADING Co. ,
v.
BURMA PRODUCE TRADING Co.1
BURMA PRODUCE TRADING Co . . (RESPONDENTS).*
MAlJNG THEIN BROTHERS j
Contract Acts. 30- " bought" and" sale" tlotes-e<mtracts of what is known as
"forward sale" -whether of a v;agering nature-whether whe11 the capital
of the firm is out of all proportion toith the transactions is s!ifficient to disprove
the genuineness of the transactions-time lag between the first and the second
contracts-whether entering into t-zuo successive contracts raises an inference
that the parties did 1Wt at all contemplate delivery of goods.

Held: There is no doubt about the fact that the apparent tenor of the
contracts ns evidenced by the exhibit" bought and sale" notes were perfectly
I eg-~ 1 inasmuch as they were merely contracts of what is known as "fo1ward
sale ". 'l'h<!y did highiy savour of sp~culat:on in the rise and fall of the market
but t he fact t;t:~t t he tnmsnctions luwe some of th~ outside features of gambling
would nnt. m:tc:.:,:~:.ri l y mean that t hey arc of a wagering nature . And the
question whether 01' not the llgreements entered into between the parties are
of gambling tiz.ture must be detem1ined in the context of the present day
trend of ! rnde and commerce when highly specufntive tnmsactions sre the
order of the day.
f7itlurlsa v. R. Bhoy & Co., A.I.R. (:;:934) Nag., p. 129; Ramnirar,jandas
M al:ahi1 Pl asad v. i\1essrs. Betai Stores, B.L.R. ( 1964), p. 52, referred to.
Altho~tgh t he capital of the respondents was just about one lakh it wr.s
not impossible fox the respondents' firm to commit itself to several transaction!.
involving scvcr:.i lakhs of money becsuse especially in modem times forward
sales are frequent and "rolling capital" can always be raisd far beyond t he
solid cash that a trading firm may possess. Therefore this fact per se is not

~ 1965
* Civil First Appeal Nos. ~ of 1964
54 I96S
against the decrees of the Additional Chief Judge, City Civi 1Court of Rangoon
in Civil Reg\tl::r Suits No . . 228 of 1959 and No. 798 of 1962, dated 4th J~
1 965 and zznd April 1964 respectively.
 C.C. 1;ufficient even to weaken the case of the plaintiffs-respondents; much less to
1967 disprove the genuineness of 'the transactions.
MAUNG Kt:mg Yee Lone & Co. v. Lowjee Nanjee, 28 I.A. 239 (I.L.R.R., p. 107),
THEIN distinguished.
BROTHERS;
MAUNG There was a time lag of nearly two months between.the first and the second
TaEIN contracts and there is also nothing to indicate whatsoever that at the time
~; when the first c<mtr-act was entered into the parties had in mind execution of a
PRonuCl! subsequent contract. Therefore the mere fact that the parties had entered
TR.u>ING Co. into two successive contracts does not raise an 'inference that the partieS
v. did not at all contemplate delivery of goods . It was for the appellants to
~~~ prove that no delivery was ever intended by the parties for in order to decide
TRADING whether there is a wagering contract' it is necessary to prove that there was
.Co.; BURMA a contract between the parties that delivery would neither be taken nor given,
PRonuCl! and that the parties intended to deal in difference only.
TRADING .
Co.; MAUNe Mohamed Valli Patel v. 71~e East Asiatic Co., Ltd. , 14 Ran., p. 347;
I r
THEm Nand KiSIUJre v. Lachmi Narain, A.I.R. (1954) Rajasthan, p. 24-; j.H. Todd
BROTHERS. v. LakShmidas Parsltotatndas, I.L.R. 16 Born. p. 441, refeued to.

I. Mr. C. A. Soorma for the appellants.

lJ \Van Hock for the respondents.

U SEIN THINN, J.-The sole point for determination

before us now is whether the agreements entered into be-
tween the. parties as evidenced by the exhibits " bought "
and "sale" notes fall within the ambit of section 30 of
the Contract Act so that the plaintiffs-respondents are
debarred from recovering the amounts due under them.
This question arises under the following circumstances.
I
I In Civil Regular Suits No. 228 of 1959 and No. 798 of
1962 of the City Civil Court, Rangoon, the plaintiffs-
respondents sued the defendants-appellants for recovery of
K 7.750 and K 17,625 respectively as damages. It was the
plaintiffs' case in the first suit that on I rth January 1956
they bought from the defendants one thousand bags of
" Matpe ", delivery to be made during the month of April,
1956; that on 12th March 1956 they sold back the same
quality and quantity of " Matpe " to the defendants at
the rate of K 38.25 per bag ; and that they were therefore
entitled to receive K 7.75.0 being the di:ff~ri:mce in 'prices
 of the commodity transacted. In the second suit the plain- c.c.
1967
tiffs' case was that. on 3rd February 1956 they bought
MAUNG
from the defendants 750 bags of "Toover" at the rate THEIN

of K 25.50 per bag, delivery to be made in all June; that B~=; .

the defendants failed to deliver the :goods at the stipulated ;THEIN
time ; and that the plaintiffs were accordingly entitled to ~~;
damages to the tune of K 17,625 being' the difference be- TR:~ugo.
tween the contract price and the market price prevailing B~MA
on the date fixed for delivery of the goods. The defence. PRonucli
TRADING
set up by the defendants m both the cases was the same. co.; BuRMA
Their plea was that the transactions between the parties i:~-:~
being by way of wager _were void and unenforceable in co.+m,~uNG:
law. An additional plea was also set up in the first suit BRoTHEas.
to the effect that as the contract entered into between the
parties was governed by the prices fixed by the Grain
Merchants Association the plaintiffs were not entitled to
damages contrary to the price fixed by that Association.
The learned trial Judge by his well considered judgments
overruled the plea of the defendants in both the suits.
Holding that although the contracts under consideration
were highly speculative in nature they did not come within
the purview of section 30 of the Contract Act, he allowed
the claims of the plaintiffs. He however _rejected the
claim of the plaintiffs for interest in the first suit from the
date of suit till realization and it was against this order
that a cross-appeal has been filed. This cross-appeal
as well as those filed by the. defendants against the
decrees passed against them were, by consent of the learned .
counsel for the parties, heard together. This judgment
of ours will therefore cover all the three appeals before us.
We need only to repeat what has been laid down in
various rulings of this Court that the law on this point is
clear in that unless the parties to the contract intend at
the time .of ~ntering into the contract that it should not
be what it pwports to be, but that it should be a transac-
tion which was to be settled only upon _the difference
~;>o' .

c. c.. between the prices the transaction does not amount to a

1967
wager. Mr. C. A. Soorma, the learned counsel for the
~G appellants spared no pains in referring to us a host of
BRoTHERs; authorities in which the main theme was that in ascertain-
M'I.UNG
. ~ . ing the real intention of the parties at the time of entering
BaoTHBJ.lS;
BuRMA into the contract the Court must probe into all the sur-
~~~co. rounding ~ircurnitances of the case. We have absolutely
~ no q':lariel with this propos_ition of law and in fact, we find
~9DPCE that this principle has been followed with meticulous care
c~~ by the trial Court in coming to jts decisions. There is no
~~ doubt about the .fact that the apparent tenor of the con-
co.; MAUNG tracts as evidenced by the exhibit " bought " and " sale "
~- notes were perfectly legal inasmuch as they. were merely
contracts of what is known as " forward sale ". They
did highly savour of speculation in the rise and fall of the
market, but, as pointed out in Vithalsa v. R. Bhoy & Co.
( 1) " This. is a normal feature of what is called forward
contracts which are essentially of a speculative nature.
It is quit~ possible for not only the actual traders but also
oulSiuers to enter into such transactions with a hope of
gain. Consequently because the transactions bear some
of the external features of gambling there is no necessary
inference .that they are of a wagering nature." Further-
more the necessity of construing such kind of contracts
against the background of modern commerce has been
stressed by Justice Dr. Maung Maung (as he then was) in.
Ramniranjandas Milhabir Prasad v. Messrs. Betai Stores (2)
in the following terms :
"Times have chang.ed since the fir.st decades of this century.
. In those days. money meant hard cash, silver coins
or. gold sovereigns to be tested for a,uthenticity by ringing on
the floor, and to be packed in gunny bags for caniage. To-
day money, in higher commerce, generally means cheques;
notes or .b ank drafts, letters of credit and other banking
. -. guar~ntees so that payments are, often, thus effec~ed on paper.
 In the early days of this century goods meant tangible things c.c.
1
and delivery meant the actual passing of these tangible goods 967
from one hand to another. In these days goods in the com- MAVNo
mercial parlance may mean title to them or the expectation TBEIN
BRoTBERs;
of them, which may be passed from one holder to another, MAuNo
not by delivery of the actual hard goods, but by forward THl!IN
BROTHERS;
sales and similar transfers done on paper. Thus the test as BURMA
to whether. a contract is real or whether it is only a wager PRoDucl!
. th e 1'1ght of the ch anged cncumstances
. TRADING Co~
must be applied m an d "
practices of modem commerce." ''BURMA
. PRODUCE
TRADING

Therefore the question whether or not the agreements .c~o:u~

entered into between the parties before us must be deter- c~d:u0N 0
mined in the context of the present day trend of trade and Tmm
.
commerce w h en highly specu1atiVe . transactions
. are the BRoTHER&.
order of the day.
Another point which must not be lost sight of in
deCiding whether the contracts under consideration were
laWful or not is the presumption 'in favour of the legality
of a contract. This presumption coupled with the pro-
visions of section IOI of the Evidence Act cast a heavy
burden on the appellants to prove the intention necessary
to abrogate the contracts. The intention to be proved
must not be the intention of one party alone. It must be
a c9mmon intention to bet. In other words, intention to
gamble must exist in the minds of both the persons at the
time of entering into. contract. There must be a prior
m~eting of minds to embark upon a gambling transaction~
ThU.S in Suganchand v. Fulchand (3) it was obserVed that it
would not be enough that one of the parties was knoWn
to be a speculator or even a gambler, as intention to gamble
must exist on the part of both the parties to the contract.
Mr. C. A. Soorma, the learned counsel for the appellants,
J:las frankly admitted. :that in view of the principles men_.
tioned above his task was one of an up-hill struggle lith
plenty of odds against him. Let us_~ow consider the .Point
. .:- ..... . ..
(3) A.I.R. .(1957) Madhya Pradesh, I94

'.
 made by Mr. S<;>orm~.in .~l!-pport ofhl,s con~ention t?at the
.contracts merely.evidence _gambling transactions.
MAUNG
THEIN
B~~:; ln connection with the contract for sale of 750 bags
THEIN of "Toover" it ~as been urged that this contract along
B~=; With simjlar ~on tracts . made by the respondents involved
~!~~o. inordinate sums of money out of a:ll proportion with the
B~ . capit~l ~t their disposal. It was al,leged that the respon~
reDUCE . dents' capital was only Kyats one lakh whereas the volume
Co:;. B::SA of busilless entered into by him was worth more than
~~ fifty-five lakhs. No doubt in the case of Kong Yee Lone
Co~tmc & Co. v. Lowjee Nanjee {4) it was observed that where the
BR~~HBRS. capital of the firm was a trifle more than a lakh of rupees
but the costs of goods contracted. for would be that amount
multiplied five-hundred fold although it was possible for
traders to contemplate transactions so far beyond their
. basis of trade it was unlikely that they contemplated com-
pletion of the transactions entere9. into. But in the
present case before us the cleavage between the capital
and the costs of good_s contracted for was not as wide as
in th~ case ~ited. above. Moreover, although the capital
of the respondents was just about one lakh it was not
impossible for the respondents' firm to commit itself to
several transactions involving several lakhs of money
because especially in modern times forward sales are fre-
quent and " rolling capital " can always be raised far
beyond the solid cash that a trading firm may possess. We
are therefore of opinion t4at this fact per se is not suffi-
cieht even to weaken the case of :the plaintiffs-respon~
dent's ; much less to disprove the ~enuineness. of the
transactions.

Next, Mr. Soorma made most of the fact that the rate
of brokerage .in respect of the sale of " Toover " was only
9 pyas per bag which .
according to.
the broker Champsee.
(4) z8 I.A.' Z39 (I.L.R~R.) p. I~7
 Versee (D W 3) clearly indicated wagering nature of the c.c.
x967'
transactions. In his de_position Champsee Versee stated
M:AUNG
that the brokerage was nine pyas because it was a wagering THEIN
contract. He was the person who acted as a broker in B~:~:;
putting through the transaction and his evidence was the B;~~~s;
sheet anchor of the defence.
.
But the learned trial judge

BuRMA
PRODUCE
who saw and heard him has this to. say at page 4 9f h1s TRADING coh.
judgment. " By a skilful cross-examination this witness B;;.u
was shown to have made deliberate false statements in the =~~
course of his deposition.
and it would
'
be unsafe

to place Co.; BuRMA.
PRODUCE
much reliance on his evidence when he stated that the TRADING
suit transaction is by way of a wagering contract which is co+~~a.
the main burden of his evidence." It has always been the BnoTaERS.
practice of the appe.llate Courts that in so far as the deci-
sion depends on, the credibility of a wi~ess they are
always loath to disturb the finding of the trial Court unless
it is plainly wrong or manifestly unjust. This is the prin-
ciple propounded in the case of Ma Than Yin v. Ma Than
May (5) where it was observed that the Judge who saw and
heard the witnesses is in a much better position to form an
estim~te of the testimony than the appellate Court which
has not this advantage. A picturesque version of this can
he found in the following words of Viscount Sankey, L.C.
which are quoted with approval in the case of Chinnaya
v. U Kha (6).
"\Vimesses without any conscious bias towards a conclu-
sion may have in their demeanour, in their manner, in their
heSitation, in the nuance of their expressions, in even the
turns of the eyelid, left an impression upon the man who
saw and heard them which can never be reproduced in the
printed page."

We do not therefore propose to discuss more about Champ- .

see Versee's evidence than to observe that his testimony is
not such as. to off-set the heavy burden of proof regarding
(s) (1940) Ran. p. x68. (6) -14 Ran. p. 11 at 14.
 the real intention of both the parties to bet at the time
of entering into contract.
MAUNG
THEIN
BRoTHERs; Mr. Soorma had yet another strjng to his:; bow. He
~~: contended that in the case of the contract relating to
B~=; "Matpe" the respondents had never asked for delivery
PRoDucn but had only sold back the goods to the appellants at a
'TRADING Co.
v. higher price whiCh act clearly goes to show that it was
BURMA .
PRoDucE just to complete the wagering. We are however unable
C~B~ to subscribe to this view~ . IJ1, this conn~ction, wo~ldwe
~ GB 0 like to reiterate with respect what Mya Bu, J. had said in
Co.; MX:!G Mohamed Valli Patel v. The East Asiatic Co. Ltd. (7) about
B~~~~. SUCh kind of contracts concluded under identical circum-
stances with those obtaining in the present cases before us.
"The two transactions in the pr.esent case are in the nature
of, firstly, a forward contract of sale by one party and pur-
chase by the other, and next a contract of resale by the latter
to the former resulting in absolving the original seller from
his liability to make delivery on the due date and in absolving
! the .purchaser from his liability to take such delivery, fixing
! the damages not on the difference between the contract rate
I and the market rate prevailing at the time of the originally
intended delivery but on the difference between the . rate
mentioned in the contract of sale and that in the contract
of resale. The resale which is set out in Exhibit B was a
resale which was brought about a month after the date of
the original sale set out in Exhibit A, and they are therefore
not simultaneous transactions, and the two transactions do
.not possess any prima facie evidence that at the time when
the original contract mentioned in Exhibit A was entered
into it was the intention of the parties that the resale in
Exhibit B was to be brought into being in any event."

In the instant case before us too there was a time lag of

nearly
~ . two
.. months. between the first and the second . con-
tracts
... . . and there is also nothing
.. to. indicate
. whatsoever
' . . . .. . . . that.
at the time when the. first co'n.tract was entered into the
(7) 14 Ran. P- 347-

~.: -.: '. ,,

 parties had in mind execution of a subsequent co~tract. c.c.
1967
We would therefore hold that the mere fact tha.t the
parties had entered into two successive contracts does not ~r:.
r~e an inference that the parties did not at all contem- B~~=~;
plate delivery of goods. It was for the appellants to prove BR~~!:;:
that no delivery was ever intended by the parties for in BURMA
PRODUCS
order to decide whether there is a wagermg contract 1t TRADING co.

is necessary to prove that there was a contract between Bu"~

the parties that delivery .would neither be taken nor given, ~~~
.and that the parties intended to deal in difference only. cop.; BURMA
RODUCB
Please see Nand Kishore v. Lachmi Naram (8). The same TRADING
view had been expressed in an earlier ca.Se of]. H. Todd Co~UNG
v. Lakshmidas Parshotamdas .0 ) where it was laid down BRoTBBRs.
that the contracts are not wagerii).g contracts, unless it be
the intention of both contracting parties, at the time of
entering into the contracts, under no circumstances to call
for, or give delivery, from or tp each other. The parties
before us are grain merchants and there is nothing on
record to indicate that the respondents would have been
unable to cope with the business had actual delivery been
taken place. In the circumstances we have no alternative
but to hold that the suit contracts are not covered by
section 30 of the Contract Act. As. pointed out by the
learned trial Judge the appellants have also failed to prove
the price fixed by the Grain Merchants Association and as
such we would also hold that the respondents are entitled
to the damages as claimed by them.
The only question that remains to be considered is the
granting of interest, from the date of the decree in Civil
Regular Suit No. 228 of 1959 tilJ realisation, which has
been refused by the trial Court. Payment of interest from
the date of decree to date of payment is contemplated l>Y
section 34 of the Code of Civil Procedure but it is entirely
within the discretion of the Court either to allow or refuse
(8) A.I.R. (1954) Rajasthan p. 24. (9) I.L.R. 16 Bom. p. 441.
 the same. In the intant case, the trial Court has given.
its reasons why it thinks interest ought not to_be given and
MAUNG
THEIN although we are not prepared to endorse them to the full
BROTHERS;
MAuNe yet we do not take them to be either perverse or
TalliN unreasonable.
BROTHERS;
BURMA
PaoDucs In the result all these appeals fail and are hereby
TRADING co. dismissed with costs.
I "
BtmMA
I PRODUCE
I ThADING.
Co.; BuRM4

.! PR.oDt.ICB
TRADING
Co.; MAuNe
THEIN
BROTHERS.
 CIVIL FIRST APPEAL

Before U Kyaw Zan U and U Sein Thinn, JY.

S.S.V. RAMACHANDRAN (APPELLANT) c.c.

1967
v. Mayzs
. ;
' K.P.A.N.S. NARAYANAN CHETIIAR AND ONE
(RESPONDE!'.'TS). *
Code of Civil Procedures. 47-1]11estion relating to the satisfaction of the decree-
whether to be determined by the executing Court.
Held: The question relating to the satisfaction of. the decree as recorded
...in the execution case, now under appeal, is undoubtedly between the appellant
. as the decree-holder through his agent, the respondent No. 2, and the
respondent No. I as the judgment-debtor. It shall therefore have to be
-determined by the executing Court.
Muhammad Kasim and others v. Rukia Begam, I.L.R. 41 All. 443;
Ch. Gajraj Singh v. Ch. Debi Singh, A.I.R. (1937) Oudh 298, referred to.

Mr. G. N. Banerji for the appellant.

U Wan Hock for the respondent No. r.

U KYAW ZAN U, J.-The point for determination in

this appeal is whether section 47 of the Code of Civil
Procedure is a bar to the institution of the appellant's suit
being Civil Regular Suit No. I of 1962 against the
res.Pondents in the District Court of Hanthawaddy for a
bare declaration that the compromise recorded in Civil
Regular Suit No. 14 of 1939 of that Court being void the
i:ompromised decree recorded therein is not binding on
the appellant.
Civil Regular Suit No. 14 of 1939 was a suit on
equitable mortgage against the respondent No. I. In the
-compromised decree recorded in that suit this respondent
-consented inter alia to the preliminary decree . for
. Civil First Appeal No. u8 of 1963 against the decree of the Distxict
CourtofHanthawaddyin Civil Regular Suit No. I ofx962,dated thez8th]uly
1963; .
 c.c. Rs. 2I,409-2 (K f.IAQ9. I3 .pyas) :~ith interest at the
67
I9_ agreed rate being paSSed. againSt him. . {t iS alleged by the
:JI.~~~D~;, appellant that as the decree remained unsatisfied and the
K.P.X.N.s. mortgaged properties had been nation~lized by the
NARAYANAN Government the appellant through his agent, the
CBETI'IAR
AND o.,.'ll. respondent No. 2, took out execution . c1v1'I Execution
. b emg .
No. 3 of 1955 of the Court of the Additional District Judge
of Hanthawaddy wherein the respondent No. 2 acting in
collusion with the respondent No. r filed an application
fal~ely and without authority that he had received K .2.900
from the respondent No. I in full and final settlement of
the decree on behalf of his principal the present appellant.
In that execution case a joint petition signed by the
appellant's agent, the present respondent No. 2, and the
respondent No. I as the judgment-debtor as well as bY,
l'vfr. R. Jaganathan, the Advocate for the appellant (decree-
holder), was filed stating that as the decree had been fully
satisfied the mortgaged properties be released. It was
submitted by Mr. Banerji for the appellant that this joint
petition to release the mortgaged properties was made
probably to enable the respondent No. I to get compensa-
tion from the Government for nationalizing the properties.
The O:;m rt accordingly entered full satisfaction and closed
the case. There is no dispute that the respondent No. 2
was the agent of the appellant (decree-holder). The
appellant on being aw'!-re of the alleged fraud and collusion
filed the suit mentioned above being Civil Regular Suit
No. I of I962 but the Court dismissed it hoiding that
section 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure is a bar to the
suit referring to Mulla's Civil Procedure Code (rrth
Edition) at pag~ I8o under the caption " Adjustment of
decree" and relying upon Muhammad Kasim and off~ers' v ..
Rukid Begam .(i) and Ch. Gajraj Singh y. Ch. Dfbi Singh ( 2).
Hence th!s appeal.
' '""""'1~,

(x) I.L.R. 4l All. 443 (z) A.I.R. (1937) Oudh 298.

. Section 47 of th~ Co.de of Civil Procedur~ says : ~11 ~9~7
questions arising betWeen the parties to the suit in which :_....-
.the decree is paSsed, and relating to the e:Xecution, !~~~
discharge.or satisfaction of the decree, shall be determined K.P.A.N.s.
by the Court executing the decr-ee and not by a separate N~~:f
suit. The question relating to the satisfaction of the AND oNB.
decree as recorded in the execution case in the instant case
is undoubtedly between the appellant as the decree-holder
through his agent, the respondent No. 2, and the
respondent No. r as the judgment-debtor. It shall
therefore have to be det.ermined by the executing Court.
The suit instituted by the appellant was rightly held by the
lower Court to be not maintainable under section 47 of the
Code. In Muhammad Kasim. and others v. Rukia Begum
(supra) the Bench held " As between the decree-holder and
the judgment-debtor the question of an alleged fraudulent
adjustment of the decree must be gone into and decided by
the executing cqurt ". Walsh J., a member of the Bench,
said in a separate judgment that he found himself unable to
agree with the Judge of the lower Court when the latter
said that, being an executing court, he could not in any
case go hehind the decree until the decree-holder brought
a suit to get it set aside. The learned Judge further said
that he was bound by law to disagree with the lower Court
whatever his personal view might be. No doubt there
are cases where in special circumstances it was recognized,
in spite of section 47, that the party had the right to bring
a suit based on fraud in a matter which relates to
execution, discharge or satisfaction of the decree. But
there are clear authorities dating from olden days that the
question now raised in the present appeal before us cannot
be said to be otherwise than a question arising between the
parties to the suit relating to discharge or satisfaction of
the decree. Mr. Banerji for the appellant submitted that
the lower Court should have at least treated the suit as a
proceeding under section 47 as provided in sub-section (2)
?jo

c.c. of the said section. It must be remembered that it is a

1967
. matter left to the discretion of the Court and when it was
!,~~~ not invoked by the appellant himself (decree-holder) it
K.P.~.N.S. cannot be said that the Court did not act judicially. Even
NARAYANAN if the Court exercised the discretion in favour of the

~~~ appellant it would still be subject to objection as t~

limitation or jurisdiction. .No opportunity was ever given
to the respondent No. I as the judgment-debtor to raise
any such objection. It is now too Jate in the day to
submit that the lower Court should have exercised its
discretion under sub-section (2) of section 47 of the Code.
In the result the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.
Advocate's fee 5 gold mohurs.
 CRIMINAL REVISION
Before U Kyaw Zan U and U Chit, JJ.

u SEIN THAUNG AND ANOTHER (APPLICANTS)

v.
THE UNION OF BURMA AND TWO OTHERS
(RESPONDENTS). *
\,:o12e of Critnint!l Procedure, $,145-a proceeding is pendng7 until' finally
concluded--'liJhether misjoinder or non-dotnder of parties do not affect
jurisdiction.
Held: A proceeding must be considered pending until it is finally
concluded. Therefore the application in revision must be taken to be a con
tinuation of the original application. Questions of misjoinder or non-joinder
of parties do not ordinarily affect jurisdiction. An order unders. 145
of the Code of Criminal Procedure is not bad merely because all interested
persons are not impleaded; the order is valid so fe.r as the parties in dispute
are before the Court. It will be in the best interest of the parties concerned
to implead the applicant No. I and the two atet children of the deceased,
namely Ma Khin Yi and Ma Myint Myint Thein as well as the eldest child
of the couple, namely Ma Hla Myint as legal representatives of the deceased.
Indukuri Suroanarayana Raju and others v. Indukuri Viswanat!haraju
and others, A.I.R. (1942) Mad. p. 249; Mfs Raru:hlwddas Jethabhai 81 Co. v.
The Hon'ble Minister for Judicial Affairs and others, (1952) B.L.R., p. 227 (S.C.)
(233), referred to.

U Hla Gyaw 'for the applicants.

U Myo Tun Lin (Government Advocate) forthe respondent
No. I.
Saw Taik Leong, Chan Tun Aung and Khin Maung Nyun~
for the respondent No. 2.

U KYAW ZAN U, J.-This js an application to set aside

or modify the order and finding dated 18th August 1966 of
the 7th Additional Magistrate of Rangoon passed under
section 145 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in Criminal
Criminal Revision No. 8 (b) of 1967.
t Review of the order of the 7th Additional Magistrate of Rangoon, dated
the 18th day of August 1966 passed in Criminal Misc. No. 86 of 1966.
22
 c.c. Miscellaneous No. 86 of 1966 declaring that the respondent
I967
- - N
o. 2 company lS . m . of th e Mya Yad ana cmema
. possession
~.!~~ND Hall. which is the subject matter of dispute and entitled to
ANoTHER
tl.
retain possession of it. The Court of Sessions, Rangoon,
T& UNroN in its Criminal Revision No. 33 of 1966 recommended to
0
~!';~~ this Court to set aside the order of the Magistrate giving
O'I'Hl'!R!. its reasons in its order dated 3rd January r967.
After the conclusion of the argument of the counsel
for the applicant and in the course of hearing of the
counsel for the respondent No. 2 company adjournment
was granted as the parties desired to talk about settlement
out of Court ; in the meantime the 2nd applicant, the wife
of the first applicant, died and counsel ~or the respondent
No. 2 company raised a question as to the necessity, or
rather, the propriety of impleading the legal representatives
of the deceased as applicants in the case. The applicant
No. I and his wife being Burmese Buddhists, the applicant
No. I as the widower of the deceased offers himself to be
impleaded as a formal applicant as well in place of the
deceased as legal representative but the respondent No. 2
company contends that the applicant No. r and the
deceased being eindaungyis the latter brought two
daughters by her previous marriage, and produced six
children by the applicant No. I, four of whom are minors,
and accordingly the atet children should also be added as
legal representatives of the deceased stating that adding
legal representatives in the case is not a mere formal
matter. The applicant No. I insists that it is slll41cient if
he alon~ is added as legal representative of his wife. A
le~al representative is a person who in law represents the
estate of a deceased person or upon whom the estate
devolves on the death and includes any person who
intermeddles wlith the said estate. It is needless to say
that under the Burmese Buddhist Law the estate devolved
on the applicant No. r on the death of his wife in the
absence of an orasa child who, jf there is one, shall share
 ?J?

]ointly with the applicant No. I. It does not transpire ~9;7

f rom the record or from the arguments of the counsel .
I u~~
whether the fust child of the couple, namely, Ma H1a TH:\UNG ,,No
J\1yint is an orasa child. Under the Burmese Buddhist La\>\' ANO!~ER
where there !s an issue of a previous marriage of the TasBUNroN
OF URMA
deceased, such issue may succeed to the deceased's estate ANoTwo
OTHERS.
together with the step-parent.
It is therefore clear that the first applicant and Ma Hla
Myint who apparently is an orasa and also the two
daughters of the deceased by her previou~ marriage are the
Jegal representatives of the deceased. In fact there is no
dispute about it.
Under sub-section 7 of section I45 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure which was substituted in I923 when a
party dies the Magistrate has the discretion to cause the
legal representative of the deceased to be made a party,
and if any question arises as to who the legal representative
js, all persons claiming to be representatives of the deceased
shall be made parties thereto. The counsel for the
applicant No. I contends that this sub-section applies only
to proceedings before the Magist.rate and not to thjs
application in revision before this Court. The purpose of
the provision in this sub-section is to keep alive the
jurisdiction of the Court where the danger of peace still
exists in spite of the death of a party to the proceedings.
Before the amendment the death of the applicant even in
revision in the High Court caused the application to abate,
.but not so now. In Indukuri Suryanarayana Raju and
others v. Indukuri Viswanadharaju and others (I) it was
held that where after filing the revision petition against an
order u~der section I45 (?) before the High Court the
petitioner dies, the High Court in view of the provisions of
Ss.56IA and 435 has ample power to bring the legal
representatives of the deceased on record if the ends of
(1) A.I.R. (I94Z) Mad. p. 249
l>J9
c.c. justice reqUire it. After all proceedings in revision are
19,7
really continuations of the original proceedings.
T~~~~ Mjs. Ranchhoddas ]ethabhai & Co. v. The Hon'ble
ANo~ Minister for ]udici.al Affajrs and others .(2). A proceeding
THB UmoN must be considered pending until it is finally concluded.
0
!!,r: Therefore this application in revjsion must be taken to be
OTHBRs. a continuation of the original ~pplication. There is, as
pointed out above, no dispute as to who are the legal
representatives of the deceased, but the point to be
considered is whether a}J the legal representatives for the
purpose of this application should be impleaded or not.
Questions of misjoinder or non-joinder of parties do .not
ordinarily affect jurisdiction. An order under section I4S
of the Code of Cr;iminal Procedure is not bad merelv
"
because all interested persons are not impleaded ; the
order is valid so far as the parties in dispute are before the
Cowt. In the instant case we are of the opinion that it
will be in the best interest of the parties concerned to
implead the applicant No. r and the two atet children of
the deceased, namely Ma Khin Yi and Ma Myint Myint
Thein as well as the eldest child of the couple, namely,
Ma Hla Myint as legal representatives of the deceased, and
accordingly we direct that they be impleaded forthwith as
applicants in the case. The hearing shall now proceed.

(z) (1952) B.L.R. p. 227 (S.C.) (233).

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for each day and in imposing sentences of corrective labour, ~~

exile and banishment at the rate of three days for each day ~(' .,&
of imprisonment.'' (Fundamental Principles o~ Criminal tj~ L

Procedure in Soviet Jurisprudence). (J) 6f'1ce

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"S~ction 77 .(r). Inclusion of Remand: . All of the period
of remand shall be included in the loss of liber:tY or correc:-
tional-educational work imposed. One day of remand shall
be taken as equal to two days of correct;ional-educational
work." (Criminal Code of the Hungarian People's Republic).
 . \>~9 .

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(?) Law Reform. Now, ed. Gerald Gardiner, Qc., London, (1963), p. 256.
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r. Whether the defendants are a P.artnership firm carrying

on business under the name and style " Win Sein
Brothers Estate, Win Sein Brothers Rice Mill as well
as Win Sein Brothers Company Rice Mill, -Myaung-
mya " as alleged by the plaintiffs ? or
Whether the defendants are a partnership .firm
carrying on business under the name and style " Win
Sein Brothers Rice Mill " only as alleged by the. 1st_.
2nd, 4th and sth defendants ?
2. What was the nature of the loan granted to the defen-
dants, i.e., whether the amount alleged to have been
due and payable by the defendants represented the
balance of an overdraft account, or whether the
amount due was on a mortgage _?
3 What was the amount due and payable by the defen.
dants or any of the defendants to the plaintiffs ?
4 ls the ~rd defendant a party of the firm Wm Sein
Brothers Estate, Win Sein Brothers Rke Mill' as well
as Win Sein Brothers Company Rice Mill, Myaung-
mya.? If SO, whether he is a necessary party tO the
. ... .
suit?
 ?2?. .

5 Whether there was an agreement .in or about July I958 oe~

whereby the plaintiffs agreed to the absolute transfer r:--; c
of the rice mill to their nominee in full satisfaction :l)e~c; c~)('
of all the outstanding loans and whereby it was <~~J(~)~->.
agreed that after the transfer :the defendant Finn u..r;'m11~
would work the mill as the lessee of the transferee :l:>e?:;,(~c()~)
on a rental of K 2,000 per month as alleged by the <~~~~ ~
. ~~~
defendants ? -8
6. Is the claim barred by limitation?: (' ot.
7 To what relief, if any, are the plaintiffs entitled ? oc;t)oxpr
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 " 58. ( x). The registration of a firm may be effected at any
time by sending by post or delivering to the }\egistrar of
- the area, in w~ch any place of busin,ess of the firm is
situated or proposed to be situated, a statement in the
prescribed form and accompanied by the prescribed fee,
stating-
(a) the firm name.
(b) the place or principal place of. business of the firm.
(c) the names of any other places where the firm carries
on business.
(d) the date when ~ch partner joined the firm.
(e) the names in full and parmanent adcfresses of the
partners, and
(f) the duration of the firm.
The statement shall be signed by all the partners, or by
their agents specially authorized in this behalf.
_(2) Each person signing the statement shall also verify-it
in the manner prescribed."

'.
 "Clause $7-Under the original draft of subdause (I)
the validity of the registration of a mm c~uld be dis.Puted
on the ground that its principal place of &!).siness does not
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. th~ area
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. ;-. :
 LIST OF CASFS CITED

OC' C' o C'

'l CCGOO')OO'f:'i)g~JtO

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

Agni Kumar Das v. Mantazaddin, I.L.R. Vol. LVI Cal.,

p. 290 (F.B.), referr:ed to . . . 453
A.L.S.P.S. Soobramonion Chetty v. Myat tha U and
two others, L.B.R. Vot IV 95, referred to 413
Daw Shwe Sein Mra v. U Tun Aung Pru and one,
(F.B.)~ C.M.A No. 14/65, C-C-, explained 420
Dawson and one v. The State, I.L.R. 2 Ran. 455, referred
to :.. 446
Hoke Gwan v. Aun Wun Tan, (1949) B.L.R. 647 (H.C.),
referred to 450
ljjatulla Akanda and others v. The State, I.L.R. (1944)
1. Cal., 28o, referred to 446
The State v. Ayyan, I.L.R. 24 Mad. 675, reierred to 446
Lady Raj Malik and another v. Dr. Susanta Sen, A.I.R.
(1951? Simla 209, referred to . 420
. Maung Mya and Maung Kin v. Mi Myint Su and four
. others, (1892---96) U.B.R. .Vol. II (Civil) 244, .
referred to 413
Narayana Asari and others v. Kandasami Asari, (1915)
Criminal Law Journal, p. 525, r.eferred to . 453
Neptune Assur.ance Co., Ltd. v. Lakhiram Ghasiram,
A.I.R. 38 (1951) Nag. 28o, referred to 425
Nistarini Dassya and others v. Sarat"Chandra Majumdar,
A.I.R. (1916) Cal. 337, referr~d to 413
u

l>eoples Insurance Go., Ltd. v. Benoy Bhusan Bhowmik.

A.I.R. 30 (1943) Cal. 199, referred to 42$
Rahimalishah Alishah v. 'fhe State, A.I.R. (1940) Sind.
~- 61, refer-red to . -453
S. M. Ally v. Maung San. Nyein, I.L.R. 14 Ran. IS"S
referred to ~
U Zawtipala v. U Thatdama, (1941) R.L.R. 2.05, referred
to ..P:l
 INDEX

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

. ACTS:
CtTY CIVIL CoURT Acr.
CoDB oF CIVIL PROCBDURB.
--- CRIMINAL PROCEDURE,
FORBI.GN ~CHANGE REGULATION A<
LIMITATION Acr.
PBNALCODB .
SEA CusToMS Acr.
SuiTS VALUATION Acr.
UNION JUDICIARY Acr.
---oF BunMA RBvoLUTIONARY CoUNciL LAw No. 33 OF 19.6 3.

CITY CIVIL CoURT Acrs. 25-0. 23&k (1) (x) of the Code of Civil
Procedure-withdrawal of suit by plaintijj-0. 23 Rule (i) (2) of
the Code of Civil Procedure---permissitm to institttte fresh suit-
no " withdrawal" wMt! stlit dismissed-Union of Burma Reoo-
lutionary Council Law No. 33 of 1963- s. 3 (3) and s. 5--fJesting
of the right to sue in tM Government. One U Kyaw Nyunt sued
the applicants in his own name for recovery of the prices of goods
sold and delivered. Later, permission was granted by the Court
to correct the tide of the suits to show that in "fact the suits were
instituted by the respondent through her son and agent
U Kyaw Nyunt and not by U Kyaw Nyunt in his personal
capacity. It was found out that he was not authorized to file the
suits or to act in Court on behalf of his principal The Court,
therefore, dismissed the suits. Then, U Kyaw Nyunt as duly
authorized agent of the respondent filed the suits against the
applicants for the same amount on the same causes of action.
Held: Under sub-clause (x) of Rule x of Order XXIII, the
plaintiff may withdraw himself the suits but he did not do so.
Sub-clause (2) of Rule I of Order XXIII allows the Court to
permit the plaintiff to withdraw from the suits with liberty to
institute fresh suits if it was satisfied that the suits must fail by
f~~n of sgme fofi!lal d.~fect, 'fhe 9ourt faile<:i to ~xercjs~ i~~

.
ii

powers. The parties should not be penalised for the wrong act or
omission of the Court or its officers. Therefot.e it is held that'
the suits are maintainable. When the Court dismisses a suit there
is no ~ with.d rawal ". Maung Myo and Maung Kin v. Mi Myint
Shu and jour others, (1892-1896) U.B.R. Vol. II (Civil) 244 ;
A.L..S.P.S. Soobrmrwnien Chetty v. My.at Tha U and two others,'
L-B.R. Vol. IV, 95 ; U Zawtipala v. U Thatdama, (1941) R.L.R.
205, referred to. l{istarini Dassya and others y. Sarat Clunulra
Mojumdar, A.I.R. (1916) Cal. 337 referred to. Held further :
The under!~ principl: ?f Ia:w. of nationalization according to
the Burmese Way to SoCialism Is that the.Government takes over
.an the -assets and the rights to receive but does not take any
responsibility for any debts or liabilities unless such debts or
liabilities 'Will be of any advantage or gain .t o it: as mehtioned in
. the notification. No such notification has yet been published to
.say which debts or liabilities it will take over. In the cirClUI1-
stances itmust be held that the respondent has no locus standi to
til~ the suits.

ABDUL SATTAR (.a) MAUNG THA ToN; A. Noon MABAMlm v.

DAW ZIN(a)DAWMAI ZIN .,. 413

Ctvn. PRoCEDURE CoDE s. S17(I}-return of property to the person

. claiming to be entitled to possession thereof. Held : Undec s. 517
(x) of the Civil Procedue Code, the propecty is to be returned to the
person claiming to be entitled to .possession thereof. There is
no dispute that the exhibit tobacco stalks were seized from the
possession of the applicant who was acquitted in the case. . The
trial Court held that the respondent could not prove entrustment
so for the purpose of s. 517 (x) of the Code it was the
applicant who was then in possession of the edllbits. The
goods being moveable properties the presumption of ownership
is in favour of the applicant who was in po~on and against
whom the respondent could not prove entrustment in the
criminal ca$e where the applicant was a cquitted. Hoke Gvxmv.
.A.un Wun Tan, (1949) B.L.R. 647 -(H.C.), referred to.
UPwA fl. U MYJNT MAUNG
CODB OF CIVIL PROCBOURB, S. 4 7 READ WITH S. 2 (2)- Whether executing
Court can alter, vary or add .to the terms of tlre decree. Held:
Where a decree in terms of a compromise is passed against
persons who who are parties to it tl1e decree is binding against all
persons against whom it was passed unless and until set aside by
appropriate proceedings. ItS validity -cannot be challenged in
execution proceedings. It has been universally held that the
executing Court cannot altec, vary or add to the tenns of the
decree. It cannot go into the question whether the decree was
obtained by fraud. The executing Court cannot embark on an
enquiry into facts which, if established, would show the invalidity
of the decree. The established rule that an executing Court
cannot go behind the decree is however subject to certain weU
defined exception, viz. if the decree is(i) ag:tinst a dead person,
or (ii) passed without jurisdiction, ~(iii) in contravention of an
enactment based on public policy.
U BA E AND ONE v. U MYAING AND ONE
CoDE P.F CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, s. 28---()jjence under s. 338.Pena/ Cork-
whether the Court is entitled to omit framing of charge under more
mious off~ to acauire jur#d.iftiO?z. Hef4 '; S , 28 of ~e ~t\~
 iii

of Criminal Procedure says subject to the provisions of the Code,

any offence under the Penal Code may be tried by the Court by
which such offence is shown in the 8th column of the Second
Schedule of the Code of Criminal Procedure to be triable, and
this Schedul.e shows an offence under s. 338 of the Penal Code is
triable by the Court of Sessions or the Magistrate of the First
Class. When he b~e aware of the fact that U Lay Sein had
received a grievous hurt and the case came under s. 338 of the
Penal Code he should at least have referred the case under s. 346
of the Code of Criminal Procedure to the District Magistrate with
a brief report and stayed the proceedings. The Court js certainly
not entitled to omit framing the .charge . under the more serious
offence in order to acquire jurisdiction ; and if it frames a less
serious charge instead of the more serious one through a
misappreciation of the evidence, it fails to exercise a proper-
discretion in the matter. Tlu State v. Ayyan, I.L.R. 24 Med.
675 ; Dllfllson atid one v. TM State, I.L.R. z Ran. 4SS; ljjatulla
AlunJda and others v. TM State, I.L.R. (1944) I CaL z8o, refetted
to.
UNION OF BURMA ~ .. 6
u LAY SElN t:l. MAUNG TxN AUNG ..,.

CoDE OF CiuMINAL PROCEDURE S. 346-Rm>Eru!NCE TO Tl1B DISTIUCf .

MAGisTRATE WITH A BIUEF REPoRT-sTAY THB PR()(:I;EDINGS '4>
CJtn.aN.u. PRoc.:mURB eoDE-$. 1~--summarj' procetdings-daiJia
as respects the fact Qj actual possession-question as to wMtlter
Pfmessitm is on belwlj of others or in qne's Ofll1l right imleoalll.
Held : The object of s. 145 Criminal Procedure Code is intended
only to proVide a speedy remedy for .the prevention of breaches
of peace arising out of disputes relating to immoveable property
by maintaining one or other of the parties in possession. Tbe
proceeding tmder s. J4S is a summary and not 1\ regular
Proceeding. The object is not to provide parties with an opp-
tunity of brin.g ing their civil disputes before a criminal Court or
of manoeuvring for possession for the purpose of subsequent
civil litigation. It will be found in sub"'S. (1) ofs. Lf.S CriJ:Oinal
Prooedure Code that the parties are to make claims " as respects
the fact of actual possession of the subject of dispute:''
Therefore any question as to whether possession is on behalf af
others or one's own right is quite irrelevant. Narayana Asmi
and others v. Kmulasami Asori, (1915) Cr. Law Journal, p. ~:tS ;
Agni Kumar Das v. Marat.azaddin. I.L.R. Vol. LVI 'Cal. p. 290
(F.B.) ; Rahimolishoh Alishah v. Tlu Stau, A.I.R. (1940) Siocl
p. 61, referred to.
U SBlN 'I'HAuNG AND THRPJ! OTHERS v. Tm! UNION at'
BURMA AND TWO OTIIJ!l1S 453

DP.CREB IN 'IilRMs OF A CoMPROMJSE-BlNDlNG ACJUNST ALL PmsoNS

AGAINSl"WHOMIT WAS PASSED 4!0

JURJimiCI'I~N T_O !li~ ~ SUlT-8ui:ts Vdzuation ~ II-obj<irflc

regarding fUNSdJCt:on. Held: S. u of the Swts Valuation~
enacts. that although the objection regarding jurisdiction wa
taken m the Court of first instance if there are materials befot~e
the appellate ~rt n~ .for the determination of the &PPJ!!&!
the latter Court IS bounil to diSpose of th~ appeal on merits.
V':fAYANDONE v,MAMYJNTANDFlVB~ m
 iv

!,AW OF NATIONALIZATI(>N ACCORDING TO THE BURMESE WAY TO

SoCIAL!SM~OVERNMENT TAKES OVER ALL THE ASSETS AND RIGHTS
TO RECEIVE-DOES NOT TAKE ANY RilsPONS!BJLITY FOR ANY DEBT
OR LIABILITIES UNLESS SUCH DEBTS OR LIABILITIES WILL BE OF .
ANY ADVANTAGE OR GAIN 413

LIMITATION AcT, S. 5-ADMISSION OF THE APPLICATION AFTER THE

PERIOD OF LIMITATION-WHAT CONSTITUTE SUFFICIENT CAUSE-
TO BE DETERMINED BY REFERJiNCE TO THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF
EACH PARTICULAR CASE . 420

PRESUMPTION OF OWNERSHIP OF THE GooDS-IN FAVOUR OF ONE WHO

WASINPOSSESSION 450

REcoVERY PROCEEDINGS IN WHICH THE DECREE WAS PASSED-QUESTION

OF DAMAGES TO BE DETERMINED BY THB REVl!Nt1.B CotrRT EXECU-
TING THE DECREE 435

SUIT FOR RECOVERY OF DAMAGiiS--OUCtion sale of the proper.ty at the

instance of State AgricUltural Marketing Board-Code of Civil
Procedure, s. 47-whether the questWn qJ damages arises out of -the
decree in executicm-whether a separate suit is maintainable.
U Hla Tin claimed damages against U Mya Kyaing for making
use of the property, i.e. the rice mill, sold by public auction and
for the loss incurred on account of the dismantling of the dhani
roof from the rice godown. Held : The words " All questions
arising"_ins. 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure mean all connected
questions which could properly arise or could properly have been
raised in execution proceedings between the parties to the suit.
It is . considered that the question of damages. is not merely
incidental. It directly ariser out of the decree in execution.
'l'he question of damages arising between U Hla Tin and U Mya
Kyaing who are parties to the recovery proceedings in which the
decree W!\S passed, and relating to the execution is to be
. determined by the Revenue Court executing the decree and not
by a separate suit, as a separate suit is not maintainable under
s. 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
UHI,.A TIN UMYAKYAING
u MYA KYAING v. u Ht.A TIN 435

SUIT FOR RECOVERY OF DAMAGES-jl)ining both crnmon co:~rrier and

underwriters as defendants-whether permissible wule-7 0. x Rule 3
and Rule 7 of the Code of Ciml Procedure-causes of action
against the insurance crnpany and against the common carrier.
Held : The suit was not based solely on the .lnsU!I"ance policy.
The right to relief claimed by the plaintiffs as against both the
defendants arose out of the same transaction, to wit, transport
of pulses, and if separate suits were brought against them common
questions of fact, if not of law as well, would" certainly arise.
Order I, rule 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure lays down that
all persons may be joined as defendants against whom any right
to relief in respect of or arising out of the same act or transaction
or series of acts or transactions is alleged to exist, whether jnintly,
seYerally or in the alternative, where, if separate suit.~ werc
brought against such persons, any common question of law or
fact would arise. It is therefore clear that under this rule all
persons may be joined as defendants against whom any right to
relief in respect of the same act or transaction is alleged to exist, .
Yt'h~e if separate sui~ were brou~ht aFst such persons, any
.
 v
~
~~.,

ct>mroom question of law or fact would arise. Moreover,

Order I, rule 7 of the Code enables the plaintiff who is in doubt
as to the person from whom he is entitled to obtain redress to
join two or more defendants in order that the question as to
which of the defendants is liable, and to what extent, may be
determined as between all parties. Neptune Assurance Co., Ltd.
v. Lakhiram Ghasiram, A.I.R. (38) (1951) Nag. z8o, referxed to.
It would be necessary for the plaiutiffs to prove in what manner
the loss Was incurted by thembefore he could enforce his claim
against the insurance company. The sa,me fact will have to be
traversed in respect of their claim for damages as against the
common carrier. It is therefore not quite' correct to say .that the
causes of action against the defendant were entirely distinct
inasmuch as there was at least a part of the cauSe of action which
was common to both. Pe()j>les Insurance Co., Ltd. v. Berwy
Bhusan Bh<YWmik, A.I.R. (Jo) (1943) Cal., 199, referred to.
'IHB RANGOON CARGO BOAT OWNER'S AsSOCIATION v. Ml:ssRs.
MUN DINE CoMPANY .6ND ONB ;ps

UNION JUDICIARY ACT, S. 6-.APPLiCATION FOR SPECiAL LBAVB TO

APPBAL-:-TO FILE WITHIN go DAYS UNDER ART. 179, OF THE
LiMITATION ACT ~

UNION }UDl<:IARY ACT, s. 6--Law o/Limitatimz-wliether e:cplanatian

for de'kty presenting the applie<ztian necess~dmissWil after the
.. perWd of limitation on sufficient cause. Held : There is no dispute
that the application is grossly barred by the law of limitation.
The acess of 343 days must be explained by the applicants.
They must give an explanation for every day that they defayed
which merely means that they must give some reasonable
explanation why they did not pursue their remedy within time.
Refusal to explain would defeat the rights which have become
vested on the other party. Lady Raj Malik and another v. Dr.
Susanta Sen, A.l.R. {1951) Simla 209, referxed to. Under s. 5 of
the Limitation Act however the application may be admitted after
the period of limitation if the applicant satisfies the Court that he
had sufficient cause for the dday. What constitutes sufficient
cause cannot be laid down by hard Qnd fast rules. There is nG
universal formula. It must 'be determined by a reference to the
circumstances of ~ch particular case. The discretion given tlG
the Court under the section should be exercised on its own facts
with a view to secure furtherance of justice based on judicial
principles and not arbitrarily. In exercising discretion the
Court must consider whether the applicants have acted with
reasonable diligence. S.M. Ally v. Maung San Nyein, I.L.R. I+
Ran. 155, rcfcrxed to. There is no bar under s. 6 of the Union
Judiciary Act to file an application for special leave to appeal
within 90 days under Art. 179 of the Limitation ~ against the
judgment and decree passed by three Judges of the Chief Court.
D(Jt() Shtce Sein Mra v. U Tun Aung Pru and one (F.B.) being
Civil Miscellaneous Application No. 14 of :1965 of Chief CoUtt
explained.

n~w Wrn KYI AND ONE v. M.A.L. Cm::r.rJAR FIRM AND ONE :.. ~

WRONG ACT OR OMISSiON OF TRE CoURT OR ITS OFFlcEBs-WJIETB!i!R

TREPARTIES SHOULD BE PENALISED W
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 CIVILllEVISION

Be/OI'e U Kymo Zan U, J.

~DUL SATIAR (a.) MAUNG 1HA 1UN, A.. NOOR.

. MAHAMED {APPLICANTS) tc.c.
rl}67
...bg. 1.6..
v.
DAW ZIN (a) DAVv MAl ZIN (RESPONDENT).*

City Ci'flil Court Ad s. 25-G. 23 Rde (t) (t) <if the Code <if CifJil Pr~
wit!ufrmrial of mit by plairaiff-G. 23 1Wle (I) {2) <if the Code of CirJil
!Tocedur~ to insb"tuU fresh svit-M "flliQukawal,. t11lltK
suit t/ismis$etl-Unitm of Burma ~ Council LaDJ No. 33 D{
x3-s. 3 (3) and s. s-f:lesting of the right to me in the Gootmmmt..

One U Kyaw Nyunt sued the applicants in his own name for recovery of
the prloes of goods sold and delivered. Later, permission was granted by
the Court to correct the title of the suits to show that in fact the suits "t9leCe
instituted by the IeSpOndent through her son and agent U Kyaw Nyunt _ .
not by U Kyaw Nyunt in his pel'SOnal capacity. It was found out that h e -
not authorized to file the suits or to act in Court on behalf of his principaL
The Court, therefore, dismissed the suits. Then, U Kyaw Nyunt as dulY
authorized agent of the respondent filed the suits against the applicants for
the same amount on the same causes of action.
Held : Under sub-clause ~I) of Rule I of Order XXIII, the plaintiff lJlllY
withdraw himself the suits but he did not do so. Sub-clause (2) of Rule 1 of
Order :XXID allows the Court to permit the plaintiff to withdraw from the
suits with liberty to institute fresh suits if it was srisfied that the suits must
fail by reason of some formal defect. The Court failed to eun:ise its power&
The parties should not be penalised for the wrong act or omission of the Coutt
or its officers. Therefore it is held that the suits are maintainable. Wbeu.
the Court dismisses a suit there is no " withdrawal".
Mmmg Myo and Maung Kin v. Mi Myint Shu and/OUT otlu!rs, (t89z..xli96)
U.B.R., Vol. II (Civil} Z44 ; A.L.S.P.S. Soobranrtmilm Chdty v. Myat Tht.i U .
and two otlu!rs, L.B.R. Vol. IV, 95 ; U Zmotipala v. U Thatdama, (1941}
R.L.R. 205' re.fe:m:d to.
Nistarini Dossya and oth6s v. Sarat Clumdra Mujumt!ar, A.LR. '(te)I6}
Cal 337. refeaed to.

He/J fvrther : The underlying principle of law of nationalization aocordiug

to the Bwmese Way to Socialism is that the Gove:nunent takes over .n the

Civil Revision Nos. 27 and 28 of 1967.

t Against the order of the 3l'<i Judge, City Civil Court of Rangoon ia
Civil Regular Suit Nos. 205 and :z.o6 of 1966, dated the nth AprilxC)6s.
 C.C. . assets and. the rights to recei~e. but does n()t take :~y responsibility for any
z7 debts or liabilities uniess such debts or' liabilities Will be of any advantage or
ABDUL gain to it as mentioned in the 'notification. No such notification has yet
S TT ( ) been published to say w~cP. debt!! or liablities it will ta,ke over. In the
MZuN~ rDrA cirumstances it must be held that the respondent has no locus standi to file
TUN, A. the suits.
NOOR
MAH.AldEI>
" Mr. M. A; Subhan for the applicants.
DAW ZIN
(a) DAW
MAx. ZrN. U Aye (a~ U Pye Thein for the respondent.

U KYAW ZAN. U, J.-The facts of these two revisions

whicp. I propose: ~o deal with in this single judgment, the
points for decision being the same in both the cases, are
that one U Kyaw Nyunt sueq the applican1:$ in his own
name in Civil Regular S~it Nos. i5 and i.7 of 1965 in the
City Civil Court of Rangoon for the recovery of the prices
of goods sold and delivered. The appllcants . in their
wri.tten statements contended inter alia t~at since the goods
had been nationalized by the Government the suits w~re.
not maintainable without impleading the Government to .
which the respondent replied that the goods had been
sold bef.ore the nationalizatiop. and since the Government
' had proclaimed that it would not hold respoll$ibility for
the debts owed or due :to the owner ~respond:ent) no
question to implead the Government arose in these suits.
Of the twoimportant issues framed by the Court one was
whether the Government should be impleaded in the. suits.
By agreement of the parti~s evidence in both the suits .was
.recorded j.ri a similar connected suit, being Civil Regular
Suit No. 14 of 1965 of the same Court, and permission was
granted by the Court to correct the title of the suits
to show that in fact the suits were instituted by Daw Z'in
through her son and agent U Kyaw Nyunt and not by
U Kyaw Nyunt in his personal capacity as originally stated
in the J:!Iaint.
When .U. Kyaw Nyunt was examined as agent of Daw.
Zin, the. plaintiff. ....
. (
-in all the suits he deposed he Was the.
~ager of Daw Zin's b~ess which was solely her own, c.c.
t7
and that he was her .
agent. He aamitted he signed

and AW~
verified the plaints but when the power of attorney was &:rim(, .
examined it was fotind out that he was not authorized to MA~
file the stiits or to act in Court for and on behalf of his ..... ~otl
r:a
.wSAIIAII40
principal Daw Zin. His pleader. and Daw Zin herself were o.
present with him when the Court on 23rd April 1966 ~!)o~:
dismissed the suits directing the parties to bear their own MAt ZtH.
costs. The order does not say under what order or Rule
of the Code of Oivil Procedure the C--ourt dismissed the
suits.
About 22 days or so .later U Kyaw Nyunt as duly
.authorized . agent of Daw Ziil filed Civil Regular Suit
Nos. 205 and 2o6 of' 1966 against the applicants for the
same ainount on the -same causes of action. Denying the
claims the applicants stated in their amended written state.
ments that the. suits are barred by reason of the previous
dismissals and j.nasmuch as the business of the plaintiff
.{respondent) has been nationalized by the Government the
plamti:ff has no locus standi to sue and at any' rate the
piaintiff has no subsisting cause of action in respect of the
goods alleged to have been sold anc:J. delivered prior to
nationalization. It was further contended that without
P!ejudice the suits are premature as the Government has
not given any compensation as yet for $e goOds
nationalized. The Court framed six jssues. out of which
two being Nos. 1 and 5 were answered as preJiminary
issues. Th.ese two issues relate to the maintainability of
the suits due to their dismissals previously and to the right
.and liberty of the respondent (plaintiff) to. file the suits
.afresh or iin other words, whether the respondent has
locus standi to file the suits. The Court -on r rth April
1967 held that neither the respondent Daw Zin nor her
.~uly authorized agent institu.ted the suits previously and
that as U Kyaw Nyunt. has now instituted them for and .
on beh.alf of Daw Zin as ~er duly autli.~rized agent, these .

.
 later suitS are maintainable and that the respondent
(plaintiff) cQil.ld fik the suits afresh as the Goveniment did
AliPUL
SATTAR (a) not take the responsibility for debts d~e and owed to the
. . M~ ra
NooR
business When it nationalized, Or, in Other WOrdS, the
Government took no responsibility to pay or to recover
. ~MBD the debts, and proceeded with the hearing of the suits.

~!)n::r Hence these revisions against the said order dated

MAr ZtN. rrth April I967 under section 25 of the Rangoon City
Civil Court Act whlich unlike section HS of the Co<;l.e of
Civil Procedure is not narrow or limited. Under section 25
this Court has very wide powers to see and satisfy itself
that the order passed by ~he lower Court is according to
law or not.

As regards the first point lthe applicants' Advocate

submitted in his argument that as no permission was
granted by the Court under Order XXIII, Rule I (2) of the
Code of Civil Procedure to institute freh suits .ill respect
of the same subject matter, the respondent was precluded
from instituting the suits afresh under Order XXIII.
Rule .I (3) of the Code. I do not agree. The question of
withdrawal of the suits by U Kyaw Nyunt never arose.
There was no doubt a formal defect and the Court should
have granted h1m permission to withdraw from the suits
under Order XXIII, Rule r (2) with liberty to institute
fresh suits instead of dismissing them. Under sub-
clause (I) of Rule r of Order XXIII, the plaintiff may
withdraw himself the suits but he 'did not do so. Sub-
clause (2) of Rule I of Order XXIII allows the Court to
permit the plaintiff to withdraw from the suits with liberty
to institute fresh suits if it was satisfied that the suits
must fail by reason of some . formal defect. The Court
failed to exercise its powe:rs. The parties should not be
penalised for the wrong. act or omission ot the Court or
its officers. I therefore bold that the suits are maintainable.
. Wh.en the Court dismisses a suit there is no " withdrawal ".
In Maung Myo and Maung Kin v. Mi Myit Shu and four ~9~
o.thers (I) where the wrong plaintiffs were impleaded it .A..BoUL
was J'leld that it was obviously. useless to go on vtith the SATTAR (a)
case when the plaintiffs had themselves no cause of action ~~~ J:!'-
at all, and the best way was for a fresh suit to be brought ~:;Ao;;BD
by the proper parties. In A.L.S.P.S. Soobramonien Chetty tl."?-:at
_. d h ( ) h h .
v. Myat ThaU an two ot ers 2 w ere .t e smt was (a)DAw DAW ZIN

instituted not by the principal but by the agent of another MAx ZIN.
person and dismissed by the trial Court, the appellate:
Court held that as the suit had been filed in the name of
the wrong person by bona fl.de mistake,. and as the substi-
tution of the p~oper plaintiff was necessary for the deter- .
mination of the real matter in di~pute, the lower Court
should have substituted the proper plaintiff under (old)
section 27 [now Order I, Rule 10 {ID] of the Code of Civil
Procedure and remanded the case for substitution of the
proper plaiintitf and for decision on the merits. In
U Zawtipala y. U Thatdama (3) the head-note reads :
" Where a claim is disallowed on the ground that the
.plaintiff Iacl~ed the necessary status to give him a r:\ght of
suit at the time he filed the suit, a second suit on the same
cause of action, filed after acquiring the status, is not barred
as res-judicata."
That is to say, a second suit on the same cause of action
lies. In Nis'tarini Dassya and others v. Sarat Chandra
Mojumdar (4) where the widow of the deceased in whose
favour the mortgage was executed brought a suit upon the
mortgage as administratrix to her husband's estate not
knowing that her powers as administratrix had come to an
end then, she prayed that the heirs of the deceased be added
as plaintiffs and accordingly the Court being satisfied that
the suit was instituted in the name of the wrong person
through a bona fide mistake allowed her prayer under
Order I, Rule 10 (I) of the Code of Civil Procedure . . The :
(1) (1892-1896) U.B.R. Vol. II (Civil}, 244. (3) (1941) R.L.R. 204.
e> L.B.R. Vol. IV, 95 . (4) A.I.R. (xgx6) Cal. 337
30
 c.c. High Court held th~ order was)roper . . Under Order I.
Ig6';
Rule IO (r) the Court may at at"ly stage of a suit substitute
AlJDUL
SAT'l'AR {a)..
or .a dd as plaintiff if it thinks just. .
MI.ONG TflA Now as regards the second point, section 3 (3) of the
aN, A.
Noo.a. Uni0n of Burma Revolutionary Council Law No. 33 of 1963
llltaB.AMED C <: <: C' ~ C' OC' r.:.~~,\(;:: C' ) .
0. ( O@'cs?. ~01 ~Cf>:<JJ?: tl~~C .1Jt'-"('-'8C: eocos says-
D.AWZIN
( ) ' C' 0 r,: C' OC' r,;,c- C' <: "} C'
(a)D.AW
MAt ZIN.
? o:>c:~ t1~~m~0 <e>roJe?'Xf>~ G:3d:>mot m:;,Jm<Jp:
'L c- c-
0100~~11
( ) . 0 :1 (' C' ~ 0<' C'
\ ()) m~. ~r=e~~ ~~:8;)?~:1
(~) m~o1~t=~ <@~~J:>:s,mSJ ~=9ID OO')O~O?t~
o c ~ f.9 c- .,
GO:<Xfo:>G:D:> "'~~:>OfGJ-=>:
Since the Government has :not yet notified which debt or
. debtS are fit and pr9per for it to bear the .obligations and
. to settle -and pay the sub-clause (;;,) js irrelevant in the
instant case. Sub-clause ( m) says all the goods or proper-
ties owned by the busineSs nationali:red must be included.
.in the notification. W~m 3 of Part I Qf Notification No. 39.
dated r9th March 1964 (BurmaGo.zette dated 2Ist March
1964, Part I, page 325) runs:

It dearly says that all the relevant rights to re-ceive'

(Q186:;,t~-:>~-~=) in respect of the busin-eSs con~n must vest
' l ~ L
in the C.overnment, that. js to say, the .commercial goods
an,d the furniture of the shops. Hence the .rights of the
~-espondent Daw Zin to recover the prices of the goods sold
and delivered vested in the Government when her business
was nationalized . thus depriving her right to rue the
applican~ f?r t~e amount cla1med in the suit:s which sh~H.
be considered only by the committee formed an'd named
in Item 3 of Part II of the aforesaid notification No. 39,
dated I9th March 1964 as directed by .the Government s~~:(a)
under section 5 of the Union of Burma Revolutionary l\~~ 'f::"
Council Law No. 33 of 1963 when :it assesses compensation MNooR
AfiAMBD
for nationalization. Section I I of the Union of Burma o.
Revolutionary Council
C'<l ') (' (' c
Law
No.8 of 1965 (oe~~ ~;~t ~oS ~!)o::'
C' C'OC' C' (' C' C' ) MAI ZIN
a:>~v:ot:GO:M-:> 0)~~-:>"I.)<JDO):T.> O.:>o:.>C~CI:It-:>:~o~c:~:-n ::>OGS
l> -1 -T ~~ JL 6 L l A~ IJ J C1 l,;..

which was promulgated later makes the points now under

consideration more dear and free from any doubts. It
runs as follows :

It says that the Government shall take over only the.

relevant Ilights to receive (9q8~~~p:) and shall be un'der
no obligation for payments (Go:'lt) except for those
especially mentioned in the notification. Reading all the
relevant enactments 6n the subject I am of the opinion
that the underlying principle of law of nationalization
according to the Burmese Way to Socialism is that the
Government takes over all the assets and .~he rights to.
receive but does not take any responsibility or any debts
or liabilities unless such debts or liabil~ties will be of any
advantage or gain to it as mentioned in the notification.
No such notification bas yet been published to say which
debts or liabilities it will take over. In the circumstances
it must be held that the respondent Daw Zin has no locus
standi to file the suits.
In the result ~e applications are allowed and the order
of the lower Court dated 1 Ith April 1967 is set aside with
costs in both the Courts. Advocate's fee in each of these
revisions K 85.
 CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPUCATION
.
. "

Before U Kyaw Za.n U and U ~ein Thmn;JJ.

tc.c. DAW WIN KYI AND ONE (APPLICANTS)

...._
.~967
v.
..Avg~ l .
M.A. L. CHEITJk:q_ FIRM AND . ONE (RESPONDEJ:. rrs.).*
.

Uni~ Judiciary Act, s. 6-Law of Limitation-whether explanation for <b.J.ay

presentillg tr.e applicati<m necessary-odmissron after the peri.od of
limitation on sufficient came.

Held : There is no dispute t'hat the application is .grossly barred by the

law ofiimitation. The-eicess of 343 days must be explained by the applicants.
They must .give an explanation :for ev-ezy day that they delayed which merely
means that they must give some .:reasonable explapation why they .did not
pUJ'Sue their .r~medy within -time. Refusal to explain would defeat the
rights which have become vested on the other party.
Lady Raj Malik and ancther v. Dr. Susanta Sen, A.I.R. (:r.gst) Simla 209,
referred to. .
s
Und s. of the Limitation Act however the application may be admitted
after the period of limitation if the.appJicailt -satisfies the Court that he had
sufficient cause for the delay. What constitutes <SUfficient cauie cannot be
laid. down by hard and fast rules. There is no universal formula. It m~t
be .d~ed .by a t"eference to the circumstances of each particular case.
The discretion ,given to the 'Court under the section should be e~~:ercised on
its own .facts with a view to -secure furtherance of justice based on judicial
principles and not ~rbitrarily. In. exercising discretion the Court must
consider whether the applicants have acted With reasonable diligence.
S.M. Ally v. Maung San Nyein, I.L.R. 14- Ran. t:SS. referred to.
There is no bar under s. 6 o{ the Union Judiciary Act to file an application
for special leave 'to appeal within go days under Art. 179 of the Limitation Act
against the judgment and decree passed by three Judges of the Chief Court.
D~w Shwe Sein Mr~ v. U Tun Aung Pr:u and one (F.B.) being Civil
Miscellaneous Application No. z4 of 196s of Chief Court ~plained.

U Hla Pe (2) .f or Dr~ Ba Han for the applicants.

Mr. G. N. Banerji for the respondent .No. r. '
U Ant Gyaw and U '(ha.n Aung for the respondent No. 2
.-Civil .Mise: Application No. 4-6 of 1965.
t Against the judgtllent and d~ Qf thi$ Col!lt io Civil Miscellaneous
Appeal No. 40 of 1963 plissed on 19th September 19'64 made under s. 6 of.
the Union Judiciary Act.
 9J.O
...
. U KYAW ZAN U, J.-This is an application under section c.c.
1967
<6 of the Union Judiciary Act for special leave to appeal DAW WIN
against the judgment and decree passed on 19th September KYI
ANDONB
1964 by three Judges of this Court 'in Civil Miscellaneous f),
M.A.L.
Appeal No. 40 of 1963. The parties agreed before us c~
FJ:R'M AND
that the date of presentation of the application whiCh is ONE,
not very clear from the entries made in the proceedings
by the office *ould be :fixed as 13th December 1965, i.e.,
460 days after the date of the judgment and decree, and
when 27 days spent on copying as calculated by the office
are excluded the application was presented 433 days after
the date of the judgment and decree, though the law
allows qnly 90 days under article 1.79 of the Limitation
Act within whic~ to present the application from the
date of the decree. The applicants in then 'ajiidavits also
affirmed that 'the application was presented to the Court
on 13th December 1965. There is no dispute that the
application is grossly barred by the law of limitation.
The excess of 343 days must be explained, by the appli-
cants. They must give an explanation for every day tha,t
they delayed which merely means that they must give
some reasonable explanation why they did not pursue .
their remedy within time. Refusal to explain would
defeat the rights which have become vested on the other
party. Lady Raj Malik and another v. Dr. Susanta Sen (I).
Under section 5 of t.lJ.e Limitation Act however the
application may be admitted after the period of limitation
if the applicant satisfies the Court that he had sufficient
cause for the delay. What constitutes sufficient cause
cannot be laid ~own by hard and fast rules. There is
no universal formula. It must be determined by a
r~ference to the circumstances of each particular case.
The discretion giv:en to the Court under the section
should be exercised on its ovvn facts with a view to secure
(x) A.I.R. (1951) Strcla 209,
.lfJ J
c.c. furtherance of justice based on judicial principles a.fld not
1967
arbitrarily. In exercising discretion the Court must con-
DAW WIN
KYI sider whether the applicants have acted \Vith reasonable
ANDONB
v. diligence. S. lvf. Ally v. M aung San Nyein (i)~ Under
M.A.L . sub-clause (2) of section I4 of th e Limitation Act, so far
CHll'iTlAR
FlJi.M AND as this application is concer:ned, only the tiffi.e spent on
ONE,
prosecuting another proceeding vvith due diligence
agai11st the respondents for th.e same relief in good faith
in the original Court or in the Court of appeal, which,
fr~m defect of
jurL~ction or other cause of' a like
nature,
is unable to entertain it, can be excluded. This sub-clause
has no aliplication here as the sufficient cause set forth
~. -

in the affidavits in support of the application is .that the

applicants' Advocate Dr. Ba Han, the doyen of the
Rangoon Bar learned only on 23rd Novem~ 1965 of the
decision of the Fuil Bench -of this Court dated roth
AUiust I965 in Ovil Misceilaneous Applicati~n No. I4 of
1965 {Daw Sh'Y>'e Sein Mra v. U Tun Aung Pru and -one)
that he could file an appeal under section 6 of the Union
Judiciary Act against the judgment at"ld decree passed by
three Judges and that they (the applkants) ~emselve.s cam~
to know of it the next day and yet they were not diligent .
enough to file this application for special le~ve within a
.reasonable time, but waited till 13th December 1965.
Under article 179 of the Limitation Act time begins to
run from .the d~te o,f the decree appealed from and not
from the date of knowledge of the right of appeal. . The
Full Bench decision in Civil Miscellaneous ~<\pplication
No. 14 of 1965 was passed so long ago as roth August
196:5: i.e., 125 days before the filing of the present applica-
tion. Dr.Ba Han did not appear before us, so we did not
~ave. the pleasure of knowing from him personally whether
he re~y came to knqw of .t he right to appeal only mi
(z) I.L.R. I4 Ran. ISS

.
 23rd November 1965, that is over 105 days after the pass~ c.c.
1967
ing of the judgment in the FuJI Bench case. As a matter
DAW WIN
of fact, :there is no bar at all under section 6 of the Union KYI
AND ONE
judiciary Act as substituted by the Union Judiciary Act v.
Amending Law, 1962 being the Union of Burma Revolu~ M..A.L.
CHE'I:T!AR
tionary Council Law No. 41 of 1962, to an application FIRM AND
OY.ill,
for special leave to appeal against the judgment and
decree passed by three Judges. The word " any " which
. appears at three places in the section is very significant.
It _says special leaye may be granted to appeal from any
judgment or decree in any case of any Court eve..n includ~
ing a Court constituted by .one or t'vVo Judges. At most
it can be said is that the seCtion is not properly worded.
The applicants could have filed this application for special-
leave to appeal under section 6 of th~ Union Judic;iary
Act within 90 days from the date of the decree, i.e., 19th
September 1964 under article 179 of the Limitation Act.
It may be of interest to quote the relevant extract from
the judgment in Civil Miscellaneous Application No. 14
of 'r965 of the Full Bench. of which one. of us was a
member.
(( C' J;;:O:O ~ C'Q OC'A; ~ C'
o:>?~tro?:t~c: ro'P:O;(e1: TQ)e:o:>'J~~SJ e:l'J:.p Q)Q)Goo:Go:
8Go:>'J
j.l
rou:>oo~9:o:)(~
tl ..l ill A -- -r u.t.J o5:3:
mro:o:>I03: t c,
OJofGo:>'J ro0m
"6
r,:;: .>:.S'J
~ 1
r.: ('' ('
~:tlro~9JC
~ ('
[j~CO'JC~
(' Q C'
oxp:Q)9CG9: 2UG9 ~9~
C' r.
I.'S OO'jl 00~:
c c c -:>OC!QC' or,G A; c r,;: c ' c c
ro~~oc~.:: Go::>'Jc:~~csc: ~280f?~roe:;: ~:19roco'J:~o:>t:; "'CJ:?.CD
G~lll
o.~
u:>~
L
O:x>?~GQG~:
"--' J, ~ T ~
~:XQf:m
w Al'f
Gsf GQSg~e)
.u1 f
GCOI>J&ro?Gof
JJ .-.)
o....J
~J
~r.: ~? "!" c cr,;A; cc o C' c r,;: c
g)jtJOXlf'J<Jt GUI ~OJCt}9)0.J? qj~uqrs-dG.jif<? Q)[:1Q)'Jg ~:tJOJ
r;:::C' r,;:c c"
Go:qac:tlQ)o:>~ "

It is clear from the judgment that the applicants cannot

take refuge in it. Their explanation for the great delay
is utterly unreasonable and unsound. We were i~ormed
that an appliCation to review the judgment now sought
to appeal against was also filed on 19th November :,:964
.before the filing of the present application, but it is still
9J9
c.c. pending: If we may say so, the applicants put up a
x.C){i?
double-edged claim a rather unusual claim to review the
DAW WIN
KYt ju~gment as well as to appeal against the same. 1be
AND ONE
t1.
Full Bench decision does not upset the existing law on
M.A.L. the point in any way. It merely confirms the meaning
CHRniAR
FmM AND it mnveys.
ON,
In the result the application fails and is dismissed
with Cost:s. Advocate's fee K 68 for respondent No. r.
 CIVIL FIRST APPEAL
Before U Sei~ Thinn, J.

THE RANGOON CARGO BOAT OWNERS' ASSOCIA-

TION (APPELLANT)
v.
MESSRS. MUN DINE COMPANY AND ONE
{RESPONDENTS).*

Suit for rec<n;ery of damages-foining both common carrier and ftnderwriters as

defend.ants-whether Permissible under 0. 1 Rule 3 and Rule 7 of the Code
of Ci'IJil Procedure-causes of aticn .against the insurance company and
against the commcn carrier.
Held : T'ne suit was not based solely on the Insurance policy. The right
to relief claimed by tbe plaintiffs as against both t..~e defendants a!'ose out of
the same tr.Gn::acticn to wit, t.ra!'.sport of pulses, and if separllte s1rits were
brought agllinst them commC?n que-stions of fact, if not of law2s well, would
certainly arise. Order I, rule 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure Jays down
that all persons may be joined as defendants ag::inst whom any right to relief
in respect of or arising ou.t of the sam2 act or transaction or series of acts or
transactions is nl.leged to exist, whe.ther jointly seve::ally or in the alte;;native, .
where, if separate suits were brought against suc..h persons; any common
question of law o1 f<lct would a.":i.'le. It is tl1.C."'efore clear that un-ier t.~is i:ule
all persons may be joined as defendants agains1; whom s.ny right to reli~f in
resp0et of the r.ame act or transection is a!legcl to 'eJCist, wh~re if separate suits
were brought 2gf.inst such persons, any com_ft'.on question of l!!w cr fact would
.a.rise. Moreover, O.rdcr I, rule 7 of the Code c.'ll!bles the plaintiff who is in
doubt as to the person from whom he is entidei to obtain redress to join two
or more defendants in order that the question as to 'Which of the defendants is
liable, and to what extent, may be determined as betwee11 all parties.
Neptune Assurance Co., Ltd. v. Lal>.Jriram Gkasuam, A.I.R. (38) (1951) Nag.
'28o referred tc.
It would be n=sary for the plaintiffs to prove in what manner the l.oss
was incurred by them be!o.re he <:Ould enforee his claim against the insurance
company. The same fact will 11&-.;-e to be ttaversed in respect of their claim
for dama~ &s against the common. carrier. It is therefore not quite correct
to say that the causes of action against the defendant. were entirely distinct
inasmuch as there was at least a part of the cause of action which was common
to both..
Peqp_les Insurance Co., Ltd. v. Benoy Bhusan Blwum:ik, A.I.R. (3~) (1943)
<AU., 199 referred to.

Civil First Appeal No. 54 of 1966.

t Against e decree of the Additional -Chief Judge. City Civil of -court
Rangoon in Civil Regular Suit No. 785 of 1962, dated the sth September t6
 c.c. Mr. G. N . Banerji for the appellant.
1967

RA;;::oN U Myint Soe for the respondent No. 2

. CARGO BOAT
OWNl!RS'
AssoclATION TT s
\J ~EIN T H1NN, J.-T' di
~ne - Ul1< spute
d f aCtS 0 f t_he Case
ME~;s: MtiN
out of which this appeal has arisen are as follo,,rs. The
co~~v plaintiffs, Messrs. Mundine Company, chartered a cargo
AND om. boat_. C.B. No. 69, from the Rangoon Cargo Boat Owners'
Association, a common carrier, for the purpose of
transporting beans from Ali Molla Jet~y to S.S. "Sangola ~
which was moored mid:.s~eam. The beans were insured
Vt!ith the South British Insura."lce Co. Ltd. as per exhibit
insurance nolicy containing what is known as F.P.A.
clause whi~h e~empts the underwriters _from liability for
loss against any damage due to goods coming into contact
with water. On 9th April 1962 three .hundred and
seventy-two bags of beans were loaaed into C.B. No. 69
which was towed to S.S. "Sangola" and kept alongside
of it. The unloading began at about 2 a.Ill:. on roth April
1962. As the bags were being unloaded the C.B. started
leaking and in spite of the attempt to bail out the water
one hundred and eighty-eight bags of beans were damaged.
The plaintiffs thereupon claimed from the South British
Insurance Company a sum of K r I ,ooo being the
proportionate insured value for the beans damaged. The
underwriters however rejected the claim on the ground
that the damages were due to goods coming into contact
with water which was the result of unseaworthiness of.
the C.B. The plaL11th"fs then directe<;l their claim to the
Rangoon Cargo Boat Ovvners' A..ssociation, the present
appellants before me, who likewise disclaimed liability
attributing the loss of pulses to LlJ.clement weather. Faced
with a dilemma as to whom rightful claim should be
. preferred the plaintiffs therefore filed the present suit .
joining both common carrier and underwriters as the-
defendants.
 9J 't

The learned trial Judge after a careful scrutniy of the c.c,

1967
evidence, both orai and documentary, obtaining on the
TaB
record of the lower Court came to the findings that the Ru;Go(ft'{
damages were occasioned on account of the unseawmthi~ c.~:_'l!!>."T
ness of the C.B. ; that the pulses having been damaged ASsoc~TtoN
due to contact \vi.th water the South British Insurance Co. Mess!s. MUN
was not liable as the policy. did not .cover such a loss by co~::NY
virtue of the F.P .A. clause embodied therein ; that the AND ONB.
loss -being d.irecdy attributable fo L"'le negligence on the
part of the owners of the C.B. in hiring out one which
was not seaworthy the Rangoon . Cargo Boat Owners'
Association in their capacity as a common carrier were
liable for the loss of the pulses valued at K 9,34907.
He accordingly passed a decree for the said su.m against
the appellants with proportionate costs. Hence this .
appeal.

There being not the slightest doubt that the .beans were
damaged due to unseaworthiness of C.B. No. 69 which
was hired out by the appellants in their capacity as a
common carrier the appellants were surely under a
s~tutory liability to make good the loss occasioned by
their negligence. Thus the only poin.t worthy of con-
sideration in this appeal is whether the suit was bad for
misjoinder of defendants and causes of action aS alleged
by the appellants. Mr. Banerji, the learned counsel for
the appellants contends that the suit having ~n based
on the Insurance policy to which his clients were not
parties, they should not b.ave been joined as defendants.
But it is not <:Orrect to say that the suit was based solely
on the Insurance policy. The right to relief claimed
by the plaintiffs as agai'l.St both the defendants arose out
of the same tf<$Saction, to wit, transport of pulses, and
if separate suits were brought against them common ques-
tions of fact, if not of law as well. would certainly arise.
Order I, Rule 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure lays down

.
9JO

that all persons. may be joined as defendants against whom

any right to relief in respect of or arising out of the same
TaB
RANGOON

act or transaction
or senes of acts or tra~sactions
. . aIleg-
1s
-c~;~~T ed to exist, whether jointly, severally or in the alternative,
AssociATioN where if separate suits were brought against such persons,
. ~ .
Mssas. any common question of law or fact would arise. It is
~=p~~B therefore clear that under this rule all persons may .be
ANo.oNa. joined as defendants .against whom any right to relief 1n
respect of the same act or ttansacti~n is alleged to exist,
where if separate suits were brought against such persons,
any common questibn of law or fact would arise. More-
over, Order i. Rule 7 of the -Code enables.the plaintiff who
in doubt as to the person from whom he is entitled to
obtain redress to join tvvo or more defendants in order
that the quest'ion as to which of the defendants is liable. and
to what extent, may be determined as between all _parties.
Thus in ~he_ case of Neptune Assurance Co. Ltd. v.
lilkhiram Chasirani (1) it was held that in a suit for
damages for injuries sustained ~y the phtintiff while travel-
ling in a bus as a result of rasb .driving, against the owner
and . driver of a motor bus, the Insurance Company with
whom the.bus is insured against third party risks can be
impleaded as defendant under the principle under lying
Order 1, Rules 7 and IO (2) of the Code of Civil Procedure.
It.is neA.1: contended that as the causes of action against
the defendants being different they should not have been
impleaded in the same suit. I am however unable to
subscribe to this view. The expression " cause '<;>f action "
has been cQmpendiously defined to rp.ean every fact whic~
it would be necess;;.ry for the plaintiff to prove in order
to support his right t.o the judgment of the Court.
.AJthough it does not comprise every piece of evidence .
which is necessary to prove each fact it does comprise
every fact which is necessary to be proved to entitle the
(x) A.I.R. (38) (1951) Nag. z8o.
 9.te.

plaintiff to lhe decree sought for. In other words, it c.c.

1g67
means the whole bundle of material facts necessary for
the plaintiff ~0 prove in order to entitle him to SUCceed RA;::~~N
in the suit. Thus in the instant case it would be necessary ~A0R~ Bo~T
.- ERS
for the plaintiff to prove in what manner the loss was A.ssociA.TioN
incurred by: t..~em before he could enforce his claim ME~&s.
against the insurance company. The same fact will have rg:p~~-f
to be traversed i,n respect of their claim for damages as AND oNE.]
against_ the common carrier. It is therefore not quite
rorrect to say that the causes of action against the defend
ant were entirely distinct inasmuch as lhere was at least
pari of the cause of action which was common ~o both.
For in Peoples-Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Benoy Bhusan Bhowmik
and others (2) it was h~ld that in case of a life insuran.ce-
policy the clt;rimant n:iust prove the death of the assured
before he_can enforce his claim against the company and
that the death of .the assured is thus a material part of the
-cause of action. But even conceding that the cause of
action against the defendants are distinct there is no
dearth of authority for the proposiqon that two or more
defendants may be' joined as parties in one suit, though
there are two or ~ore causes of action, provided the right
to the r.elief claimed arises from the Sa!ne act or transac-
tion and there is a <:ommon ~uestion of law or fact_
For all the reasons stated above I would hold that
this appeal fails and is ~ereby dismissed with costs. Advo-.
cates fee fixed as ~ee gold mohms.

(2) A.I.R. ~o) (1943) Cal. 199.

 CIVIL MISCELLANEOUS APPEAL

Before U Kya1<1 Zan U , :f.

t c.c. U BA. E AND ONE (APPELLANTS)

. 1967
.Aug. 8. v.
u MYAING AND ONE (RESPONDENTS).*

Code of Civil Prr,cedure, s. 47 read with s. 2 (2)~hether executing Court can

alter, vary or add to tlw terms of the decree.

Held : where a decree in terms of a compromise is passed against persons

who are parties to it the decree is binding against all persons agamst whom it
was passed unless and until set aside by appropriate proceedings. Its vaj.idity
cannot be challenged in execution proceedings. . It has been universally held
that thecxecuting Court cannot alter, V3IY or add to the terms of the decree.
It cannot go into the question whether the decree was obtained by fraud.
The executing Court cannot embark on an enquiry into facts which, i.f
established, would show the invalidity of the decree. The established rule
that an cxecutirig Court cannot go behind the de01ee is however subject to
certain well defined exception, viz. if the decree is (i) against a dead person,
or (ii) passed without jurisdiction, or (iii) in contravention of an enactment
based on public policy.

U B.a Aye for the rst appellant .

.U Ba C~-yaw for u'I.e respondents.

U KYAW ZAN U, ].-This is an appeai under section 24
of the Rangoon City Civil Court Act arising out of Civil
Execution Case No. 206 of 1963 of the City Civil Court
(2nd judge) of Rangoon against the judgment and decree
datea 29th April 1966 passed under section 47 read with
section 2 (2} of the Code of Civil Procedure.
In Civil Regular Suit No. 557 of 1959 the appellants
obtained a consent decree on 14th October 1959 agains.t
the respondents for payment of_K 5,ooo \vith costs amount-
ing to K 70950 on condition that on obtaining a registered
* Civil Miscellaneous Appeal No. 25 of 1966.
t Against the decree of the 2nd Judge, City Civil ~ourt of Rangoon in
~iv~l Execution Case No. 206 of 1963, da~ed the 29th April 1966.
power of attorney as per original agreement between the
parties from the resp.;)ndents to file a suit for ejectment of
the tenants from No. 5. U Kwai Street, Sanchaung, u B~! A-""D
Rangoon, U Ba E the rst appellant (origina1 .2nd plaintiff) v.
U MYAING
should file the suit and give possession of the house, but A..>m oNe.
on failure to comply with the condition imposed upon the
respondents, the appellants (plali.nti..ff-decree-holders) would .
be entitled to have the decree money with no such condi-
tion attached.
In Civil Regular Suit No. 65 of 196o of.the Rangoon
City Civil Court, {J Ba E, on behalf of U Myaing; the
Ist respondent who also represented his minor son, the
2nd resp;)ndent instituted a suit against one U Thein Aung.
a tenant of the premises for ejectment, but on 16th May
1962 the suit was dismissed Without costs as settled out
of Court, and half the amount of court-fees paid was
refunded to the app...ofiants (plaftntiffs) under section 28 (I~ -
of the Rangoon City Civil Court Act. The order (~
does not show -on what terms the suit was settled. In.
Civil Regu!ar Suit No. 76 of 1960 of the same C ourt also
U Ba E on beha!f of the respondent obtain~ a decree on
confession without costs for ejectment of the other remain-
ing tenants of the same premises on 23rd January 1963.
In Civil Execution Case No. 206 of 1963 out of which
the present appeal has arisen, the appellants applied on
19th February r963 for payment of K s.ooo and costs
against the respondents in accordance with the terms of
the decree and in default for attachment of the building
and site in question, viz . No.5, U Kwai Street, Sanchaung.
Rangoon stating that the tenants had vacated and U Ba E
had delivered ~on of the premises to the respondents_
The respondents (judgment-debtors) contended that the
decree for. payment of K 5,ooo in favour of the appellants
{decree-holders) was in reality in respect of the another
-cause of action .and not in respect of the cause of action
9?J
c.c. shown in the suit which was a suit (Civil Regular Suit
1
967 No. 557 of 1959) for the recovery of K 5,ooo due as
u BA EAND balance purchase money. The consent decree was for
o;: . payment of the same amount with costs with a condition
~~Y:~~ adyantageous to the respondents that the appellant U Ba E
must file a suit or s1,1its for eject.inent of tr~e tenants
residing !in the suit premises and after ejecting them and
giving possession of the premises flo the respondents on his
fir~t obtaining a registered. power of attorney from the
respondents for the purpose 9f filing the said suit. U Ba E
has stated in the application for execution that he has
complied with the c9ndition imposed. The respondents
admitted in the objections tliat U Ba E did file Civil Regular
Suit No. 65 of 1960 for ejectment of the tenants in the City
Civil CoUrt of Rangoon, but the suit was settled out of
Court at the instance of the rst respondent (judgment~
debtor) and not at the instance of U Ba E. It must be
remembered that U Ba E was representing the respondents
and his registered power of attorney. had not been
cancelled t.lJ.en. In the objections the respondents through
their Advocate raised other new facts . which ought to
have been r_aised in the suit itself. They are irrelevant
here. The respondents never denied that they have
obtained possession of the premises. Their main point is
that the appellants are not entitled fo K s,ooo and costs.
The burden lay.heavily on theni. The consent decree was
never set aside on ground of fraud or illegality and it
still stands up to this date.

. The Advocate for the respondents (defendant-judgment-

debtors) contended before me that the decree obtained m
Civil Regular Suit No. 557 of 1959 is illegal but in view of
the decision i.n S. A. Nathan v .. S. R. Samson (r1 which says
" A subsisting decree passed by a duly constituted Court,
that has not been set a~~e in.proceedings by way of appeal,
(x} I.L.R. 9 Ran. 480.
 9??

revision, review or otherwise by due process of law, is not c.c.

to be treated as a mere nullity, but is binding and conclu~ 1967

sive against the parties thereto duly impleaded in the suit" u B~!AND
this point which was also raised an paragraph 2 of the f),
UMYAING
written objections in .the lower Court was abandoned. AND oNE.
This authority was followed by the late Supreme Court in
Cassin ]eewa and another v. The Moulmein Munici-
pality (2).
The lower Court held an enquiry under section 47,
Code of Civil Procedure and in its judgment dat~
29th April 1966 it went into the full facts of the suit and
said that there was no supporting evidence .to show that
there was a balance of K 5,000 due to the appellants from
the respondents as purchase money. Under section 2 (2)
of the Civil Procedure Code " decree " which follows the
judgment shall be deemed to includ~ " the determination
of any question within section 47 ". I do not understand
how the lower Court could reopen the suit when a consent
decree had ah'eady been passed in it. It said it was
difficult to hold K s,ooo was the balance purchase money.
It gave the decree and subsequently it said it was not a
legal one: It held that it was impossible for. the appellants
as decree-holders to recover K 5,000 as decreed and what-
ever it might be it was not possible to determine that the
appellants had solely carried out the condition l.mposed
on them as per decree and dismissed the application .for
execution. Each party was ordered to bear its own. costs.
It is ind1sputable that the Court executing .a decree must
take the decree as it stands and has no power to go behind
it or to entertain an objection to the legality or correctness
of the decree. An applicati{)n in execution assumes the
validity of the decree sought to be executed. If it is
competent to a judgment-debtor to mise in execution
questions as to the vaFidity of a decree, there seems to be
very little reason why he should not question the pr?priety
(z) (1951) B.L.R. 176 (S.C.).

31

'.
 yc of. the decree, and thus rip up the whole proceedings. I
~-967
- am of opm10n
. not a proced ure a llowed
th at t his Is .. by Iaw..
u B~;iAND The executing Court .Will be travelling beyond its
.u ~AtNG -coo1_peteRce if it allows the j~dgment-debtor . to raise-
AND ONE. questions of fact on proof of which it might appear that

th~ d.~cree sought to be executed was a nullity or an illegaf

one: The Court is construing the decree and not consider-
ing its merits. Hence where a decree in terms of a oom-
prom~e ~ passed against persons who are parties to it
the 4ecree is binding against all persons .againSt whom it
. was passed unless and until set aside by appropriate
. procriedings. Its validity cannot be challenged in execu-
tion p~ding~. It has been universally held that the
.executirig .Court cannot alter, vary or add to the terms of
the decree. ' it cannot go into the question whether the
docreewas obtained by fraud. The exectrting Court cannot
embark 'on an enquiry into facts . which; if established~
would show the invalidity of the ~ecree. The established
rule that an executing Court cannot go behind the decree
is however subject to certain well defined e xceptions, viz.
if the decree is (i) against a dead person, or (ii~ p~ed
without jurisidiction, Or (iii) in Contravention of anenact-
ment based on public policy. These ex-ceptions do not
arise in the present instance. In Shanker Rao and others
v. Raghunathrao (3) cited by the respondents' Advocate,
it was held that there was no appeal against the order
discharging the defendant (resp3ndent} from the .su-i t under
O~der I, Rule- 10 (2) of the Civil P:rocedure Code. It haS
no rclevance to the preSent appeal.. .
In the result the apfY'...al suc<:eeds and the judgment and
decree of the lower Court dismissing the application fo:r
eXe-cution are set aside with costs with the direction that
execution shall proceed forthwit.~ according to law. I
make no o~der as t9 Advocate's fee in this apPeal.

(:;) A.I.R. {1926) Nag. 75

 . CIVIt FIRST.APPEAL
Before U Kyaw Zan U and U Chit, Jj.

U HLA TIN t C(.C..

.. (APPELLANT) 1967
U MYA KYAING
v. Aue- .3~

U MYA KYAING . . .
{J HLA TIN (RESPONDENT).*

Suit for recooery of tlamages-auction sale of the property at the 'instance of

State Agri~ult!'ral Marketing Board-Code of Ci7il Procedure s. 47-
.. 'lllhether the questitpr of dmnages arises out of the deere~ in execution-'Whether
a separate suit ii ma,intainable.

. U .Hla Tin claimed damages against U Mya Kyaing for making use of the
p~operty, i.e., 'the rice 'mill, sold by public auction and for the loss incurred
on account of the diSmantling of the dhoni roof from the ii~e godown.
. Held : The words "All questions arising .. in s . 47
of the Code 'of Civil
Procedure mean all connected questions which could properly arise or could'
properly have been raised in execution proceedings between)he parties to the
suit. :It iS co.nsidered. thatthe question of damages is not merely incidental.
It directly arises out of the de(;ree in execution. The question of damages
arising between U Hla Tin and U Mya ~yaing who are parties to the recovery
proceedings in which the decree was passed, and relating to the execution is
to. be determined by the Revenue Court executing the decree and not by a
separate suit, as a separate suit is not maintainable under s. 47 of the Code
of Civil Procedure.

Ba Shun }
. for the respondent.
Chan Tun Aung vice Ch oung Po

Ba Shun ,. }
. for the appellant.
Chan Tun Aung vice Choung Po
U KYA~ ZAN U, J.-ln Civil Regular Suit No.2 of 1962
of the DistriCt' Court of Pyapon U Hla Tin claimed
K 16,74450 as damages against U Mya Kyaing as per
Civil First Appeal No.~f I9 63
43 1964
t Against the decree of tht; DistrictCourt of Pyapon in.Civil Regular No. a
of 1962 -dated zotb October.1962
' xzth D~ember 1963.
 ~~; particulars set out hi scheduleS "ro" and "~" attached to
u ro:;:-T!N the plaint which are not in dispute.
u MYA U Hla Tin owed K 1,30,ooo to the State Agricultural
KYAlNG
fJ.
Marketmg . BOcuu
-....:1
and m
. default of payment
. his " Tha-htay-
}l~~ gone" rke mill, machineries, 'engines, boiler, husk and
u HLA TIN. boiler. shed. paddy godown, and engine shed standing on
378 acres of land in Kyaiklat Town given as security for
the loan were auctioned in Revenue Proceedings No. 4 R/D
of 1958-59 of the Township Office of Kyaiklat on 25th
November 1959, and U Mya Kyaing purchasoo them 'for
K r;or.ooo and obtained possession on roth February
1966: It was alleged in The plaint that the mill site was
not included so we gave an oppo,rtunity to ~e Advocate
for U HI~ Tin to show us at least a copy of the ori~~l
security bond. or mo~a.ge deed which is said to be still in
the main office of the s~A.M.B. in Rangoon for verification
but we were not succ~sful. We entertained doubts it.the .
Board would at all ac-cept the mill and its appurtenances
without its site as a rice mill cannot hang in the air. If
was cilso alleged that the auction purchaser (U Mya
Kyaing) forcibly took possession of the mill site and rict?
gOdowri. U Hla Tin alleged rhat without ascertaining the
exact amount due by him to the Board ihe public auction
of the aforesaid prop~rty should not have been held by
way of execution for default of his paymenl; of the loan.
We may note here that under section 13(3) of the Uni<?n
of Burma Agricultural Marketing Board Act. 1950 (Act
No. 57 of 1950) as substituted by section 3 of the Union
of Burma Agricultural Marketing Board (Amendment) Ad.
19 (Act No. 3 of 1956) all debts. or advances with
.'interest, if any. and costs, if any. are to be recovered
from the debtors or sureties as if they were arrears Qf
. Tevenue. Under section 45 of the Land and Revenue Act.
an arrear may be realised as if it were the amount of a
.decree for money .passed against the defaulter in favour
 9?'2

of any Revenue Officer, and proceedings with a view to c.c.

the realisation of such arrears may be instituted by such ~
officer b~fore any other Revenue Officer who may exercise u :f'trv~rN
all the powers conferred on, and shall conform to all rules Kv.uNG
of procedure prescribed for, a Court executing a decree u MvA
by the Code of Civil Procedure. If will be seen from the u ~:~N.
order of the Deputy Commissioner of Pyapon dated 2oth
April 1960 setting aside the first auction sale and con-
firmation due to some defects in .the revenue proceedings
that direction was given to the Township Officer to con-
duct the sale under Rule 95 of the. Land and Revenue Act
as immoveable property. The sale was made absolute
under Order XXI, Rule 94 of the Code of Civil Procedure
which also relates to immoveable property. (See exhibit
"~" .). In M.SM.P.S.K.R. Firm v. Assistant Custodian of
Moveable Property, Toungoo and one (I) our late Supreme
Court held that " boiler, engine and machinery of a rice
mill being attached to the earth were immoveable pro-
perty." Under section 2 (29) of the General Clauses Act
" immoveable property " includes land and things attached
to the earth. In the instant case, engine, machinery, etc.,
were attached to the mill site. Hence the property sold
by public auction was nothing but immoveable property
including the mill site which is inseparable from the rest.
In Civil Miscellaneous Application No. 78 of 1960 of the
late Supreme Court, U Hla Tin succeeded in setting aside
the auction sale by his writ of certiorari on 8th September
I 960 and accordingly U Mya Kyaing reconveyed the
entire mill site (Q)chG~~:~) alleged to have been ~en
forcibly to U Hla Tin on 26th October 1960 and got his
refund of the purchase money. U Hla Tin himself admit-
ted and accepted that the auction sale was in execution
of the decree obtained by the S.A.M.B. against him in his
own application dated 19th October 196o in the revenue

(t) (t9S6) B.L.R. 33 (S.C.).

'.
)'tP.

:;:; proceedings to reconvey the property to him in view of

u .ID;""TtN the order of.the Supreme Court setting aside the auction
u MYA sale. There is therefore no substance in the contention
KYAlNG
t7. and _a.r.o:n"'!ent of his Advocate that it was not a decree.
b~-

:ty:::~ In the application- signed by him and his then Advocate

u HLA TIN. U Aye Maung he used the word .. e-:>~ " at not less than
1
seven p1aces
. and stare
. d " G<Oi:>mro:>:o:>uc
.u
c: 0<"
ll l
C' 'l'C'
OQ):D:Qil:>: roGol;:.
6)~ u
e:>8!0m'b~~ro~~d3
'llfl l ~ To,. L.
SdQG~T
Jl.
0?QI~Gm~~h':f
~T ---~Cj o
oc.fu,~nS::>):-E"
tJ l C
u
U Hla Tin allege-d thaf as U Mya Kyaing had ~ade
use of the property 'Sold by public auction from 1oth
February -ro to 26th October 1960 he had lost to the
extent of K 15,'1.55 an.d K I,-8950 being the -loss incurred
on -acco~t of the dismantling of the .dhani roof_ from the
rice godown by U Mya Kyaing making a total amount
of K ~6.74450 as shown in the schedules "m " and .. ~" .
attaeb:ed to the plaint.
U Mya Kya1ng in his written s~atemen:t; stated that
the sale was conducted aecording to the procedure laid
down for immoveable properties under section 46 of the
Land and Revenue Act -a nd there was no objection to the
dismantling of the roof by U l-ila Tin. He denied that
he took forcibly and 'c ontended that the mill site was also
included in the sale as part of the mill. He stated that
the sale was set aside by the late Supreme Court not due
to the fault of the parties but for the fault of the Revenue
Officer who should be sued. He expJained that the
reason for pulling down the old dhani roof was for the
purpose of insurance as the gOdown w~ close to the rice
mill which was indisputably insured afresh forK 1,,50,000
on a premium of K 2,820 (E..'Chibit 3).
On these pleadings the trial Court framed six issues
and after bearing answered only issue No. 4 which r.uns
" :4 Whether 'plaintiff is -entitled to claim for damages
from the defendant for the loss to the amount of K rs.r55
 .and to tile amount of K 1,58950? OR WheTher if any c.~.
claim for damages is to be made, it should be made against ~
. U HLA TIN
h ed
the officer concerned w o order th. e SUit properties t<;> u MYA
be sold in public auction?" by dismissing the suit with KYAING
costs holding that the plaintiff was not entitled to claim u MvA
for damages in .torts ~asmuch as the late Supreme Court u ~~~~N.
had held in its Civil Miscellaneous .Application No. 78
of 1960 (Supra) that the auction sale was illegal as it
was held without due inquiry as fo the actual amoimts
due by U Hla Tin to the Board. Agreeing with the late
Supreme Court the trial Court held that U Mya Kyaing
obtained possession as given lawfully by the Township
Officer of Kyaiklat, who conducted the sale, and therefore
U Hla Tin lost possession of the property not because of
the fault of the parties but mainly because of the fault
of the Township Officer of Kyaiklaf. The Court was of
the opinion that the dismantling of the ahani roof was to
prevent risk of. fire and to procure fire insurance for the
benefit of the rice mill and its appurtenance. It held
U Mya Kyaing was not in wrongful possession of The
properties making himself liable for damages.
Being dissatisfied with the judgment and decree U Hla
Tin preferred . an appeal being Civil First Appeal No. 12
of I963 of this Court stating that U Mya Kyaing purchased
the property at. his own. risk and was liable for damages
inasmuch as the Supreme Court had held that the .revenue
auction sale was void altogether. The Bench of this Court
consisting of Saw Ba Thein and U Tun Tin, JJ. sef aside
the judgment and decree ~.md remanded the . suit u~der
Order XLI, Rule 23 of the Code of Civil Procedure with
the direction to decide the suit whether U Mya Kyaing
was liable to pay the a~ount sued taking ~~to considera-
tion ~e fact that the sum of K I,OI,OOO being.the pur~ase
money had been paid.int~ Court by him during the .period
in question; _viz. Iqth F~bruary .1960 to 2-6th October ~Q6o
 ?'~ he was .in possession .of the property and not by basing
...!.__ the -decision on !the law of torts. In this connection we
u ~Y~N may note that U Hla Tin has filed an application dated
K!~NG roth December r6 under section 13 of the Court ~ees
u MvA Act for J;he refund of the court fees paid on his appeal
u~ -;N. (Ci'\ril First Appeal No. r2 of 1963) on a~count of the
1

remand of the suit for second decision by the trial Court.

Thls point was also heard by us together with Civil Frrst
Appeal No. 43 of 1964 filed by U Mya Kyaing and his
counsel has addressed to us in the course of the argument
that . he has no objection to the refund. We merefore
order that U Hla Tin be granted a certificate authorising
.h im to receive back from the Collector the full amount of
fee paid on the memorandum of appeal.

The trial Court reheard the ~ments without taking

further evidence and decreed the suit on 12Th December
1963 with costs in a very short judgment holding that the
revenue sale having been quashed by the late Supreme
Court the possession of the property without the mill site
and a rice godown by U Mya Kyaing being illegal, he was
a trespasser and as such liable for damages claimed by U
Hia Tin. It said j:he removal of the dhani roof was for
his (U Mya Kyaing) own safety only and that as regards
the deposit of K r,or,ooo with the Government as auction
purchase money by U Mya Kyaing till the redelivery of
the property to U Hla Tin the sale being illegal no claim
of any kind could be made against U Hla lin.

Now it was U Mya Kyaing's tum to come up on appeal

and he filed this Civil First Appeal No. 43 of 1964 against
the judgment and decree dated rith December 1963
stating that the judgment of the District Judge (U Ko Kyi)
who never went into the merits of the suif and gave
cogent reasons for his conclusion, is not a judgment at all.
With the leave of Ute Court the following additional legal
grounds were raised by U Mya ~yaing, the appellant c.c.
1(}61
through his Advocate:
U Hl...\ Tnt
"For that the learned trial Judge erred in law in not u MYA
holding that the Respondent's suit was not maintainable and KYAINC
v.
that he had no jurisdiction to entertain the suit in view of U MvA
section 47 read with section 144, Civil Procedure Code." u ~~:~.

The <::ounsel for the appellant (U Mya Kyaing) in the

course of his argument before us -submitted he would not
press his point raised under section 144 of the Code of
Civil ~rocedure. Being a question of law we
rule this
additional ground could be taken up in this appeal even
though it was not raised in the trial Court. In Haji
Abdul Sbakoor Khan v. The Burma Publishers Ltd. (2) it
was held that a question of law raised for the first time in
Court of last resort would receive consideration only if it
was based upon facts admitted beyond controversy. In
the instant case the facts are not in dispute at alL
The Bench consisting of U Tun Tin, J. and one of us
(U Chit, J.) in its order dated 18th April r6 accepting
the following six issues submitted by the parties by con-
sent remanded the suit for the second time to the trial
O:>Urt under Order XLI, Rule 25 of the ~e of Civil
Procedure for trial directing it to take the additional evi-
dence required and to submit the same with its findings
thereon and the reasons therefor.

ISSUES

(2) (I9S6) B.L.R. I (S.C.).

 c.c.
1967
u HLA TIN
UMYA
KYAINq
v.
UMYA
KYAING
u HLATIN,

The District Judges (U Nyun) took fresh evidence of

the parties and their additional witnesses U Aung Thein
and U Ba Tun and on 23rd September 1966 gave his
findings that though U Mya Kyaing purchased the pro-
perty at the auction sale bona fide he alone could be
sued for damages for the loss suffered by U . Hla Tin
when out of possession amounting K 15,430 made up of
i<. IS, I 55 as in schedule " m '' .of the plaint and K 275
out of K I,589.50 claimed in schedule '' , without
taking into consideration the facf that U -M ya Kyaing
had to deposit K r,or!o~o wi~ the Govern,:m:!nt after
his purchase.
 . U Hla Tin in his objections dated 12th December 1966 C.:f
led I yv7
under Order XLI, Rule 26 submitted that he was e n t i t -
to the full amount he claimed in schedule " ~ " ~nd not !1 :-~v~N
the bare amount of K 275 He prayed for a decree for KYAING v.
the amount sued. U Mya Kyaing on the other hand u MYA
contended in his objections dated 27th February 1967 that u ~:~N.
under section I 3 (3) of the Union of Burma Agricultural
Marl;eting Board Act, 1950 (Act 57 of 1950) as substituted
by section 3 of the Union of Burma Agricultural Market-
ing Board (Amendment) Act, 1956 (Act 3 of 1956) read
with section 45 of the Land and Revenue Act and
section 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the suit was
not maintainable at all from the very beginning. He stated
that though the District judgeheld that he purchased the
property bona fide he failed to consider the legal point
involved. He emphasised that ~Allee the suit arose out
of execution of a decree section 47 of the Code of Civil
Procedure applied and the claims, if any, should be deter-
mined by the Revenue Court ex-ecuting the decree and
not by a separate suit for damages. We are thus faced
with a difficult question of law. He further stated that
the answers given by the District Judge to the other isrues
were based on the aforesaid primary point raised in his
objections, so they could not be upheld. l11e section
provides a cheap and expeditious procedure for the trial
of questions without recourse to a separate suit.
URder this section an questions arising between
the parties to the suit, i.e., r-ecovery proceedings
under section 13 {3) of the Union of Burma
Agricultural Marketing Board Act, I9.50 as sub-
stituted by section 3 .of Act 3 of 1956 for the loan .read
with section 45 of the Land and Revenue Act, in which
the decree was. passed, and relating to the execution of
the said decree shall be deterrrJned only by the executing
Court. It cannot be denied with any force that there was
c;c;c;

~"f' decree against U Hla Tin obtained by the State Agricul

!_!._ t;ural Marketing Board, and in execution of the said deem
u HLA TIN .
u MYA the property was ordered to be sold by pubhc auct1o1
KYAII\G and U Mya Kyaing bought it, but the order for sale b~

u MYA public auction was nuliified by the late Supreme Court

u ~:~N;xN The sale was set aside but execution was never closed
The decree still remains alive. Hence the question as t<
the claim and liability for :the damages in the suit relate
to the execution of the decree and :this question shoul<
be determined by the Revenue Court which is in seisil
of.the execution of the decree, but this question of damage
never arose between the parties in the proceedings i1
which the decree was passed, i.e. between the State Agri
cultural Marketing Board and U Hla Tin. It iS a questim
between U Hla Tin and U Mya Kyaing only. The State
Agricultural Marketing Board was the decree-holder an<
U Hla Tinwas the judgment-debtor. U Mya Kyaing wa.
only a stranger auct~on purchaser. There was a conflic
of authorities on the question for many years whether ;
stranger auctioi). purch~er was a party to the suit or not
In India the: point is now settled in view of the substitutio1
of the words " and a purchaser at a sale in execution 0
the decree " in the explanation to section 47 of the Cod
of Civil Procedure between the words " dismissed " an<
" are ", and the deletion of the word " and " betweei
the words " dismissed " and " a ". Our law howeve:
remains the same probably because we have no direc
authorities at all on the point. We, however, expres:
our view that we are in favour of the law that a strange
purchaser in execution sale is a party under section 4:
of the Code of Civil Procedure as substituted in India
Mulla in his monumental of work on the <;:ode of Civi
Pro~edure while discussing this point under section 4~
at page 167, Volume I (12th Edition) also observed " l
is high time that the section was amended and the conflk
set at rest. " Hente, the Codeof Civil Procedure (Amend- ~~.;
ment) Act of 1956 in India. The conflict of authorities u ~To;
was recognised in Burma so long ago as 1929 as it will be u M'w-A
seen iii ]. A. Martin v. S. M. Hashim and others {3). It Kv.~Nc
is left to the authority concerned to amend the law in ~r!!~
Burma a5 well to avoid conflict of authorities. u H{.A Tt:N.
This is the only important but rather a difficult point
raised for decision in the arguments before us. The
words "All questions arising" in section 47 of ~e Code
of Civil Procedure mean all connected questions which
could properly arise or could properly have been raised
in execution proceedings between the parties to the suit.
We consider that dle question of damages is not mere
incidental. It directly arose out of the decree in execu-
tion. This question would not have arisen if there was
no decree against U ffia Tin and sale of the property in
execution of that decree. Having stated our reasons we
now come to the conclusion that the question of damages
arising between U Hla Tin and U Mya Kyaing. who are
parties to the recovery proceedings j.n which the decree
was passed, and relating to the execution iS to be deter-
mined by dle Revenue Court executing the d~ and
not by a separate suit, or in other words, we hold the
suit is not maintainable under section 47 of the Code of
Civil Procedure.
In the result the judgment and decree dated the 12th
December I 963 passed by the District Judge of Pyapon
{U Ko Kyi) are set aside and the suit is dismissed With
costs fhrol:lghout.

(3) I.L.R. 8 Ran. 162 .

 CRIMINAL REVisiON

Before UKyaw. Zan U, :J.

t C.(::.
1.9 67
UNION OF BURMA (U LAY SEIN) (APPLICANT}

Aug. 29. v.
MAUNGTIN AUNG {RESPONDENT).*

dcae of Criminal Procedure s. 28-oifenc~ tinder s. j38 Pe~l Code-Whether

the Court is entitled to omit framing of charge under 71Wre. serious offence.
to acquire jurisdictioiz ..

Held : :S. 28 of the Code of Criminal Procedure says subject to the provisions
of t.."le Code, ~ny off~nce under the Penal Code may be tried by the Court by
\\'hich such offence is shown in the 8th colunin of the. Second Schedule of
the Code of Criminal Procedure to be triable, and this Schedule shows an
offence under s. 338 of the Penal Code is triable by .the Court of Sessions or
the Magistrate of the First. Class. Whe!l. he beeame aware of the fact that
U i..a y Sein had received a .grie~ous hurt and the case ca.-ne under s. 338 of
the Penal Code he should at least. have referred the case under s. 346 of the
Code of .C~nal Procedure. to ~h~ District Magistrate with a brief repoit
.and stayed the proceedings.
The Court is certainly not entitled to omit fran1ing the charge under the
more serious offence in order to acquire jurisdiction ; and if it frames a less.
serious charge instead .of the more serious one through a misapprcci:;tion of
the evidence, it fails to exercise a proper discretion in the matte~.
Tlze State v. Ayy.:<n, I.L.R~ 24 Mad. 675; Dawsot1 atzd one v. The State.
LL.R. 2 Ran. 455 ; I jjatulla Akatzda and uthers v. The Stute, I.L.R. (1944) 1 Cal.
280, referred to. .

U Kyaw .Gaung (Government Advocate) for the applicant.

u_ Tin Maurig for the respondent.

U KYAW ZAN U, J.-In Criminal Regular Trial No. i34
of. 1965 of the Township Magistrate of Yenangyaung
(U Naing Vv'in) who i s a Magistrate of the Second Class,.
Criminal Revision No. 125 B of 1967.
t Review of the order of the To'l"nship Magistrate of Yena.\1gyaung (U Naing
Win), dated the 1oth January 1966 passed in Criminal Regular Trial No. 134
of 1965.
the respondent was sent up by the police under section 338 c.c.
l7
of the Penal Code for causing grievous hurt to U Lay Sein --L
(PW 2~ by rash or negligent driving of the jeep an offence 'UNION811aN.&
OF'

triable by a Magist.l"ate of the First Class on the first Report (U LAY

lodged by Maung Kyi Maung (PW 1) though it was opened S':.') .
originally under section 337 of the Penal Code for causing Ma~.:!a~
.hurt to the said U Lay Sein by rash or negligent driving
a!l offence triable by a Second Class M~istrate.
After hearing . the witnesses for the prosecution the
Magistrate C"v Naing Win) charged the respondent under
section 337 of the Penal Code in spite of the evidence of
the Medical Officer (Dr. Soe Tint) that the bone of U Lay
Sein's right middle finger was fractured and dislocated. He
also receiv.ed other injuries. Under the seventh clause of
section 320 {)f the P.enal C0de, fracture or dislocation of
a bone is designated as " .griev{)US " and therefore the
respondent should have been charged under section 338
of the P~nal Code. As trial begins only after the framing
<>f the char.ge the Township Magistrate (U Naing Win)
being a Magistrate of the Second Class could not have
proceeded with the trial any more if the respondent was
- ~barged under section 338 of the Penal Code. He
proceeded to hear the defence and 'finally acquitted the
respondent of the charge under section 337 of the Penal
Code.
The Additional District Magistrate of Magwe has now
applied in revision to set aside the acquittal order and to
direct a retrial by the 3rd Addit!ionaJ Magistrate of Yenan-
gyaung who is said to be a competent Magistrate to try
the case. There is no doubt that the Township Magistrate
.(U NaL.ag Win) was empowered to try the offence under
section 337 of the Penal Code. He did not act beyon<J
. his juri'>Cliction and therefore t.lte proceedings are not void
u:p.der section 530 (P) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
The words " not being empowered by law ".in the section
 are significant. Quoting the Bench decision in The State v.
Ayyan (r) which js the leading case on the point with
UNION OF approval Brown, J. in Dawson and one v. The State (2)
BURMA
(U LAY observed:
S!!IN)
v. "Where the facts disclose an offence within the jurisdiction
MAUNoTIN
Awe. of the Magistrate it seems to us a complete fallacy to say
he is .not empowered by law to try the person charged for
the offence which is within hiS' jurisdiction because the
facts disclos~ a more serious o:ffen<:e which is beyond his
jurisdicti9n. He is expressly so empowered. Whether in
s0 doing he adopts a proper course is another question. No
doubt. it is improper on the part of a Magistrate to inten-
tionally ignore circumstances of aggravation which show that
an offence beyond his jurisdiction was in fact
committed. . . ."

The question whether the Magistrate has or has not entirely

QVerlooked the circumstances would be one of fact. It
will therefore appear that whether or not the Chief Court
should interfere would depend upon whether the Magistrate
had deliberately overlooked the aggravating fact \'Vith a
view to securing for himself jwisdiction over the offence.
In the instant case the medical evidence is so clear that no
Magistrate could have easily overlooked the fact that U Lay
Sein had received a grievous hurt. I think there is ground
for believing that the Magistrate (U Naing Win) clutched
.at jurisdiction. There can be no doubt in the present
case that the proceedings w~r.e improper. In spite of the
medical evidence which he himself had recorded he refused
to admit that it was a case of grievous hurt. If this were
a slip I should say it was a serious slip in a matter of law
causing a miscarriage of justice.
Section 28 of the Code of Criminal Procedure says
subject to the provisions of the Code, any offence under
the Penal Code may be tried by the Court by which such
offence is shown in the 8th column of the Second Schedule
(t) I .L.R. 24 M~d. 675. (2) I.L.R. z Ran. 455.
 99

of the Code of Crimhlal Procedure to be triable, and this c. c.

19{)7
Schedule shows an offen~e under section 338 of the Penal
Code is triable by the Court of Sessions or the Maaistrateb.
UNtoN ov
B~RMA
of the First Oass. When he became aware of the fact (U _LAY
that U Lay Sem had received a grievous hurt and the case sa:)
came under section 338 of the Penal Code he shol,lJd at MAX~2'iN
least have refen:ed the case under section 346 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure to the District Magistrate with a
brief report and stayed the proceedings. Presumably a
Magistrate does not overlook the facts which he records
unless he deliberately does so. The Court is certainly not
entitled to omit framing the charge under the more serious
offel).ce in order to acquire jurisdiction ; aiid if it frames a
less serious charge instead of the more serious on through
a nrisappreciation of the eVidence, it fails to exercise a
proper discreation in the matter. [Ijjatulla Akanda arid
others v, The State (m]. In this case retrial was ordered.
For the above reasons I set aside the order of acquittal
and order the respondent (accused) to be retnea by any.
Magistrate of competent. jurisdiction who has not been
previously seized of the case as directed by the District
Magistrate of Magwe.

(3) I.L.R. (194-4) I CaL ~So.

32
 CRIMINAL REVISION
1Jtifore U Kj!aw Zan (], j.

tC.C U PWA (APPLICANI')

i?
v.
. U MYINT MAUNG {REsPONDENT).*

.f;ivil Procedw-e.Code s. sx7 (I)-return of property to .the person i:laiming to .be

enlitkd to possemon ther~f.

He!J: Vnde.r s. :517 (1) of the Civil Pmcedare Code, the property i10 to be
returned to the pel:son claim.ing to be entitled to possession ther~f. There is
no dispute that the exhibit tobacco -stalks were seized from the possession of
the applicant .who was -aqquitted in the case. The trial Court held that the
responden~ could notprove entrustment so for the putpose of s. 517 (x) of the
Code it was the appli<::ant who was then in possession of the exhibits. The
goods ~ing moveable prop~ the presumption of ownership is in favour
of the applicant ~o was in poSsession and against-whom tb.e respondent could
not prove entrustment in the criminal case where the applicant was acqUitted.
Hoke Groan v. Aun Wun Tan,{'1949) B.L.R. 647 (H.C.), referred to.

U Maung Maung for the appli~t.

Me. V . San C. Po for the respondent.

U KYAW ZAN U, J.-ln Criminal Re.gular Trial No. 197

of 1965 of the Court of the Township Magistrate. of
Nyaunglebin, Ko Myint Maung, a goldsmith, prosecuted
Ko Pwa under section 406 of the Penal Code, stating that
with K 4,000 borz:owed. from Ko Pwa he bought .tobacco
stal~ which he entrusted with Ko Pwa with the intention
of selling with a profit in order to repay the loan to
Ko Pwa, who instead converted the tobaccq stalks as his
own by grinding them. The trial Court held Ko Myint
Maung fajled. to prove entrustment sa~actorily arid
Criminal Revision Nos. 36 (~) and 39 (B) of r967
. t Review of the order of th~ Additional Sessions Judge of Pe,ou,. dated)he
~Ith February 1967, passed in Criminal Revision No .1. of 1967:
. . . . 2 .
 acquitted Ko Pwa returning at the same time to him 193 c.c.
1!)67
bags of exhibit tobacco stalks which he had ground out
of 295 bags and the balance 102 bags were returned to U PwA
Ko Myint Maung, the complainant. "
u MYINT
MAVSG.

Being dissatisfied Maung Myint Maung applied to the

Additional Sessions Judge of Pegq. in his Criminal Revision
No. 2.of 1967 to revise the order regarding the disposal of
the exhibits stating that though 193 bags of tobacco stalks
had been ground by U Pwa -they belonged to him. In .
Criminal ReY:..sion No.4 of 1967 of. the same Court U Pwa
also applied to revise the same order stating that since h~
has been acquitted on the ground that Ko Myint Maung
could not prove. entrustment the return of 102 bags of
tobacco stalks to him is against the law. He further stated
that iillce he was in possession they belonged to him.
These two revisions were heard together and a single order
was passed on nth February 1967 covering both. The
Additional Sessions Judge was of the opinion that though
Ko Myint Maung could not prove his title to the goods the
evidence shows that these goods did arrive at U Pwa's mill.
In other words, U Pwa was in possession and he would be
responsible . for any loss. The Additional Sessions Judge
was also of the view that the exhibits were treated as one
unit and since the charge was framed accordingly, the
trial Court ought notto have split them into two such as
ground arid unground tobacco stalks. He said in his order
the parties through their lawyers also held the same view.
Finally, he held that the entire exhibits should be returned
to Ko Myint Maung who had openly bought them and
rejected U Pwa's application. I thlnk the Additional
Sessions Judge decided on the wrong piiinciple. Being
dissatisfied with the order passed in both the cases U Pwa
came up to thls Court and filed these two separate applica-
tions to revise the order. Thls order shall therefore cover
both the caseS.
 c.c. Under section 5I7 (I~ of the Criminal Procedure Code~
:1~7
the property is to be returned to .the person claiming tG
U. PwA be entitled to possession thereof. There is no dispute
!1,
UMYINT that the exhibit ~obacro stalks were seized from the posses-
MAmw: sion of U Pwa who was acquittedin tht:: case. The trial
Court held that Ko Myint Maung <;ould not pr9ve entrust-
ment so for the purpose of .section 51.7 (~) of the Code it
was U Pwa who was then in possession of the exhibits.
The .goods bemg moy-ea.ble .properties the presumption of
ownership .is in favour of U Pwa who was j.n possession
and against whom Ko Myint Maung could not prove
entrustment in the criminal case where U Pwa was
acquitted. In !Joke Gwan v. Aun Wun Tdn (l) it was
pointed out that the guidlng principle is that though the.
Magistrate has a discretion to decide the question of posses-
sion he cannot be allowed to try the civil cause a5 to
ownership. The established rule is to return the exhibits
to. where they came from. Ordinarily, they must be
retUrned to the partyfrom whom they were seized. But
if the party from whom they wen~ scized. has no apparent
right or title they should not be returned .to him. In ~
~t .case Ko Myint Maung has yet to prove his right or
title to the exhibits..
In the result the order of the Additional Sessions Judge
of Pegu is set aside in both the cases and it is directed that
the entire exhibits be returned to U Pwa.

(I) (~949) B.L.R. 647 (H.C,) . .

 CRIMINAL REVISION

Before U Kyaw Zan U and U Chit, JJ.

u SEIN TIIAUNG AND THREE OTHERS (APPLICANTS) tC.C.

1967
v. Aug. t8.

THE UNION OF BURMA AND TWO OTHERS

(RESPONDENTS}.*

Cn'minal Procedure Code-s. 145-summary proceedings-claims as respects the

fact of actuai possession-question as to whether possession is on behalf of
others or in one's own right irrelevant.
Held: The object of s. 145 Criminal Procedure Code is intended only
to provide a speedy reiXIedY for the prevention of breaches of pea'ce arising
-out of disputes relating to immoveable propesty by maintaining one or other
of the parties in possession. The proceeding under s. 145 is a s~ary
~nd not a regular proceeding. The object is not to provide parties with an
<>pportunity of bringing their civil disputes before a criminal Court or of
manoeuvring for possession for the purpo~ of subsequent civil litigation.
It will be found in sub-s. (I) of s. 145 Criminal Procedure Code that
the parties are to make . claims " as respects the fact of actual possession of the
'SUbject of dispute." Therefore any question as to whether possession is on
behalf of others or one's own right is quite irrelevant.
Narayana Asari and others v. Kandluami Asan, (1915) Cr. Law Journal,
p. ' szs; Agni Kumar Das v. Mantazaddin; l.L.R. vol. LVI Cal. p. Z90
(F.:B.); Rahimalishalz Alishalz v. The State, A.I.R. (1940) Sind p. 61, referred
to. .

uMaung. Maung for U Hla .G yaw for the applicant.

U Myo Tun Lynn (Government Advo~ate) for the

respondent No. 1.

U Chan Tun 'Aung for the respondent No.2.

U Khin Maung Nyunt for the respondent No.3

U KYAW ZAN u; J.-This case started with the r.eport

made by U Maung Maung Myint (PW I), the Police Station
Cri.miti.al Revision . No. 8 B of 1967. .
t Review of the order of the Sessions Judge, Hanthawaddy and Rangoon
Town District dated the 3rd January 1967 passed in Cr.. Misc. No. 86 of 1966.
 C?.C. Offic-er (3rd :respondent) tinder section 145 of the Code of
1967
Criminal Proc.edure to the District Magistrate of Rangoon
~u!!1~ 0 on 18th June . 1966 'stating that U Sein .Thaung applicant
m~ No. r and his wife Daw Khin Mya {since deceased!) sold
OT~

" their cinema known as Mya Yadana in Thaketa, Rangoon,

TBB.UNION
oF BtmMA m 196 2 to the Burma (Go.vernrnent Sec . ) I nsurance
u.nty
~~~ Co., L1:d. of which U Nyan the 2nd .r espondent is the
general manq.ge;r, who leased it back to the sellers, the
applicants, but due to irregular pa:Yments of the -dues the
Company on 2..n d December 1965 placed its assistant
malla,ger U MaungMaung to manage it and in.the <:curse
of the management the services of the applicants' manager
Ko Kyaw Thein and . Ko Tin . U were suspend fo~
dishonesty and in their place U Aye Maung, an employee
Of the Company, was appointed as manager, . but on
14th June J: 6 the applkant U Sein Thaung and his wife
took the key .from the 'Watchman and K 1<>450 being the
sale prPQeeds of the tickets from Maung Hla Myint, an
. employee, dai:m:ing that they were the owners and as such
they woUld run the management themselves. These facts
are not b. dispute. ]ne District Magistrate forwarded the
report to the 7th Additional Magistrate of Rangoon for
necessary action. An inquiry was held in Criminal
Miscellaneous case No. 86 of 1966 and the Magistrate~
after recording voluminous evidence which was mainly
irrelevant for the purpose, found that the Company was in
possession of the c~eii;la and issued a very leng$y order
declaring ~at it was entitled to pessession thereof until
evicted therefrom in due course of law. The object of
section I45 is intended only. to provide a speedy remedy
for the prevention of breaches of peace arising out of
disputes relating to .immoveable property by maintaining
one or other of the parties in possession. The proceeding
under section 145 is a summary and not a regular proceed-
ing. The object is not to provide parties with an
opp<>rt:wllo/ of bringing their civil disputes before a
 criminal Court or of manoeuvring for possession for the ~9~7
purpose of subsequent civil Utigation. The Magistrate
lost sight of this point. He ought not to have allowed the T20:~
parties to adduce lengthy evidence as he has done to enable ~~
or to give them an opportunity to make use of the evidence 'I'm! v0
in a subsequent civil suit, if any. Being dissatisfied with op BUR~~
the order the applicant U Sein Thaung and his wife applied ~~~
to the Court of Sessions, Rangoon, in Criminal Revision
No. 33 of 1966 to revise it. The Sessions Judge in his
order dated 3rd January 1967 recommended to this Court
to set aside the said order on the ground that the possession
of the Company through U Aye Maung was with the
leave and licence of U Sein Thaung and his wif~. We do
not know how the question of leave and licence crept in.
In the course of the hearing the first applicant's wife Daw
K.hiri Mya (original second applicant) died and by our
order .dated 19th June 1967, her heirs and legal represen-
tatives were added in her place.
There is no dispute that the Company thr<?ugh its
employees took back possession on 14th June 1966 frmn
U Sein Thaung (first applicant) and his wife to whom the
Company leased out the cinema and they took possession'
'in December 1965. Hence the Company was in possession
for about half a year. A question was raised before the
lower Courts whether the clocument executed by U Sein
Thaung and his wife ill favour of the Company is a .sale
or a mortgage. It is outside the purview of section 145
Criminal Procedure Code and the proper place to find out
is in the Civil Court. There is also no .dispute that the
Company was issuing its own tickets with its seill and
collecting monies. .It is stated that there is a clause in the
deed that the <,:ompany can cancel the. lease and call upon
U Sein Thaung and his wife to s~ender possession. It i~
.not disputed that U Sein Thaung and his wife approached
U Nyan, the general manager of the Co:n1pany, to take over
the cinema until such tinle they could pay the loan and
 c. c. all the inte~ests due. Consequently the Company took
1967
over the cinema and managed the business. It even dis-
T~~:!'~> missed. former employees. It is clear that U Sein Thaung
~~ and his wife voluntallily gave up posses~on in favour of
t c. . the Company. In N.arayana Asari and others v. Kandasami
~UNION .
oFBuiiHA Asari {r) a ,Bench of two Judges held:
ANDTWO '
Ol'BJ!llS. " Section. 145 of tlie Code of Criminal Procedure is con-
.cerned solely wit.\ the {act _ of actual physical possession
wh:etller lawful or unlawfuL whether in cont-emplation of
law -enjoyed by the possessor i,n hls .own right or on behalf
of Others. Therefore in pr()Ceeilings under that section any
qU.estioo as to whether possession is on behalf of others or in
one's 0\"{-11 rignt is quite irrelevant."
This authority is the complete answer in this case. If one
reads section 145 it will be found In sub-section (r) that
the parties are to make ..claims ~~- as respects the fact of
actual ,p~ssession of the subje-ct .of dispute " and in sub-
section (-4? that the Magistrate shall then, " withaut
reference t-o the me...>i.ts or the claims t}f any of such par-ties
to a .right t-o possess the subject of dispute," peruse these
statements. The word ''.right" is .significant. Relying
upon the Full Bench decision .of the Calcutta High Court in
Agni .-f(umar Das v. Mantazaddin . (2) it wa.S held in
Rahimalisbah Alishah v.. The State (3() that:
" What the Magistrate is concerned with, in proceedings
relating to djsputes as to immoveable property under
Chapter r2, Oiminal Procedure Code, is not the right to
possess the subject matter of dispute but the actual possession
thereof at the date of the. order 1!-li~r clause {1:) of S. 145.
The e>.."pression " actual possession " is plain and unambiguous
and has no reference to any right to posses5."
In the above circumstances we are unable to accept
the recommendation 'made by the Ses$ions Judge. Let the
records he returned .
with these . . remarks.
(x) (I'9IS) Cr. Law Journal, page szs.
(2) I.i:.,Jt. VoL LVI Cal. page 290 (F. B.). .
(3) A.I.R.. (x~) Sind ~ge 61. .

. .
 CIVIL SECOND APPEAl,
Bf/Me U Sein Thinn, J.

u TAY. AND ONE (APPELLANTS) tC.C~

. v. ---
.lt)6i'
A:sig. I~

:MA MYIT AND FIVE OTHERS (RESPQNDENTS).*

:furisrliction ro try the' mit-Suits Valuation Act, 1. n--objection rtgartlilltg

jurisdiction.
Held: S. i1 of the Suits Valuation Act enacts that although .the objectiola
regarding jurisdiction was taken in the Court of first instance if there ue
-plllterials befo..-e the appellate Court necessary for the determination of the
~ppea] the latter Court is bound to dispose of the appeal on merits.

Mr. V. San C. Po for the appellants.

U SEIN THINN, J.-

. The plaintiffHespondents filed a suit
against the defendants~appellants in the Township O>utt
of Kyaikto for recovery of a house and its site valued at
K 300. The plaintiffs' case was that they were ownen;
of the suit property and that the defendants were in
occupation of the same by their permission. The
defendants admitted ownership of the property by the
plaintiffs. They also admitted having been in poss~ion
of the same with the permission of the plaintiffs. Their
only defence was that they had given K 700 as earnest
nioney for the purchase of the property. At the .initial
stage of the case the defendants. also objected to the valua-
tion of the suit prop--..rty. They asserted that th~ property
was worth more than K 1 ,ooo and that the Township
. Court had no jurisdiction to try the same. This contentioo
was, however, abandoned and the case went to trial. The
learned Township Judge after h~ing parties and their
CiVil Second Appeal No. 18 of 1965.
t ~gai.l.SUhe cbcree of the Tow'!Ship Court of Kyaikto in Civil R.egu'bc
Suit No. 18 oh963 as confirmed by the District Court of Tiulton in its Ciril
Appeal No. 8 of 14. '
 c.c. witnesses decreed the plaintiffs' suit with costs. On appeal
1967
to the Distr~ct Court the judgment and decree of the lower
UTAYAND
ONE Court was confirmed. Hence this second ap~eal.
"
MA.MYIT
My learned predecessor U Tun Tin has remanded the
AND FIVE
0TB~~S.
case to the trial Court under Order 41, Rule 25 for the
purpose <?f determining the value of' the suit property.
The trial Court arter examinig additional witnesses came
to the fin;ding that the suit property was worth K 1,500.
This finding has sip.ce been certified to this Court and no
objection whatsoever has been preferred in respect of this
finding. Since the sttit property is worth more than
K I,ooo it is clear that the Township Court h.:~s no juris_dic-
tion to file the suit in question. The <;iecree passed by it is
accordingly null and void under the provisions of the Code
of Civil Procedure. However, section I I of the Suits:
. Valuation Act enacts that although the objection regarding
jurisdittion was taken in the Court of first instance if there
are materials before the appellate Court necessary for the
determination. o~ the appeal the latter Court is bo.und to
dispose of the. appeal on merits. Therefore. in spite of
the fact that the objection w~ taken by the defendants. at
the earliest opportunity this appeal can be disposed of on
its merits as there are materials before me necessary for
the determination of the appeal,.. As pointed out above,
there was no defence whatsoever for the defendants to
resist the claim of the phiintiffs. It was common ground
that the suit property belonged to. the plaintiffs and that
the defendants were merely their permissive occupants.
The fact that the"defendants had given earnest money for
the pmchase of the property. even if proved would not be
of any relevance in determining whether the plaintiffs
were entitled to get possession of ~e suit property.
In the circumstances, I. have no alternative but to hold
that the orders passed by the lower Courts are correct. It .
is, how'ver, made out that the suit propeity. was under
valued in that it was worth K i.5oo. As such the ~Ji
appellants were bound to pay Court fees on this amount. u -
. - . TAY &"li>
I would accordingly diSffilSS the appeal and confirm those ONE

of the lower CoUTts subject to the condition that the MA Mnr

respondents do pay the difference of Court fees, that is the .A."iD FWE
difference between .COurt fees payable on K 1:500 and the OTHERs.
amount already paid on the plaint filed in the original suit.
There will be no onler as to -costs of this appeal.
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 4 (r) If the petition is not rejected under rule 3 the
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ori commission."
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be convenient. the Court shall examine tlie witnesses (if any)
produced by either party, and may examine the applicant
or his agent. and shall make a memorandum of the substance
of their evidence."
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.. {.z:). the views of the trial Judge -as to the credibility
of the witnesses; (2} the presumption-of innocence in favour
of the accused. a presumption certainly not weakened by
the fact that he h~s been acq~tted at his trial; .(3) the right
of the accused to the benefit of any doubt; and (4) the
slowness . of an appellate court in disturbing a finding of
fact arrived at by a Judge who had the advantage of seeing
1he witnessles."

(:z)" (.1954) B.L.R 349 (H.C.). (3) (1950) B.L.R. ~~(S.C.). . . .

. (4) (x4) B.L.R. 396 (C.C.). (s) (1966) B.L.R. 449 . .
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SPECIAL CRIMINAL COURTS' AI'PEAL COURT

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LIST OF CASFS REPORTED

OC'o C' o C'

iCCGOO?OO'y>8~8~lJlO

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

Abdul Sattar {a\) Maung Tha Tun v. Daw Zin (a1

Daw Mai Zin, A. Noor Mahamed
Daw Win Kyi and one v. M. A. L. Chettiar Firm and one
The Rangoon Cargo Boat Owner's Association v.
Messrs. Mun Dine Company and one 425
U Ba E and one v. U Myaing and one 430
Hla Tin U Mya Kyaing
Mya Kyaing v. Hla Tin-- 435
Union of Burma v. Maung Tin Aung 446
U Pwa v. U Myint Maung 450
- Sein Thaun~ and three others v. The Union of
Burma and two others 453
- Tay and one v. Ma Myint and five others 457
C" C' C' (
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9

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 LISf OF CASFS REPORTED

O C' o (' o ('

i CCGOO'J o:>~:~:~JlO

1!HIEF COURT OF BURMA

Daw Than Than v. Daw Khwe and four others 5o9

Ma Tin Aye v. The Union of Burma SIS
The Union of Burma v. Maung Ko Lay 522
.U Ban Swan v. Daw Thi and five others ... 525

~?G
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 LISf OF CASES CITED

O('o (' o ('

iCCGOO~ o:>'P:~g~JlO

I!HIEP COUilT OF BURMA

Daw Saw Shin v. U Aung Pe, Ir957) B.L.R. s.

distinguished 525
Kherodemoney Dossee v. Doorgamoney Dossee and
others, I.L.R. 4 Cal. 455 referred to
Kisandas Laxmandas Gujar and others v. Godavaribai
Bharatar Govindas Gujar and others, I.L.R. r1937)
Born. 636, referred ~o
Ma Pwa Shin v. U Po Sin, A.I.R. (1937) Ran. 324,
distingui~hed 525
-Thein May v. U Po Kin, I.L.R. 3 Ran. 2o6, referred
to
Maung Ba Tu v. Ma Thet Su and three others, 5 Ran.
785, distinguished 525
- Chan Tha v. The State, II L.B.R. 398 (F.B.),
referred to . sx8
- - Sin v. Maung Byaung and others, B.L.R.
I1942-46), 149, distinguished 525
- - Thet v. Maung Chit Kywe, (1940) R.L.R. 676,
referred to sx8
The State v. Ebrahim, A.I.R. r1931) Ran. 51, referred to $22
- - - v. Haji, A.I.R. .(I94I) Lab. 209, referred to 522
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 INDEX

CWEF COURT OF BURMA

ACTS : ( tD~eoG$~J?:)
BuRMESE BuDDHIST LAw.
COD OF CRIMJNAL PROCEDURE.
LIMITATION AcT,
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE s. 19o-lnitiation of proceedings-
Magistrate could take action against any person in the interest of
justice in the course of the hearing of th4 case wh4ther s. 191 of the
Code has any application. Held: S. 190 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure applies to the initiation of proceedings. The trial
Magistrate had already .taken cognizance of the offence against
the original accused und~ s. 190 (b) on the police report, f/iz.,
the police Charge-sheet, and the Magistrate having taken cogni-
zance of the offence, it is right and proper that he should bring
to justice all those persons, whether originally mentioned or not.
It must be regarded that the trial Magistrate took cognizance
against the present applicant under the same clause of s. 190
viz., clause (b), as he did against the original accused. The
offence being one and the same, and the Magistrate having
cognizance of that offence, actin~ under s. 190 (b), has full seizin
ofthe offence. Since the stage of initiation of the proceedings
was over the Magistrate could take action against any person in the
interst of justice in the course of the hearing of the case of which
he was in full seizin S. 190 has no connection whatsoever in such
cases and consequently section 191 of the Code has no application.
Maung Chan Tha v. The State I I Lower Burma Rulings 398
(EB) ; Maung Thet v. Maung Chit Kywe (1940) Rangoon Law
Reports 676; referred to.
MA TIN AYE v. THB UNION OF BURMA SIS

CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. S. 19o-WHEN CAN THB MAGISTRATE

TAKB ACTION AGAINST ANY PERSON IN THB INTEREST OF JUSTICE
IN THB COURSE OF HEARING THE CASE OF WHICH HB WAS IN FULL
SBl~IN. 518

CRIMINAL PRoCEDURE CoDF.~hether imprisonment in default of fine

to run concurrently with the substantive sentence of imprisonment
is permissible. Held : No provision is made in the Code for
directing imprisonment in default of fine to run concurrently with
ii

the substantive sentence of imprisonment awarded for any other

offence tried at different trials. Imprisonment in default of
payment of fine to run concurrently with substantive sentence of
imprisonment for different offence is therefore set aside. The State
v. Haji, A.I.R. (1941) Lah. 209, referred to. The State v.
Ebrahim, A.I.R., (1931) Ran. sx, referred to.
THE UNION OF BuRMA v. MAUNG Ko LAY 522

LlMtTATION ACT-s. to-the exclusion of implied trust <n' such trust as

the law would irifer merely from the existence of particular facts
or fiducim:y relations. The landed property in suit originally
belonged to one U Tun U who died about 49 years ago. He
had three daughetrs who predeceased him. His eldest daughter
married U M!f Gyi who. on the death of his wife contemplated
a second r:narnage, and was alleged to have entrusted the jointly
inherited property of his children to the appellants' aunt
Daw Ma Ma Lay. In a suit for possession by the respondents.
Held : The language of s. xo of the Limitation is framed so as to
exclude implied trusts of such trusts as the law would infer
merely from the existence of particular facts or fiduciary relations.
It is therefore held that there was no trllst as contemplated by law,
and as such neither Daw MaMa Lay nor her nephew U Ant Gyi:
for that matter was a trustee in respect of the suit property,
and that s. xo of the Limition Act does not apply. Kherodemoney
Dossee v. DQ<n'gamoney Dossee and others A.L.R. IV Cal. 455 ;
Ma Thein May v. U Po Kin I.L.R. 3 Ran. 206 ; Kuandas
Laxmandas Gujar and others v. Godavaribai Bharatar Gwinddas
Gujar and other, I.L.R. (1937) Born., 636, referred to.
DAw THAN THAN v. DAw KHwE & 4 OTHJlRS ... 509

Surr FOR PARTITION-parties have been in use and occupation of suit

land jointly for several years--whether it was tantamuunt to
creating by a contractual act unity of interest and unity of possession
which were the necessary ingredients for a suit f<n' partition. The
appellant sued Daw Thi and Daw Hta Khinfor a declaration that
he is the sold owner of two piecesofland. He was successful in the
the trial Court. However, on appeal it was ruled that the suit land
was joint ancestral property and that the appeliant was not entitled
to any declaration. Therefore, the respondents filed a suit for
partition of the land .against the appellant. H.eld : So far as the
evidence obtaining on the record of the lower Cowt is concercned
it is palpably clear that the plaintiffs and the defendant have been
in use and occupation of the suit land jointly for several years.
Thus it may reasonably be inferred that up till the time when the
defendant led his suit for declaration the parties have among
themselves an implied understanding to enjoy the property
jointly. This was tantamount to creating by a contractual act
unity of interest and unity of possession which were the necessary
ingredients for a su.it for partition by any one of them against the
others. It is therefore held that the tJ:ial Court was justified in
passing a decree for partition. Maung Ba Tu v. Ma Thet Su and
3 others 5 Ran, 785 ; Ma Pwa Shin v. U Po Sin, A.I.R. (r937)
Ran., 324; Daw Sow Shin v. U Aung Pe (1957) B.L.R. 5 ;
Maung Sin v. JJ{aung Bymmg and others, B.L.R. (1942-46) 149,
distinguished. .
U RAN SwAN v. DAw Tm & FIVB OTHI!RS
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 CIVIL FIRST APPEAL

Before U Tun Tin and U Kyaw Zan U,JJ.

DAW THAN THAN (APPELLANT)

v. Sept. 23
DA w KHWE AND FOUR OTHERS (RESPONDENTS).*

Limitation Act.-s. to-:-the exclusit.n. of implied trust or such tntst a~ tl1e lar~
(UouJd.infer
. merely from the existence. of particular .facts or fiduciary rel<.~timu.
.
.The landed property in suit originally belonged to one U Tun U who
Qie<hlbout 49 years ago. He had three daughters who prodec:east.'<i him
His eldest daughter married U Maung Gyi who on the death of his wife con-
templated a second marriage, nnd was alleged to have entrusted the jointly
inherited. property of his cbldren to the appeUants' aunt Daw Ma Ma Lay.
In a suit for possession by the respondents.
Held : The language of s. 10 of the Limitation i~ fnmed so as to exclude
;mplied tru~ts or's\tch trusts as the L\w would infer merely from the existence
of particular. fac.is or fiduciary relations. Jt is therefore held that there was
no trust as oontemplated by law, and as such neither Oaw Ma Ma Lay nor
her nephew U Ant Gyi for that matter was a trustee in respect of the 1luit
proper(y, and that s. JO of the Limition Act does not apply.
Kherodemtmey Dosree v. Doorgammrey Dossee and others' I.L.R. IV Cal. 455 ;
ilifa Th.in May v. U Po Kiu, I.L.R. 3 Ran. ::to6 ;
Kia1uius Lazmandas Gzifar and others v. GodatJaribai Bharatar Govinddas
<Jujar mul othert, I.L.R. (1937) Dom, 636 referred to.

U Hla Nyun for the appellant.

U Nyun Myaing for the. r~spondents.

U: KYAW ZAN U, J.-This is an appeal against the

judgment and decree of the District Court of Pakokku
sitting at Myingyan giving the plaintiffs-respondents a
free-hold town land in Pakokku belllg Holding No. 40 of
196<>-61 in Block No. 6 Myoma Ale Paing Plot No. 58,
Lammagyi. Road, measuring -095 of an acre wi.th. two
, ~Civil rU'llt Appeal No.2 of I96s
.:. t APpeai against the d~ee of the District Judge, Pakokku, dated the JI.; t
l\-ra~= i96s: passeci.in Civil Regul111: Suit No. .:a of. Io. 1
'
 c.c. storied brick buildingstanding thereon as prayed for With
1967
proportionate costs against the defendants in the suit for
DAwTHAN
THAN possession of the suit property.
. "
DAWKHWE Stripped of. all the unnecessary details for the purpose
AND FOUR
orimRs. of decision in. this appeal the suit property, as alleged in
the amended plaint filed on the 9th March 1962 originally
belonged to U Tun U who died about 49 years ago while
the suit was filed on the 3oth August 1961 leaving behind
three . daughters viz., (1) J?a.w_Shwe Khin who. married
U Maung Gyi, (2) Daw Shwe Zin and (3) Daw Saw Win
all of ~hqm . predeceased their father U. Tun U on whose
death at the mutual division 9f his property Daw Shwe
Khin's six children and Daw Zin's two chfld.ren j9intly
got the suit property as their share of inheritance. Daw
Saw Win had no issue. These facts are no{: dispute fii.
now. ....
' . U Maung Gyi on the death. of his wife '_baw Shwe
Khin in contemplation of the second marriage ~;ent1-usted
his six children .who were minors then, and their jointly
inherited properties from U Tun U " . witl{"J1is elder
spinster sister Daw Ma Ma L<:!.Y. who w;:ts .alleged'to .h ave
acted as ,; the natural guardian . qf hjs six .childfen and
of their properties. With .t he exception of Daw Khwe
the first plaintiff-respondent aU:these six children of Daw
Shwe Khin and U Maung .Gyi are now dead l.eaving na
heirs save the plaintiffs-respondents Nos. 2, 3 and 4 the
heirs .a~d . l~gal representati~es of U Ba Sh'Y~ and the.
plain_!:iff~respondent No. 5 the heir and legal .representative
of:.~ Hr'u~t ~y~,... :-,- .. : . .
: U Ba' Shwe' also had: tWo inore childrerr. besides ;the
:3
p laindffs~iesf:>ondents . Nos. 2; , and 4 out . ~ :'they w.ere
not ~illfng t:o:be -impleaded as 'plaiiltiffs the)V were added
as defendants Nos. 2 and 3 in the suit . .. One~U Ant Gyi
(qlias) Thakin _Ant Gyi ~e n~phew~ of .Paw'J4a M~ Lay
to whom the:.alleged entrustnient was ma~::cam:e .and
 ~o_o

lived after the war in the suit building with his aunt the
afor~a~d Daw Ma Ma Lay who being old at the time
"entrusted" the suit property to him. It was alleged in DAWTHAN-
THAN
paragraph I 2 of the amended plaint that U Ant Gyi -v.
DAWKHWE.
acknowledged and confirmed the "entrustment" and AND FOUR-
OTHERS;
undertook to respect the said entrustment and look after
the property witli his old aunt Daw Ma Ma Lay " on be-
half and benefit of the plaintiffs." It was alleged that ori.
t~ death of Daw Ma Ma Lay, U Ant Gyi continued to
li~e in the ~uit building and looked after the property so
" entrusted ". These fact'i were not however admitted by
tl:ie 'defendants.
.. When U Ant Gyi died on 12th Lazan of Tawthalin
IJf-2 B..E. (Ist September 1960) his wife Daw Than Than
the.. (irst defendant (appellant) refused to quit the suit
building and give possession of the suit property to the
plaintiffs-respondents in spite of repeated demands.
According to the amended plaint the plaintiffs-responrl'!nts
at#: 'the deft:ndants Nos. 2 and 3 [Maung Kyaw (alias)
f\~aung Kyaw Lay and Ma May Kyi] are joint owners of
the suit property. No ailegation was made that Daw Ma
M~ L~y or her nephew U Ant Gy1 ever claimed the suit
PfQpci-ty. Reading the ~mended plaint it is cleru: thai
V''Ani.Gyi's wife Daw Than Than the present lone appel.:.
htiit had no connection whatsoever with the suit property~
She is a total a stranger to 'it.
.,
:. , ;1The . only person who really tqok up the <;ontest
seno,usly. was and is Daw Than Than the first defen9ant
(wi~w .o f U Ant Gyi) who alone figure5 as the appellant
~~~.~~ , appeal. She (Daw Than Than) raised v.ariolls.
~fe.nces but her main defen<:es were that the suit pro-
m.
iii2:
~longed to Daw Ma Ma Lay on whose death in
B.E. (1950) her nephew as well as her kiq:ima
ad,9p~~ - son U Ant Gyi, her husband, who was said to
.h..a~e._.!:?cin
. .. .adopted, sine~ .the
. .ag~ .,of
. s inherited.
. the.
.
~it
.
 c.c. pr~p~riy .and on. his . death 6n the I st Sep~emher i9,f?o
11)67
at .th~ ~gG o{ 64 years she, as his widow, becanie the
DAWTHAN legal owne:r of the suit proper~y an~ that the sui{~as
TJV.N
o. ' barred by L_a w of Limitation. The contest, no doubt, was
!]).AWKnws
AND FOUR bold, and onu_s of proof lay lieavily on her.
OTHERS.
The pl~intiffs-respondents. in their replication denied
the alleged <~:doption of U Ant Gyi by Daw Ma Ma Lay
.a_nd i.n support .filed a printed invitation card a.s exhiiJit
(<:) _: ,.is~ued by U Ant Gyi .and-his real mother D~~ . Mi
~ay requesting :to attend their kahtein qn I 5th lazan of
Tazaungmon I309 B.E. (28th October I947) i.e.., . .long
before t4e death of Daw Ma Ma Lay who died oniy. in
thejrear I312 B.E. (I950). The plaintiffs-respqndents
erilphas1sed that Daw Ma Ma Lay at :rio time made: any
to
claim thesuit property and that the suit was not barred
by. th~ Law. of Limitation. . ' .. .:
. ; . .. .. .
On th~ pleadi~gs the trial .Court framed not _less ~J.lan
I I . i~sues .and after hearing passed a decree for possession
-of the suit -property (land and building) in favour o(~e
plaintiffs-respondents with proportionate costs on the
grounds inter alia that U Ant Gyi was not the ld~tima
adopted son of Daw Ma Ma Lay and the suit was not
.barred under section IO of the Limitation Act as D~w~ Ma
Ma, Lay and not U Ant Gyi was " in trust " of the .S.l.lit
property until her death in 1959.
As stated above this appeal against the judgmen~ ~nd
deciee. was preferred only by Daw Than Thari t}l::~ i'jr~t
de:fe:ndant and the widow o{ U Ant Gyi. The onl~.:p.Ohit..
in
take'll:::l}y the '.Advocate for the appellant this appeal,
.aO:d =we shouid say .very wisely, is that :the trial court
wa:s wrong in .holding that' section Io of the Limitation
Act ~pplied and the suit was notbarred. We agree that
sec~ion io ' does not'.apply at ~u~ .'The niarginal note of
t}le section' ref~rs to express i:iusrees only and their repre~
seifi:ati\tes. ..- On \he authority of Klierotl~mdney' Dossee v.
 l)oorgamoney Dossee imd others (r) where Garth, C.J. ex- c.c.
1967
pressed that the language of the section is specially framed
DAWTHAN
so as to exclude implied trusts, or such trusts as the law THAN
would infer merely from the existence of paiticular facts "
DAwKHWB
br fiduciary relations we must hold that there was no AND. FOUR
OTHBRS.
trust as contemplated by law, and as such neither Daw
Ma Ma Lay nor her nephew U Ant Gyi for that matter
was a trustee in respect of the suit property. In the
similar circumstances it was held in Ma Thein May v. U
Pb K.tn (i) that it must be taken that the person to whom
the entrustment was made was merely a person who took
charge of the property and managed it for the minors .
. Quasi-trustees do not come under section .roof the Limita-
tion . Act. The .word "vest" implies legal ownership.
The submission of the Advocate for the appellant that
:section IO has no application tO the suit amounts to
acceptance of the fact that neither Daw Ma Ma L~y nor
tj Ant Gyi was the legal owner of the suit property. A
c.onstructive trust is not a trust as contemplated by section
r o but it is an obligation in the nature of trust. Section
3 of the Trusts Act r882 defines "Trust" as follows:-
" A ' trust ' is an obligation annexed to the ownership of
property, and arising out of a confidence reposed in and
accepted by the owner, <?r declared and accepted by him,
for the benefit of another, or of another and the owner."

But it is clear, under section 7 of the Act that a minor

cannot create a .trust. The plaintiffs-respondents' case is
not trust, but " entrustment " by U Maung Gyi of the
suit property of which they were the owners having
inherited from their grand-father U Tun U, .to Daw Ma
Ma-Lay who in turn" entrusted "-to .U Ant Gyi. Neither
U Maung Gyi nor Daw Ma Ma Lay nor even U Ant Gyi
was their legal or certifi,cated gucudian enabling them to
~1) I.L.R. IV Cal. 455 . (2) l.L.R. 3 Ran. 206.
38
 c.c. .c reate a trust for them. In Kisandas Laxmandas Gujar
96~
and others v. G<?df!.varibai Bhpratar Govinddas Gujar and
DAWTHAN
' TifAN others .(3) which followed Ma Thein May v. U Po Kin (2}
"
DAwKHWs.
and was a much stronger case than the present case now
ANDio:u~ under -consideration, it was held that even a certificated
OTHllRS.
.guardian under the Guar:dians and Wards Act I 890 is not
a trustee. in whom the property is vested for a specific
pmpose Within the meaning of section r o of the Lim!ta- .
t ion . Act: 1Jlere is no vesting section in the Guardians:
and Wards Act. The scheme of the act shows that a
guardian is regarded as a next friend with the liability
analogous to that of a trustee.
The p6int that arises for our consideration under issue
No .. IO therefore is whether the suit is barred under any
other provision of the Law of Limitation if section ro of
the Act is not applicable at all. The suit, undoubtedly,
was not free from difficulties but the Advocate for the
appellant has narrowed down the issues and confined his
able advocacy only '.to the point of law raised ; thus the
appeal becO:qles less clifficult. The suit is for possession of
immoveable property and the only possible Article under'
the .Limitation Act we can think of as applicable i~ Article
I44 Though the Ad,vocate for the appellant argl:led at
.first that Article r2o'. of the Limitation ..Act applied he
was not r-eally pressing for decision on this point. The
suit is not for accounts. Article I 20 is the omnibus or
residuary Article and. the Court .will not apply it to a case
unless it is satisfied' -that it does not come under any of:
the -other ArtiCles :dealing with specific .cases. ArtiCle 144
is ..spedfic .and relates . to suits for possession of immove-
able pro percy. It applies to cases where the plaintiffs are
out' o f oossession an.a -seek to recover it and the defence
is ' one of adverse .poss~sion . The Advocate for the
appellant .COnc-eded: that if Article I 20 is not applicable
J (3) I.L.R. (1937) Bom. 636. .
 then this .Artide 144 must be applied. The Advocate for
the respo~d~nts also relies on Article 144. The point to
be considered therefore is when did the possession of the 0"'a~HAN
defendant,-appellant Daw Than Than become adverse to o ...wJ{awa~. .
the plaintiffs-respondents? The question of adverse AND FouR
OTHERS.
possession.never saw a place in the pleadings. The appel-
lant's Ad-..;ocate submitted that Daw Khwe the fitst plain-
tiff-respo~~ent generally demanded the properties entrust- .
ed from .Paw Ma Ma Lay, who reared her up since she
was a. baby of 18 months old on her own mother's death,
and with ~49m she had lived for over 30 years, when
she g9t1111Uried at the age of 30 years, i.e. about 17 year.s
befo!e tl}~.filing of the suit which was clearly beyond the
period a~qwed by Article 144 of the Limitation Act. Daw
Kh'ry.e deP.9$ed that Daw Ma Ma Lay told her she would
hand oy~ . all the properties to all who were entitled to
and eve~ gave her a diamond bracelet worth about
K 3,ooq a~ the .time but before she could hand over she
di~d 41 BI-2 B.L (1950). It will be seen that Daw Ma
Ma Lay flever made any claim to the suit property. She
was merely holding the property for Daw Khwe and
other co-owners. Hence the question of adverse posses-
sion never arises and the appellant who made a claim
aft;er the death of Daw Ma Ma Lay and U Ant Gyi cannot
in law . ~ac:k their possession of the suit property on to
her own! possession as neither of them had any adverse
claim agfiinst the plaintiff-respondents. They were no.t
trespassers., We accept the principle that a title by
adverse possession is heritable, transferable and devisable
but here , there was never any adverse possession to be
inherited.by the appellant from any of her predecessor in
adverse. possession. Daw Khwe stated that she did not
demand . for the return of the suit property specifically
for she knew that she was a co-owner and there was no -
dispute ~bout. it. The appellant's Advocate in the alter.-
native SJ.lbnritted that Daw Khwe ought .to have claimed
 c.c. ~n ~ttainm,ent ~f maj~rity. . The st w as.file<f }Vh.~il she
was 5 7 yeqrs of age anc;l she was 58 yea.rs qld whoo the
196?
DAW.THAN
THAN am~.g<:ted pJUnt w~s preser~:tf:;d. The. suit or 'anwn.ded
. . . ... v ..... . plaf~i w~s presented after_ r2 years had elapsed_f~P,m .the
DAW.'f{~
AND POUR dat~. pt,;her attai:p.ment of majority, and h~e again ~ince
Oi'HI!RS.
neither J)aw. M~. M? Lay nor U Ant .Gyi ever made .any
dairri, 't(? t4~~,. ~P,it pro~ty t;p.ere _was 'no nec:~ssjty for
her tO file a:suft for .possession within I 2 y~rs .~f her
atta_inment of majority. A person who. holds. _pp~s~ssion .
on behalf o f another does not thereby make hiS posses-
sion adverse even if he denies the others' title. Thus a
~ll'e whoholds possession on her'husband's be~alf, .d~ring
his llbsence, cannot acquire a ticl.e by advers~ .p<?S~~s.ion
~gainst her husband, however long her husbanii ~riay be
absent. A licensee cannot daim .t ide only .fro'm .v.os.~es-
_sion, however long, unless it is proved that his p<)sse~Sion
was adverse to that of the licensor to his knowle4ge and
with ' his acquiescence. Possession does not l>.ec'q1he
.adv~se when the intention to hold it adversely ..i~: ~ant-
ing. _.So much about possession of Daw Ma Ma Lay. and
U Ant Gyi. . .

.. Limitation runs when tlle possession beconleS: aaverse.

Any over.t act by the person in possession starts ad~erse
possession to the true owner. Now for the purpose of
iiinitation in the instant case it must be counted froin the
date .... t)le appellant herself claimed the suit .pr~p~rty
-openly. She was entirely silent when Daw Ma Ma: Lay
a.nd 0 Ant Gyi were alive. Even after U Ant Gyi's .death
she did not move immediately to claim the' pt<;>perty:
She deposed that she took Daw Ma Ma Lay as the owner
because she (Daw Ma Ma Lay) had lived in the suit build-
1ng. She could not prove Daw Ma Ma Lay's title. .She
did not deny ihat Daw Khwe the first plaintiff-resp6ndent
had lived with Daw Ma Ma Lay for over 3o years. Her
contentionthat Daw Mt Ma Lay died in i310 B:E. (r948)
 and not in 1312 B.E. (r9so) as contended by the plaintiffs- c.c.
1967
respondents is pure hearsay. She had no personal know-
OAWTHAN
ledge. She merely heard it from her deceased husband THAN
U Ant Gyi and his relatives. A legal notice dated the "
OAWK.uWB
14th December 1960 (Ex.~ ) was admittedly received by ANDFOUil
OTHERs.
her on the 19th December 1960 (Ex. ro) where Daw
Khwe and other plaintiffs-respondents jointly asked her
definitely to quit the specific suit property entrusted and
for possession of the same on or ~fore the 2~th
December 1960, claiming themselves to be the real
owners. No . action was taken by her which amounted
to an overt act on her part giving rise to adverse po~es
sion, and the Advocate for the respondents rightly sub-
mitted that limitation should be counted from the target
date given in the notice. In the circumstances the sl,lit
must be held to be well within time. In the suit falling
under Article . 144 what the plaintiff is required to
establish is his titleto the property. In the present case
.since issue No. 2 was answered by the trial Court to the
effect that. the suit property left behind by U. Tun U was
inherited by the plaintiffs-respondents and there is no
dispute about it, they must be held to have established
their title.
For the reasons given we dismiss the appeal with
costs against the appellant Daw Than Than and up-hold
the decree not on the ground given by the trial Court but
on a different ground indicated and discussed above.
 CRIMINAL REVISION

Before U Kyaw Zan U, .'f.

MA TIN AYE (APPLICANT)

v.
THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT). *
<:ode of Crimim1Z Procedures. 19o--initiation of proceedirrgs-Magistrate could
Ull!e .action against any pers(m in the interest of justice in the course of the
heari.ng of the case-whether s. 191 uf the C()de Jtas any application.

Held: S. xQo of the Code of Crin1inal Procedure applies to the

initiation .of proceedings. The trial Magistrate had already taken cognizance
-of the offenee against the original accused under s . 190 (b) on the police report,
-viz., tile police Charge--sheet, and the Magistrat-e having taken cognizance of the
off.:nce, it is right .and proper that he should bring to justice aU those persons,
'\.\ihether originally Jllntioned or not. It must be regarded tilat the tri~l
Magistrate took cognizance against the presen1: applicant under the same
clause of s. 190 vi::. -clause {b), as he did against the original accused. The
.offence being one and the same, and the Magistrate having cognizance of that.
offence, acting under s. x9b(b), has full seizin of the offence. Since the stage.
-of initiation of the proceedings was over the Magistrate could take action
.against any person in the interest of justice in the course of the hearing of
the case of which he .as in full -seizin. S. 190 l1as no copnection whatsoever
in -such -cases and consequently s. 191 of the -code has no application.
Mawzg Chan Tha v. The State, I I L.B.R. 398 (FB) ; lvlaung TheJ. v. Mau11g
Chit Kytve, (1940) R.L. R. 676, referred to.

U Hla Nyun for the applicant.

U .Ky.aw Myint for the respondent.

U KYAW ZAN U, ].-This application arose originally

out of the .Criminal Regular Trial No. 49 of 1965 of the
Court of the 3rd Additional Magistrate, Meiktila (U Saw
Ba Than) when in the course of the hearing of the defence
including the applicant as a witness for the defence the
* Criminal Revision No. 13 (b) of I967.
t Review ~f the or<ier of the 3rd Additional Magistrate: of Meiktila, dated
the 8th day of D ecember rl)6s, passed in Criminal Reg. Trial No. 49 of 1965 .
 Magistrate took cognis~nce of the offence under section c.c.
1967
8 (r) of the Essential Supplies and Services Act against the
appiicant and made her co-accused in the case as shown in lYIA~lN
the diary order dated the 8th December 1963 and released t.l.
'I'HEUNION
her on bailin the sum of K 2,ooo with two sureties for her OF BuRMA
appearance before the Court and fixed the case for further
hearing of the re-called witnesses for the prosecution and
the defence.
"Being aggrieved and dissatisfied with the order the
applicant took the matter up to the Sessions Court in
CriA'linal Revision No. 135 of 1965 stating that the trial
Court took cognisance under section 190 (r) (c) of the
Code of Criminal Procedure but failed to comply with the
provision of section 191 of the said Code, viz., to inform
the applicant that she was entitled to have the case tried
by another Court, but she was unsuccessful. Hence this
revision. The Sessions Judge held that since cognisance
was taken by the Court against the applicant in respect 9f
the same offence as the Police took cognisance section
190 (r) (b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure applied, and
therefore the trial Court was not required to comply with
the provision of section 191 of the Code.
Under section 190 (r) of _the Code the trial Magistrate
could take cognisance of any offence-
(a) upon receiving a complaint of facts which con-
stitute such offence ;
(b) upon a report in writing of such facts made by
. any police-officer ; -
{c) upon information received from any person
other than a police-officer, or upon his OV\'TI
knowledge or suspicion, that such offence has
been committed.

Neither the Government Advocate nor the Advocate for

0

the applicant seems to be aware of the Full Bench decision

!)JO

c.c. in N ga Chan Tha v .. The State (I) which was followed in.
I\)67
Maung Thet v. Maung Chit Kywe (2). Section 190 of t~e
MA TIN
AYE Code of Criminal Procedure applies to the initiation of
t).
THE UNION proceedings. In the instant case the trial Magistrate had
OF BURMA. already taken cognisance of the offence against the original
ac-cused under section 190 (b) on the police report, viz.,
the Police Charge-sheet, and the Magistrate having take,n
cognizance of the offence, it is right and proper that he
:should bring to justice all those persons, whether originally
mentioned <;>r not. It must be .regarded that the triaf
Magistrate took cognizance against the pre5ent applicar}t
under the same clause of section 190 yiz., clause (b); ~s
he did against the original accused. The offen~e being one
and the same, and the Magistrate having cognizanc~ <;>f
that offence, acting under section 190 (b), has full seizin of
the offence. Since the stage of initiation of the proc~ed
ings was over the Magistrate could take action against any
person in the interest of justice in the course of the hearing
of the case of which he was in full seizin. Section 190
has no connection whatsoever in such cases and conse-
quently section 191 of the Code has no application. As
regards section 190 (r) (c) of the Code referred to by the
applicant's Advocate, the information, or the knowledge,
or suspicion mentioned therein, has reference to the
initiation of proceedings in regard to the offence alleg~d to
have been .committed, and not to a later stage of the case.
TI1e trial Magistrate's action in the present case refers to a
stage Jater than that when cognizance was taken of the
offence, and therefore section 190 (r){c) does not apply.
He could proceed against anybody who may afterwards
be shown to have been concerned in the commission of
the offence of which he has taken cognizance. The police
. asked the Magistrate to take action in the charge-sheet
particularly against the original accused and the Court
(1) n L . B. R. 398 (FB). (2) (19-1-o) R.L.R. 676 . . .
after hearing took cqgnizance of the case against the c.c.
1967
applicant as well upon the same police-report under clause
MA TIN
(b) of the sub-section (1) of se<.:Lion 190 of the Code. In AYB
t),
Maull8 Thet v. Maung Chit Kywe (supra) it was held- THE UNION
'' After a Magistrate has taken cognizance of an offence in oF Bu"RMA.

one of the thr-ee methods mentioned in section 190, he gets

the seizin of the whole case and his jurisdiction to bring
everybpdy concerne<i ~n the commission of the offence to
justjce is. in no way restricted. "
I -

In .t he circumstances I decline to accept the submission

of the .Go.vernment Advocate as well as that of the
applicant's Advocate that non-compliance of the provision
of section 191 of the Code of..Crimina} Procedure by the
trial Magistrate in the case under consideration is fatal to
the case. The provision of that section has no application
in this case. The application is therefore dismissed.
 CRIMiNAL REVISION
. B_ejore U Kyaw Zan u, J.
THE UNION OF BURMA (A.P.PLICANT)
tC.C.
1967 v.
}jept.. z9. MAUNG KO LAy (RESPONDENT). *
. <;:ri"!illal Procedure Cude"""""!vltether impris011ment in default uj fi11e to ru~ con-
currently with the substa11tivc sentence of impriso11ment is permissibf,.
Held : No provision is made irt the Code for directing imprisonment
. i~ default of fine to run concurrently with the substantive sentence of imprison-
ment awarded for any other offence tried at different trials. Imprisonment
in' default. of payment of fine to run concurrently with substanthe sentence of
imprisonment for different offence. is therefore set aside.
The State v. Ebraht"m, A:l.R.-(~93t) Ran. sx, r~ferred to.
Th.e Stau v. Haji, A.I.R. (i941) Lab. 209, referred to.

.--for the applicant.

- - for the respondent.
U KYAW ZAN U, ].-The point for decision presented
by the Sessions Judge, Kyaukse, as raised by the Superin-
tendent of Jail, Mandalay is whether an accused person
convicted under section 458 of the Penal Code for commit-
ting house-breaking by night after preparing to cause hurt
and sentenced to one year's rigorous imprisonment in a
case {Criminal Regular Trial No. 18 of 1967 of 3rd Addi-
tional Magistrate of Kyaukse), can be sentenced on the
same day in another case (Criminal Regular Trial No. 19
of 1967) by the same Magistrate to suffer two months'
rigorous imprisonment in default of payment of fine of
K so for causing hurt under section 323 of the Penal Code
which was ordered to run concurrently with one year's
rigorous imprisonment passed in the first case.
The answer is in the negative. The normal rule is that
the sentences should be consecutive but they may be made
Criminal Revision No. 67 B of 1967.
1' Review of the order of the 3rd Add!. Magistrate, Kyaukse, dated the
12th June 1967, passed in Criminal Reg. Trials Nos. 18 and 19 of 1967.
 ~J?

to ~l!-n..cQncurrently only if there is some reason. The ?9f.;

impr:i.$On~ep.t referred to in sections 35 and 397 of the ~ UNION
Code of Criminal Procedure is a substantive sentence of oF. BL'RMA
imprisonment. No provision is made in the Code for M.AU:~ Ko
directing imprisonment in default of fi.ne to run COncur- LAY.

rently with the substantive sentence of imprisonment

awar~ed for any other offence tried at different trials.
In Emperor v. Haji (1) it was laid down-
" According to the provisions of section 397, Criminal
Procedure Code, the Magistrate could direct substantive sen-
~ence$ of imprisonmen~ passed in two different cases to run
concurrently but it does not appear that there is any provi-
sion of law enabling a Court to direct a sentence of impri-
sonment in default of payment of fine to run concurrently
with a substantive sentence of imprisonment passed for a
different offence either at the same trial or at different trials."

In that case the accused was sentenced to a fine of K 50

or in default of payment to undergo one month's imprison-
ment and in the second case he was sentenced to rigorous
imprisonment for three months with the direction that the
sentence of imprisonment in default of payment of :tine in
the first case should run concurrently with the sentence of
three months' rigorous imprisonment passed in tbe second
oease. It was held by Bhide. J. that impris:mment in
-default of payment of fine cannot be directed to run
-concurrently with substantive sentence of imprisonment
for different offence. Again in The State v. Ebrahim (2)
where th~ accused was convicted under section 408 of the
l'enal Code and was sentenced to a normal term of impri-
sonment and a fine of K soo or in default imprisonment
for six months and in the second case he was convicted
under section 420 of the ~enal Code and was sentenced to
two years' rigorous imprisonment which the Magistrate
directe~. to take eff~ct after the expiry of the sentence in
(l) A.T.R. (liJ.p) Lah. 209. (z) A.I.R. (1931) Ran. St.
~j -9

C.:
I9v/
default which the accused was then serving, but on appeal
- . the Sessions Judge reduced this sentence to one of six
Tan UNION .
oF BuRMA months and directed that it should run concurrently with

MAU:~ Ko the earlier sentence, Carr, J. observed that section 64 of

LAY. the Penal Code provides that sentence of imprisonment in
default of fine-" shall be in excess of any other imprison-
ment to which he (the offender) may have been sentenced "
and in terms it prohibits only concurrent running of a
term of imprisonment to which the offender has previously
been sentenced, and therefore though .it could not be said
that the Sessions Judge's order. was illegal, "it is in fact
opposed to the spirit of the intention of . section 64 and
that therefore Courts should not ordinarily order a
sentence of imprisonment in default of fine to run concur-
rently with any other sentence of imprisonment whatever
the order in which the sen!ences may have been pMsed. "
It is obvious that difficulty will arise in regard to the
apportionment of a part payment of fine against the term
of imprisonment in default under section 69 of the Penal
Code.. I therefore set ' aside the sentence so far as they
relate to concurrent sentences of imprisonment and direct
that the said sentences of imprisonment passed by the trial
Magistrate shall run consecutively, the sentence of impri-
sonment in default in Criminal Regular Trial No. 19 of
r 96'7 is to run on the expiry of the sentence of imprison-
ment in Criminal Regular Trial No. 18 of 1967.
However it appears, the respondent (accused) was in
custody of the Police for 15 days during investigation and
68 days in the course of the inquiry and trial making a
total of 83 days which must be deducted from the
sentence of one year's rigorous imprisonment in Criminal
ReguJar Trial No. 18 of 1967, in view of the ruling of the
Full Bench in the Union of Burma v. Maung Tun Kyi being
Criminal App~al No. 407 of 1965 of the Chief Court and
Chief Court's General Letters Nos. 6 and 8 of 1967.
 CIVIL FIRST. APPEAL

Before U Sei_n Thinn, J.

u BAN svvAN (APPELLANT)

tC.C.
1967

v. Oct. z8.

DAw THI AND FIVE OTHERS (RESPONDENTS) ....

Suit for partition-parties have been in tiSe and OCGupation of suit land jointly
for several years~whether it was tanu.rrnmnt to creati11g by a contractual
act tinity of interest and unity of possession which were the 11e.:essary ingt:e-
dients for a suit for partition.
The appellant sued Daw Thi and Daw Hta Khin for a declaration that
he is the sole owner of two pieces of land. He was successful in the trinl Court.
How~rver-, on appeal it was ruled that the suit land was joint nncestral property
and that the appellant was not entitled to any declaration. Therefore, the
r~spondents. filed a suit for partition of the land against the appellant.
Held : So far a. the evidence obtaining on the record of the lower Court
is Cj)n~med i~ is palpably clear that the plaintiffs and the defendant have
been in use and occupation of the suit land jointly for several years. Thus
it may reasonably .be inferred that up till the time when the defendant filed
his suit -for declaration the parties have among themselves an implied
understanding to enjoy the property jointly. This was tantamount to creating
by a . coa'tractual act unity of interest and unity of possession which were the
necessary ingredients for a suit for partition by any one of them against the
o:hcrs. .Jt is therefore held that the trial Court was justified in. passing a
decree for partition.
J'.lfaung Ba Tu v. Ma Thd Su atul 3 others, s Ran. 785 ; Ma PfiJQ Shin v
U Po Sin, A.I.R. (1937) Ran. 324 ; Daw Suw Shin v. U Aung Pe, (1957)
.D.L.R.. s : Maung Sin v. Maung Byaung and others, B.L.R. (19~-46,) 149
disti11guls!~ed.

U Ba Than (r) for the appellant.

U8a Ohn for the respondents.

U SEIN THINN, J.-In order to appreciate the stand

taken by the plaintiffs in the suit out of which this appeal
has arisen it will be necessary to reiterate in brief outline
Civil Fint AppealNo. 30 of 1967.
: t Again~t the -decree of the City Civil COurt, Rangoon in Civil Regular
Suit No. 66 of 1966, dated the 8th of March 1967.
~J ti,::
c.c. the history of the litigation between the parties. In Civil
19
67 Regular Suit No. 58 of r96o of the late High Court the
u BAN SwAN plaintiff U Ban Swan sued the defendants Daw Thi and
DA.; THr Daw Hta Khin. for a declaration that he is the sole owner
~~a~: of two pieces of land known as Allotments Nos. 47 and
48 in Block No. 43C Cantonment Circle, Rangoon. The
plaintiff's case was that these two allotments stood in the
name of his grandmother Daw Mya Thi since. the. year
r 873 and that Daw Mya Thi was in possession till her
death . . paw Mya Th(had two daughters, namely, Daw .
Nyein and Daw Nyaw Wa, the latter being t~e. mother
of the plaintiff U Ban Swan. A -few years before I'94I
. and also subsequently after that date the .d~f.endants
occupied part of the land with the . permission of_):~aw
Nyein and Daw Nyaw . Wa. After the deaths: 9f "'Daw
Nyein and Daw Nyaw Wa,_ the plaintiff U Ban S~.an
tried to mutate the land to his name but on account of
the. objection raised by ti1e d~fendants he was not ab1c to'.
do so. The plaintiff therefore filed a declaratory sui.t
against the defendants and for possession as against the
defendant Da~ Thi who was in occupation of: portion a
ofthis land. . ..
.t he defence raised by the defendants in a n!ltshell ~iwis
that the suit land was not the sole property of Daw Mya
Thi and that the original owne r was one U Po,_.father of
Daw Mya Thi, who had three children, n~mely; Daw Mya
Thi, U Ba Thet and U Pe, an~ that on the death of U Po-
the s uit Ian~ devolved upon his three children in equal
shares. It is also asserted that the property still remains:
undivided. U Ban Swan was successful in the trial Court
and a decree as prayed for was passed in his favour. But
on appeal to. this Court which was heard by a Bench of.
t\vo:. JUdges in Civil First Appeal No. 103 of _.1962. the
Bench ruled that the suit land was joint ancestral property
and -that therefore the piaintiff if Ban Swan was not
entitled to any declaration: ~o the effect that he was the
 sole owner and that he was not entitled to a decree for c.c
1967
posses~ion in respect of the site occupied by Daw Th~.
T~e 'Beoc;h accordingly set aside the. judgment and decree u B"-"' swAN".
. ' . . v
of the ~rial Court. . . DAW TKt ,
AND 'FIVB. .
..[' Hqving been armed.:with adjudication, that the- land~ QTHERS ..

was a joint ancestral property the heiis of U Ba Thct and

ure,.who are respondents in the present appeal before
me, filed a suit against the appellant U Ban Swan for
partition of the Ian~ in Civil Regular Suit No. 66 of x966
of."~e City Civil Court, Rangoon. By their plaint the
plail;ltiffs alleged that the suit land was joint ancestral
..property which has not yet been divided ; that the same
origiti:llly belong~d to U Po on whose death about 6o years
agb~it. d~volved on his three children, Daw Mya Thi, U Ba
Thet and U Pe in equal shares ; that the plaintiffs and
the defendant as representing the sole heirs of the afore-
said . tHree children of U Po are entitled per stripe each
to . one-third of the suit land ; that by consent of the
defendant U Ban Swan the suit land was partitioned into
three. equal portions and that although U Ban Swan was
given the option to choose any of the three, he had
ref~sed to do so. The defence set up by the defendant .
U Ban,_Swan was one of total denial of the allegations set
Otlt. jn the_plaint. In addition it was also claimed that
the. _s1,1;it in the present form was J:?.Ot maintainabl~ and
thai jt. ~yas also harred by limitation . . Several issu~~ were
accordingly joined but the most important were . those
relatingto the maintainability o~ the s~t . a.nd _to the
qu~on regarding limitation. The trial Court held that
tl).e suit in the present form was maintainable and that it
was i?.thin time. A preliminary decree for partition was
ac~~r~ngly passed . . ljencethe present appeal befo~e i_n~.
::..]n : spite of the several grounds o{ appeal mentioned
in: :the memorandum . of appeal, the only point that. has
been ~eriously canvassed before me now' is aS regards the
~J 0

e.G. maintainability of the suit ;:ts framed befor~. t~~- I~wer

. Court. U Aye Mau~g the learned Couns~l tfor. t~~ appel-
1967

u BA~~wAN lant in support of his arguments cited a nprri~r of

DAW T1U authOritieS in which the relevant dictum WaS that the
~:S~ Burmese Buddhist heir is not entitled to maintain ar pa,rti-
tion suit in the strict sense of the word and his s'uft ~ust
be one for division of -the. inheritance, 'that is; an admini-
stration suit. No doubt, this dictum finds acceptance in
various rulings of which the leading case is 'that of
Maung Ba Tu v. Ma Thet suand three others (r):;w:herein
Chari J. explained that a suit for partition and.:possession
amongst Burmese Buddhist :heirs is not maintainable in
law, and that the only way in which one heir can;.ootaiiJ.
his share of the inheritance from the other heir-s iS by an
administration suit. The same view was also expressed
in the case of Ma Pwa -Shin v. u Po Sin (2)' \\r.kerc the
dictum referred to above was quoted with appto~aJ:: Of
late this principle was adhered to even to the extent of
disallowing in to the claim of a purchaser of lan'ded pro-
perty from one of the . c6-heits on the ground- that the
latter's share of inheritance will always remain -indeter-
minate until the same is decided by means of an adtninis~
tration sui t. Vide Daw Saw Shin v. U Aung 'Pe {3):
There is thus a consensus of opinion tha~ among
Burmese Buddhist heirs ~he only manner in which one
h~ir can obtain his share of the inheritance from 'another
heir ~r heirs in possession thereof is by an admini~ir:~tion
suit and the whole of the property belonging t9: the. 'estate
must be brought i~to account. No doubt a casual reading
of the Privy Council ruling in the case of Mal!nB . Sin v.
Maung Bya~ng and others (4) indiq.tes a seeming depar-
ture from the aforementioned rule inasmuch as it was
. observed by their Lordships of the PriVy Council that
though the suit is not for the administration of the estate,
(x) s,Ran.78s: Cl) (1957) B.L.R. S
-(2) A. T.R. (1937) R~n. 32i- (4) B.L.R. (1942-46) 49
 nor vy-as there a claim for administration or for the
accounts and the subject matter may be only for a por-
tion of the estate ; it is not only competent for the Court u BAN SwAN
to ascertain and declare the shares of the heirs or the DAw"Ts,
parties but also it is its pl~in duty to do so. But in the ~~~
case cited above the suit was based on an award made by
the arbitrators and the plaintiff .was merely seeking for a
de<;laration that she is entitled to more than what the
arbitrators had awarded her. The cause of action was
not the death of the ancestor whose estate was sought to
be administered. It is therefore clear that the above
observations made by their Lordships of the Privy Council
do not in any way affect the dictum which has all along
been observed in the matter of :the claim among Burmese
Buddhist co-heirs.
But t~is does not dispose of the present appeal before
me inasmuch as the circumstances obtaining in this case
are entirely different from the ones dealt with in the
above rulings. The principle under which a Burmese
Buddhist heir is precluded from filing a partition suit is
founded on the legal incident that the estate of the
deceased Burmese Buddhist vests in the heirs on the
death of the ancestor, and that they are tenants-common
and not joint tenants of the inheritance. For, strictly
speaking " partition " is applicable only to those suits in
which the plaintiff seeks to conver:t his joint ownership
and joint possession of the whole property into separate
ownership and separate possession of a portion of .t he pro-
perty. Therefore a partition suit lies only when the
plaintiff and the defendant have unity of interest or title
in the property sought fu be partitioned and that there
was also unity of possession which does not seem to be
the position of the Burmese Buddhist co-heirs at the time
of the death of their ancestor. But if the heirs by an
agreement, express or implied, remain jn possession of
the estate of the ancestor jointly and continue to enjoy
39
 ~;i :that .estate jointly, then they _have created as among them-
..:..._ selves, by a contractual act, uni.ty of interest and unity
u BA:.swAN of possession which would enable one of the heirs to file
~ F'[!1 a suit for partition. This i-s the view express~d in Maung
orHBRs, Ba Tu's case (supra) and, with respect, I have not the
slightest doubt that it must be so. Otherwise it would
cause :Undue hardship if after enjoying joint possession of
an inheritance for several years Burmese Buddhist co-
heirs were to be driven to an administration suit as .the
only way tq get their shares of inheritance. An admi-
nistration suit has as its. object the taking of accounts as
a -step to the administration of the estate under a decree
of the Court and its essence therefore is for accounts and
for application of the estate of the deceased for the
satisfaction of the dues of all t.lJ.e creditors and for the
benefit of all the creditors and all other heirs who are
entitled to share in the estate. But in a case such as the
one befor.e me where the deceased whose property is
sought to be partitioned died over half a century ago it
would be difficult if not well nigh impossible to bring
into account all the properties which existed at the time
of his death. Thus it seems clear to me that in the
circumstances of the case .the suit as framed in the lower
Court cannot be said to be inappropriate.
So far as the evidence obtaining on the record of the
lower Court is concerned if is palpably clear, as pointed
-out by the learned trial Judge in his judgment, that the
plaintiffs and the defendant have been in use and occupa-
tion of the suit land jointly for several years. Thus it
may reasonably be inferred :that up till the tiine when
'the defendant filed his suit for declaration the parties
have among themselves an implied understanding to
enjoy the property jointly. This was tantamount to
creating by a contractual ac.t unity of interest and unity
-of possession which were the necessary j.ngrediants for a
suit f0r partition by any one of them against the others.
 I would therefore hold that the trial Court was justified
in passing a decree for partition. It is however noticed
that the decree drawn up is not in conformity, with the u BAN SwAN
judgment inasmuch as the plot No. 3 which is the defen- DA.; Tax
dant's share is ordered to be partitioned. The decree ~~H:!:~
should be for partition of the entire suit land into three_
equal portions and the plaintiffs to be put into possession
of two of the aforesaid portions. The decree will
accordingly be amended in the light of the aforesaid
remarks. Subject to this amendment the appeal is dis-
missed with no order as to costs.
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:211
"h{ an action brought on an alleged contract the burden
of proof is, of course, upon the plainti:ff to show that a ~m
contract had been e~tered into between the parties and
that something _more than mere negotiations had taken place.
The negotiations and correspondence must be looked at as a
whole to see whether the parties to theni have concluded a
binding contract or not. Where only certain terms of the
contract were settled and the other terms of the agreement
were left open there is no concluded contract."

. "I. do not agree with the decision of the Lower Appellate

Court that the post-card can amount to a proposal within
tlie purview of the Contract Act. The post-card was merely
an invitation for offers in the same way as a catalogue of
goods sent out by any shop or business firm." .
C' r c o c co c c (' c o (' (' c ( ) c C'
.. CJC:B~ -~St;SO?'J"'f<j"'C"JfSO? 7~ O<>J'Jff~'J"'90? ro~ ?~c -GOO'Jro
'1 . oc r,: o r,:c c
OI~C: tj~CO?:tjf:::D~ II

" When a merchant or a commission agent sends his quota-

tions or terms of business to other 'people it is merely an
intimation on his part of his readiness to transact business
with them on those terms. It is clear that on the mere pass-
ing of the letters between the parties a contract as such does
riot come into existence between the parties."
or,: C' c o c o . c c ( ) C' c c
. CX:Ltjcroo ~J'-'~O[OJf~')f ~~ 'tas1')0'jf~ m~ 9 qcco~: Goo:>ro
') OC' o ,....J;';. C r,c C'
01wqc: $4~:<>4tjCOOO:CO?otjf:::D~ II

. Whe; a contract consists of a number of terms and con

~tiox:s,ea<:h condition does not ~<mlt a separate contract but
-- (~) ~33, *"'
33')(9) (o@r@) 'lforf' )') 9Ji'll ..
(J) c;:i:!r #r 03_->(4) (:>e.JJ) CO':>~: ()':> (oootooo)n
. (?) <:!Dr e ~?(4) (:>erJ) ()':! Je:>n *:n'
(9) ~!Dt # 03')(4) (oe,"<t) oo'P:~oo3.,Jt<.f' ()? J?Gu
 is an item in the one contract of which it is a part. The
consideration for each condition in a case like this is the
consideration for the contract taken as a whole. It is not
split up into several considerations apportioned between each
term separately. "
<: <: 'T'~ <: <: ~,.$1,...,.,.
rom~
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(;';;C' (' <: ('
.o.:>(j~ ~C'OOOXfG0~211
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" Marginal note may be referred to in aid of interpretation ;

though it forms no part of the section, it is of assistance
inasmuch as it shows the drift of the section."

C::>) Coe:u) t~"2~8<4:l Q? J? (o:>'P:~c&o:>~)"

(J) G~l #1 ~.,(9)1 (oe?j) ~ro-:>())~1 Q? ooon
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.oeG~ to adjudiCate on the rights of the parties actually before it.

A Court will refrain from passing a decree which w;ould be
~':!:{~ . ine1fectiv:e. and infructuous and the reason for .this rule is
~~oro'l n obvious~ It would be of no practical utility.' to the plaintiff,
--c and._be -a waste pa:Per. in the sense that. the relief that .it
t'i
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m.s~t - because of the objection of some person who is not bound
o'l 6u by that decree.. But this rule has no application to_cases in
which, ; nqtwithstanding the fact that some . of. the . persons
. inter.ested . in the subject-matter of . th~ ..suit. ar~- not .pa-r: ties
to the .sUit, the Court is in a position: to pass a decree that
. ' .-: is capable of execution and cannot be .rendered nugatory at . ',
the instance of persons not made parties to. the suit." .
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2. Is the plaintiff entitled to damages at the rate fixed by
the Grain Merchants Association ?
3 Is there a custom in the wheat trade that the amount
due should be settled on or before the month imme-
diately following the due date ?
4 To what relief is any is the plairtiff entitled ? "
 " It may be coru::eded that the Code' of :civil Procedure ~oes
not prohibit inconsistent pleadings an,d: that there "is nothing
to prevent either party from setting .. up .t'Yo .or more in<;on-
. sistent sets. of mateJ;ial facts and claiming relief thereunder
in the alternative. A plaintiff may . rely upon several diff-
erent rights alternatively although they may be inconsistent :
so a defendant may raise by his statement of defence, without
.leave, as many distinct and separate, and therefore, incon-
sistent, defences as he may think.proper."
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" There are two kinds of damages : special and generaL

The former alone need be specially pleaded. The latter has
to be claimed as a separate and distinct item, but it is enough
to claim it in a lump sum: no particulars are necessary ; no
details need be given: see Walsh and Weir on Pleadings in
India, pp. 57 and 6r also ro, Halsbury's Laws of England.
p. 346, para 638. The former authority defines special
damages as in general :
' Money actually expended as a, result of the wrongful
act, and money which, though not spent, has been lost by
not being earned, and which might otherwise have been
received either under a definite legal right, such as monthly
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in t~rms of figures . ' General damages, on the other hand, is
defined as 'matters which cannot be stated in money or.
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 LIST OF CASES REPORTED

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

Daw Hmin and one v. U Thet Tin Gli9

H. T. Ahuja and seven others v. Daw HI.a Yin and one . li'2o
Mr. E. R. Kellay V\ Louis P. Rajindram ($'2'2
U San Hla v. The Union of Burma Goo
- San Maung and one v. The Union of Burma Go?
- - Wai v. The Union of Burma Go'2

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 LIST OF CASES CITED

O('o (' o ('

~CCGOO ?OOtipg~gGJl0

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

Abdul Aziz v. Ganesh, 25 Cr. Law Journal II85,

.referred to .
Burman v. Woods, (I948), I K.B. III, referred to
Dipchand Golomal v. Kisimibai and others, A.I.R. (1920)
Sind. I33 referred to ..... ,._._,
Dogar Mal and others v. Sumam Ram and others, A.I.R.
(1944) Lah_ 58, referred to ...
La! Bahadur v. The State, 39 Cr. Law Journal 527,
referred to ... , JIB

Moti Lal Raniwala v. The State, A.I.R. {38) {I95I) Ajmer

. p. 82, referred to
N. ]. Gor v. M. G. Raval, I.L.R. (I95I) Born. 310,
referred to
U Ba Khin v. The Union of Burma, (1954) B.L.R. 191
(H.C), referred to ....
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~CCGOO?OXf:1J:~JtO

CHIEF COURT OF BURMA

ACTS:
ARBITRATION ACT.
Coos oF CRIMINAL PnO'CilDURE.
CONTRAcT ACT.
EvlDBNCE Acr.
SPECIFIC RELtEF ACT.

APPLICATION FOR TllJ\NSFER OF CASfJ.-Code of Ctimit~l Procedure

s. 5~/zether it can be exercised by the Magistrate at the bidding
of any person----whether the further cross-examination of the two
prosecuti~-nwitnesses is prejudicial to the prosecution or the defence.
Held : S. s~o of the Criminnl Procedure Code is not intended to
enable the Magistrate to exercise his powers at the bidding of any
person. Although the trial Court had acceded to the request
made by the accused' it cannot be said that it had n ot exercised its
discretion in a judicial manner. The case has not yet r~ached
the stage of even framing a charge. Therefore, allowing the
accused to fUrther cross-examine the two prosecution witnesses
could not in any way prejudicially affect either the prosecution
or the defence.
U SAN WAt tt. THE Umo:-~ OF BuRMA U SAN KHA

CODE OF CRIMINAL P ROCEDURE-S. 526--counscl tailing exception to tlz.e

question put by the trial Magistrate-discllowance of questions in
cross-examination--whether a ,qood ground for transfer of the case.
Held : The coun~el for the applicants has taken e.xception to the
que!'tions put by the t~ial Magistrate and of his prohibiting some
of the question which the witnesses had already answe1:ed. But
this can hardly be said to be a good ground for transfer of t he -case
as it has been held in many cases that even the total disallowance
of questions in cross-examination is not a gooj ground for-transfer
of the case under s. 526 of the Criminal Procedure Code. U Ba
Khin v. The Unum of Burma, (195~) B.L.R. 191 {H.C.) ; Abdul
Aziz v. Ganesh 25 Cr. Law Journal rr8s; Lal Bahadur v. The
SU1te 39 Cr. Law Journal '527, referred to.
U SAN MAUNe AND ONE t t. THE UNION oF BURMA

CooB. OF CIUMJNAL PROCEDURE-S. 526 (~)-every application ftJT the

e~fl'cis.e of power confCTTed by this sectirm ~o be made by mCitic;TJ
11

('
GI?ColJO?'?

supported by an affidavit on affirmation. Held : S. 526 (4) of the

Criminal Procedure Code lays down that eve1y application for
the exercise of power conferred by this section shall be made by
motion, which shall, except when the applicant is the Attorney-
Genernl, be supported by an affidavit or affirmation. An
affidavit or affirmation being an imperative requirement of law,
an application unaccompanied by such a affidavit.or affirmation
cannot be entertained. Moti Lal Raniwala v. The State A.I.R.
(38) 1951 Ajmer, p. 82, referred to.

MR. E. R. KELLAY (UNION oF BURMA) v. Louts P. RAJINDRAM 677

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODF.-applicatiOJI. to quash the cJzarge-'IIJhetJzer

the Sessions Judge has power under s. 438 Cr. P.C. to move the Chief
Court to quash the charge. Held : An accused person desiring to
have the criminal proceedings started against him quashed must
move directly to this Court under s. s6xA of the Criminal Proce-
dure Code. The Sessions Judge has no power under s. 438 to
move this Court to quash the charge framed against the applicant.

u SAN HLA v. THE UNION OF BURMA 68o

PARTNERSHIP BUSINSS-deed of retirement-suit on the basis of the

accounts taken-Arbitration Acts. 34- jiling of an application/or
stay ofproceedings by a party to an arbitration agreement- Contract
Act s. 28 Exception I Clause Z-'IIJhether operative in view of the
applicability of the Specific Relief Act in the area where the suit
had been brought- Evidence Act s. 34-'UJhether the balance-sheet
drawn up with the approval of the parties be treated as the basis of the
plaintiffs' claim--wlzcther i11terest be allowed be171JeCit th~ parties.
By a deed of partnership the deceased P .C. Ghosh, now repre-
sented by the respondent.~, wns one of the partners of a P<lrtncr-
ship business. Dy a deed of retirement the deceased ngreed to
retire from the business. The accounts we1c then gone into by
a qualified accountant in accordance with the agreement. Held :
The suit was based on the agreement embodied in the deed of re-
. tirement which had no reference to the arbitration clause
contained in the partnership deed. The terms of the partnership
deed had in effect been superseded by the deed of retirement.
Moreover no objection to the jurisdiction of the Court on this
score was made before the filing of the written statement by the
defendant. Section 34 of the Arbitration Act contemplates filing
of an application for stay of proceedings by a party to an
arbitration agreement at any time before the filing of written state-
ment. No such application had ever been filed by the defendant in
this case. Regarding clause 2 of Exception I to section z8 of the
Contract Act it may be pointed out that the same was not operative
in view of the applicability of the Specific Re!ie-i Act in the area
where the suit had been brought. It is therefore held that the
contention that the suit was not maint11inable as being premature
is untenable. Held further : Under S. 34 of the Evidence Act
the entries in the account boolcs kept and prepared in the ordinary
co\trse of business by themselves do not prove the liablity of a
party to the suit. But the balance-sheet having been drawn up
with the approval of P. C. Ghosh who had not at any til'll:e
questioned its correctness he could not be allowed to say that 1t
was insufficient to attach liability upon him. Therefore the
trial <;:Qurt y.ra~ Jysti.fie4 in trea~ing th~ balance...sheet, basis of tlw
 1ll

plaintiffs' claim, to have been proved. Dogar Mal and others v.

Sumam Ram and other~ A.I.R. (1944) Lah. s8 referred to. Held
further : As a general rule interest is not allowed between
partners even during the continuance of the partnership unless
there is an agreement or trade custom. Dipchand Golomal v.
Kishnibai and others A.I.R. (I928) Sind. IJJ, referred to.
H. T . AHuJA A.ND 7 OTHERS f). DAW HLA YIN AND ONE 670
SUIT FOR EJECTMENT FROM THB LANI>-Res Judicata-landlord lon'ng
his first suit to recover possessi;~n of property based on his bona fide
requirement for construction of a building-<hange of circumstances-
whether the second f'.Jit is barred by Res Judicata. The respondent
filed a suit against the appellants for ejectment from the land and
was unsuccessful. Then he filed another suit out of which the
present appeal arose. Held : It cannot be said that once a land-
lord has lost his suit to recover possessio.n of his property based
on his bona fide requirement for construction of a building on the
ground that the requirement was not bona fide because he had
not enough mesns to construct he shall for -ever be precluded
from instituting a fresh suit because of Res Judicata. The second
legal notice dated the 3Id September I 962 terminating the tenancy
for the second time-(exhibit C>J) gave a fresh cause of action. In
the former suit the trial Court drew its inference that the require-
ment was not bona fuie not oaly from the fact that he had no means
but also from the fact that the respondent had not applied
to the Municipality for permission to erect a building though
he had put up a plan, but in the present case he had filed the
permission he obtained from the Municipality (exhibit e). The
facts obtaining in the suit now under consideration are not quite
identical with those in the previous suit though the reliefs claimed
in both the suits are same. When the circumstances have now
changed Res Judicata cannot find a place in the suit. N.J. Gor v.
M. G. Raval I.L.R. (1951) Dom. 310; Burman v. Woods (1948)
I.K.B. III, referred to.
DAW HMIN AND ON f). u TRBT TlN
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 Before U Kyaw .Zan .U..J.
c.c.
i967.'' DAw HMIN AND ONE (APPELLANTS'
Nov. tS.
v.
u THET TIN (RESPONDENT).*
Suit for ejectment from the land-Res Judicata-landlord losing his first suit to
recover possession of prQperty based on his bona fide requirement for con-
struction. of a building-cluinge of circumstances--whether the second suit
is barred by Res Judicata.

The respondent filed a suit against the appellants for ejectment from the
land and was unsuccessful. Then he filed another suit out of which the
present appeal arose.
Held : It cannot be said that once a landlord has lost his suit to rec;over
possession of his property based on his bona fide requirement for construction
of. a build~ng on the gro.u nd that the requirement was not bona fide because
~e. had not enough means .to construct he shall fo{ever be precluded from
il_lSt~tuting a fresh suit becaus~ ?f Res Judicata.
The second legal notice dated the 3rd Septem~er 1962 terminating. the
tenancy for the second time (exhibit COJ) gave a fresh cause of action. In the
former suit the trial Court drew its inference that the requirement was not
bona fide not only from the fact that he had no means but also from the fact
that the respondent had not applied to the Municipality for permission to
erect a building though he had put up a plan, but in th~; present case he had
filed the permission he obtained from the M~!licipality (exhibit e- ).
The facts obtaining in the suit now under consideration are not quite
identical with those in the previous suit though the reliefs claimed in both
the suits are same. When the circumstances have now changed Res Judicata
cannot find a place in the suit.
N.J. Gor v. M. G. Raval, I.L.R. (1951) Born. 310 ; Burman v. Woods,
(1948) I.K.B. nx, referred to.

U Mya Sein for the appellants.

U Tin Maung for the respondent.

U KYAW ZAN U, J.-This is an appeal against the

judgment and decree of the Additional District Court of
Civil Second Appeal No. 14 of 1966. Against the decree of the Addl.
District Court of Mandal~y in Civil Appeal No. 13 of 1965, dated the 12th
March 1966. .
 Man<lalay, confirming the judgment and decree of the ?;;
Additional Township Court of Mandalay in Civil Regular
Suit No. 205 of 1962 where the respondent obtained a ~~A~
~
=Nx
decree permitting him to erect a building on executing a'<'u T -Tx
bond in the sum of K 2,000 on Holding No. 76, Block HET N.

No. 558, in Aung-nan-yeiktha, Ale-Baing, Mandalay within

one year from the date of vacati<?n of the premises by the
appellants, who are husband and wife, after dismantling
the present structures standing thereon with a note made
by the Court that so long as the General direction of the
Chlief Court that no execution' for eviction from the lands
and buildings should be made until further orders stands
and is in force the decree should remain ineffective.
It was a stiit for ejectment from the land instituted on
the 18th October 1962 on the ground that the respondent
bona fide required the land for construction of a house for
residence as the house where he was residing then was
merely a temporary hut. He stated that he had already
made a contract as per Exhibit ( ro) dated the 18th June
1962 with the carpenter Ko Hla Ngwe (PW 2) for the
construction of the house. He claimed that he inherited
the land from his mother who lease'd 'it to the appellants
arK 15 per month on condition that they must vacate the
land and the house whenever she desired them to do so.
The suit falls under section 12 (r} (d) of the Urban Rent
Control Act, 1960. The appellants stated in their joint
written statement that with the perm~ssion of the respon-
dent's mother they had erected a house worth K 2,000 on
the suit land. They admitte'd that the land belonged to
the respondent but denied that he bona fide required it for
.construct~g ~ house for residence as his present house is
a substanriai building. They stated that the respondent's
mother orally permitted them to stay on the lan'd at K 15
per :montbso long as they wanted. They did not deny
'l"ecei~g :the: legal notiCe. d!lted the 3rd September 1962
 ~.c. Exhibit (OJ) terminating tlie tenancy on the 30th day of
? September 1962 as the respondent desired ~o erect.a buUd-
196

0!~ ~N~IN ing on the land.

v.
UTHETTIN.
The third issue whether the respondent required the
suit land bona tide loomed large in the triai Court which
~nswered. it in the affirmative. On this issue the lower
appellate Court concurred in tlie finding with the trial
Court and upheld the answer. . This i~ concurrent finding
of facts and no second appeal could have been preferred,
but the appellants had raised a point of law for the first
time in the lower appellate Court that ~e suit was barred
by res judicata, and this is the only point ~ow takeri up in
this appeal. There is no dispute that a similar suit was
filed by the respondent against the appellants .in Civil
Regular Suit No. 217 of. 1960 of the Township Court of
Mandalay on the 26th August 1960. The -two plaints are
same verbatin et literatim with the exception of the addi-
tion of a paragraph in the latter suit out of . which the
present appeal arose stating that a contract had been made
with the carpenter for the construction of a house and the
plan had been approved by the Municipality. The only
cHfference in the two plaints is in the dates: given for the
causes of action. In the former suit it was stated that
the cause of action arose on the 31st July 1960, i.e., the
date on which the ten~ncy was terminated by a legal
notice Exhibit ( c) in.that suit and in the present suit now
under consideration it was stated that the cause of action
arose on the 30th Septe~ber 1962 which. was the date on
which the tenancy was again terminated by a second
leg~l notice Exhibit (.o ). It is apparent that the tenancy
was revived by the parties when the ~rst sui~ was dismissed
with costs ntherwise the. second notice would be. - sup~r:
fluous. In the first. suit also there. 'was . an jssue on the
bona -tide requirement of the land . by the respondent
.
for.
.the construction ota building. and the Court held that the
 respondent being a tailor had not enough means to con- c.c.
1067
struct a house, the daily tincome being K 2 to K 6 only,
and that he had not applied for permission from the D~~ ~81 N
Municipality to erect though he had put up a plan of the : o.
. d . "d . U '!'HF TIN.
house. The present smt now un er mns1 eration was
instituted barely 5 months and 17 days after the dismissal
of the first suit. The lower Appellate Court held that in
the instant case the question of res judicata being. a point
of law could be raised and the suit is .not barred by te$
judicata as the cause of action is different from the one in
the previous suit. The facts are not in controversy so a
new plea could be entertained on appeal. Bishwa Nath Rai
v. Kashi Nath Rai (1}. When a question of law is raised
for the first rime in a Court of last resort, upon 'facts either
admitted or proved 'beyond controversy, -it is not only
competent but expedient, in the interest of justice, to
entertain the plea. Connecticut Fire Insurance Company
v. Kavanagh (2). Tliis authority was followed by the
Privy Coun~il in M. E. Moolla Sons, Limited (In Liquidation)
v. Burjorjee (3~ The same view was held in Esoof Golam
Mohamed Piperdi v. Ariff Mohamed Bham and one (4};
U Ba Yi v. Daw Hmi (a) Mrs. K.hoo Sein Ban (5) ; Haji Abdul
Shakoor Khan v. The Burma Publishers Ltd. (6). In
o o ccc C'C'"l (' )d"ddb
~J'{IIXJtOOC t7S1f!OY)tWOOC: U l .J 7 , eel e y a . Bench 0 f
three Judges of the Chief Coun of which I was a member
and ha'd the occassion to write ~he judgment in Burmese
the only important point raised for determin~tion in appeal
under section 5 of the Union of Judiciary Act, and
unfortunately failed to catch the att~ntion O'f the Editor
of the Burma Law R~ports to flash it in the head-note, was
that since the question"whether :the estate was a Hindu
joint family 'propertY o'r 'nbt had prev\iously been decided
in a form~r suit between the. parties the same question
(t) (t948) B.L.R. 449 (H.C.). (4) (19:So) B.L.R. '163 (H.C.). .
(z) (189z). A.C. 473 at p. 48o.. (s) (1953) B.L.R... 36o (H.C.)..
(3) I.L.~. o. Ran . P 24z. (6) (1956) B.L.R. p. I (S.C.).
. ; . (7) (14), B.L:R. 9os at 908.
 :;~ could not be raised inasmuch as i~ was not raised in. the
- original suit and in _the first appeal out of which it rose
DAw HMIN t h e Bench cons1dered t h e pomt
AND o~s
and g~ve deClSlon
t hat t he
UTu:~TIN. appeal was barred bytes judicata in spite of the fact that
as the decision in the former suit was under appeal the
paint could not have been taken up .i n the original suit
and also in 'the first appeal out of which the appeal under
section 5 of the Union Judiciary Act, which the Bench was
considering, arose. hi view of the authoritlies mentioned
above it must be held that the question of res judicata
could be -raised on appeal though not taken up in the
original su~t.
Now I come to the second point whether the suit is
barred by res .judicata or not. I do not quite appreciate
the contention that once a landlord has lost his suit to
recover possession of his property based on his bona fide
requirement for construction of a building on the ground
that the requirement was not boila fide because he had not
enough means to construct 'he shall forever be precluded
from instituting a fresh suit because of res judicata . . He.
might be poor then but ~f he later acq.uired means, for
example, by winning a first prize in the State Lottery or
by being promoted to a h igher service due to his sheer
hard work and honesty the Q.rcumstances had undoubtedly
a
changed givling :rise to fresh' cause of action to file a new
suit for the recovery of possession on ground of bona fide
requiiement to construct _a .bigger or a substantial house
for.a better living. I am of opinion that the second legal
notice dat~d the 3rd September 1962 terminating the
tenancy for the second tiJ:I?.e Ex~ibit (OJ ) gave .a fresh
<;:~_4se..of .a<;tjo.I).. Jn the former_s~it the trial .Court_drew
its, inf~rence ..th~t the :requirement was -not bona fide .no~
onlyfrom the fact that he had no means but also from
the .. fact th~t ":the. respondent had. not -.appiied to the
Mun~dpality for p~r~ssj.o.n. ~o-. erect . a_-bmlding though
 he had put up a plan, but in the -present case he ';9~7
had filed the permission he obtained from the -
. . 1'Ity (Exh'b'
Mun1c1pa 1 It ( c- ) . I agree .wit
. h t h e lower DAW HMIN
AND om

appe1late Court that the facts .obtaining in the suit now u ~TTIN.
under consideration are not quite identical with those in
the previous suit though the reliefs claimed in both the
suits ar~ same. When the circumstances have now
changed I do not think res judicata fin'ds a place in the suit.
~~- N. ]. Gor v. M. G. Raval (8) Cha.gla, C.J. was of the
opinion that when the question of the landlord's reasonable
and bona fide requirement has already been decided the
d~dsion becomes final and conclusive and the landlord is
given the right to reagitate the question only when new
circumstances are put forwar'd by him in a subsequent suit.
In Burman v. Woods (9) it was held that as cl_lange of
circum~tances may occur from day to day the principl~ of
res judicata is not applicable. B. B. bas Gupta in his book
on Rent Control Acts and Orders {2nd ~tion at page 35)
quoted this authority under the heading " res judicata-
if applies to suit for ejectment on grounds of reasonable
requirements."
In the result the appeal fails and is 'dismissed with costs.
Advocates fee K 85.

(8) I.L.R. (1951) Bom. 310. (9) 1948 I.K.B. III.

 CIVIL FIRST APPEAL

Before U Tun Tin and U Sein Thinn, JJ.

c.c. H. T. AHUJA AND SEVEN OTHERS (APPELLANTS)

1967
Dec. 28. v.

Partner-ship business---.deed of retirement-suit on the basis of the accounts ta.k en-

Arbitration Act s. 34- jiling of an application for stay of proceedings by
a pa;ty to an arbitratirin agreement-Contract Acts. 28 Excepti<m Jqause
2-1J1hether operative in view of the applicability of the Specific Relief Act
in the area where the suit had been brought-Evidence Act s. 34----whether
the balance-sheet drawn up with the approual of the parties be treated as
the basis of the plaintiff$, claim-whether interest be allowed between the
parti,..s.
By a deed of partnership the deceased P. C. Ghesh, n:>w represent~d by
the respondents, was one of the partners of a partnership business. By a deed
of retirement the deceased agreed to retire from the business. The ~ccounts
were then gone into by a qualified accountant in accordance with the agreement.
Held: The suit was based on the agreement embodied in the deed of
retirement which had no reference tO the arbitration clause J:Ontained in the
partnership deed. The terms of the partnership deed had in effect been
superseded by the deed of retirement. Moreover no objection to the
jurisdiction of the Court on this score was made before ~he filing of the written
statement by the defendant. S. 34 of the Arbitration Act contemplates
filing of an application for stay of proceedings by a party to an arbitration
agreement at any time before the filing of written statement. No such
application had ever been filed by the defendant in this case. Regarding
clause 2 of Exception I to s. 2!1 of the Contract Act it may be pointed
out that the same was not operative in view of the applicability of the Specific
Relief Act in the area where the suit had been brought. It is therefore held
that the contention that the suit was not maintainable as being premature is
untenable.
Held further : Under s. 34 of the Evidence Act the entries in the account
books kept and prepared in the ordinary course of business by themselves
do not prove the liability of a party ~o the suit. But the balance-sheet having
been drawn up with the approval of P. C. Ghosh who had not at any
time questioned its correctness he could not be allowed to say that it wa~
insufficient. to attach liability upon him. Therefore the trial Court
was justified in treating the balance-sheet, basis of the plaintiffs' claim, to
have been proved.
Civil First Appeal No. 24 of 1966. Against the decree of the O.S. of
this Court in Civil Regular Suit No. 7 of 1.962.
 Dogar Mal and others v. SuMm Ram and others, A.I.R. (1944) Lah. s8, c.c.
referred to. 1967
Held further : As a general rule interest is not allowed between partners H.T. AHUJA
even during the continuance of the partnership unless there is an agreement AND SEVEN
or trade custom. OTHERS
(1,
Dipchand Golomal v. ~hnibai and othm,A.Y.R. (1928) Sind 133, referred to. DAW HLA
YIN
ANDONB.
U Chan Tun Aung for the appellants.

U Tin Maung for the respondents.

U SEIN THINN, J.-The deceased P. C. Ghosh, who is

represented in this case by his wife and daughter, was one
of the nine partners in the firm which carried on the
partnership business in the name and style of Messrs.
Ahuja Radio House as well as of Ahuja Ghosh and Com-
pany. The capital of the firm was K 10o,ooo out of
which P. C. Ghosh contributed K 26,428. It was provide<!
by the partnership deed that the net profits and los~ after
payment of outgoings were to be shared by the partners
in proportion to thel.r shares in the partnership capital..
By the deed.of retirement dated the 30th day of December
1959, which was executed by all the partners, it was
recited, inter alia, that all the partners except M. T. ~huja
had agreed to retire from the business as from the first day
of June 1959; that the said M. T. Ahuja was to continue
the business as the sole continuing proprietor ; that the
partnership accounts were to be taken as at the 31st day
of May 1959; and that the profits and losses were to be
.shared in accordance with the terms embodied in the
partnership deed .dated the 2nd Marcb, 1958. It appears
that in accordance with the aforesaid agreement
and at the instance of P. C. Ghosh and M. T. Ahuja, who
were described as working and managing partners respec-
tively, the accounts were gone into by one A. S. Hakeem,
a qualified. Accountant, who finally prepared a balance.:.
sheet showing the total amount owed by P. C. Ghosh to be
K 29,49183 being the amount he had overdrawn and his
 Cf share of contribution. to the loss incurred by the partner-
~ ship for the period ending 31st May, 1959 It was also
H; T. AHUJA
AND SE"VEN
found out.:t hat P. c . Ghosh was a1so l'1able to .pay
- - mcome
.
oTR!RS and super taxes amounting in all to K 19,157-90. .
DAW HLA' . A

YIN On the.; basis of the accoUnts then taken the plaintiffs-

AN.D ONB.
appellants filed a suit against P. C. Ghosh in Civil Regular
Suit No. 7 of 1962 of the Original Side of this Court fo~
recovery or' K 51,74392 being the a:foresaid "sums plus
interest payable on these amounts from 3 rst December
1959'to 30th January 1962 at the rate of 3 per centum per
annum. The defendant P. C. Ghosh filed a written state-
ment by which he denied the correctness of the amount
claimed by the plaintiffs and further contended that the
suit against him was not maintainable inasmuch as the
partnership was not registered ; that the partnership still
subsisted as he was compelled to sign the 'deed of dissolu-
tion by reason of coercion, threat, misrepresentation and
fraud ; and that the suit was also barred by limitation.
None of the defences raised by the defendant.found favour
with the learned trial Judge who was of opinion that there
had been dissolution of partnership consequent on the
execution of the deed of retirement and that the amounts
shown in the balance-sheet were proved except that the
defendant was entitled to the benefit of his share of income-
tax refund whic~ proportionately worked out to
be K 5,19310. A decree for the sum of K 46,17331
only was therefore passed with proportionate costs in
favour of the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs who were dis-
satisfied with the disallowance of their claim in respect of
the sum of K 5,19310 preferred an appeal while a crOS$-
appeal was also filed by the legal representatives of
P. C. Ghosh as against the entire <f:ecree passed by the
trial Court. By consent of the learned. counsels for the ~9~
H.T. -~ ...
parties the arguments in both cases were heard together
and this judgment of ours vvill therefore cover both the AND aBVBN
1
OTHEilll
~~b. ~
DAW HiA
. The main grounds of appeal put forward by the legal YIN
AND ONB.
representatives of P. C. Ghosh were that the suit was not
maintainable as being premature and that no decree should
have been passed without first o:rdering accounts to be
taken between the partners of the firm. It was also con-
tended that no interest ought to ;have been allowed in such
a case as the present where the partnership deed was silent
regarding payment of interest on dissolution. In support
of the contention that the suit was not maintainable as
being premature our attention has been invited to clause.3r
of the partnership deed which contemplated settlement by
arbitratlion regarding disputes betyveen partners in respect
of the matters relating to the partnership. Reference was
abo made to clause 2 of Exception I of section 28 of the .
Contract Act. This question however is to our minds
hardly relevant as the suit was b~ed on the agreement
embodied in the deed of retirement which had no reference
to the arbitration clause contained. in the partnership deed.
The terms of the partnership deed had in effect been
superseded by the deed of retirement. Moreover no
objection to the jurisdiction of the Court on this score
was made before the filing of the written statement by the
defendant. Section 34 of the Arbitration Act contemplates
filing of an application for stay of proceedings by a party
to an arbitration agreement at any time before the filing
of written statement. No such application had ever b~n .
filed by the defenaant in this ca~e. Regarding clause 2 of
Exception I to section 28 of. the Contract Act it may be.
pointed out that the same was not operative !in view of
the applicability of t4e Specific.Relief Act in the area where .
the suit had been brought. We are accordingly of opinion
49
 q.c~.
~~~,
that
.
the
. contention that the . suit was not main-
_ _. ::..,. tainable as being premature is untenable.
H.T. AHUJA '
AND:a~ It 'wa5 n.ext contended that the claim of the plaintiffs
OTt7.~ should not have been decreed on the basis
DAw ffi.A
of the balance-
'Ym sheet alone and that the accounts should have been first
AW> ONB. ,, ordered to be . taken between the partners. Various
rJ.Ilillgs were presented before us as authorities for this
pr9position. But they all relate to cases between partners
for dissolution .o f partnership and for accounts. Here ~
this .case the suit was brought on the deed of retirement
which had virtually dissolved the partnership, the deed
having cOntemplated retirement of all the partners except
~ne to carry on the business as the sole proprietor. The
terms of. the deed were admittedly agreed upon by all the
.partners including P. C. Ghosh and that it was in accordance
with one of its terms that.accounts had been gone into by
the auditor S. A. Hakeem who had drawn up the balance-
sheet which was not objected by P. C. Ghosh at any time
before his demise. Moreover the balance-sheet was
proved to have been drawn up by reference to the account
books which were accessible to all the partners ; and from
the evidence of S. A. Hakeem as well as of the documents
fi.led as Exhibits A and B in the record of the lower Court
proceedings it was clearly made out that the balance-sheet
was prepared w'ith the joint consent of P. C .. Ghosh and
H. T. Ahuja, another partner of the firm. No doubt under
section 34 of the Evidence Act the entries in the account
'books kept and prepared in the ordinary course of business
by themselves do not prove the liability of a party to the
-suit. But as pointed out by the learned trial Judge the
'balance-sheet having been drawn up with the approval of
1'. C. Ghosh who had not at any time questioned its correct-
ness he co:uld, not ~e allow.ed f.o say that it was insuffid.ent
to attach liability upon him. In this connection, we need .
..:enly
,
to reite:t:at~
. the. ruling in the c;:ase of Dogar Mal and
 bl"ft
.(.J

~thers v. Sunam Ram dnd others (i) cited by the lower c~c.
Court where the following observations were made~ 19
~7
H.T. AHob.
" The partnership account books being at:cessible to all the AND sEvEN
_partners, and . oeing kept more . or less under the OT:RS
surveillance of them all, are prima fade evidence against D..\w HLA
each of them:, and, therefore, also, for any of them against AN!~NB.
the others. Consequently, in a suit by some of _the partners
against the others, it is not open to the defendants to ask
that the partnership account books relied on by the plaintiffs -
be formally proved or to contend that they were not prima
facie evidence against them."
..
For the reasons set out above w~ would hold that the trial
Court was justified in treating: the ba:I~mce-sheet, basis of
the plaintiffs' claim,. to ha:ve been proved.
Howev~r in allowing the claim of the plaintiffs in.
respect of the sum .of K 3,09419 as interest we are of
-opinion that the trial Co:urt's order cannot be sustained.
As a general rule interest is not allowed between partners
even during the continuance of the partnership unless
there is an agreement or trade custom. We are fortified
in this view.by the ruling in the case of Dip'Chand Golomal
v. Kishnibai and others (2) where ~twas held that although
interest is payable to a partner on money paid or advanced
by the partner for partnership purposes beyond the capital
he has agreed to subscribe as a general rule interest should
not be allowed between partners unless there is an agree-
ment or trade custom. No such agreement was in
corporated in the deed of retirement and there is nothing
on record of the lower Court in proof of the circumstances
which would entitle the plaintiff to claim interest as
against their erstwhile partner P. C. Ghosh. Moreover
the interest claimed was in respect of the period subsequent
to the dissolution of the partnership. We would therefore
hold that the claim of the plaintiffs regarding interest
should be disallowed.
(t) A.I.R. (1944) Lah. 58. (2) A.I.R. (1928) Sind, 133.
 c.c. The plaintiffs' claim included the amounts payabi~ by

=A
1~7
_ P. C. Ghosh on account of income and super taxes. It
~ was common ground that there had been a refund of
OTHBRs
~.
K 19,650I2 which was not taken into consideration when
DAw HLA the balance-sheet was drawn up. The learned trial Judge
YlN
AND ONE. therefore held that as the fum was benefited by the refund;
P. C. Ghosh was entitled to have K 5,I93ro, his propor-
tionate share, to be deducted from his total liabilities. The
learned Counsel for the plaintiffs however contended that
the income and super taxes were paid out of monies
borrowed by the firm and as such P. C. Ghosh was not'
entitled to the benefit of the refund. W ~ are unable to
follow the line of contention put forwar~y the learned
Counsel. The amounts due jn respect of the income aha
super taxes from whatever sources the same had been paid
had been debited to the account of P. C. Ghosh and it
would be inequitable to hold that he was not entitled to be
benefited by 'it. We ar~ therefore of opin1on that the
trial Court was correct in allowing P. C. Ghosh to enjoy his
proportionate share of the refund of income-tax. In the
result we would hold that the plaintiffs ar~ entitled to a
'decree for K 46,17331- K 3,09419=K 43,07912 only.
We would accordingly modify the decree passed by the
lower Court With proportionate costs thereof.
For the reasons given in our judgment dated the
day of December, 1967 this appeal is dismissed with costs.
 CRIMINAL REVISION
Before U Sein Thimz, 'J.
MR. E. R. KELLAY (UNION OF BURMA) (APPLICANT) c.c.
1967
v. NOfJ. xS.
LOUIS P. RAJINDRAM (RESPONDE~.*
Code of Criminal Procedure-s. sz6(4)--every application for the exercise of
power CQrrjerred by this section to be made by motion supported by an affidavit
or a.ffirmation.
Held : S. 526(4) of the Criminal Procedure Code lays down that every
application for .the exercise of power conferred by this section shall be made
by motion, which shall, except when the applicant is the Attorney-General,
be supported by an affidavit or affirmation. An affidavit or affirmation being
an imperative requirement of law, an application unacompanied by such a
affidavit or affirmation cannot be entertained.
Moti Lal Raniwala v. The State, A.I.R 38 1951) Ajmer, p. 8z,referred to.

U Than Sein for the applicant.

Mr. S. A . A. Pillay for the respon<:lent.
U SEIN THINN, J.-.Thjs is an application for reyjsion
against the order passea by the District Magistrate in his
Criminal Miscellaneous Application No. 964 of I 966 by
which he rejected the application for transfer of the case
which is before the 4th Additional Magistrate, Rangoon.
The case relates to the prosecution of the respondent Louis
P. Rajindram under section 408 of the Penal Code on the
complaint made by the applicant Mr. Edward R. Kellay,
Administrative Officer of the American Embassy, Rangoon.
The transfer was sought on the ground that the mal Magis-
trate allegedly allowea the defence Counsel to use a police
statement for cross-examining one of the prosecution
witnesses and that some indecent or scandalous questions
were allowed to be put to the prosecution witness. In
his arguments before me Mr. Pillay, the learned Counsel
for the respondent, contends that tlris application does not
. * Criminal Revision No. sz(B) of 1967. Review of the order of the District
Magistrate of Rangoon dated the 24th day of February 1967, passed in Criminal
Misc. application No. 964 of 1966.
 c. c. lie as the order passed by the learned District Magistrate
1967
is one which cannot be revised by this Court under
MR. E. R. section 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. His con-
KELLAv
(UNio~ oF tention finds favour in many rulings, including that of the
B~MA) late High Court, where it was held that the High Court
t_~uts P. has no power under secttion 439, Criminal Procedure Code,
JINDRAM. to revise an order of a District Magistrate rejecting an

application for transf~r of a case made under section 528

of the said Code and that the remedy in the matter lies,
if at all, by.way of an application to the High Court under
section 526. The learned Counsel f-or the applicant draws
my atten~ion t o the caption of his application where
section 52-6 of the Criminal Procedure Code is referred to. .
He accordingly prays that his application may be .treated
as one tinder the said section. His prayer, however, can-
not be acceded to. Section 526 (4) -lays down that every
appli-cation for the exercise of the power conferred by
this section shall be made by~ motion, which shall, excepti
when the applicant is the Attorney-General, be supported
by ail affidavit or affirmation. . An affidavit or affirmation
. being an imperative requireinent of law, an application
unaccompanied by such an affidavit or affirmation cannot
be entertained. This is also the view expressed in the
case of Moti Lal Raniwala v. The State (1) where it was
pointed out that . an application in revision cannot be
treated as an application under section 526 on the ground
that the application is not supported by an affidavit . as
required .b y law. ..
Even on met-its there appears to be no substance in the
appiicatio_n filed by the applicant. No doubt, during the
. cross-examination of prosecution witness No. 2, the Court
admitted a. written statement of accounts made by him
as Exh)bit" L" but this. is entirely within the co:m,petence
of the Court to do so.. If it is. proved and if it, as asserted,
by the. respondent's
. Counsel;falls':within
. . . . the definition of
.j.,' ~ .
(r) Al.R: 38 (1951)Ajmer, p. 8~.
~ . .
 c.c.
1967
MR. E.R.
E:l!J.LAY
(UNION OF
BURMA)
. tl.
LOUIS P.
RA} INDRAM,

(z) (1954) B.L.R. p. 191. (H.C.).

 CRIMINAL REVISION. .
Before U Sein Thinn, J.
c.c. u SAN HLA (APPLICANT)
-
tt67
Dtc. x6. v.
THE UNfON . OF BURMA (RESPONDE~).~

.Criminal Procedure cde--(lpplicatian to quash the charge vJhether the Sessions

s.
Judge Jzas power under 438 Cr. P.C. to move the Chiof C.;;o;t to quash
the chcirg~.
H~ld : An accu.s ed person desiring to have the criminal proceedings
started against him quashed must inove .directly to this Court under s. 561(A)
of the Criminal Procedure Code. The Sessions Judge has no power under .
s. 438 to move this C~urt to quash the_ charge framed against the applicant~

_ for the applkant.

U Mya Shein for the respondent.

U SEIN THINN, J.-The applicant, U San Hla along

withone U Tun Yin, were prosecuted under section 19 (f)
of the Arms Act in respect of I o rounds of ammunition
alleged to have been found in the house of the latter. The
allegations against the applicant U San Hla were that the
ammunition belonged to him and that he ha'd left them in
the house of U Tun Yin with whom he was staying together
before the oc-currence. It was also in evidence that a
letter alleged to be in the handwriting of the applicant
was also discovered along with the ammunition. The
learned trial Magistrate, after examining witnesses for the
prosecution discharged U Tun Yin under the provisions of
section- 253 of the Code of Criminal .Procedure. 'As
against the applicant, however, the trial Court framed a .
*Criminal Revision No. 197 (B) of 1967. Review of the order of the
Sub.d ivisional Magistrate (I) of Pyinmana dated the 19th day of June 1967
trarning a charge against the applicant and passed. in his C.R. 195 of 1966, on .
recommendation by the Sessions Judge, Pyinmana that the proceedings
may. be : quashed.
 -charge under . section 19 (f) of the Arms Act. Being ?9f7
aggrieved with the said order the applicant filed an applica~ -
.. f . p . . h U SAN liLA
tlon before the Court o SessiOn, ymma.na, praymg t at v.
recommendation may be made to this Court to quash the ~B~~~
charge framed against him. The learned "Sessions Judge
purporting to act under section 438 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, has recommended that the proceedings taken
.against the applicant may be quashed on the ground that
the evidence did not disclose a prima facie case against
the accused under section I9 (.ff) of the Arms Act.
It may be pointed out at the outset that an accused
person desiring to have the criminal proceedings started
against him quashed must move directly to this Court .
under section 561A of the Criminal Procedure Code. The
-sessions Judge has no power under section 438 to move
this Court to quash the charge framed against the applicant.
On the merits of the case as well the recommendation
made by the learned Sessions Judge cannot be accepted.
Jn an application to quash a charge, all that this Court is
(:Oncerned with 'is, whether the Court which has framed
the charge had jurisdiction on the materials placed before
it to act as it did. The principles to be followed in a
matter such as this have been very lucidly explained in
the case of U Nyi Lay v. The Union of Burma (I) in the
following terms :
"It would not be proper for the High Court to interfere
'in the -exercise of its inherent powers under section 561A of
the Criminal Procedure Code by quashing the proceedings at
the stage of framing a charge except: .(x) where the prosecu-
tion allegations even if accepted as true, do not establish any
offem::e against the accused, or; (2) where there is no
evidence at all against the accused to support the allegations
which, if established, would constitute the offence."
In the instant case before me, the allegations agains't the
applicant clearly disclose a case which would be necessary
(t) (1957) B.L.R So (S.C.).
 C.C.
1967
for him to clear Up. If cannot also be said
.
that there is.
- no evidence whatsoev~r to support these allegations.
U SAN HLA .
THB umoN The question whether the allegations, if proved, would:
oF BuRMA. constitute an offence under section 19 (f) of the Arms Act
or under section. 193 of the Penal Code is a matter which
must be adjudicated upon after hearing all the- evidence
relevant to the matter in question. At thls stage it is-
not necessary to go into the question with"a view to deter-
miJ;le what offence the _applicant h;:ld actually committed~
'As pointed out above the question which must be con~
sidered at the moment is, whether or not there is a prima
facie case against the accused which would warrant
framing of a charge against him.
For all these reasons .the recommendatjon made by th~
learned Sessions Judge cannot be accepted. The proceed-
ings will therefore be returned with the direction that th~
trial Court will proceed with the case. against the applicant
in accordance with law.
 CJUMINAL MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATION

Before U Sein Thinn, J.

u SAN MAUNG At'ID ONE (APPLICANTS')

v. Nov. u .

THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT)_.*

Code of Criminal Procedure-s. 526--counsel taking exception to the questi<,n

put by the trial Magistmte-disallowance of questions in cross-e..wmination-
whether a good gr.ormd for transfer of the case.
Held : . The counsel for the. applicants has taken exception to the questions
put by the tri:1l Magistrate and of his prohibiting some of the questions which'
the witnesses had already ans~ered. But this can hardly be said to be a good
ground for transfer of the case as it has been held in many cases that even the
total disallowance of questions in: cross-examination is pot a good ground for
transfer of the case under s. 526 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
U Ba Khin v. The Union of Burma, (1954) B.L.R. 191 (H. C.) ; Abdul Aziz V
Ganesh, 25 Cr. L. J. 1185 ; Lal Bahadur v. The State, 39 Cr. L. J. 527>
referred to.

U Hla Pe (2) for the applicants.

U Mya Shein for the respondent.

U SEIN THINN, J.-The applicants U San Maung and'

Maung Myo Myint are being prosecuted and charged for
offences under sections 326/II4/323 of the Penal Code
in Criminal Regular Trial No. 10 of 1967 of the 5th Ad<ll'-
tional Magistrate, Prome. During the course of the cross~
examination of some of the prosecution witnesses who
were recalled the trial Magistrate is alleged to have
interfered with the defence Counsel in putting questions
to the witnesses. It appears that there was an exchange
of heated arguments between the Bench and the Bar which
~lminate'd in the tendering of. apology by the Counsel'
for the accused which was accepted by the trjal Magistrate.
* Criminal Misce.llaneous Application No.. 54 of 1967. Application unde.r
s. 52~; Criminal Proce<;!ure .C ode for Transfer of the case.
 c.~. Thereafter, the defence Counsel applied to the District.
'~ Magistrate for transfer of the case. The learned District
MA~~~ Magistrate in his Criminal Miscellaneous Case No. 4 of
o;~ 1967 rejected the application on the ground that there was
"l'm UNioN no reasonable ground on the part of the applicants to
OF BURMA.
appreI1end t h at no farr
. or 1mpart1a
. . 1' tna
. 1 could be had m
.
:the case. Hence the present application before me under
the provisions of section 526 of the Criminal Procedure
Code.
As pointed out in U Ba Khin v. The Union of Burma (1)
.the principles to be followed in the matters under
section 526 of the Criminal Procedure Code are that for
purposes of transfer on the ground set out in clause (a),
sub-section (r) of section 526, Criminal Procedure Code
it is not necessary to establish actual bias in the mind of
the Magistrate concerned. What should be considered is
whether the incidents that took place before the Magistrate
are such as are calculated to create in the mind of the
applicant for transfer a reasonable or justifiable (underline
is mineD apprehension that he would not have a fair or
impartial trial. In the instant case, the learned Counsel
for the applicants has taken exception to the questions
put by the trial Magisrate and of his proliibiting some of
the questions which the witnesses had already answered.
But this can hardly be said to be a good ground for transfer
-of the case as it has been held in many cases that even the
total disallowance. of questions in crosse-examination is
not a good ground for transfer of the case under section 526
of the Criminal Procedure Code. [Please see Abdul Aziz
v. Ganesh (2), Lal Bahadur v. Emperor (3) and Sewan Singh
v. Emperor (4JJ.
U Hla Pe, learned Counsel for the applicants, in the
<Course of his argument before me has drawn my attention
(1) (1954) B.L.R. 191 (H.C.). (3) 39 C .R. L. J. 527
(z) 25. C.R. L. J. (u85). (4). A.I.R. (1940) Lah. 528.
 to the fact that the applicant js an Advocate of many
years' standing and that he would not have applied for
the transfer if he had not been actually in apprehension MA~~mANI>
of a fair and impartial trial being not forthcoming in the 0 NB

present case. After what had passed between his clients THB UNioN
and the trial Magistrate it is only reasonable on the part OF BURMA.
of his clients to fear that the Court would be prejudiced
against them. I do not however think that the fact that
there has been some unpleasantness between the Judge and
the Counsel could be considered a valid ground for transfer
of the case. Judges and Magistrates are after all human ;
as also are the lawyers. They are subject to different
moods according to the varying situations around them.
While official decorum would not permit a Magistrate to
indulge in senseless retort from the Bench, he qtnnot be
expected to remain mute without taking part in lively
exchanges even to the extent of causing some unpleasant-
ness to the counsel. As pointed out by Dr. Maung
Maung, J. as he then was, in U Thein Maung v. The Union
of Burma (5) Judges and Magistrates have their outbursts
of temper sometimes in Court and they have their bad
moods now and then. Every angry word, every display of
impatience from the Bench does not give rise to a good
ground for transfer of the case which is before the Court.
The time honoured tradition of the Bench and the Bar is
that despite lively exchanges of words that often occur in
Court harmony and understanding prevail and at the
moment of final decision the Judge or Magistrate is capable
of rising above passion or prejudice, of forgetting the anger
or exasperation that he may have suffered during the long
course of the trial and of giving impartial justice to the
limit<> of his power. In the present case before me, the
trial Magistrate in tendering an explanation to this Court
has assured. that he would steer dear of all the unpleasant-
ness that had occurred durL"lg the course of the trial before

: ...
ioe\
\ _- < - -::-~
-'U~f_M .
c.~ . him. Therefo:re~ reminQ.ing him once again of his duty
1 67
;_ 9 to honour the tradition of the Bench I would hold that it
. V SAN is not a fit case in which the transfer as appljed for by the
MAUNG AHD-
. E oNB applicants should be grante<l. .
v.
Tm UNioN In the re~ult ~his application_fails and it is hereby
OF BURMA. dismissed.
 CRIMINAL REVISION
Before U Sein Thinn, J.

U SAN W AI (APPLICANT)
v.
Dec. 30.
THE UNION OF BURMA (U SAN KHA) "{RESPONDENT) *
.Application for transfer of case-Code of C1'iminal P?'ocedure s. 540---whether
it can be exercised by the Magist?'ate at the bidding of any persort-whether
the further cross-examination of the two prosecution witnesses is prejudicia I,
to the prosecution or the defence.
Held : S .. 540 of .t he Criminal Procedure Code is not intended to enable
~he Magistrate to exercise his .powers at the bidding qf any person. Although
the trial Court had acceded to the request made by the accused it cannot be
said that it had not exercised its discretion in a judicial manner. The case
has not yet reached the stage of even framing a charge. Therefore,allowing
the -accused t9 further cross-examine the two prosecution witnesses could not
in any way prejudicially affect eitheJ: the prosecution or the defence.
The application for transfer is dismissed.

V Kyin Htone for ~he applicant.

- for the respondent.

U SEIN THINN, J.-This is an application in reVISion

.against the order passed by the learned District Magistrate,
Rangoon, in his Criminal Miscellaneous Case No. 701 of
!1967, by which he rejected the application for transfer of
Criminal Regular Trial No. 725 of 1966 of the Honorary
Magistrates' Bench II, Rangoon. The circumstances lead-
ing to the filing of the application for transfer were as
follows:
In the aforesaid Criminal Regular Trial No. 725 of
~966 U San Wai fiied a direct complaint against the res-
l>Ondent U San K.ha under section 406/420, Penal Code.
<:;riminal Revsion No. 225 (B) of 1967, Review of the order of the II
:Bench of Honorary Magistrates, Rangoon, dated the 31:d day of August 1967
in its C.R. Trial No. 725 of 1967 and on revision confinned by the D.M.,
.Rangoon in his Cr. Revn. No. 701 of 1967.
boo
:....

c.c. After exammmg four witnesses for the prosecution the

1961
accused prayed that one, Maung Chit, who was alleged to
uSAf)~ WAx have bought some articles from the accused's shop, bt::
TJm UNI 0 N examined under section 540 of the C:nd.c vf Criminal Pro-
OF BURMA.
cedure. This
was ohjectcu to by t h e comp}amant
w ho
insisten tha.c two of the pi'osecution witnesses who had
already been examined be also recalled. The trial Court
acceded to this request and accordingly passed an order
r~calling the said three witnesses under the provisions of
section 540. Exception was taken to this by the learned
Counsel for the complainant who accordingly moved the
District Magistrate, Rangoon, :(o trans'fer ilie case t.d
another Court.
The discretion given by section 540, Code of Crim.iriaf
,Procedure, is very wide and the object of the section is to
enable the Court to arrive at the truth irrespective of the
fact that the prosecution or the defence has failed .t o
produce some evidence which is necessary for a just ap.d
proper disposal of the case. The learned Counsel for the
applicant, while admitting that the Court's powers under
section 540 are very wide, contended that the trial Court
in deciding to recall two of the prosecution witnesses and
a witness for the accused, had not acted on its own discre-
tion but on the motion made by the accused. No doubt,
section 540 is not intended to enable the Magistra~e to
exercise hi$ powers at the bidding of any person ; out,
here in this case, although the trial Court had acceded to
the request made by the accused it cannot be said that it
had not exercised its ."discretion in a judicial manner. The
case has not yet reached the . stage of even framing a
charge. If a charge is 'framed against the .accused then
he would have the right to cross~examine the prosecution
witnesses who had already been examined b~fore the fram-
ing of the charge. Therefore, in allowing the accused to
further .cross-examine ihe two prosecution witnesses could
not iri any way. prejudicially affect either the prosecution ~ /
or the defence. The learned Counsel for the applicant .!...!...
. invited my attention
has to t he ru1'mg m the case of . U SANWAI
v.
U Ba Khin v. The Union of Burma (1), in which it was ~B~~~
po~nted out that what should be considered was, whether
the incidents that took place before the Magistrate are
such as .are calculated to create in the mind of the
applicant for transfer, a reasonable or justifiable apprehen-
sion that he would not have a fair and impartial trial.
Thus, what is required is the existence of an apprehension
which must not only be reasonable but must also be
justifiable. A mere apprehension consequent on <!. pique .
of imagination cannot be said to be justifiable, although it
might create a genuine apprehension in the mind of a
person who applied for a transfer.
It must also be pointed out in passing that it is in the
interests of the admini~tration of justice that criminal
trials be conducted with due expediency. If transfers are
allowed on the slightest excuse offered by the parties it
would be impossible to cope with the rush of cases in the
present day conditions. It is true that if the words or
action of the Magistrate would raise an apprehension in
the mind of either the accused or the complainant that he
would not have a fair and impartial trial the case should be
transferred ; but, in the light of the circumstances prevail-
ing amongst the Courts it would be necessary to exercise
strict control in the matter of transfer of cases which would
have the effect of creating in the mind of the public an
undesirable picture of tardiness in dispensing justice. It
is an undeniable fact that Workmen's Compensation Com-
missioners were established very largely because the courts
were not handling efficiently the claims arising out of
ind'ustrial accidents. Business corporations are willing,
as all of us know, to suffer any sort of injustice rather
(x) (1954) B.L.R. 191. (H.C ).
so
 c.c. than face the expense, the delay and uncertainties of litiga-
1967
u SAN WAx tion. Arbitration agreements are inserted in contracts
o. with ever increasing frequency and every such agreement
~~B~=~~ is an implicit affirmation of the belief that lay agencies for
attaining justice are more efficient than the courts. It is
high time that we should endeavour to erase such an im-
pression in the mind of the public and to be able to do so,
it is necessary that criminal cases be <lisposed of without
undue delay. Bearing these principfes in mind J would
hold that this is not a fit case in whjch the transfer sought
for should be granted. In the result this application fa.Us
and is hereby dismissed.
 tse~
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" x6:7B. For the purposes of item 8 of the schedule to

section 167 and section 167-A the word 'attempt means any
act of concealment keeping or conveying of goods under
such circumst~ces as are sufficient to satisfy the Customs-
collector that the goods are being concealed, kept or conveyed
with intent to import or export the goods contrary to the
prohibition or restriction under section 19."
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" On the other hand it is trUe that strong evidence is

required to establish the contention that a conveyanc~ in
(:>) Gt:QI ~81 t:Q?(9)1 ::l(!\'!i.-tl o~tf.Gro~~l ~!) (~e)u
51
 fomi. absolut~. ought tO' be treated as a . mortgag~; Sitice the
contention requires that the written docUment shoulO. be in
some sense modified or added to for the purpose of carrying
out the true intent of both parties to it."

" A document purporting to be one of sale, though it is

accompanied by a contract reserving to the vendor a right
to repurchase the property sold, on repaying the purchase
money within a certain time, is not on that account to be
construed as if it wer.e a mortgage."

(j) ad~ jjr 3da:ic.,o,oS, 69e (:>~o) u

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G~?OX>ts:>otc: Gro?ro~~Go:x>211

" Where the transaction effecting or purporting to effect a

sale and a condition of repurchase are embodied in one
document, the transaction does not, as a result of the proviso
added by. the Amendment Act, 1929, necessarily become a
mortgage by conditional sale, irrespective of the intention of
the parties. If from the contents of the document it can be
gathered from its clear express words that the' intention of
the parties was, to ~ect an outright sale with a condition of
repurchase, the deed could be construed as an outright sale
with a condition of repurchase even though that condition is
embodied in one document, because the determining fa,ctor
in such cases is the intention of the parties.''
"200

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" If any person ordered to give security . . under
section n8 does not give security on or before the date on
which the period for which such security is to be given
commences, he shall, . . . be committed to prison
. , . until such period expires . "

g}jq&~Jqto1~Go:>~----:- " until such period expires '' ~m?:~Jp:

o:>~ ~t~oS::n?:~~&::n? a>m?:~Jp:~::n~ u Ki'ng Emperor
v. Karim ud- din Beg {1) &f~:o# ~:mg}~s?t:oo?:o:>~u
" But it is, in our opinion, absurd for a Court to order
the detention of a person bound over under section 123 for
a period less them that for which he is called upon to give
security."

(1) I.L.R. XXIII All. 4Z2

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52
 "Messrs. J.
A. Jamal Bukari,
208, Maung Taulay Street,
Rangoon.
DEAR SIRS,
With reference to our recent discussions reference
transfer of the business of J. A. Jamal Bukari from the Peoples'
Bank No. 2 and cancellation of the Overdraft to Sein Thiha Co.
with a view to combine the facilities on the former account,
we are pleased to inform you that the following limits have
-
been sanctioned for a period of 12 months: ..._

0/D Limit ~1)' (This limit should

against land, build- be reduced to
ings and machi- K x,oo,ooo on
neries at Rangoon- or before xst
[nsein Road, Kama- December i963).
yut . . . . .. K 2,oo,ooo
OJD Limit (2)'
against hypotheca-
tion of hides and
skins at 40 per cent
margin ... K 2,oo,ooo

Kindly note that the above limits will be operative only

after receipt of a satisfactory title report from the Ban}c's
lawyers regarding title to land and buildings in Rangoon-
Insein Road and completion of our security formalities.
Yours ~aithfully,
(Sd.) KYAW SEIN
(Kyaw Sein)'
Manager."

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 " When all is said and done, the granting of relief by way
of declaration, is a matter within the discretion of the civil
Court, and if it is made to appear that the declaration, when
granted to the plaintiff, will be of no avail to him that seems
to me to be a very good reason for holding that in such a
case the Court should exercise its discretion against the
plaintiff and decline to grant any relief. This is not to say
that a suit for a declaration of the nature just mentioned is
not entertainable by a civil Court. That I think would be
going too far. But it is clear that any civil Court is entitled,
in the exercise of its discretion, to refuse a declaration of this
kind if it is to turn out to be purely nugatory.;,

(o) c:~r :r ~.,(9)' (oeJ~)r a;)(\)0)-:>0?~r r$?'2 (o?e)r (~~~)u

53
 G~OJ:> ::r.>:>O)'.l
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'' A Court has to bear in mind that it is not to make a

deClaration of an abstract right exclusive of practica~ utility
especially when that declaration may not be productive o
any benefit to the party obtaining the declaration."
 'f'Ji:oxp:9c 8ro8~JoSro~c~.P -ro~& 9 i{ j ~., Gro.,c&1
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" 4 That subsequently evil days be fell the plaintiff and

her husband and they lost all their properties except a house
known as No. 165, Bow Lane which is hereafter called the
suit house and that house was also put up for auction by the
Rangoon Development Trust for default of revenue in 1937
'
5 That the plaintiff in order to save this last house from
the clutches of creditors and from her husband all~wed it to
be sold for default of revenue and purchased it in revenue
Sale of Rangoon Development Trust for K so in the name of
the defendant who was then a young man as Benamidar for
her and continued to live therein with the defendant wh9
was still being reared and brought up by the plaintiff and
her husband and the plaintiff was exercising all the righ~
and privileges of ownership as before."

or,: c- c- J:: c- o c- c- c- '1 o c- r;;: c- _c

~t1C 9CtCJI GO:>':>C:~GO)') O)ffiO)')~~'J':> Grr.l')ffiUIOO~c:tl4>1;1lll

" WHEREFORE the plaintiff prays a decree with costs

against the defendant:
I. For declaration of title in her favour with respect to
the suit house i.e. No. 165, Bow Lane, Rangoon, and
2 . And any other relief as the nature ~f the suit admits
AND SHALL EVER PRAY."
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" An adoption having b~n held to be valid by the High

Court on appeal from a Subordinate Court, an appeal to the
Privy Council was preferred when the par~ies entered into
a compromise and the appeal was permitted to be withdrawn.
Held that 'the decree of the High Court as to the v-alidity
of the adoption became final and was not affected by the
.compromise so as to allow the matter to be again litigated
betwee~ the parties or their privies."

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proceeded with, the judgment appealed from becomes final."
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