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MODULE 8
Cone Penetration Test
GROUP PI 1
Asti Diar Syafitri 1206292414
Christopher Kevinly 1206223846
Wednesson Lawijaya 1206230593
8.1.2. Apparatus:
Hydraulic Dutch Penetrometer
2 Manometers, ones capacity is 0-60 kg/cm2 and 0-250 kg/cm2
Penetrometers tube along with the bar inside
Standard biconus which area is 10 cm2 and mantels area of 150 cm2
2 anchors with locks
4 channel steels
Screwdriver
Oil, brush, and castrolie
Ft qt=Fc qc+ Fm f
( Ft qt )(Fc qc)
f=
Fm
10 qt10 qc
fs=
150
qt qc
fs=
15
Where:
Ft = Fc = the cross-sectional area of the biconus (10 cm2)
qt = total earth pressure which is read at the manometer due to
cone and friction pressure (Kg/cm2)
qc = cone pressure read at the manometer (Kg/cm2)
Fm = Area of the mantle (150 cm2)
Where:
l = the length of sticking = 20cm (the cone is pressed in every 20cm
Interval)
At depth = 0.40 m:
qc = 14 kg/cm2
qt = 25 kg/cm2
qt qc 2514
fs= = =0.733
15 15
JHP=0+14.667=14.667
2.000
4.000
6.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
qc (Kg/m2)
2.000
4.000
6.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
fs (Kg/m2)
2.000
4.000
6.000
Depth (m)
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
JHP (Kg/m)
2.000
4.000
6.000
Depth (m)
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
FR (%)
8.5. Analysis
8.5.1. Experimental Analysis
In this experiment, there are several steps which are necessary to
be done in order to get an accurate result. In the preparatory step of this
experiment, it is necessary for us to prepare a small square hole on the
field. This step is done in order to ensure that the CPT cone directly
penetrate the soil without being covered with any roots or plants. The next
step is putting the two anchor between the spot which wanted to be tested.
The anchors are necessary to be established because they act as the
stabilizer and support for the rig, so the rig do not rotate or translate during
the CPT test. The channel steel acts as stabilizer, since putting the rig over
the steel will provide more support to the rig, compared to the soil support.
The steel itself will connect the rig with the anchor. Manometers are
required to be mended because the manometer itself should be easy to
read, so setting their initial values to zero will ease the readings. The last
step of the preparation is oiling the connections and bars inside the CPT
tubes. This step is done to reduce the friction at both the connections and
the bar inside the tube. Slippery connection between tubes will ease the
installation, while slippery internal bar will ensure the accuracy of the
manometer readings, since the manometer readings are taken through the
internal bars.
The main part of the experiment is the data collecting process. The
very first step of the main part is installing the cone in the rig. In this
installation, there must be a gap between the bar inside the first tube and
the manometer, so that the manometer reading is not disturbed. In order to
maintain this gap, a lock is required. This lock may only be released when
the readings are being done, which allows the tip of the manometer to
contact rod inside the tube. The readings are taken once in 20 centimetres
because it provides an adequately accurate interval while the samples are
not too many so the experiment can still be done quickly. When doing the
readings, note that there will be two values; the qc and the qt. The qc is a
value of pressure beard by the cone, while the qt is the pressure beard by
both the cone and the mantle. The jump of the readings is caused by the
gap between the cone and the mantle. After each metre, the tube should be
extended, because the length of each tube is only 1 metre. In the
procedure, it is said that the readings can be done by two manometers, but
in the experiment, the small manometer was out of service, so the
manometer being used was only the large manometer, which gives
relatively inaccurate readings in small scale. The penetration should be
stopped when the qc has exceeded 150 kg/cm2 because the rock bed has
been reached, so continuing the CPT may damage the apparatus. In fact,
the pipe was inadequate so the penetration did not reach the rock bed, so it
is assumed that the rock bed was located at depth = 15.20m.
After the test, all the tubes should be extracted carefully. If the
extraction is not done neatly, it is possible for the cone to fall into the soil.
In this case, the extraction will be much more difficult. After extracting the
cone, returning the rig should be done carefully, since it is very heavy. The
anchors should also extracted, so it can be used next time.
8.6. Conclusion
This experiment is aimed to determining the type of soils per layer and
knowing the depth of the bedrock.
The qc of the soil layers lies between 9 to 150 kg/cm2, while the fs lies
between 0.133 to 3.333 kg/cm2
The soils being tested consists of clay, silty clay, silt and sand.
Most of the layers of the soil tested were clay or silty clay.
According to this experiment, the bedrock is located at depth = 15.20m
with a qc of 150kg/cm2
8.7. Reference
Budhu, Muni. Soil Mechanics. John Willey and Sons. New York.
2011
Craig, R.F. Craigs Soil Mechanics. Spon Press. New York. 2004
Das, Braja. Principles of Foundation Engineering. Thomson.
Toronto. 2007
Lambe T.W. Soil Testing for Engineers. John Willey and Sons.
New York. 1951.
8.8. Attachment