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Alexander in t Veld
09-02-2016
Roadmap
Analysis of Steady
Symmetric Flight
Longitudinal Stability
and Control in Steady
Flight
Longitudinal Stability
Static stability
and Control Derivatives
Lateral Stability and
Control in Steady Flight
Lateral Stability and
Control Derivatives
Analysis of Steady
Aerodynamic center Equilibrium
Symmetric Flight
Aircraft stability
L
T D
Starting point:
Force equilibrium
W
AE3212-I Flight Dynamics 4
Static stability
L
D
T
Starting point:
Force equilibrium LH
Moment equilibrium
W
AE3212-I Flight Dynamics 5
R
Air pressure differences
acting on the entire wing
surface generate a
resulting force
XB
Cm
CD
CT
XS
ZS
ZB
Lift curve
CN
CL
CR
XB
CD
CT
XS
ZS
ZB
C N C L , but CT C D
CR
CL
CN
XB
CD
CT
XS
ZS
ZB
CT negative for large angles of attack
CD always positive
CN CN
CR CR
2
CT CT
1
Cm Cm
(x2,z
(x1,z 2)
1)
Cm for varying x
c
F-27 wing
F-27 wing
Center of pressure
Definition center of pressure relative to mac
(xd , z0 )
Cm( xd ,z0 ) = 0
AE3212-I Flight Dynamics 16
Center of pressure
Center of pressure:
Intersection line of action CR with mac
Taking leading edge mac as ref point (x0,z0):
Center of pressure:
Center of pressure
Centre of pressure
and total force
vector (F-27 wing)
Aerodynamic center
Step change in
angle of attack
Aerodynamic center
Conclusions:
First metacenter:
Neutral line:
Line of action of dCR
If forces and moment about leading edge mac are given, neutral line
can be extracted from:
Neutral point:
Intersection neutral line with mac
Distance neutral point (xn,z0) behind leading edge mac (x0,z0):
Aerodynamic center
Neutral line at
angle of attack
Aerodynamic center
Use:
Aerodynamic center
If position of the ac (xac,zac) and the are known, then:
Aerodynamic center
Condition of stability:
With:
Aerodynamic center
Equilibrium and stability of a wing, suspension point ahead of the ac, Cmac positive
AE3212-I Flight Dynamics 32
Aerodynamic center
Equilibrium and stability of a wing, suspension point in of the ac, Cmac equals zero
AE3212-I Flight Dynamics 33
Aerodynamic center
Equilibrium and stability of a wing, suspension point in of the ac, Cmac equals zero
AE3212-I Flight Dynamics 34
Aerodynamic center
Equilibrium and stability of a wing, suspension point behind of the ac, C macnegative
Aerodynamic center
Equilibrium and stability of a wing, suspension point behind of the ac, C macnegative
Conclusions: x xac
Suspension point ahead of ac: <0
Always stable
c
If suspension point moves back, the model becomes less stable as
becomes less negative
Aerodynamic center
dC N
0
d
dCM
>0 Fuselage in inviscid flow, = 10
d Linearized potential flow
x xacw+ f
Cmw+ f = Cmacw+ f + C N
c
with:
Definitions:
Wing-fuselage
configuration used
in numerical
simulation
Variation of the
angle of attack and
the normal force
The c c
distribution
along the
span of a
wing